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AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.c

@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/* Submodel PNCH012 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mar. oct. 9 14:41:15 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNCH012
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   This submodel represents a pneumatic chamber with a variable volume
+   and pressure dynamics.
+
+   Each port receives a mass flow rate and an enthalpy flow rate as
+   input and gives the pressure and the temperature of the chamber as
+   output. Each port receives also the volume and volume variation as
+   input. The total volume is calculated by summing the four volume
+   inputs and a dead volume which is a parameter of PNCH012.
+
+   The model takes into account heat exchange. It express the variation
+   of internal energy U using the first law of thermodynamics applied to
+   an open system. Therefore, this model should be preferred to the simple
+   polytropic chamber PNCH011.
+
+   The total volume of the chamber is limited to a lower value equal to
+   the dead volume divided by 100.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic chamber in a jack, spool
+   valve or any pneumatic chamber in which the volume can vary.
+
+   This submodel can be directly connected to any pneumatic PCD
+   component or standard pneumatic component.
+
+   The submodels PNGD001, PNGD002, PNGD003, PNGD004 or PNRGD00 should be
+   included in your circuit to define the characteristics of the gas.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS:
+   The dead volume is the volume of the pneumatic fluid when all the input
+   volumes are zero. It is essential that this volume must be greater
+   than zero.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR :
+   2002 FS from PNCH12
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+INDEX OF REVISIONS :
+   2008  OBA - Real gas improvements : the mass and volume were considered as
+         internal state variable, they are now coded as internal basic
+         variable. The mass initialisation was removed as it was linked
+         to the perfect gas formulation.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp : get atmospheric pressure
+   firstc_   : checks if this is the first call to this submodel
+   pn2vol_   : pneumatic chamber with heat exchange
+   stepdn_   : reduce simulation step
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNCH012"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cvol0  dead volume                  [L -> m**3]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   sth    thermal exchange area        [m**2]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There is 1 integer parameter:
+
+   gi gas type index
+*/
+
+void pnch012in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[1], double c[2]
+      , int ic[2], double *temp, double *press, double *dvol1
+      , double *vol1, double *dvol2, double *vol2, double *dvol3
+      , double *vol3, double *dvol4, double *vol4)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double cvol0, kth, sth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+   kth        = rp[1];
+   sth        = rp[2];
+   extemp     = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/* Assign default values to input(s) with default.  */
+
+   *dvol1     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol1      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol2     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol2      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol3     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol3      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol4     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol4      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+   *temp
+   *press
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (cvol0 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nVolume chamber must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (kth < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nthermal exchange coefficient must be positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (sth < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nthermal exchange area must be positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (extemp <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*temp <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   if(error == 1)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n);
+   }
+   else if(error == 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nFatal error in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n);
+      amefprintf(stderr, "Terminating the program.\n");
+      AmeExit(1);
+   }
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   c[0] = cvol0 / 100;
+
+   /* Set initial value for the test of limited volume :
+      ic[1] = 1 when the chamber volume is limited to cvol0 / 100 else ic[1] = 0*/
+   ic[1] = 0;
+
+   /* set atmospheric pressure */
+   c[1] = pn2getatp_();
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 4 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp      temperature                    [K]               explicit state (derivative `dtemp')
+      2 press     pressure                       [Pa]              explicit state (derivative `dpress')
+      3 dh1       enthalpy flow rate at port 1   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm1       mass flow rate at port 1       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol1     derivative of volume at port 1 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol1      volume at port 1               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 2 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp2      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press2     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh2        enthalpy flow rate at port 2   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm2        mass flow rate at port 2       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol2      derivative of volume at port 2 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol2       volume at port 2               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 3 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp3      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press3     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh3        enthalpy flow rate at port 3   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm3        mass flow rate at port 3       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol3      derivative of volume at port 3 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol3       volume at port 3               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 4 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp4      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press4     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh4        enthalpy flow rate at port 4   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm4        mass flow rate at port 4       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol4      derivative of volume at port 4 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol4       volume at port 4               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+*/
+
+/*  There are 2 internal variables.
+
+      1 vol       volume of pneumatic chamber [cm**3 -> m**3] basic variable
+      2 mgas1     mass of gas in chamber      [g -> kg]       basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnch012_(int *n, double *temp, double *dtemp, double *press
+      , double *dpress, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *dvol1
+      , double *vol1, double *dh2, double *dm2, double *dvol2
+      , double *vol2, double *dh3, double *dm3, double *dvol3
+      , double *vol3, double *dh4, double *dm4, double *dvol4
+      , double *vol4, double *vol, double *mgas1, double rp[4]
+      , int ip[1], double c[2], int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double dvol;
+   double sdm, sdh;
+   double dq;
+   double pressa;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double cvol0, kth, sth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+   kth        = rp[1];
+   sth        = rp[2];
+   extemp     = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol1    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol1     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol2    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol2     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm3      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol3    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol3     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm4      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol4    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol4     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dtemp      = ??;
+   *dpress     = ??;
+   *vol        = ??;
+   *mgas1      = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pressa = *press + c[1];
+
+   /*** sum of the volume variation and volume ***/
+   dvol = *dvol1 + *dvol2 + *dvol3 + *dvol4;
+
+   /*** setup the initial mass of the gaz inside of the chamber ***/
+   *vol = *vol1 + *vol2 + *vol3 + *vol4 + cvol0;
+
+   /*** sum of the flows ***/
+   sdm = *dm1 + *dm2 + *dm3 + *dm4;   /* mass flow */
+   sdh = *dh1 + *dh2 + *dh3 + *dh4;   /* heat flow */
+
+   /*** V, M, T and P can not be lower than zero ***/
+   *vol = llimit_(vol, &c[0], &ic[0]);
+
+   if (ic[0] == -1)
+   {
+      dvol = 0.;
+      if (ic[1] == 0)
+      {
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d chamber volume is limited by cvol0 / 100 = %g cm**3.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n, c[0]*1E+6);
+         ic[1] = 1;
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (*vol < c[0]/10)
+   {
+      *vol = c[0]/10;
+   }
+
+   if ( (*mgas1 <= 1.0e-10) && (!firstc_()) )
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *mgas1 = 1.0e-10;
+   }
+
+   if (pressa <= 1.0e-10)
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *press = 1.0e-10 - c[1];
+   }
+
+   if (*temp <= 1.0e-10)
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *temp = 1.0e-10;
+   }
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   dq = kth*sth*(extemp-*temp);
+
+   pn2vol_(dtemp, dpress, mgas1, temp, &pressa,
+           &sdm, &sdh, vol, &dvol, &dq, &gi);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol1    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol1     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol2    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol2     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm3      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol3    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol3     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm4      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol4    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol4     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *vol      /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *mgas1    /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>33</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_c1</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>2</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>2</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>27</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>dead volume</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cvol0</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+005</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>L</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>28</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>29</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange area</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>sth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+002</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>30</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>31</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>32</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>volume of pneumatic chamber</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>vol</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>33</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in chamber</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas1</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dtemp</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dpress</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.c

@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:20:39 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0001 (C-R)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0001 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+              
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+  
+   The temperature and pressure in the volume are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD001 or PNGD002 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 FS from PNL01 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()       : get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()     : polytropic model for chambers
+   pn2vol_()      : heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coeffitient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+#define VOL        5
+#define AREAEX     6
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0001in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7]
+      , int ic[1], double *t2, double *p2)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *t2
+   *p2
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*p2 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 2 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t2 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 2 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] =  M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   c[VOL] = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   c[AREAEX] = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt2')
+      2 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp2')
+      3 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 5 internal variables.
+
+      1 mgas     mass of gas in pipe      [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      2 re       Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      3 cm       mass flow parameter (cm) [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      4 v        mean gas velocity        [m/s]             basic variable
+      5 ff       friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0001_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t1, double *p1
+      , double *t2, double *dt2, double *p2, double *dp2, double *dh2
+      , double *dm2, double *mgas, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double sdh;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double dq;
+   double pa1, pa2, dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *dt2        = ??;
+   *dp2        = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flows through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v,ff,
+              dh1, dm1, &dh2i, &dm2i, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Compute mass variation */
+   dmgas = (*dm2) + dm2i;
+
+   /* sum of enthalpy flows */
+   sdh = (*dh2) + dh2i;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+      /* Compute initial mass of gas inside the pipe */
+      *mgas = (pa2) * c[VOL] / ((*t2) * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt2, dp2, t2, &pa2,
+              &dmgas, mgas, &zero, &c[VOL], &k, &gi);
+   }
+   else  /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq = kth * c[AREAEX] * (extemp - *t2);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt2, dp2, mgas, t2, &pa2,
+              &dmgas, &sdh, &c[VOL], &zero, &dq, &gi);
+   }
+
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>22</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>7</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.c

@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0002 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:35:13 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0002 (R-C-R)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0002 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+ 
+   The temperature and pressure in the middle volume are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+  
+   PNL0002 is basically similar to PNL0001 and PNL0003 differing only in the
+   input and output requirements.
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD01 or PNGD02 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 FS from PNL02 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()       : get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()     : polytropic model for chambers  
+   pn2vol_()      : heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coeffitient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0002"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+#define VOL        5
+#define HALFLE     6
+#define AREAEX     7
+
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0002in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[8]
+      , int ic[1], double *tctr, double *pctr)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *tctr
+   *pctr
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*pctr < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at center of pipe should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*tctr <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at center of pipe should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] = M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   c[VOL] = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Divide the restriction in 2 identical restrictions */
+   c[HALFLE] = 0.5 * le;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   c[AREAEX] = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 7 internal variables.
+
+      1 tctr     temperature at center of pipe [K]               explicit state (derivative `dtctr')
+      2 pctr     pressure at center of pipe    [Pa]              explicit state (derivative `dpctr')
+      3 mgas     mass of gas in pipe           [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      4 re       mean Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      5 cm       mean mass flow parameter      [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      6 v        mean gas velocity             [m/s]             basic variable
+      7 ff       mean friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0002_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t1, double *p1
+      , double *dh2, double *dm2, double *t2, double *p2, double *tctr
+      , double *dtctr, double *pctr, double *dpctr, double *mgas
+      , double *re, double *cm, double *v, double *ff, double rp[6]
+      , int ip[2], double c[8], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double sdh;
+   double dh1i, dm1i;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double ff1, ff2, re1, re2, cm1, cm2;
+   double dq;
+   double pa1, pa2, pactr;
+   double v1, v2;
+   double dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *dtctr      = ??;
+   *dpctr      = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pa1   =   *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2   =   *p2 + c[PATM];
+   pactr = *pctr + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flows through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pactr, tctr, &diam, &rr, &c[HALFLE], &c[AREA], &re1, &v1, &ff1,
+              dh1, dm1, &dh1i, &dm1i, &cm1, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   pn2pipefr_(&pactr, tctr, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &c[HALFLE], &c[AREA], &re2, &v2, &ff2,
+              &dh2i, &dm2i, dh2, dm2, &cm2, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Mean variables */
+   *ff = 0.5 * (ff1 + ff2);
+   *re = 0.5 * (re1 + re2);
+   *cm = 0.5 * (cm1 + cm2);
+   *v  = 0.5 * (fabs(v1) + fabs(v2));
+
+   /* Compute mass variation */
+   dmgas = dm1i + dm2i;
+
+   /* sum of enthalpy flows */
+   sdh = dh1i + dh2i;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+      *mgas = (pactr) * c[VOL] / ((*tctr) * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dtctr, dpctr, tctr, &pactr,
+               &dmgas, mgas, &zero, &c[VOL], &k, &gi);
+   }
+   else /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq = kth * c[AREAEX] * (extemp-*tctr);
+
+      pn2vol_(dtctr, dpctr, mgas, tctr, &pactr,
+              &dmgas, &sdh, &c[VOL], &zero, &dq, &gi);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>24</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>8</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>temperature at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>tctr</VARNAME>
+    <VARNAME2>dtctr</VARNAME2>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.931500e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.931500e+02</VALUE>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pressure at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>pctr</VARNAME>
+    <VARNAME2>dpctr</VARNAME2>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.013000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.013000e+00</VALUE>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean mass flow parameter</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.c

@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0003 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:17:28 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0003 (C-R-C)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0003 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+ 
+   The temperature and pressure in each two volumes are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+  
+   PNL0003 is basically similar to PNL0001 and PNL0002 differing only in the
+   input and output requirements.
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD01 or PNGD02 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 FS from PNL03 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_() :  get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()     :  get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()   :  polytropic model for chambers
+   pn2vol_()    :  heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_() :  frictional coefficient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0003"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR        0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM         3
+#define AREA         4
+#define HALFVOL      5
+#define HALFAREAEX   6
+
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0003in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7]
+      , int ic[1], double *t1, double *p1, double *t2, double *p2)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+   double vol, areaex;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *t1
+   *p1
+   *t2
+   *p2
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*p1 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 1 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t1 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 1 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*p2 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 2 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t2 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 2 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+   /* set atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] = M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   vol = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Divide the volume in 2 identical volumes */
+   c[HALFVOL] = 0.5 * vol;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   areaex = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+   /* Divide the exchange area of pipe in 2 identical areas */
+   c[HALFAREAEX] = 0.5 * areaex;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt1')
+      2 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp1')
+      3 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt2')
+      2 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp2')
+      3 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 7 internal variables.
+
+      1 dhctr     enthalpy flow at center of pipe [J/s -> W]        basic variable
+      2 dmctr     mass flow at center of pipe     [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable
+      3 mgas      mass of gas in pipe             [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      4 re        Reynolds number                 [null]            basic variable
+      5 cm        mass flow parameter (cm)        [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      6 v         mean gas velocity               [m/s]             basic variable
+      7 ff        friction factor                 [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0003_(int *n, double *t1, double *dt1, double *p1, double *dp1
+      , double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t2, double *dt2, double *p2
+      , double *dp2, double *dh2, double *dm2, double *dhctr
+      , double *dmctr, double *mgas, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double dh1i, dm1i;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double sdh1, sdm1;
+   double sdh2, sdm2;
+   double m1, m2;
+   double dq1, dq2;
+   double pa1, pa2;
+   double dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dt1        = ??;
+   *dp1        = ??;
+   *dt2        = ??;
+   *dp2        = ??;
+   *dhctr      = ??;
+   *dmctr      = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flow through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v, ff,
+              &dh1i, &dm1i, &dh2i, &dm2i, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Enthalpy flow and mass flow at center of pipe */
+   *dhctr = dh1i;     /* = -dh2i */
+   *dmctr = dm1i;     /* = -dm2i */
+
+   /* Compute the sum of the flows inside each volume */
+   sdm1 = *dm1 + dm1i;
+   sdh1 = *dh1 + dh1i;
+   sdm2 = *dm2 + dm2i;
+   sdh2 = *dh2 + dh2i;
+
+   dmgas = sdm1 + sdm2;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+
+      /* Current mass in each volume */
+      m1 = pa1 * c[HALFVOL] / (*t1 * r);
+      m2 = pa2 * c[HALFVOL] / (*t2 * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt1, dp1, t1, &pa1,
+               &sdm1, &m1, &zero, &c[HALFVOL], &k,&gi);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt2, dp2, t2, &pa2,
+               &sdm2, &m2, &zero, &c[HALFVOL], &k,&gi);
+   }
+   else /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq1 = kth * c[HALFAREAEX] * (extemp - *t1);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt1, dp1, &m1, t1, &pa1,
+              &sdm1, &sdh1, &c[HALFVOL], &zero, &dq1, &gi);
+
+      dq2 = kth * c[HALFAREAEX] * (extemp - *t2);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt2, dp2, &m2, t2, &pa2,
+              &sdm2, &sdh2, &c[HALFVOL], &zero, &dq2, &gi);
+   }
+
+   *mgas = m1 + m2;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dmctr    /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>24</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>7</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>enthalpy flow at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>dhctr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>dmctr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt1</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp1</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.c

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/* Submodel PNL00R skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   ven. 5. août 14:34:41 2016 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL00R
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL00R is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only friction effects.
+  
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with friction effects,
+   when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+   
+   The submodels PNGD001 or PNGD002 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 FS from PNL0R SN
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coefficient in pneumatic pipes
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL00R"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+
+
+#define SPL_FR  0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 3 real parameters:
+
+   diam diameter of pipe   [mm -> m]
+   le   pipe length        [m]
+   rr   relative roughness [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There is 1 integer parameter:
+
+   gi gas type index
+*/
+
+void pnl00rin_(int *n, double rp[3], int ip[1], double c[5], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double diam, le, rr;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..2]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] =  M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     duplicate of dh2             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm1     duplicate of dm2             (sign reversed)
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 4 internal variables.
+
+      1 re     Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      2 cm     mass flow parameter (cm) [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      3 v      mean gas velocity        [m/s]             basic variable
+      4 ff     friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl00r_(int *n, double *t1, double *p1, double *dh2, double *dm2
+      , double *t2, double *p2, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[3], int ip[1], double c[5], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double pa1, pa2;
+   double dh1loc, dm1loc;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double diam, le, rr;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flow through the pipe */
+
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa2, t2, &pa1, t1, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v, ff,
+              dh2, dm2, &dh1loc, &dm1loc, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>18</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>5</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.c

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/* Submodel PNOR001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   lun. 10. juil. 17:22:57 2017 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNOR001
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 : Created by FS from PNOR01
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNOR001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+
+/* real stores */
+#define PATM      0
+#define AREA      1
+#define CQ        2
+
+/* integer stores */
+#define DISC_ORIF    0
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cq   flow coefficient (Cq) [null]
+   area orifice area          [mm**2 -> m**2]
+   Cv   flow coefficient (Cv) [null]
+   Kv   flow coefficient (Kv) [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi      gas type index          
+   flowset flow coefficient setting
+*/
+
+void pnor001in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area       = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      if (area < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nOrifice area should be positive.\n");
+      }
+
+      if (cq <= 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient should be strictly positive.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else if (flowset == 2)
+   {
+      if (Cv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient (Cv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Cv);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (Kv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient (Kv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Kv);
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (flowset < 1 || flowset > 3)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nflow coefficient setting must be in range [1..3].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[1]    *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   area       = rp[1];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      c[CQ] = cq;
+      c[AREA] = area;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      /* calculation of equivalent area with Cv or Kv.
+         Default value of cq; the same value will be used in pn2rcqfix. */
+      c[CQ] = 0.72;
+
+      if (flowset == 2)   /* Cv */
+         orif_areafromcv_(&Cv, &c[CQ], &c[AREA]);
+      else
+         orif_areafromkv_(&Kv, &c[CQ], &c[AREA]);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1        enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1        mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 temp1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 press1     pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2        duplicate of dh1             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm2        duplicate of dm1             (sign reversed)
+      3 temp2      temperature at port 2        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 press2     pressure at port 2           [Pa] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 2 internal variables.
+
+      1 cm         mass flow parameter (cm)    [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      2 gasvel     vena contracta gas velocity [m/s]             basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnor001_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *temp1
+      , double *press1, double *temp2, double *press2, double *cm
+      , double *gasvel, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double pressa1, pressa2;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area       = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *gasvel     = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pressa1 = *press1 + c[PATM];
+   pressa2 = *press2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* calculation of the flows */
+   pn2rcqfix_( dh1, dm1, temp1, &pressa1, temp2, &pressa2, &c[AREA], &c[CQ], &gi,
+               cm, gasvel, &ic[DISC_ORIF]);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>18</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_orifice</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>3</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cq)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cq</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-010</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>orifice area</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>area</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Cv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==2</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Kv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Kv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==3</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient setting</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>flowset</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>3</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cq</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Kv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>vena contracta gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gasvel</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.c

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/* Submodel PNVO001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   ven. 6. oct. 11:10:58 2017 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNVO001
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 : Created by FS from PNVO01
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNVO001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+
+/* real stores */
+#define PATM      0
+#define AREAMAX   1
+#define CQ        2
+
+/* integer stores */
+#define DISC_LIMIT   0
+#define DISC_ORIF    1
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cq    flow coefficient (Cq)           [null]
+   area0 orifice area at maximum opening [mm**2 -> m**2]
+   Cv    maximum flow coefficient (Cv)   [null]
+   Kv    maximum flow coefficient (Kv)   [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi      gas type index          
+   flowset flow coefficient setting
+*/
+
+void pnvo001in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area0, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area0      = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      if (area0 < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nOrifice area at maximum opening should be positive.\n");
+      }
+
+      if (cq <= 0.0 )
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient should be strictly positive.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else if (flowset == 2)
+   {
+      if (Cv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nMaximum flow coefficient (Cv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Cv);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (Kv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nMaximum flow coefficient (Kv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Kv);
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (flowset < 1 || flowset > 3)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nflow coefficient setting must be in range [1..3].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[1]    *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   area0      = rp[1];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      c[CQ] = cq;
+      c[AREAMAX] = area0;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      /* calculation of equivalent maximal area with Cv or Kv.
+         Default value of cq; the same value will be used in pn2rcqfix. */
+      c[CQ] = 0.72;
+
+      if (flowset == 2)   /* Cv */
+         orif_areafromcv_(&Cv, &c[CQ], &c[AREAMAX]);
+      else
+         orif_areafromkv_(&Kv, &c[CQ], &c[AREAMAX]);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 3 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 1 variable:
+
+      1 res     input signal [null] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2        enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2        mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 temp2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 press2     pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 3 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh3        duplicate of dh2             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm3        duplicate of dm2             (sign reversed)
+      3 temp3      temperature at port 3        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 press3     pressure at port 3           [Pa] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 3 internal variables.
+
+      1 xv         fractional opening          [null]            basic variable
+      2 cm         mass flow parameter (cm)    [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      3 gasvel     vena contracta gas velocity [m/s]             basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnvo001_(int *n, double *res, double *dh2, double *dm2
+      , double *temp2, double *press2, double *temp3, double *press3
+      , double *xv, double *cm, double *gasvel, double rp[4]
+      , int ip[2], double c[3], int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double marea;   /* modulated area */
+   double pressa2, pressa3;
+   static double zero = 0.0, one = 1.0;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area0, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area0      = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *xv         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *gasvel     = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pressa2 = *press2 + c[PATM];
+   pressa3 = *press3 + c[PATM];
+
+   *xv = dlimit_(res, &zero, &one, &ic[DISC_LIMIT]);
+
+   /* limitation of the modulated area */
+   marea = *xv * c[AREAMAX];
+
+   /*** calculation of the flows ***/
+   pn2rcqfix_( dh2, dm2, temp2, &pressa2, temp3, &pressa3, &marea, &c[CQ], &gi,
+               cm, gasvel, &ic[DISC_ORIF] );
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+

AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.spe

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>20</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_morifice</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>3</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>2</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cq)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cq</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-010</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>orifice area at maximum opening</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>area0</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>maximum flow coefficient (Cv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Cv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==2</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>maximum flow coefficient (Kv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Kv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==3</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient setting</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>flowset</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>3</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cq</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Kv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>fractional opening</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>xv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>vena contracta gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gasvel</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>input signal</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>res</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>

AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# test_mql
+
+本目录记录 AMESim 模型 `test_mql.ame` 向 `app.simulation` 迁移时使用的源模型信息、结果对齐约定和当前进度。
+
+## 目标
+
+迁移目标不是复制 AMESim `.results` 中的观测值，而是建立真实的 Python 仿真链路：
+
+`组件方程 -> SimulationNetwork/系统装配 -> closure -> snapshot/端口写回 -> RHS -> solver -> reporting/comparison`
+
+Python 输出只有通过 AMESim baseline 对比后才能作为数值一致性依据。duplicate、反号或派生观测可以用于验证端口方向，但不能替代组件方程和网络闭合。
+
+## 模型与源数据
+
+- AMESim 源模型：`AmesimModels/test_mql.ame`
+- Python 系统类：`app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system.TestMqlSystem`
+- 结构运行入口：`app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run`
+- 132 状态比较入口：`app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run_full_state_comparison`
+- AMESim 组件数：117
+- LINE 连接数：84
+- 连续状态数：132
+- 离散状态数：24
+- 全局参数：`D1=20`、`D2=20`、`D3=14`、`P0=153`、`Pdq=1`、`V=15`、`cf=0.45`
+
+`.ame` 文件是 tar 包，迁移和校验主要使用其中的：
+
+- `test_mql_.cir`：组件、连接、参数表达式和生成代码线索。
+- `test_mql_.param` / `test_mql_.data`：参数和结果配套数据。
+- `test_mql_.modelinfo` / `test_mql_.sim`：状态数和仿真设置。
+- `test_mql_.var` / `test_mql_.results`：AMESim `Data_Path` 目录和 baseline 时序。
+
+当前结果解析器可读取 1002 个时间点和 1116 个保存变量，无需先转换成 CSV。
+
+## 当前实现
+
+当前已经完成：
+
+- AMESim 组件、LINE 连接、直接组件接触、全局参数和变量目录解析。
+- 氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性；内部使用绝对压力，AMESim `press` 按相对 `101300 Pa` 的表压输出。
+- `PNCH023 / PNCH012 / PNOR001 / PNVO001` 气动组件。
+- `PNL0001 / PNL0002 / PNL0003 / PNL00R` 管路动态或阻性关系。
+- `PN3NODE2 / P4NODE2` 代数节点、真实邻接拓扑、canonical flow 和端口写回。
+- `PNRP17 / MECMAS21 / LSTP00A / LMECHN1 / UD00 / FORC` 当前工况可确认的机械行为。
+- 112 个气动状态和 20 个机械状态组成的 132 状态总闭包。
+- 活塞运动学、变容气室机械反馈、气动力、外力、端止动和质量约束耦合。
+- 关键 `Data_Path` 序列导出、schema validation、AMESim 插值 comparison、误差排序、端点诊断和变容气室 RHS 拆解。
+
+主要实现位置：
+
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/system.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/closure.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/pneumatic.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/mechanical.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/lines.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/primitives/`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/structural_network.py`
+- `app/simulation/reporting/amesim_results.py`
+- `app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run_full_state_comparison.py`
+
+## 当前对比结果
+
+默认 comparison 已从区间内插值的 `t=1e-5 s` 改为与 AMESim
+首个保存时刻精确对齐的 `t=0.01 s`，当前比较 13 个关键信号，并
+新增 `xv@pn_morifice_1`、`dm2@pn_morifice_1` 的结构化 PNVO 诊断。
+
+事件前 `t=0.01 s` 对比：
+
+- `press@pn_c1_8`：Python `-1286.601221 Pa`，AMESim
+  `-1288.253185 Pa`，绝对误差约 `1.651964 Pa`。
+- `dm1@pneumatic_69`：Python `-0.002485112 g/s`，AMESim
+  `-0.002054255 g/s`；换算后的 canonical 流量绝对误差约
+  `4.30857e-7 kg/s`。
+- `xv@pn_morifice_1` 和 `dm2@pn_morifice_1` 在两侧均为 0，确认
+  STEP0 事件前 PNVO 保持关闭。
+- `vol1@pn_brp2_8` 绝对误差约 `8.76e-5`，机械位移、速度和加速度
+  仍保持较小误差；当前较明显的累计差异集中在 PNL0001 流量和
+  PNCH012 压力/能量链路。
+
+新增 `--pnvo-event-boundary` 诊断：先积分到 `0.04 s` 的左极限，
+再按 STEP0 的右连续语义在事件时刻读取开度和流量。结果为：
+
+- `xv@pn_morifice_1`：Python/AMESim 均为 `1`。
+- `dm2@pn_morifice_1`：Python `502.945005 g/s`，AMESim
+  `497.823823 g/s`，绝对误差约 `5.121182 g/s`，相对约 `1.03%`。
+- `press@pn_c1_8` 绝对误差约 `55.4815 Pa`；
+  `dm1@pneumatic_69` 绝对误差约 `0.00281880 g/s`。
+
+这说明 PNVO 开启瞬间的开度语义和主流量量级已经对齐，但事件前
+累积压力/支路流量仍有偏差。常规积分直接跨越事件到 `0.05 s` 时，
+当前进程会被系统终止，尚未形成可信的事件后结果；不能据此声明
+完整 `0.04 -> 0.05 s` 窗口已经可运行。
+
+## 下一步
+
+1. 优先定位 `0 -> 0.04 s` 累积的 `pneumatic_69` 流量与
+   `pn_c1_8` 压力偏差，区分 PNL0001 阻力和 PNCH012 能量方程。
+2. 采用显式事件分段或针对事件后的局部数值策略，解决跨越
+   `t=0.04 s` 后积分进程被终止的问题，再验证 `t=0.05 s` 保存点。
+3. 保留 `press@pn_c1_8`、`dm1@pneumatic_69`、PNVO `xv/dm2`
+   和 chamber RHS breakdown 作为同一条诊断链。
+4. 在完整开启窗口稳定后，再判断是否需要校准 PNVO 流量系数。
+
+`pn_c1_8` 的直接主线是 `pneumatic_69`；`pneumatic_96`
+属于另一条固定气室支路，不是该诊断对象。
+
+## 运行与验证
+
+运行默认短时域 comparison：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run_full_state_comparison
+```
+
+运行 PNVO 事件边界诊断：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run_full_state_comparison --pnvo-event-boundary
+```
+
+运行相关测试：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m unittest tests.test_run_test_mql_full_state_comparison tests.test_test_mql_pnl0001_segment
+```
+
+运行全量测试：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -t .
+```
+
+## 对齐约定
+
+- 组件 alias 和输出名优先保持 AMESim 原名及 `Data_Path`。
+- `PortState.m_flow > 0` 表示流入当前组件。
+- closure 先定义 canonical flow，再按各组件端口方向写回 `m_flow`。
+- AMESim 管路质量流量通常以 `g/s` 保存，Python 内部统一使用 `kg/s`。
+- CSV 是人工检查和交换格式，不是读取 AMESim baseline 的前置条件。
+- 未完成真实 Python 输出对比前，不使用“与 AMESim 完全一致”之类结论。

README.md

@@ -8,15 +8,16 @@ ReactFlow 系统建模与 `app.simulation` 仿真后端。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/system-xml`：导出 System XML v2。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/compile-model`：将 ReactFlow 节点、参数和连线编译为仿真网络，并返回组件端口、无方向物理连接、压力-流量方程结构及未连接端口。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/simulate-testmodel`：运行现有固定拓扑 TestModel；该接口暂时不是任意拓扑求解器。
+- `POST /api/reactflow/simulate-test-mql`：返回固定拓扑 AMESim `test_mql` 的结构与采样摘要；132 状态数值对比使用独立 comparison 入口。AMESim 子模型已有 19 个第一版公开模型，但该接口本身不是任意拖拽拓扑求解器。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/validate`：接收原始 System XML v2，返回 XML、XSD 和模型语义三层诊断。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/parse`：校验 XML 并返回规范化的 ReactFlow 工程对象。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/compile-model`：校验并解析 XML，然后创建 `app.simulation` 组件网络。
-- `POST /api/system-xml/simulate`：按 XML 中的组件、物理连接、参数和仿真设置运行通用气动网络 MVP，并返回组件及端口时间序列。
+- `POST /api/system-xml/simulate`：按 XML 中的组件、连接、参数和仿真设置运行当前支持的气动、标量信号及一维机械网络 MVP，并返回组件及端口时间序列。
 - `POST /api/simulation-results/csv`：校验结构化结果快照并导出 UTF-8 CSV 文件。
 
 气动端口的后端契约采用 `p` 势变量相等、`m_flow` 流变量代数和为零、`h_outflow` 按 stream 规则混合。所有组件统一规定 `m_flow > 0` 表示流入组件，物理连接的端点顺序不表示流向。
 
-当前网络层可以从组件和连接生成压力-流量残差，使用 SciPy 完成非线性代数闭合和时间积分，并按实际流向传播 stream 焓。XML 通用仿真当前采用半显式 ODE/代数 MVP：气瓶和贮箱作为储能元件，孔板及 XML 管段作为阻性元件，三通作为等压零结点。它不是完整 DAE 求解器，也不等价于严格 Modelica.Fluid 实现。
+当前网络层可按端口域处理气动压力-流量残差与 stream 焓、标量信号传播，以及一维机械 `x/v` 等值和 `f` 平衡，并使用 SciPy 完成非线性代数闭合和时间积分。XML 通用仿真当前采用半显式 ODE/代数 MVP：气瓶和贮箱作为储能元件，孔板及 XML 管段作为阻性元件，三通作为等压零结点，同时支持已登记的信号和机械基础件。它不是完整 DAE 或事件求解器，也不等价于严格 Modelica.Fluid 实现。
 
 XML 解析依赖 `lxml` 执行本地 XSD 校验。安装或更新 Python 环境时使用：
 

app/main.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from app.system_xml import (
 )
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import AmesimGasRegistry
     from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
     from app.simulation.systems.network import SimulationNetwork
 
@@ -135,6 +136,7 @@ class ReactFlowSimulationConfig(BaseModel):
 
 class ReactFlowProjectPayload(BaseModel):
     name: str = "untitled"
+    mediumReferenceVersion: Literal[1] | None = None
     nodes: list[ReactFlowNodePayload] = Field(default_factory=list)
     edges: list[ReactFlowEdgePayload] = Field(default_factory=list)
     simulation: ReactFlowSimulationConfig = Field(default_factory=ReactFlowSimulationConfig)
@@ -388,6 +390,15 @@ def simulate_reactflow_testmodel(payload: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str,
     return result
 
 
+@app.post("/api/reactflow/simulate-test-mql")
+def simulate_reactflow_test_mql(payload: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, object]:
+    try:
+        result = run_reactflow_test_mql(payload)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(exc)) from exc
+    return result
+
+
 @app.post("/api/reactflow/compile-model")
 def compile_reactflow_model(payload: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, object]:
     try:
@@ -630,6 +641,11 @@ def run_system_xml_simulation(
                 t_start=project.simulation.t_start,
                 t_stop=project.simulation.t_stop,
                 method=project.simulation.method,
+                # The pressure-flow closure is solved to a scaled 1e-7
+                # residual.  Asking the outer adaptive integrator for 1e-6
+                # relative accuracy makes its finite-difference Jacobian chase
+                # algebraic solver noise after discontinuous signal events.
+                rtol=1.0e-5,
                 max_step=project.simulation.max_step,
             ),
             sample_step=project.simulation.step,
@@ -882,12 +898,15 @@ def _compile_xml_document_or_422(
 
 
 def build_reactflow_system_xml(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> bytes:
+    from app.simulation.registry import get_component_model_spec
+
     system = ET.Element(
         "System",
         {
             "name": project.name,
             "schemaVersion": SYSTEM_XML_SCHEMA_VERSION,
             "unitSystem": SYSTEM_XML_UNIT_SYSTEM,
+            "mediumReferenceVersion": "1",
         },
     )
     ET.SubElement(
@@ -944,7 +963,20 @@ def build_reactflow_system_xml(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> bytes:
                     port_definition.positiveFlowDirection or "intoComponent"
                 )
             ET.SubElement(component_node, "Port", port_attributes)
-        for name, value in node.data.parameters.items():
+        parameter_values = dict(node.data.parameters)
+        try:
+            component_spec = get_component_model_spec(node.data.modelType)
+        except ValueError:
+            component_spec = None
+        if (
+            component_spec is not None
+            and component_spec.display.role == "amesimGasMediumDefinition"
+        ):
+            for parameter in component_spec.parameters:
+                if parameter.editor == "amesimGasPropertyModel":
+                    parameter_values.setdefault(parameter.name, parameter.default)
+
+        for name, value in parameter_values.items():
             ET.SubElement(
                 component_node,
                 "Parameter",
@@ -1077,14 +1109,34 @@ def validate_compatible_ports(
         )
 
 
-def compile_reactflow_network(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> "SimulationNetwork":
-    from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+def compile_reactflow_network(
+    project: ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    *,
+    amesim_gas_registry: "AmesimGasRegistry | None" = None,
+) -> "SimulationNetwork":
+    from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+        AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX,
+        default_amesim_gas_registry,
+    )
+    from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties import (
+        AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent,
+    )
     from app.simulation.registry import get_component_model_spec
     from app.simulation.systems.network import SimulationNetwork
 
-    medium = IdealGasMedium()
-    network = SimulationNetwork(name=project.name)
+    if amesim_gas_registry is None:
+        amesim_gas_registry = default_amesim_gas_registry()
+    else:
+        amesim_gas_registry = amesim_gas_registry.copy()
 
+    network = SimulationNetwork(name=project.name)
+    resolved_nodes = []
+    specs_by_component_id = {}
+    gas_indices_by_component_id = {}
+
+    # Phase 1: normalize every node and consume compile-time medium definitions.
+    # A definition node represents one complete property-method instance and is
+    # intentionally not added to the equation network.
     for node in project.nodes:
         spec = get_component_model_spec(node.data.modelType)
         parameter_values = {
@@ -1098,7 +1150,73 @@ def compile_reactflow_network(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> "SimulationNe
                 + ", ".join(sorted(unknown_parameters))
                 + "."
             )
-        component = spec.create(node.id, medium, parameter_values)
+        if issubclass(
+            spec.component_class,
+            AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent,
+        ):
+            definition_component = spec.create(
+                node.id,
+                amesim_gas_registry.resolve(AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX),
+                parameter_values,
+            )
+            assert isinstance(
+                definition_component,
+                AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent,
+            )
+            validate_component_port_interface(
+                node,
+                definition_component.port_definitions,
+            )
+            try:
+                amesim_gas_registry.register(
+                    definition_component.gas_definition()
+                )
+            except ValueError as exc:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"AMESim medium definition component '{node.id}' is invalid: "
+                    f"{exc}"
+                ) from exc
+            continue
+
+        resolved_nodes.append((node, spec, parameter_values))
+        specs_by_component_id[node.id] = spec
+        gas_indices_by_component_id[node.id] = (
+            parameter_values["gi"]
+            if spec.library.id == "amesim" and "gi" in spec.parameter_by_name
+            else None
+        )
+
+    # Phase 2: resolve one gas property model for each pneumatic circuit before
+    # any dynamic component initializes its thermodynamic state.
+    pneumatic_connections = []
+    for edge in project.edges:
+        source_spec = specs_by_component_id.get(edge.source)
+        target_spec = specs_by_component_id.get(edge.target)
+        if source_spec is None or target_spec is None:
+            continue
+        source_ports = {port.name: port for port in source_spec.ports}
+        target_ports = {port.name: port for port in target_spec.ports}
+        source_port = source_ports.get(edge.sourceHandle or "")
+        target_port = target_ports.get(edge.targetHandle or "")
+        if (
+            source_port is not None
+            and target_port is not None
+            and source_port.domain == "pneumatic"
+            and target_port.domain == "pneumatic"
+        ):
+            pneumatic_connections.append((edge.source, edge.target))
+
+    media_by_component_id = amesim_gas_registry.resolve_network_media(
+        gas_indices_by_component_id,
+        pneumatic_connections,
+    )
+
+    for node, spec, parameter_values in resolved_nodes:
+        component = spec.create(
+            node.id,
+            media_by_component_id[node.id],
+            parameter_values,
+        )
         validate_component_port_interface(node, component.port_definitions)
         network.add_component(component)
 
@@ -1249,6 +1367,40 @@ def run_reactflow_testmodel(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, objec
     }
 
 
+def run_reactflow_test_mql(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, object]:
+    from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run import run_test_mql
+    from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import TestMqlRunConfig
+
+    run_config = TestMqlRunConfig(
+        t_start=project.simulation.t_start,
+        t_stop=project.simulation.t_stop,
+        sample_step=project.simulation.step,
+    )
+    result = run_test_mql(run_config=run_config)
+    series = {
+        key: [float(value) for value in values]
+        for key, values in result.result.series.items()
+    }
+    final = {key: values[-1] for key, values in series.items() if values}
+    snapshot = result.system.snapshot()
+    return {
+        "success": True,
+        "message": "test_mql fixed-topology simulation completed.",
+        "model": {
+            "name": snapshot.model_name,
+            "componentCount": snapshot.component_count,
+            "connectionCount": snapshot.connection_count,
+            "continuousStateCount": snapshot.continuous_state_count,
+            "discreteStateCount": snapshot.discrete_state_count,
+        },
+        "final": final,
+        "series": series,
+        "artifacts": {
+            "summary": str(result.summary_path),
+        },
+    }
+
+
 def first_node(
     nodes_by_type: dict[str, list[ReactFlowNodePayload]],
     model_type: str,

app/simulation/README.md

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 `app.simulation` 是 SystemSimulationApp 的仿真子包，用于承接模型定义、系统装配、数值求解和结果导出。
 
-目标不是把 `.mo` 文件逐行翻译成 Python，而是建立一个可运行、可对比、可逐步逼近 `OpenModelica` 行为的 Python 仿真框架。
+目标不是逐行翻译源模型，而是建立可运行、可测试、可导出，并能与 OpenModelica 或 AMESim baseline 对比的 Python 仿真框架。
 
-当前状态不是“只有骨架”，而是“`Testmodel` 已有一版可运行的 ODE 近似实现，并具备基础结果导出与对比能力”。
+当前包含两条模型线：`Testmodel` 已有可运行的 ODE 近似和 OpenModelica 对比能力；`test_mql` 已形成 132 状态气动机械总闭包，正在按 AMESim baseline 做数值校准。
 
 ## 当前目录
 
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@
 - `components/experimental/storage/`: 气瓶和贮箱等储能元件。
 - `components/experimental/flow/`: 对外注册的阻性管道和孔板等流动元件。
 - `components/experimental/junctions/`: 三通等连接节点。
+- `components/amesim/`: AMESim 气动、信号和机械组件原语。
 - `systems/`: 通用仿真网络与 XML 驱动系统装配。
-- `examples/testmodel/`: 固定 TestModel、专用闭合逻辑和运行入口。
-- `reporting/`: CSV、SVG、运行报告和 Modelica 对比结果导出。
+- `examples/testmodel/`: 固定 TestModel、专用闭合逻辑和基线运行入口。
+- `examples/test_mql/`: AMESim `test_mql` 的系统装配、校准原语、诊断和运行入口。
+- `reporting/`: CSV、SVG、运行报告、Modelica 对比结果、AMESim 结果读取和诊断报告导出。
 - `registry.py`: 从已启用库清单受控发现、校验和实例化组件。
 - `paths.py`: 项目、运行产物、基准和 Modelica 参考结果路径。
 
@@ -27,7 +29,8 @@
 FastAPI 的 `GET /api/components/catalog` 会把注册表转换成前端组件目录。ReactFlow
 启动时自动读取该接口；接口暂时不可用时使用内置的同结构兜底定义。
 
-临时组件库的声明入口是 `components/experimental/library.py`。公开模型必须在
+临时组件库的声明入口是 `components/experimental/library.py`，AMESim 第一版
+公开临时库入口是 `components/amesim/library.py`。公开模型必须在
 模型类中声明 `MODEL_TYPE / MODEL_VERSION / PORTS / PARAMETERS /
 RESULT_VARIABLES / DISPLAY / create()`，再把类路径加入库清单。完整规范参见
 [`组件模型建模规范 v1`](../../docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)和
@@ -35,17 +38,25 @@ RESULT_VARIABLES / DISPLAY / create()`，再把类路径加入库清单。完整
 
 当前关键文件：
 
-- `core/medium.py`: 理想气体近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
-- `core/medium.py`: 温度相关的空气近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `core/medium.py`: 气体介质协议 `GasMedium` 与通用理想气体实现 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `components/amesim/media/`: AMESim 零端口介质物性定义元件；具体类型确定介质，`property_model` 下拉参数选择计算方法，当前提供空气理想气体和氦气 Peng-Robinson
+- `components/amesim/gases.py`: AMESim `gi` 介质物性实例注册表；`gi=0` 固定为空气（理想气体，内置默认），`gi=1..99` 引用画布中的显式介质定义
+- `core/peng_robinson.py`: `test_mql` 与公开氦气介质共用的 Peng-Robinson 状态方程
 - `systems/network.py`: `SimulationNetwork`，负责组件注册、连接拓扑和状态向量拼装
 - `solvers/solver.py`: `integrate_ode()`，优先走 `SciPy solve_ivp`，缺依赖时回退到内置 RK4，并支持 `t_start == t_stop` 的零时长返回
 - `examples/testmodel/dynamic_pipe.py`: TestModel 专用单阻容管道近似，入口压降 + 出口直连内容腔
 - `components/experimental/junctions/tee.py`: 三通的最小 stream 混合 helper
 - `examples/testmodel/system.py`: `Testmodel` 的系统装配壳与外部运行入口
 - `examples/testmodel/closure.py`: `Testmodel` 当前专用的闭合、初始化投影、分支求解与端口回写
+- `examples/test_mql/system.py`: `test_mql` 系统装配、132 状态总闭包和关键输出映射
+- `examples/test_mql/closure.py`: `test_mql` 气动网络 closure、snapshot、流量计算和端口写回
+- `examples/test_mql/primitives/`: 固定算例专用的 Peng-Robinson 氦气、管路和机械校准原语
+- `examples/test_mql/structural_network.py`: 固定算例专用的结构网络；不替代带端口契约校验的通用网络
 - `reporting/testmodel_outputs.py`: `Testmodel` 的 CSV/SVG/对比摘要导出
-- `examples/testmodel/run.py`: 基线运行与程序化执行入口
-- `tests/`: 当前组件契约、XML、通用系统和结果导出测试
+- `reporting/amesim_results.py`: AMESim 结果读取入口
+- `examples/test_mql/run_full_state_comparison.py`: `test_mql` 短时域 AMESim comparison 和诊断入口
+- `examples/test_mql/run.py`: `test_mql` 结构运行与程序化执行入口
+- `tests/`: 当前组件契约、XML、通用系统、AMESim 迁移和结果导出测试
 
 ## 当前阶段进度
 
@@ -272,14 +283,26 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 
 当前四个主变量的最大误差为：
 
-- `mytank.p`: `max_abs_error = 134.960857 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.006798%`
+- `mytank.p`: `max_abs_error = 134.960858 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.006798%`
 - `mytank.T`: `max_abs_error = 0.035507 K`, `max_rel_error = 0.009016%`
 - `mycylinder.p`: `max_abs_error = 1391.986349 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.009447%`
 - `mycylinder.T`: `max_abs_error = 0.009069 K`, `max_rel_error = 0.003870%`
 
 这说明在当前基线工况下，Python 版主变量已经能较好贴近 OpenModelica 结果。
 
-## 当前架构判断
+## AMESim test_mql 当前进度
+
+`test_mql` 从 `AmesimModels/test_mql.ame` 迁移，并与旧 `testmodel` 保持独立。
+固定算例实现统一位于 `examples/test_mql/`，结果读取和比较能力位于
+`reporting/`；公开拖拽组件由 `components/amesim/library.py` 单独登记。
+
+当前已形成 112 个气动状态和 20 个机械状态的总闭包、AMESim 原生结果读取、
+`Data_Path` 输出校验及短时域 comparison。这里不再复制易过期的数值进度；
+最新对比结果、运行命令、限制和下一步校准路径以
+[`AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md`](../../AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md)
+为唯一说明。当前仍不能宣称 Python 时域仿真与 AMESim 全局一致。
+
+## Testmodel 当前架构判断
 
 如果按“组件正确 -> 网络闭合 -> 积分可跑 -> 结果对齐 -> 去近似”来看，当前大致处于：
 
@@ -293,7 +316,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 
 `Testmodel` 已有一版可运行、可导出、可对比的 Python 近似实现。
 
-## 已知限制
+## Testmodel 已知限制
 
 当前最主要的限制可以直接理解成下面几条：
 
@@ -319,7 +342,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 - 作为最终工程结论的唯一依据
 - 直接扩展到更复杂拓扑而不补通用连接器语义
 
-## 文件级现状
+## Testmodel 文件级现状
 
 按代码现状逐项看：
 
@@ -342,7 +365,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 - `tests/baselines/simulation/`: 是当前稳定基线，不应该随着日常运行频繁改动。
 - `app/data/simulation-runs/`: 是默认运行产物目录，不是手写源代码，也不应该提交。
 
-## 当前主技术债
+## Testmodel 当前主技术债
 
 目前最主要的技术债，可以直接理解成下面 4 件事：
 

app/simulation/components/amesim/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+__all__: list[str] = []

app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic boundary components."""

app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/sources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimPnpl01(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNPL01 zero pneumatic flow source.
+
+    The component behaves as a sealed pneumatic boundary in the current acausal
+    solver: it does not prescribe pressure, and only constrains its port mass
+    flow to zero.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnpl01"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),)
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNPL01 零气动流边界",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="boundary",
+        symbol="amesim_pnpl01",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnpl01:
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:zero_mass_flow",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        if "port_1" in connected_h:
+            self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h["port_1"]

app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic flow components."""

app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/orifices.py

@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import isclose, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+    AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+    normalize_amesim_gas_index,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimPnor001(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNOR001 constant-flow-coefficient pneumatic orifice.
+
+    This public component preserves the PNOR001 catalog/XML contract and uses a
+    finite bidirectional compressible-orifice approximation. The Siemens
+    `pn2rcqfix_` details remain a later calibration target.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnor001"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cq",
+            0.72,
+            label="流量系数 Cq",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0e-10,
+            maximum=1.0,
+            description="孔口实际质量流量相对于理想可压缩流量的无量纲修正系数。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "area",
+            5.0e-6,
+            label="孔口面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+            description="选择 Cq/面积方式时用于流量计算的有效孔口面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Cv",
+            0.5,
+            label="流量系数 Cv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="选择 Cv 方式时使用的英制流量系数。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Kv",
+            0.4,
+            label="流量系数 Kv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="选择 Kv 方式时使用的公制流量系数。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "flowset",
+            1.0,
+            label="流量系数设置",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=3.0,
+            description="流量参数方式：1 使用 Cq 和面积，2 使用 Cv，3 使用 Kv。",
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "cm",
+            label="质量流量参数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=10,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "gasvel",
+            label="缩流截面气体速度",
+            quantity="velocity",
+            unit="m/s",
+            category="derived",
+            order=20,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNOR001 常系数气动孔口",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="amesim_pnor001",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cq: float = 0.72,
+        area: float = 5.0e-6,
+        Cv: float = 0.5,
+        Kv: float = 0.4,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        flowset: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cq": cq,
+                "area": area,
+                "Cv": Cv,
+                "Kv": Kv,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "flowset": flowset,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cq = float(cq)
+        self.area = float(area)
+        self.Cv = float(Cv)
+        self.Kv = float(Kv)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.flowset = self._integer_parameter("flowset", flowset)
+        if self.flowset not in {1, 2, 3}:
+            raise ValueError("PNOR001 flowset must be 1, 2, or 3.")
+
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNOR001 parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnor001:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cq=parameters["cq"],
+            area=parameters["area"],
+            Cv=parameters["Cv"],
+            Kv=parameters["Kv"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            flowset=parameters["flowset"],
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_cq(self) -> float:
+        return self.cq if self.flowset == 1 else 0.72
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        if self.flowset == 1:
+            return self.area
+        if self.flowset == 2:
+            return self._area_from_cv(self.Cv, self.effective_cq)
+        return self._area_from_kv(self.Kv, self.effective_cq)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _area_from_cv(Cv: float, cq: float) -> float:
+        water_density = 999.0
+        reference_flow_m3_s = Cv * 6.30901964e-5
+        reference_dp_pa = 6894.75729
+        return reference_flow_m3_s / (cq * sqrt(2.0 * reference_dp_pa / water_density))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _area_from_kv(Kv: float, cq: float) -> float:
+        water_density = 999.0
+        reference_flow_m3_s = Kv / 3600.0
+        reference_dp_pa = 100000.0
+        return reference_flow_m3_s / (cq * sqrt(2.0 * reference_dp_pa / water_density))
+
+    def _upstream_temperature(self, port_name: str) -> float:
+        port = self.get_port(port_name)
+        if port.h_outflow > 0.0:
+            return max(self.medium.temperature_from_enthalpy(port.h_outflow), 1.0)
+        return self.medium.T_ref
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_1: float, p_2: float) -> float:
+        if p_1 == p_2 or self.effective_area == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_1 > p_2:
+            return self._one_way_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_1,
+                downstream_pressure=p_2,
+                upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_1"),
+            )
+        return -self._one_way_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_2,
+            downstream_pressure=p_1,
+            upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_2"),
+        )
+
+    def _one_way_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        upstream_pressure: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float,
+        upstream_temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        p_up = max(upstream_pressure, 1.0)
+        p_down = max(min(downstream_pressure, p_up), 0.0)
+        T_up = max(upstream_temperature, 1.0)
+        gamma = max(self.medium.gamma, 1.000001)
+        pressure_ratio = max(p_down / p_up, 0.0)
+        critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+        if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+            flow_factor = sqrt(gamma / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up)) * (
+                2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)
+            ) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+        else:
+            expansion = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** (
+                (gamma + 1.0) / gamma
+            )
+            flow_factor = sqrt(
+                max(
+                    2.0
+                    * gamma
+                    * expansion
+                    / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up * (gamma - 1.0)),
+                    0.0,
+                )
+            )
+        return self.effective_cq * self.effective_area * p_up * flow_factor
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        p_1 = max(self.port_1.p, 1.0)
+        p_2 = max(self.port_2.p, 1.0)
+        m_flow = abs(self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p))
+        upstream_pressure = max(p_1, p_2)
+        upstream_temperature = self._upstream_temperature(
+            "port_1" if p_1 >= p_2 else "port_2"
+        )
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        area = max(self.effective_area, 1.0e-18)
+        return {
+            "cm": m_flow / (self.effective_cq * area * upstream_pressure),
+            "gasvel": m_flow / (density * area),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow
+                - self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h["port_2"]
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = connected_h["port_1"]
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Fixed-opening public variant of AMESim PNVO001.
+
+    Full PNVO001 has a signal input port. The current public component library
+    does not support signal simulation, so this model exposes the pneumatic
+    ports and replaces the signal with a normalized `opening` parameter.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnvo001_fixed"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cq",
+            0.72,
+            label="流量系数 Cq",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0e-10,
+            maximum=1.0,
+            description="孔口实际质量流量相对于理想可压缩流量的无量纲修正系数。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "area0",
+            5.0e-6,
+            label="最大孔口面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+            description="阀门完全开启时的最大有效孔口面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Cv",
+            0.5,
+            label="最大流量系数 Cv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="选择 Cv 方式时使用的最大英制流量系数。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Kv",
+            0.4,
+            label="最大流量系数 Kv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="选择 Kv 方式时使用的最大公制流量系数。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "flowset",
+            1.0,
+            label="流量系数设置",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=3.0,
+            description="流量参数方式：1 使用 Cq 和面积，2 使用 Cv，3 使用 Kv。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "opening",
+            1.0,
+            label="固定开度",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+            description="固定的归一化阀门开度；0 表示关闭，1 表示完全开启。",
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "xv",
+            label="有效开度",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=10,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "cm",
+            label="质量流量参数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=20,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "gasvel",
+            label="缩流截面气体速度",
+            quantity="velocity",
+            unit="m/s",
+            category="derived",
+            order=30,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNVO001 固定开度气动孔口",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="amesim_pnvo001_fixed",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=30,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cq: float = 0.72,
+        area0: float = 5.0e-6,
+        Cv: float = 0.5,
+        Kv: float = 0.4,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        flowset: float = 1.0,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cq": cq,
+                "area0": area0,
+                "Cv": Cv,
+                "Kv": Kv,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "flowset": flowset,
+                "opening": opening,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cq = float(cq)
+        self.area0 = float(area0)
+        self.Cv = float(Cv)
+        self.Kv = float(Kv)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.flowset = self._integer_parameter("flowset", flowset)
+        if self.flowset not in {1, 2, 3}:
+            raise ValueError("PNVO001 fixed-opening flowset must be 1, 2, or 3.")
+        self.opening = min(1.0, max(0.0, float(opening)))
+
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_3 = self.register_declared_port("port_3")
+        self.port_3.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNVO001 fixed-opening parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cq=parameters["cq"],
+            area0=parameters["area0"],
+            Cv=parameters["Cv"],
+            Kv=parameters["Kv"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            flowset=parameters["flowset"],
+            opening=parameters["opening"],
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_cq(self) -> float:
+        return self.cq if self.flowset == 1 else 0.72
+
+    @property
+    def maximum_area(self) -> float:
+        if self.flowset == 1:
+            return self.area0
+        if self.flowset == 2:
+            return AmesimPnor001._area_from_cv(self.Cv, self.effective_cq)
+        return AmesimPnor001._area_from_kv(self.Kv, self.effective_cq)
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        return self.opening * self.maximum_area
+
+    def _upstream_temperature(self, port_name: str) -> float:
+        port = self.get_port(port_name)
+        if port.h_outflow > 0.0:
+            return max(self.medium.temperature_from_enthalpy(port.h_outflow), 1.0)
+        return self.medium.T_ref
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_2: float, p_3: float) -> float:
+        if p_2 == p_3 or self.effective_area == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_2 > p_3:
+            return self._one_way_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_2,
+                downstream_pressure=p_3,
+                upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_2"),
+            )
+        return -self._one_way_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_3,
+            downstream_pressure=p_2,
+            upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_3"),
+        )
+
+    def _one_way_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        upstream_pressure: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float,
+        upstream_temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        p_up = max(upstream_pressure, 1.0)
+        p_down = max(min(downstream_pressure, p_up), 0.0)
+        T_up = max(upstream_temperature, 1.0)
+        gamma = max(self.medium.gamma, 1.000001)
+        pressure_ratio = max(p_down / p_up, 0.0)
+        critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+        if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+            flow_factor = sqrt(gamma / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up)) * (
+                2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)
+            ) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+        else:
+            expansion = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** (
+                (gamma + 1.0) / gamma
+            )
+            flow_factor = sqrt(
+                max(
+                    2.0
+                    * gamma
+                    * expansion
+                    / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up * (gamma - 1.0)),
+                    0.0,
+                )
+            )
+        return self.effective_cq * self.effective_area * p_up * flow_factor
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        p_2 = max(self.port_2.p, 1.0)
+        p_3 = max(self.port_3.p, 1.0)
+        m_flow = abs(self.mass_flow(self.port_2.p, self.port_3.p))
+        upstream_pressure = max(p_2, p_3)
+        upstream_temperature = self._upstream_temperature(
+            "port_2" if p_2 >= p_3 else "port_3"
+        )
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        area = max(self.effective_area, 1.0e-18)
+        return {
+            "xv": self.opening,
+            "cm": m_flow / (self.effective_cq * area * upstream_pressure),
+            "gasvel": m_flow / (density * area),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_3.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.m_flow + self.port_3.m_flow,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_3.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.m_flow
+                - self.mass_flow(self.port_2.p, self.port_3.p),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = connected_h["port_3"]
+        self.port_3.h_outflow = connected_h["port_2"]
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening(AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening):
+    """AMESim PNVO001 signal-controlled pneumatic orifice."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnvo001"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.signal("res", nominal_role="input"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition("cq", 0.72, label="流量系数 Cq", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0e-10, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("area0", 5.0e-6, label="最大孔口面积", quantity="area", unit="m2", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Cv", 0.5, label="最大流量系数 Cv", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Kv", 0.4, label="最大流量系数 Kv", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("flowset", 1.0, label="流量系数设置", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=3.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("opening0", 1.0, label="初始开度", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening.RESULT_VARIABLES
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNVO001 信号开度气动孔口",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="amesim_pnvo001",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("res", "left", order=5),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=35,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cq: float = 0.72,
+        area0: float = 5.0e-6,
+        Cv: float = 0.5,
+        Kv: float = 0.4,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        flowset: float = 1.0,
+        opening0: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        AlgebraicComponent.__init__(self, name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cq": cq,
+                "area0": area0,
+                "Cv": Cv,
+                "Kv": Kv,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "flowset": flowset,
+                "opening0": opening0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cq = float(cq)
+        self.area0 = float(area0)
+        self.Cv = float(Cv)
+        self.Kv = float(Kv)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.flowset = self._integer_parameter("flowset", flowset)
+        if self.flowset not in {1, 2, 3}:
+            raise ValueError("PNVO001 signal-opening flowset must be 1, 2, or 3.")
+        self.opening0 = min(1.0, max(0.0, float(opening0)))
+        self.res = self.register_declared_port("res")
+        self.res.signal = self.opening0
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_3 = self.register_declared_port("port_3")
+        self.port_3.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    @property
+    def opening(self) -> float:
+        return min(1.0, max(0.0, self.res.signal))

app/simulation/components/amesim/gases.py

@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isclose, isfinite
+from types import MappingProxyType
+
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
+
+
+AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX = 0
+AMESIM_DEFAULT_GAS_INDEX = AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX = AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX = 1
+AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX = 99
+
+AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "gi",
+    float(AMESIM_DEFAULT_GAS_INDEX),
+    label="介质物性模型（gi）",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX),
+    maximum=float(AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX),
+    editor="amesimGasReference",
+    description=(
+        "选择本元件使用的气体介质定义索引；0 表示内置空气，"
+        "1–99 引用画布中的介质定义组件。"
+    ),
+)
+
+AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "gi",
+    float(AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX),
+    label="介质定义索引（gi）",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX),
+    maximum=float(AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX),
+    description=(
+        "介质定义在当前模型中的唯一索引；由画布自动分配，"
+        "0 保留给内置空气。"
+    ),
+)
+
+
+def normalize_amesim_gas_index(value: float | int) -> int:
+    """Validate an AMESim gas reference.
+
+    Index 0 is reserved for the built-in ideal-gas air profile.  Positive
+    indices refer to medium-definition components placed in the project.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(value, bool) or not isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        raise ValueError("AMESim gas type index gi must be a number.")
+    numeric = float(value)
+    if not isfinite(numeric):
+        raise ValueError("AMESim gas type index gi must be finite.")
+    rounded = round(numeric)
+    if not isclose(numeric, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+        raise ValueError("AMESim gas type index gi must be an integer value.")
+    index = int(rounded)
+    if not AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX <= index <= AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "AMESim gas type index gi must be between "
+            f"{AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX} and {AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX}."
+        )
+    return index
+
+
+def normalize_amesim_defined_gas_index(value: float | int) -> int:
+    """Validate a positive index owned by a project medium definition."""
+
+    index = normalize_amesim_gas_index(value)
+    if index < AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "AMESim medium definition index gi must be between "
+            f"{AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX} and {AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX}; "
+            "gi=0 is reserved for built-in ideal-gas air."
+        )
+    return index
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimGasDefinition:
+    """One AMESim PNGD-style gas-definition slot.
+
+    ``fluid_type`` and ``eos_type`` are intentionally optional today.  They
+    reserve the metadata needed to map a future PNGD00 helium definition while
+    the executable behavior is supplied by ``medium``.
+    """
+
+    gi: int
+    label: str
+    medium: GasMedium
+    fluid_type: int | None = None
+    eos_type: int | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        normalized = normalize_amesim_gas_index(self.gi)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "gi", normalized)
+        if not self.label.strip():
+            raise ValueError("AMESim gas definition label must not be empty.")
+
+
+class AmesimGasRegistry:
+    """Resolve AMESim component ``gi`` references to thermodynamic media."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        definitions: Iterable[AmesimGasDefinition] = (),
+        *,
+        default_gi: int = AMESIM_DEFAULT_GAS_INDEX,
+    ) -> None:
+        from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.mediums import (
+            AmesimIdealAirMedium,
+        )
+
+        self.default_gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(default_gi)
+        self._definitions: dict[int, AmesimGasDefinition] = {
+            AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX: AmesimGasDefinition(
+                gi=AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX,
+                label="空气（理想气体，内置默认）",
+                medium=AmesimIdealAirMedium(),
+            )
+        }
+        for definition in definitions:
+            self.register(definition)
+
+    @property
+    def definitions(self) -> Mapping[int, AmesimGasDefinition]:
+        return MappingProxyType(self._definitions)
+
+    def register(self, definition: AmesimGasDefinition) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(definition, AmesimGasDefinition):
+            raise TypeError("AMESim gas registry entries must use AmesimGasDefinition.")
+        if definition.gi == AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "AMESim gas type index gi=0 is reserved for built-in "
+                "ideal-gas air and cannot be replaced."
+            )
+        if definition.gi in self._definitions:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"AMESim gas type index gi={definition.gi} is already defined."
+            )
+        self._definitions[definition.gi] = definition
+
+    def copy(self) -> AmesimGasRegistry:
+        """Return an independent registry for one project compilation."""
+
+        copied = AmesimGasRegistry(
+            (
+                definition
+                for index, definition in self._definitions.items()
+                if index != AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+            ),
+            default_gi=self.default_gi,
+        )
+        copied._definitions[AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX] = self._definitions[
+            AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+        ]
+        return copied
+
+    def resolve(
+        self,
+        gi: float | int,
+        *,
+        component_name: str | None = None,
+    ) -> GasMedium:
+        index = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        try:
+            return self._definitions[index].medium
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            owner = f" for component '{component_name}'" if component_name else ""
+            available = ", ".join(str(index) for index in sorted(self._definitions))
+            available_message = available or "none"
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"AMESim gas type index gi={index}{owner} is not defined. "
+                "Register a PNGD-style gas definition before using this index. "
+                f"Available indices: {available_message}."
+            ) from exc
+
+    @property
+    def default_medium(self) -> GasMedium:
+        return self.resolve(self.default_gi)
+
+    def resolve_network_media(
+        self,
+        component_gas_indices: Mapping[str, float | int | None],
+        pneumatic_connections: Iterable[tuple[str, str]],
+    ) -> dict[str, GasMedium]:
+        """Assign one medium to every connected pneumatic circuit.
+
+        Components without ``gi`` inherit the explicit index used by their
+        circuit.  Conflicting indices inside one circuit are rejected instead
+        of silently mixing different gases.
+        """
+
+        parents = {component_id: component_id for component_id in component_gas_indices}
+
+        def find(component_id: str) -> str:
+            parent = parents[component_id]
+            while parent != parents[parent]:
+                parent = parents[parent]
+            while component_id != parent:
+                next_component = parents[component_id]
+                parents[component_id] = parent
+                component_id = next_component
+            return parent
+
+        def union(left: str, right: str) -> None:
+            left_root = find(left)
+            right_root = find(right)
+            if left_root != right_root:
+                parents[right_root] = left_root
+
+        for source, target in pneumatic_connections:
+            if source in parents and target in parents:
+                union(source, target)
+
+        members_by_root: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+        for component_id in component_gas_indices:
+            members_by_root.setdefault(find(component_id), []).append(component_id)
+
+        media: dict[str, GasMedium] = {}
+        for members in members_by_root.values():
+            indexed_components: dict[int, list[str]] = {}
+            for component_id in members:
+                raw_index = component_gas_indices[component_id]
+                if raw_index is None:
+                    continue
+                index = normalize_amesim_gas_index(raw_index)
+                indexed_components.setdefault(index, []).append(component_id)
+
+            if len(indexed_components) > 1:
+                details = ", ".join(
+                    f"gi={index} ({', '.join(sorted(component_ids))})"
+                    for index, component_ids in sorted(indexed_components.items())
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Connected pneumatic circuit contains conflicting AMESim "
+                    f"gas definitions: {details}."
+                )
+
+            index = (
+                next(iter(indexed_components))
+                if indexed_components
+                else self.default_gi
+            )
+            indexed_members = indexed_components.get(index, members)
+            medium = self.resolve(
+                index,
+                component_name=", ".join(sorted(indexed_members)),
+            )
+            for component_id in members:
+                media[component_id] = medium
+        return media
+
+
+def default_amesim_gas_registry() -> AmesimGasRegistry:
+    """Create a registry containing only built-in gi=0 ideal-gas air."""
+
+    return AmesimGasRegistry()

app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes import AmesimP4Node2, AmesimPn3Node2
+
+__all__ = ["AmesimP4Node2", "AmesimPn3Node2"]

app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/nodes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition, PortState
+
+
+class _AmesimPneumaticNode(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Shared implementation for AMESim pneumatic junction submodels."""
+
+    REFERENCE_PORT = "port_2"
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            setattr(self, definition.name, self.register_declared_port(definition.name))
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        reference = self.get_port(self.REFERENCE_PORT)
+        residuals: list[EquationResidual] = []
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            if definition.name == self.REFERENCE_PORT:
+                continue
+            port = self.get_port(definition.name)
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{definition.name}_pressure_reference",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(
+                        f"{self.name}.{definition.name}.p",
+                        f"{self.name}.{self.REFERENCE_PORT}.p",
+                    ),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.p - reference.p,
+                )
+            )
+        residuals.append(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=tuple(
+                    f"{self.name}.{definition.name}.m_flow"
+                    for definition in self.PORTS
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=sum(self.get_port(definition.name).m_flow for definition in self.PORTS),
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(residuals)
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        incoming = [
+            (port.m_flow, connected_h[name])
+            for name, port in self.ports.items()
+            if port.m_flow > 1e-12
+        ]
+        total_flow = sum(m_flow for m_flow, _ in incoming)
+        if total_flow > 1e-12:
+            mixed_h = sum(m_flow * h for m_flow, h in incoming) / total_flow
+        else:
+            mixed_h = connected_h.get(
+                self.REFERENCE_PORT,
+                sum(connected_h.values()) / len(connected_h) if connected_h else 0.0,
+            )
+        for port in self.ports.values():
+            port.h_outflow = mixed_h
+
+
+class AmesimPn3Node2(_AmesimPneumaticNode):
+    """AMESim PN3NODE2 pneumatic three-port junction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pn3node2"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PN3NODE2 三端气动节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="junctions",
+        symbol="amesim_pn3node2",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=30),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPn3Node2:
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+
+class AmesimP4Node2(_AmesimPneumaticNode):
+    """AMESim P4NODE2 pneumatic four-port junction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_p4node2"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_4", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="P4NODE2 四端气动节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="junctions",
+        symbol="amesim_p4node2",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimP4Node2:
+        return cls(name=name)

app/simulation/components/amesim/library.py

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+"""AMESim-compatible public component library."""
+
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import (
+    ComponentCategorySpec,
+    ComponentLibrarySpec,
+)
+
+
+LIBRARY = ComponentLibrarySpec(
+    id="amesim",
+    label="AMESim 组件库",
+    version="0.2.0",
+    source_package="app.simulation.components.amesim",
+    temporary=True,
+    order=200,
+    categories=(
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="media", label="介质物性", order=5),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="storage", label="储能元件", order=10),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="flow", label="流动元件", order=20),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="junctions", label="连接元件", order=30),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="boundary", label="边界元件", order=40),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="signals", label="信号元件", order=50),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="mechanical", label="机械元件", order=60),
+    ),
+    models=(
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties:AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties:AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.boundary.sources:AmesimPnpl01",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources:AmesimStep0",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources:AmesimUd00",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimF000",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimForc",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimMecmas21",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimLstp00a",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimLmechn1",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers:AmesimPnch023",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers:AmesimPnch012",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnor001",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl00r",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0001",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0002",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0003",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes:AmesimPn3Node2",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes:AmesimP4Node2",
+    ),
+)

app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim mechanical components."""

app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/translational.py

@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ResultVariableDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimF000(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim F000 zero force source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_f000"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_1"),)
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="F000 零力源",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="amesim_f000",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "right", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimF000":
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:zero_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.f",),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.f,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimForc(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim FORC signal-to-force converter."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_forc"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.signal("res", nominal_role="input"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("force", "输出力", "force", "N", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="FORC 信号转力",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="amesim_forc",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("res", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.res = self.register_declared_port("res")
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimForc":
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    @property
+    def output_force(self) -> float:
+        return float(self.res.signal)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:signal_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.f", f"{self.name}.res.signal"),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.f + self.output_force,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"force": self.output_force}
+
+
+class AmesimMecmas21(DynamicComponent):
+    """AMESim MECMAS21 first public one-dimensional translational mass."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_mecmas21"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_1"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("mass", 1.0, label="质量", quantity="mass", unit="kg", minimum=0.0, minimum_exclusive=True),
+        ParameterDefinition("fstick", 0.0, label="静摩擦力", quantity="force", unit="N", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("fcoul", 0.0, label="库仑摩擦力", quantity="force", unit="N", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("rvisc", 0.0, label="黏性摩擦系数", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("wind", 0.0, label="风阻系数", quantity="windage", unit="N/(m/s)^2", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvel", 1.0e-6, label="粘滞速度阈值", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("restdvel", 1.0e-6, label="恢复速度阈值", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("restcoeff", 0.65, label="恢复系数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("astrib", 1.0e-3, label="Stribeck 常数", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("xmin", -1.0, label="下位移限位", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+        ParameterDefinition("Kbmin", 1.0e9, label="下限位刚度", quantity="translational_stiffness", unit="N/m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Dbmin", 1.0e4, label="下限位阻尼", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Pdmin", 1.0e-4, label="下限位满阻尼穿透", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("xmax", 0.8, label="上位移限位", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+        ParameterDefinition("Kbmax", 1.0e9, label="上限位刚度", quantity="translational_stiffness", unit="N/m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Dbmax", 1.0e4, label="上限位阻尼", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Pdmax", 1.0e-4, label="上限位满阻尼穿透", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("theta", 0.0, label="倾角", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("useFriction", 1.0, label="启用摩擦", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("stoptype", 4.0, label="限位类型", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("discContactOption", 1.0, label="接触选项", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("strib", 1.0, label="Stribeck 选项", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("frictionType", 1.0, label="摩擦类型", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("v0", 0.0, label="初始速度", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("x0", 0.0, label="初始位移", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("a", "加速度", "acceleration", "m/s2", "state", 10),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("v", "速度", "velocity", "m/s", "state", 20),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("x", "位移", "length", "m", "state", 30),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Fvisc", "黏性摩擦力", "force", "N", "derived", 40),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Ffric", "干摩擦力", "force", "N", "derived", 50),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Fmin", "下限位力", "force", "N", "derived", 60),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Fmax", "上限位力", "force", "N", "derived", 70),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="MECMAS21 一维质量",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="amesim_mecmas21",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=30,
+    )
+    state_size = 2
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, medium: IdealGasMedium, **parameters: float) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        resolved = {definition.name: parameters.get(definition.name, definition.default) for definition in self.PARAMETERS}
+        self.set_parameter_values(resolved)
+        for name, value in resolved.items():
+            setattr(self, name, float(value))
+        self.use_friction = bool(int(self.useFriction))
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.v = float(self.v0)
+        self.x = float(self.x0)
+        self.refresh_thermodynamic_ports()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimMecmas21":
+        for integer_name in ("useFriction", "stoptype", "discContactOption", "strib", "frictionType"):
+            if not float(parameters[integer_name]).is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"MECMAS21 {integer_name} must be an integer.")
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.v, self.x]
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 2:
+            raise ValueError("MECMAS21 state vector requires [v, x].")
+        self.v = float(values[0])
+        self.x = float(values[1])
+        self.refresh_thermodynamic_ports()
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> None:
+        for port in (self.port_1, self.port_2):
+            port.x = self.x
+            port.v = self.v
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            self._state_residual("port_1", "x", self.port_1.x - self.x),
+            self._state_residual("port_1", "v", self.port_1.v - self.v),
+            self._state_residual("port_2", "x", self.port_2.x - self.x),
+            self._state_residual("port_2", "v", self.port_2.v - self.v),
+        )
+
+    def _state_residual(self, port_name: str, variable: str, value: float) -> EquationResidual:
+        return EquationResidual(
+            id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_{variable}_state",
+            owner="component",
+            owner_id=self.name,
+            relation="state",
+            variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.{variable}",),
+            role="effort",
+            value=value,
+        )
+
+    def _viscous_friction_force(self) -> float:
+        if not self.use_friction:
+            return 0.0
+        return -self.rvisc * self.v
+
+    def _windage_force(self) -> float:
+        if not self.use_friction:
+            return 0.0
+        return -self.wind * self.v * abs(self.v)
+
+    def _dry_friction_force(self) -> float:
+        if not self.use_friction:
+            return 0.0
+        if self.v > 0.0:
+            return -self.fcoul
+        if self.v < 0.0:
+            return self.fcoul
+        return 0.0
+
+    def _lower_limit_force(self) -> float:
+        penetration = max(self.xmin - self.x, 0.0)
+        if penetration <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.Kbmin * penetration + max(-self.Dbmin * self.v, 0.0)
+
+    def _upper_limit_force(self) -> float:
+        penetration = max(self.x - self.xmax, 0.0)
+        if penetration <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.Kbmax * penetration + max(self.Dbmax * self.v, 0.0)
+
+    def acceleration(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            self.port_1.f
+            + self.port_2.f
+            + self._viscous_friction_force()
+            + self._windage_force()
+            + self._dry_friction_force()
+            + self._lower_limit_force()
+            - self._upper_limit_force()
+        ) / self.mass
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.acceleration(), self.v]
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "a": self.acceleration(),
+            "v": self.v,
+            "x": self.x,
+            "Fvisc": self._viscous_friction_force(),
+            "Ffric": self._dry_friction_force(),
+            "Fmin": self._lower_limit_force(),
+            "Fmax": self._upper_limit_force(),
+        }
+
+
+class AmesimLstp00a(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim LSTP00A first public elastic contact component."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_lstp00a"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_1"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("na", 10.0, label="有效圈数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, minimum_exclusive=True),
+        ParameterDefinition("gap0", 0.0, label="初始间隙", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+        ParameterDefinition("kcont", 1.0e6, label="接触刚度", quantity="translational_stiffness", unit="N/m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("G", 8.57e10, label="剪切模量", quantity="pressure", unit="Pa", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("sdiam", 0.02, label="弹簧直径", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("wdiam", 0.002, label="线径", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("rcont", 0.0, label="接触阻尼", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Pdis", 1.0e-7, label="满阻尼穿透", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("stiffmode", 1.0, label="刚度模式", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("discContactOption", 1.0, label="接触选项", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("gap", "间隙", "length", "m", "derived", 10),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("penetration", "穿透", "length", "m", "derived", 20),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("force", "接触力", "force", "N", "derived", 30),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="LSTP00A 弹性接触",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="amesim_lstp00a",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=40,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, medium: IdealGasMedium, **parameters: float) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        resolved = {
+            definition.name: parameters.get(definition.name, definition.default)
+            for definition in self.PARAMETERS
+        }
+        self.set_parameter_values(resolved)
+        for name, value in resolved.items():
+            setattr(self, name, float(value))
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimLstp00a":
+        for integer_name in ("stiffmode", "discContactOption"):
+            if not float(parameters[integer_name]).is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"LSTP00A {integer_name} must be an integer.")
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    @property
+    def gap(self) -> float:
+        return self.gap0 - (self.port_2.x - self.port_1.x)
+
+    @property
+    def penetration(self) -> float:
+        return max(-self.gap, 0.0)
+
+    @property
+    def penetration_velocity(self) -> float:
+        return self.port_2.v - self.port_1.v
+
+    @property
+    def contact_force(self) -> float:
+        if self.penetration <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return max(self.kcont * self.penetration + self.rcont * self.penetration_velocity, 0.0)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        force = self.contact_force
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_contact_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.f", f"{self.name}.port_1.x", f"{self.name}.port_2.x"),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.f + force,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_contact_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.f", f"{self.name}.port_1.x", f"{self.name}.port_2.x"),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.f - force,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "gap": self.gap,
+            "penetration": self.penetration,
+            "force": self.contact_force,
+        }
+
+
+class AmesimLmechn1(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim LMECHN1 first public dynamic linear mechanical node."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_lmechn1"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = tuple(
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational(f"port_{index}")
+        for index in range(1, 10)
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("v1", 8.0, label="右侧端口数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=8.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("sum", 1.0, label="节点求和模式", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("tforce", "节点合力", "force", "N", "derived", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="LMECHN1 线性机械节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="amesim_lmechn1",
+        ports=tuple(
+            [PortDisplaySpec(f"port_{index}", "left", order=index * 10) for index in range(1, 9)]
+            + [PortDisplaySpec("port_9", "right", order=90)]
+        ),
+        order=50,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, medium: IdealGasMedium, *, v1: float = 8.0, sum: float = 1.0) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"v1": v1, "sum": sum})
+        self.v1 = int(v1)
+        self.sum = int(sum)
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            setattr(self, definition.name, self.register_declared_port(definition.name))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimLmechn1":
+        for integer_name in ("v1", "sum"):
+            if not float(parameters[integer_name]).is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"LMECHN1 {integer_name} must be an integer.")
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, v1=parameters["v1"], sum=parameters["sum"])
+
+    @property
+    def active_ports(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(f"port_{index}" for index in range(1, self.v1 + 1)) + ("port_9",)
+
+    @property
+    def total_force(self) -> float:
+        return sum(self.get_port(port_name).f for port_name in self.active_ports)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        reference = self.port_9
+        residuals: list[EquationResidual] = []
+        for port_name in self.active_ports[:-1]:
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_x_equal",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.x", f"{self.name}.port_9.x"),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.x - reference.x,
+                )
+            )
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_v_equal",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.v", f"{self.name}.port_9.v"),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.v - reference.v,
+                )
+            )
+        residuals.append(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:force_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=tuple(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.f" for port_name in self.active_ports),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.total_force,
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(residuals)
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"tforce": self.total_force}

app/simulation/components/amesim/media/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""AMESim medium-property definition components."""
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.mediums import (
+    AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec,
+    AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium,
+    AmesimIdealAirMedium,
+)
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties import (
+    AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent,
+    AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition,
+    AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    "AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL",
+    "AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS",
+    "AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER",
+    "AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL",
+    "AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS",
+    "AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER",
+    "AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent",
+    "AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec",
+    "AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition",
+    "AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium",
+    "AmesimIdealAirMedium",
+    "AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition",
+)

app/simulation/components/amesim/media/mediums.py

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium, IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimIdealAirMedium(IdealGasMedium):
+    """AMESim air properties evaluated with the ideal-gas method.
+
+    Substance identity and property method are part of the concrete Python
+    type.  A future air correlation or helium Peng-Robinson implementation can
+    therefore coexist as a sibling type without turning ``gi`` into a fluid
+    enumeration.
+    """
+
+    SUBSTANCE_ID: ClassVar[str] = "air"
+    PROPERTY_METHOD_ID: ClassVar[str] = "ideal_gas"
+
+    name: str = "AMESimAirIdealGas"
+    R_gas: float = 287.0
+    cp_ref: float = 1005.0
+    T_ref: float = 300.0
+    cp_slope: float = 0.0
+    viscosity_ref: float = 1.82e-5
+    viscosity_T_ref: float = 293.15
+    sutherland_constant: float = 110.4
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium(IdealGasMedium):
+    """AMESim helium with a Peng-Robinson mechanical equation of state.
+
+    The pressure-density-temperature relation is evaluated by the shared
+    ``HELIUM_PR`` fluid.  The first public AMESim port keeps the committed
+    constant-heat-capacity caloric model so it can be consumed through the
+    same :class:`GasMedium` contract as ideal-gas air.
+    """
+
+    SUBSTANCE_ID: ClassVar[str] = "helium"
+    PROPERTY_METHOD_ID: ClassVar[str] = "peng_robinson"
+    fluid: ClassVar[PengRobinsonFluid] = HELIUM_PR
+
+    name: str = "AMESimHeliumPengRobinson"
+    R_gas: float = HELIUM_PR.specific_gas_constant
+    cp_ref: float = 5193.0
+    T_ref: float = 293.15
+    cp_slope: float = 0.0
+    viscosity_ref: float = 1.96e-5
+    viscosity_T_ref: float = 293.15
+    sutherland_constant: float = 79.4
+
+    @property
+    def cv(self) -> float:
+        return 3116.0
+
+    def cv_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float:
+        del T
+        return self.cv
+
+    def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.density(p, T)
+
+    def pressure(self, m: float, T: float, V: float) -> float:
+        if V <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Volume must stay positive.")
+        return self.fluid.pressure_from_density(T, m / V)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec:
+    """A selectable calculation method for one AMESim gas substance."""
+
+    value: int
+    label: str
+    method_id: str
+    factory: Callable[[], GasMedium]
+    eos_type: int
+
+    def build_medium(self) -> GasMedium:
+        return self.factory()
+
+
+AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL = 0
+AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS = (
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec(
+        value=AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+        label="理想气体",
+        method_id=AmesimIdealAirMedium.PROPERTY_METHOD_ID,
+        factory=AmesimIdealAirMedium,
+        eos_type=1,
+    ),
+)
+
+
+AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL = 0
+AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS = (
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec(
+        value=AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+        label="Peng–Robinson",
+        method_id=AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium.PROPERTY_METHOD_ID,
+        factory=AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium,
+        eos_type=6,
+    ),
+)

app/simulation/components/amesim/media/properties.py

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+    AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+    AmesimGasDefinition,
+    normalize_amesim_defined_gas_index,
+)
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.mediums import (
+    AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ParameterOption
+
+
+AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "property_model",
+    float(AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL),
+    label="物性计算模型",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(min(model.value for model in AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    maximum=float(max(model.value for model in AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    editor="amesimGasPropertyModel",
+    options=tuple(
+        ParameterOption(value=model.value, label=model.label)
+        for model in AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS
+    ),
+    description="选择空气介质的物性计算方法；当前首版提供理想气体模型。",
+)
+
+AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "property_model",
+    float(AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL),
+    label="物性计算模型",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(min(model.value for model in AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    maximum=float(max(model.value for model in AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    editor="amesimGasPropertyModel",
+    options=tuple(
+        ParameterOption(value=model.value, label=model.label)
+        for model in AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS
+    ),
+    description=(
+        "选择氦气介质的物性计算方法；当前首版提供 "
+        "Peng–Robinson 状态方程模型。"
+    ),
+)
+
+
+class AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent(AlgebraicComponent, ABC):
+    """Compile-time definition of one project-scoped AMESim gas medium.
+
+    Concrete subclasses declare one substance and its available calculation
+    methods; each instance selects a method through ``property_model``.  They
+    deliberately expose no physical ports or equations: the compiler consumes
+    them before it creates the simulation network.
+    """
+
+    IS_AMESIM_GAS_MEDIUM_DEFINITION = True
+    MEDIUM_LABEL = ""
+    FLUID_TYPE: int | None = None
+    PROPERTY_MODELS: tuple[AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec, ...] = ()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        gi: float,
+        property_model: float = float(AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL),
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_defined_gas_index(gi)
+        self.property_model = self._resolve_property_model(property_model).value
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "gi": self.gi,
+                "property_model": self.property_model,
+            }
+        )
+
+    def _resolve_property_model(
+        self,
+        value: float | int,
+    ) -> AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec:
+        for model in self.PROPERTY_MODELS:
+            if float(model.value) == float(value):
+                return model
+        available = ", ".join(str(model.value) for model in self.PROPERTY_MODELS)
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"AMESim medium definition '{self.name}' does not support property "
+            f"model {value:g}; available models: {available or 'none'}."
+        )
+
+    def build_medium(self) -> GasMedium:
+        """Create the executable property model selected by this instance."""
+
+        return self._resolve_property_model(self.property_model).build_medium()
+
+    def gas_definition(self) -> AmesimGasDefinition:
+        model = self._resolve_property_model(self.property_model)
+        return AmesimGasDefinition(
+            gi=self.gi,
+            label=f"{self.MEDIUM_LABEL}（{model.label}）",
+            medium=self.build_medium(),
+            fluid_type=self.FLUID_TYPE,
+            eos_type=model.eos_type,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition(AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent):
+    """Project gas slot using the built-in ideal-gas air property method."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_ideal_air_medium"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.2.0"
+    PORTS = ()
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="空气介质定义",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="media",
+        symbol="amesim_ideal_air_medium",
+        ports=(),
+        order=10,
+        role="amesimGasMediumDefinition",
+    )
+    MEDIUM_LABEL = "空气"
+    FLUID_TYPE = 2
+    PROPERTY_MODELS = AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition:
+        del medium
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            property_model=parameters["property_model"],
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition(AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent):
+    """Project gas slot using the AMESim helium Peng-Robinson method."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_helium_medium"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = ()
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="氦气介质定义",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="media",
+        symbol="amesim_helium_medium",
+        ports=(),
+        order=20,
+        role="amesimGasMediumDefinition",
+    )
+    MEDIUM_LABEL = "氦气"
+    FLUID_TYPE = 12
+    PROPERTY_MODELS = AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition:
+        del medium
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            property_model=parameters["property_model"],
+        )

app/simulation/components/amesim/signals/sources.py

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import floor
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ResultVariableDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimStep0(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim STEP0 scalar step signal source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_step0"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.signal("out", nominal_role="output"),)
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("initial", 0.0, label="初始值", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("final", 1.0, label="阶跃后值", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("time", 0.0, label="阶跃时间", quantity="time", unit="s"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("y", "输出", "dimensionless", "", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="STEP0 阶跃信号",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="signals",
+        symbol="amesim_step0",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("out", "right", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        initial: float = 0.0,
+        final: float = 1.0,
+        time: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"initial": initial, "final": final, "time": time})
+        self.initial = float(initial)
+        self.final = float(final)
+        self.time = float(time)
+        self.out = self.register_declared_port("out")
+        self.out.signal = self.output_at(0.0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimStep0":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            initial=parameters["initial"],
+            final=parameters["final"],
+            time=parameters["time"],
+        )
+
+    def output_at(self, time: float) -> float:
+        return self.final if time >= self.time else self.initial
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {"out": self.output_at(time)}
+
+    def signal_event_times(
+        self,
+        start_time: float,
+        stop_time: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        """Expose the exact STEP0 switch time as an integration split point."""
+
+        return (self.time,) if start_time < self.time < stop_time else ()
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"y": self.out.signal}
+
+
+class AmesimUd00(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim UD00 piecewise-linear scalar signal source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_ud00"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.signal("out", nominal_role="output"),)
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("tstart", 0.0, label="启动时间", quantity="time", unit="s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("start1", 0.0, label="第 1 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end1", 1.0, label="第 1 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t1", 1.0, label="第 1 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start2", 1.0, label="第 2 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end2", 1.0, label="第 2 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t2", 0.0, label="第 2 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start3", 1.0, label="第 3 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end3", 1.0, label="第 3 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t3", 0.0, label="第 3 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start4", 1.0, label="第 4 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end4", 1.0, label="第 4 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t4", 0.0, label="第 4 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start5", 1.0, label="第 5 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end5", 1.0, label="第 5 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t5", 0.0, label="第 5 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start6", 1.0, label="第 6 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end6", 1.0, label="第 6 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t6", 0.0, label="第 6 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start7", 1.0, label="第 7 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end7", 1.0, label="第 7 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t7", 0.0, label="第 7 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start8", 1.0, label="第 8 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end8", 1.0, label="第 8 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t8", 0.0, label="第 8 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("nstages", 1.0, label="段数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=8.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("iscyclic", 0.0, label="循环", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("y", "输出", "dimensionless", "", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="UD00 分段线性信号",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="signals",
+        symbol="amesim_ud00",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("out", "right", order=10),),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        tstart: float = 0.0,
+        starts: tuple[float, ...] = (0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+        ends: tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+        durations: tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+        nstages: int = 1,
+        iscyclic: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        if len(starts) != 8 or len(ends) != 8 or len(durations) != 8:
+            raise ValueError("UD00 requires exactly eight start, end, and duration values.")
+        if nstages < 1 or nstages > 8:
+            raise ValueError("UD00 nstages must be between 1 and 8.")
+        self.tstart = float(tstart)
+        self.starts = tuple(float(value) for value in starts)
+        self.ends = tuple(float(value) for value in ends)
+        self.durations = tuple(float(value) for value in durations)
+        self.nstages = int(nstages)
+        self.iscyclic = bool(iscyclic)
+        values: dict[str, float] = {"tstart": self.tstart, "nstages": float(self.nstages), "iscyclic": float(int(self.iscyclic))}
+        for index in range(1, 9):
+            values[f"start{index}"] = self.starts[index - 1]
+            values[f"end{index}"] = self.ends[index - 1]
+            values[f"t{index}"] = self.durations[index - 1]
+        self.set_parameter_values(values)
+        self.out = self.register_declared_port("out")
+        self.out.signal = self.output_at(0.0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimUd00":
+        nstages = parameters["nstages"]
+        iscyclic = parameters["iscyclic"]
+        if not float(nstages).is_integer():
+            raise ValueError("UD00 nstages must be an integer.")
+        if not float(iscyclic).is_integer():
+            raise ValueError("UD00 iscyclic must be 0 or 1.")
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            tstart=parameters["tstart"],
+            starts=tuple(parameters[f"start{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            ends=tuple(parameters[f"end{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            durations=tuple(parameters[f"t{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            nstages=int(nstages),
+            iscyclic=bool(int(iscyclic)),
+        )
+
+    def output_at(self, time: float) -> float:
+        elapsed = max(float(time) - self.tstart, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations[: self.nstages]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.iscyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.nstages - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.nstages - 1]
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {"out": self.output_at(time)}
+
+    def signal_event_times(
+        self,
+        start_time: float,
+        stop_time: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        """Return UD00 start, stage, and repeated cycle boundaries.
+
+        The final non-cyclic stage is intentionally not given an end event:
+        ``output_at`` continues that stage's slope after its configured duration.
+        """
+
+        if stop_time <= start_time:
+            return ()
+
+        active_durations = self.durations[: self.nstages]
+        stage_offsets = [0.0]
+        elapsed = 0.0
+        for duration in active_durations[:-1]:
+            elapsed += duration
+            stage_offsets.append(elapsed)
+
+        if not self.iscyclic:
+            return tuple(
+                sorted(
+                    {
+                        event_time
+                        for offset in stage_offsets
+                        if start_time
+                        < (event_time := self.tstart + offset)
+                        < stop_time
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+
+        cycle_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if cycle_duration <= 0.0:
+            return ()
+
+        events: set[float] = set()
+        for offset in stage_offsets:
+            first_boundary = self.tstart + offset
+            cycle_index = max(
+                0,
+                floor((start_time - first_boundary) / cycle_duration) + 1,
+            )
+            event_time = first_boundary + cycle_index * cycle_duration
+            while event_time < stop_time:
+                if event_time > start_time:
+                    events.add(event_time)
+                cycle_index += 1
+                event_time = first_boundary + cycle_index * cycle_duration
+        return tuple(sorted(events))
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"y": self.out.signal}

app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic storage components."""

app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/chambers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+    AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+    normalize_amesim_gas_index,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import ThermodynamicVolumeComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+    THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+class AmesimPnch023(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNCH023 simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange.
+
+    The AMESim submodel owns pressure and temperature states and exposes two
+    pneumatic flow ports. This public component maps those states onto the
+    framework's mass/internal-energy volume state and keeps the AMESim
+    heat-transfer contract `kth * sth * (extemp - T)`.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnch023"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cvol",
+            0.057,
+            label="气室容积",
+            quantity="volume",
+            unit="m3",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="气室内部用于储存气体的固定有效容积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境之间的对流换热系数，与换热面积共同决定换热功率。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "sth",
+            0.1,
+            label="换热面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境进行热交换的有效表面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="气室外部环境的绝对温度，用于计算气体与环境之间的换热。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对压力。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对温度。",
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNCH023 固定容积气室",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="storage",
+        symbol="amesim_pnch023",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cvol: float = 0.057,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        sth: float = 0.1,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cvol": cvol,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "sth": sth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cvol = float(cvol)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.sth = float(sth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        m0 = medium.density(self.p0, self.T0) * self.cvol
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(self.T0)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.p = self.p0
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.p = self.p0
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnch023:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cvol=parameters["cvol"],
+            kth=parameters["kth"],
+            sth=parameters["sth"],
+            extemp=parameters["extemp"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            p0=parameters["p0"],
+            T0=parameters["T0"],
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.cvol)
+        self.port_1.p = props.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = props.h
+        self.port_2.p = props.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.kth * self.sth * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_1"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_2.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_2"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        derivative = VolumeState(
+            m=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            U=(
+                self.port_1.m_flow * inlet_h_1
+                + self.port_2.m_flow * inlet_h_2
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+            ),
+        )
+        return derivative.as_vector()
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.cvol,
+        ).p
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_1.p - pressure,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_2.p - pressure,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnch012(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNCH012 variable-volume pneumatic chamber.
+
+    AMESim supplies four external volume and volume-rate inputs through the
+    chamber ports. The current public System XML contract has pneumatic ports
+    only, so this first public model exposes those external volume inputs as SI
+    parameters. This represents fixed or prescribed-volume PNCH012 cases and is
+    not yet the full mechanical-coupled submodel.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnch012"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_4", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cvol0",
+            0.015,
+            label="死容积",
+            quantity="volume",
+            unit="m3",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="变容气室在所有外部容积为零时仍保留的基础容积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境之间的对流换热系数，与换热面积共同决定换热功率。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "sth",
+            0.1,
+            label="换热面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境进行热交换的有效表面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="气室外部环境的绝对温度，用于计算气体与环境之间的换热。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对压力。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对温度。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol1", 0.0, label="端口 1 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol2", 0.0, label="端口 2 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol3", 0.0, label="端口 3 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol4", 0.0, label="端口 4 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol1", 0.0, label="端口 1 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol2", 0.0, label="端口 2 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol3", 0.0, label="端口 3 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol4", 0.0, label="端口 4 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES + (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("vol", "气室总容积", "volume", "m3", "derived", 100),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("dvol", "总容积变化率", "volume_flow", "m3/s", "derived", 110),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNCH012 变容气室",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="storage",
+        symbol="amesim_pnch012",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "left", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cvol0: float = 0.015,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        sth: float = 0.1,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        vol1: float = 0.0,
+        vol2: float = 0.0,
+        vol3: float = 0.0,
+        vol4: float = 0.0,
+        dvol1: float = 0.0,
+        dvol2: float = 0.0,
+        dvol3: float = 0.0,
+        dvol4: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cvol0": cvol0,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "sth": sth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+                "vol1": vol1,
+                "vol2": vol2,
+                "vol3": vol3,
+                "vol4": vol4,
+                "dvol1": dvol1,
+                "dvol2": dvol2,
+                "dvol3": dvol3,
+                "dvol4": dvol4,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cvol0 = float(cvol0)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.sth = float(sth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        self.external_volumes = {
+            "port_1": float(vol1),
+            "port_2": float(vol2),
+            "port_3": float(vol3),
+            "port_4": float(vol4),
+        }
+        self.external_volume_rates = {
+            "port_1": float(dvol1),
+            "port_2": float(dvol2),
+            "port_3": float(dvol3),
+            "port_4": float(dvol4),
+        }
+        if self.total_volume() <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("PNCH012 total volume must be positive.")
+        m0 = medium.density(self.p0, self.T0) * self.total_volume()
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(self.T0)
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.register_declared_port(port_name)
+            port.p = self.p0
+            port.h_outflow = initial_h
+            setattr(self, port_name, port)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnch012":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    def total_volume(self) -> float:
+        minimum_volume = self.cvol0 / 100.0
+        return max(self.cvol0 + sum(self.external_volumes.values()), minimum_volume)
+
+    def total_volume_rate(self) -> float:
+        if self.total_volume() <= self.cvol0 / 100.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return sum(self.external_volume_rates.values())
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.total_volume())
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            port.p = props.p
+            port.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.kth * self.sth * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        return {
+            "m": self.state.m,
+            "U": self.state.U,
+            "p": props.p,
+            "T": props.T,
+            "rho": props.rho,
+            "u": props.u,
+            "h": props.h,
+            "vol": self.total_volume(),
+            "dvol": self.total_volume_rate(),
+        }
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        mass_derivative = 0.0
+        energy_derivative = 0.0
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            inlet_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+                port_m_flow=port.m_flow,
+                connected_h=connected_h[port_name],
+                internal_h=props.h,
+            )
+            mass_derivative += port.m_flow
+            energy_derivative += port.m_flow * inlet_h
+        energy_derivative += self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+        energy_derivative -= props.p * self.total_volume_rate()
+        return VolumeState(m=mass_derivative, U=energy_derivative).as_vector()
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.total_volume(),
+        ).p
+        return tuple(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.get_port(port_name).p - pressure,
+            )
+            for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4")
+        )

app/simulation/core/base.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
 from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition, PortState
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+    from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
 
 
 class Component(ABC):
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class Component(ABC):
         cls,
         *,
         name: str,
-        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        medium: GasMedium,
         parameters: Mapping[str, float],
     ) -> Component:
         """Create a catalog model from normalized SI parameters."""

app/simulation/core/catalog.py

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from typing import Literal
 
 
 PortDisplaySide = Literal["left", "right"]
+ComponentCatalogRole = Literal["amesimGasMediumDefinition"]
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ class ComponentDisplaySpec:
     symbol: str
     ports: tuple[PortDisplaySpec, ...]
     order: int = 0
+    role: ComponentCatalogRole | None = None
 
     @property
     def port_by_name(self) -> dict[str, PortDisplaySpec]:

app/simulation/core/medium.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Protocol
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -12,6 +13,53 @@ class ThermodynamicProperties:
     h: float
 
 
+class GasMedium(Protocol):
+    """Thermodynamic contract required by pneumatic components.
+
+    ``IdealGasMedium`` is the default implementation.  Keeping the component
+    boundary structural allows a later helium/Peng-Robinson implementation to
+    be registered without changing every AMESim component constructor.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    R_gas: float
+    cp_ref: float
+    T_ref: float
+
+    @property
+    def cv(self) -> float: ...
+
+    @property
+    def gamma(self) -> float: ...
+
+    def cp_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def cv_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, u: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_enthalpy(self, h: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(self, m: float, U: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def pressure(self, m: float, T: float, V: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def properties_from_mU(
+        self,
+        m: float,
+        U: float,
+        V: float,
+    ) -> ThermodynamicProperties: ...
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class IdealGasMedium:
     """Temperature-dependent ideal-gas air approximation.
@@ -27,6 +75,9 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
     cp_ref: float = 1005.0
     T_ref: float = 300.0
     cp_slope: float = 0.0
+    viscosity_ref: float = 1.82e-5
+    viscosity_T_ref: float = 293.15
+    sutherland_constant: float = 110.4
 
     @property
     def cv(self) -> float:
@@ -45,6 +96,18 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
     def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
         return p / (self.R_gas * T)
 
+    def dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float:
+        """Return dynamic viscosity using the default air Sutherland law."""
+
+        if T <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive.")
+        return (
+            self.viscosity_ref
+            * (T / self.viscosity_T_ref) ** 1.5
+            * (self.viscosity_T_ref + self.sutherland_constant)
+            / (T + self.sutherland_constant)
+        )
+
     def specific_internal_energy(self, T: float) -> float:
         delta_T = T - self.T_ref
         return (
@@ -77,6 +140,22 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
         delta_T = positive_root if abs(positive_root) <= abs(negative_root) else negative_root
         return self.T_ref + delta_T
 
+    def temperature_from_enthalpy(self, h: float) -> float:
+        reference_enthalpy = self.cp_ref * self.T_ref
+        delta_h = h - reference_enthalpy
+
+        if abs(self.cp_slope) <= 1e-15:
+            return self.T_ref + delta_h / self.cp_ref
+
+        a = 0.5 * self.cp_slope
+        b = self.cp_ref
+        c = -delta_h
+        discriminant = max(b * b - 4.0 * a * c, 0.0)
+        positive_root = (-b + discriminant**0.5) / (2.0 * a)
+        negative_root = (-b - discriminant**0.5) / (2.0 * a)
+        delta_T = positive_root if abs(positive_root) <= abs(negative_root) else negative_root
+        return self.T_ref + delta_T
+
     def temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(self, m: float, U: float) -> float:
         if m <= 0.0:
             raise ValueError("Mass must stay positive when recovering temperature.")

app/simulation/core/metadata.py

@@ -6,12 +6,20 @@ from typing import Literal
 
 
 ResultVariableScope = Literal["component", "port"]
+ParameterEditor = Literal[
+    "amesimGasReference",
+    "amesimGasPropertyModel",
+]
 
 
 SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY: dict[str, str] = {
+    "acceleration": "m/s2",
+    "area": "m2",
     "dimensionless": "",
     "density": "kg/m³",
     "flow_coefficient": "kg/(s*Pa^0.5)",
+    "force": "N",
+    "heat_transfer_coefficient": "W/(m2*K)",
     "internal_energy": "J",
     "length": "m",
     "mass": "kg",
@@ -20,10 +28,30 @@ SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY: dict[str, str] = {
     "specific_enthalpy": "J/kg",
     "specific_internal_energy": "J/kg",
     "temperature": "K",
+    "translational_damping": "N/(m/s)",
+    "translational_stiffness": "N/m",
+    "time": "s",
+    "velocity": "m/s",
     "volume": "m3",
+    "volume_flow": "m3/s",
+    "windage": "N/(m/s)^2",
 }
 
 
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParameterOption:
+    """One numeric choice exposed by a catalog-backed parameter editor."""
+
+    value: float
+    label: str
+
+    def as_interface_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {
+            "value": self.value,
+            "label": self.label,
+        }
+
+
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ParameterDefinition:
     """User-configurable model input expressed in the backend SI contract."""
@@ -36,6 +64,9 @@ class ParameterDefinition:
     minimum: float | None = None
     maximum: float | None = None
     minimum_exclusive: bool = False
+    editor: ParameterEditor | None = None
+    options: tuple[ParameterOption, ...] = ()
+    description: str = ""
 
     def validation_message(self, value: float) -> str | None:
         if not isfinite(value):
@@ -47,6 +78,11 @@ class ParameterDefinition:
                 return f"must be at least {self.minimum:g}"
         if self.maximum is not None and value > self.maximum:
             return f"must be at most {self.maximum:g}"
+        if self.options and value not in {
+            float(option.value) for option in self.options
+        }:
+            available = ", ".join(f"{option.value:g}" for option in self.options)
+            return f"must be one of {available}"
         return None
 
     def as_interface_dict(self, *, value: float | None = None) -> dict[str, object]:
@@ -62,6 +98,14 @@ class ParameterDefinition:
             payload["minimum"] = self.minimum
         if self.maximum is not None:
             payload["maximum"] = self.maximum
+        if self.editor is not None:
+            payload["editor"] = self.editor
+        if self.options:
+            payload["options"] = [
+                option.as_interface_dict() for option in self.options
+            ]
+        if self.description:
+            payload["description"] = self.description
         if value is not None:
             payload["value"] = value
         return payload

app/simulation/core/peng_robinson.py

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import acos, cos, isfinite, log, pi, sqrt
+
+UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT = 8.31446261815324
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PengRobinsonFluid:
+    """Pure-fluid Peng-Robinson equation-of-state helper.
+
+    The class covers the equation-of-state layer plus the enthalpy departure
+    needed to compare AMESim pneumatic ``pn2hpti`` reference enthalpy flows.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    molar_mass: float
+    critical_temperature: float
+    critical_pressure: float
+    acentric_factor: float
+
+    @property
+    def specific_gas_constant(self) -> float:
+        return UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / self.molar_mass
+
+    @property
+    def a_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            0.45724
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            / self.critical_pressure
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def b_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return 0.07780 * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * self.critical_temperature / self.critical_pressure
+
+    @property
+    def kappa(self) -> float:
+        omega = self.acentric_factor
+        return 0.37464 + 1.54226 * omega - 0.26992 * omega * omega
+
+    def alpha(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        return (1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt(reduced_temperature))) ** 2.0
+
+    def alpha_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        sqrt_reduced_temperature = sqrt(reduced_temperature)
+        alpha_base = 1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        return -(
+            alpha_base
+            * self.kappa
+            / (self.critical_temperature * sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        )
+
+    def attractive_parameter(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha(temperature)
+
+    def attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+
+    def pressure_from_molar_volume(self, temperature: float, molar_volume: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if molar_volume <= self.b_parameter:
+            raise ValueError("Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter.")
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        repulsive = UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / (molar_volume - b)
+        attractive = a_alpha / (molar_volume * (molar_volume + b) + b * (molar_volume - b))
+        return repulsive - attractive
+
+    def pressure_from_density(self, temperature: float, density: float) -> float:
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        return self.pressure_from_molar_volume(temperature, self.molar_mass / density)
+
+    def reduced_parameters(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        A = a_alpha * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * temperature)
+        B = b * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature)
+        return A, B
+
+    def compressibility_roots(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        A, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        coefficients = (
+            -(1.0 - B),
+            A - 3.0 * B * B - 2.0 * B,
+            -(A * B - B * B - B * B * B),
+        )
+        roots = _real_cubic_roots(*coefficients)
+        physical_roots = tuple(sorted(root for root in roots if root > B and isfinite(root)))
+        if not physical_roots:
+            raise ValueError("Peng-Robinson cubic produced no physical compressibility root.")
+        return physical_roots
+
+    def compressibility_factor(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        roots = self.compressibility_roots(pressure, temperature)
+        if phase == "vapor":
+            return roots[-1]
+        if phase == "liquid":
+            return roots[0]
+        if phase == "stable-single-root":
+            return roots[-1]
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported phase selector: {phase!r}")
+
+    def molar_volume(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        return z * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / pressure
+
+    def density(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.molar_mass / self.molar_volume(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+
+    def residual_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return Peng-Robinson enthalpy departure from ideal gas, J/kg."""
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        _, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        attractive = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        d_attractive_d_temperature = (
+            self.attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+        )
+        log_argument = (z + (1.0 + sqrt(2.0)) * B) / (
+            z + (1.0 - sqrt(2.0)) * B
+        )
+        residual_molar_enthalpy = (
+            UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * (z - 1.0)
+            + (
+                temperature * d_attractive_d_temperature
+                - attractive
+            )
+            * log(log_argument)
+            / (2.0 * sqrt(2.0) * b)
+        )
+        return residual_molar_enthalpy / self.molar_mass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_temperature(temperature: float) -> None:
+        if temperature <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive.")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_pressure_temperature(cls, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> None:
+        if pressure <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Pressure must be positive.")
+        cls._validate_temperature(temperature)
+
+HELIUM_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="helium",
+    molar_mass=0.004002602,
+    critical_temperature=5.1953,
+    critical_pressure=227_460.0,
+    acentric_factor=-0.385,
+)
+
+NITROGEN_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="nitrogen",
+    molar_mass=0.0280134,
+    critical_temperature=126.192,
+    critical_pressure=3.3958e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0372,
+)
+
+AIR_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="air",
+    molar_mass=0.02896513,
+    critical_temperature=132.5306,
+    critical_pressure=3.786e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0335,
+)
+
+
+def _real_cubic_roots(a: float, b: float, c: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    """Return real roots for x**3 + a*x**2 + b*x + c = 0."""
+
+    depressed_p = b - a * a / 3.0
+    depressed_q = 2.0 * a * a * a / 27.0 - a * b / 3.0 + c
+    discriminant = (depressed_q / 2.0) ** 2.0 + (depressed_p / 3.0) ** 3.0
+    offset = -a / 3.0
+    tolerance = 1e-14
+
+    if discriminant > tolerance:
+        sqrt_discriminant = sqrt(discriminant)
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 + sqrt_discriminant)
+        v = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 - sqrt_discriminant)
+        return (u + v + offset,)
+
+    if abs(discriminant) <= tolerance:
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0)
+        return tuple(sorted({2.0 * u + offset, -u + offset}))
+
+    if depressed_p >= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected cubic state with three real roots and non-negative p.")
+    radius = 2.0 * sqrt(-depressed_p / 3.0)
+    argument = (3.0 * depressed_q / (2.0 * depressed_p)) * sqrt(-3.0 / depressed_p)
+    argument = max(-1.0, min(1.0, argument))
+    theta = acos(argument) / 3.0
+    roots = [
+        radius * cos(theta - 2.0 * pi * index / 3.0) + offset
+        for index in range(3)
+    ]
+    return tuple(sorted(roots))
+
+
+def _real_cube_root(value: float) -> float:
+    if value == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    return (1.0 if value > 0.0 else -1.0) * abs(value) ** (1.0 / 3.0)

app/simulation/core/ports.py

@@ -90,6 +90,76 @@ class PortDefinition:
             ),
         )
 
+    @classmethod
+    def mechanical_translational(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        nominal_role: Literal["inlet", "outlet", "bidirectional"] = "bidirectional",
+    ) -> PortDefinition:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            kind="physical",
+            domain="mechanical",
+            nominal_role=nominal_role,
+            positive_flow_direction="intoComponent",
+            variables=(
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "x",
+                    "effort",
+                    "equal",
+                    label="位移",
+                    quantity="length",
+                    unit="m",
+                    order=10,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "v",
+                    "effort",
+                    "equal",
+                    label="速度",
+                    quantity="velocity",
+                    unit="m/s",
+                    order=20,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "f",
+                    "flow",
+                    "sumToZero",
+                    label="力",
+                    quantity="force",
+                    unit="N",
+                    order=30,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def signal(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        nominal_role: Literal["input", "output"],
+        domain: str = "signal",
+    ) -> PortDefinition:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            kind="signal",
+            domain=domain,
+            nominal_role=nominal_role,
+            variables=(
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "signal",
+                    "signal",
+                    "directed",
+                    label="信号值",
+                    quantity="dimensionless",
+                    unit="",
+                    order=10,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
     def as_interface_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
         return {
             "name": self.name,
@@ -108,6 +178,10 @@ class PortState:
     p: float = 0.0
     m_flow: float = 0.0
     h_outflow: float = 0.0
+    signal: float = 0.0
+    x: float = 0.0
+    v: float = 0.0
+    f: float = 0.0
     definition: PortDefinition | None = field(default=None, repr=False, compare=False)
 
     @classmethod

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import (
+    TestMqlRunConfig,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run import (
+    PreparedTestMqlRun,
+    TestMqlRunResult,
+    prepare_test_mql_run,
+    run_prepared_test_mql,
+    run_test_mql,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PreparedTestMqlRun",
+    "TestMqlRunConfig",
+    "TestMqlRunResult",
+    "TestMqlSimulationResult",
+    "TestMqlSystem",
+    "prepare_test_mql_run",
+    "run_prepared_test_mql",
+    "run_test_mql",
+]

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/baseline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+    archive_path: Path,
+    *,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else output_schema.data_paths()
+    baseline_series = observation_catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        amesim_results,
+        selected_paths,
+    )
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=baseline_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    return TestMqlBaselineRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/computed.py

@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import m3_to_cm3
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import build_test_mql_variable_catalog
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_piston_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    pneumatic_assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+            amesim_results,
+            mechanical_assembly,
+            pneumatic_assembly,
+        ),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        pneumatic_assembly=pneumatic_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_line_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_line_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_pneumatic_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_chamber_duplicate_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+        **_compute_orifice_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_mechanical_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_mass_duplicate_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_inactive_mass_force_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_zero_force_source_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def _compute_piston_geometry_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.pistons):
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{alias}")
+        v4 = amesim_results.series(f"v4@{alias}")
+        v5 = amesim_results.series(f"v5@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"length@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_length_mm(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vvol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(v4, v5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for chamber_alias in sorted(pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers):
+        chamber = pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers[chamber_alias]
+        piston_alias = _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias)
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{piston_alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{piston_alias}")
+        dead_volume_cm3 = m3_to_cm3(chamber.dead_volume)
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol@{chamber_alias}"] = tuple(
+            dead_volume_cm3 + geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias: str) -> str:
+    if not chamber_alias.startswith("pn_c1"):
+        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected PNCH012 alias: {chamber_alias}")
+    return chamber_alias.replace("pn_c1", "pn_brp2", 1)
+
+
+def _compute_mass_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        for signal_name in ("x1", "v1", "acc1"):
+            source_path = f"{signal_name}@{alias}"
+            duplicate_path = f"{signal_name}dup@{alias}"
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(
+                -value for value in amesim_results.series(source_path)
+            )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_inactive_mass_force_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        mass = mechanical_assembly.masses[alias].endstop()
+        x1 = amesim_results.series(f"x1@{alias}")
+        v1 = amesim_results.series(f"v1@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fmin@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement)
+            for displacement in x1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fvisc@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.viscous_friction_force(velocity)
+            for velocity in v1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Ffric@{alias}"] = tuple(0.0 for _ in x1)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_zero_force_source_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    return {
+        f"fzero@{alias}": tuple(0.0 for _ in amesim_results.times)
+        for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources)
+    }
+
+
+def _compute_chamber_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.chambers.bindings:
+        pressure_series = amesim_results.series(binding.pressure_path)
+        temperature_series = amesim_results.series(binding.temperature_path)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.pressure_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(pressure_series)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.temperature_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(temperature_series)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_orifice_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.orifices.bindings:
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_mass_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_mass_flow_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_line_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.lines.by_submodel("PNL00R"):
+        if len(binding.mass_flow_paths) != 2 or len(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected two PNL00R flow paths for {binding.alias}.")
+        primary_mass_path, reversed_mass_path = binding.mass_flow_paths
+        primary_enthalpy_path, reversed_enthalpy_path = binding.enthalpy_flow_paths
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_mass_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_mass_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_enthalpy_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_enthalpy_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import operator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+from typing import Any
+
+from app.simulation.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import COMPONENT_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+
+
+_BINARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.Add: operator.add,
+    ast.Sub: operator.sub,
+    ast.Mult: operator.mul,
+    ast.Div: operator.truediv,
+    ast.Pow: operator.pow,
+}
+_UNARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.UAdd: operator.pos,
+    ast.USub: operator.neg,
+}
+
+
+class TestMqlExpressionError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when an AMESim parameter expression cannot be resolved safely."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedParameter:
+    name: str
+    title: str
+    raw_value: str
+    units: str
+    value: float | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_numeric(self) -> bool:
+        return self.value is not None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    alias: str
+    component_name: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    parameters: dict[str, TestMqlResolvedParameter]
+
+    def parameter_value(self, name: str) -> float:
+        parameter = self.parameters[name]
+        if parameter.value is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"Parameter {name!r} on {self.alias!r} is not numeric")
+        return parameter.value
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlConfig:
+    raw_global_parameters: dict[str, str]
+    global_parameters: dict[str, float]
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid
+    components: tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_amesim_specs(cls) -> "TestMqlConfig":
+        raw_globals = dict(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS)
+        numeric_globals = {
+            name: value
+            for name, raw in raw_globals.items()
+            if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(raw, {})) is not None
+        }
+        components = tuple(
+            _resolve_component(spec, numeric_globals)
+            for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        )
+        return cls(
+            raw_global_parameters=raw_globals,
+            global_parameters=numeric_globals,
+            fluid=HELIUM_PR,
+            components=components,
+        )
+
+    def component(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+        for component in self.components:
+            if component.alias == alias:
+                return component
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def components_by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]:
+        return tuple(component for component in self.components if component.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def _resolve_component(
+    spec: dict[str, Any],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter in spec.get("parameters", []):
+        name = str(parameter["name"])
+        raw_value = str(parameter["value"])
+        parameters[name] = TestMqlResolvedParameter(
+            name=name,
+            title=str(parameter["title"]),
+            raw_value=raw_value,
+            units=str(parameter["units"]),
+            value=resolve_numeric_expression(raw_value, variables),
+        )
+    return TestMqlResolvedComponent(
+        alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+        component_name=str(spec["component_name"]),
+        submodel=str(spec["submodel"]),
+        label=str(spec["label"]),
+        parameters=parameters,
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_numeric_expression(
+    expression: str,
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float | None:
+    expression = expression.strip()
+    if not expression:
+        return None
+    normalized = expression.replace("^", "**")
+    try:
+        parsed = ast.parse(normalized, mode="eval")
+        value = float(_eval_node(parsed.body, variables))
+    except (SyntaxError, TestMqlExpressionError, ValueError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):
+        return None
+    return value if isfinite(value) else None
+
+
+def _eval_node(node: ast.AST, variables: dict[str, float]) -> float:
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, (int, float)):
+        return float(node.value)
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
+        if node.id not in variables:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unknown variable: {node.id}")
+        return float(variables[node.id])
+    if isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _BINARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported binary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_BINARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.left, variables), _eval_node(node.right, variables)))
+    if isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _UNARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported unary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_UNARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.operand, variables)))
+    raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported expression node: {type(node)}")

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/line_parameters.py

@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import CONNECTION_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.config import resolve_numeric_expression
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_center_temperature_k: float
+    initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_1_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa: float
+    initial_temperature_2_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0001 geometry and initial states from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0001"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0001":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0001 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0001Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0001 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0002 geometry and center compliance initial state."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0002"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0002":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0002 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _ivar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0002Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_center_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "tctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "pctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0002 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0003 geometry and both compliance initial states."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0003"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0003":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0003 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0003Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_1_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_2_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0003 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL00R geometry from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL00R"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL00R":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL00R line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl00rSpec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL00R parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def _parameter_expressions(block: str, tag_name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter_block in re.findall(
+        rf"<{tag_name}>.*?</{tag_name}>",
+        block,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    ):
+        parameters[_required_text(parameter_block, "VARNAME")] = _required_text(
+            parameter_block,
+            "VALUE",
+        )
+    return parameters
+
+
+def _ivar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<IVAR>.*?</IVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _evar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<EVAR>.*?</EVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _required_numeric(
+    alias: str,
+    name: str,
+    expressions: dict[str, str],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float:
+    if name not in expressions:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing {name!r} on line {alias!r}")
+    value = resolve_numeric_expression(expressions[name], variables)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot resolve {name!r}={expressions[name]!r} on line {alias!r}"
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _required_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str:
+    value = _optional_text(block, tag_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {tag_name}")
+    return value
+
+
+def _optional_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str | None:
+    match = re.search(rf"<{tag_name}>(.*?)</{tag_name}>", block, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    return match.group(1).strip() if match is not None else None

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/lines.py

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS = ("PNL0001", "PNL0002", "PNL0003", "PNL00R")
+_LINE_PATTERN_RE = re.compile(r"\(([^()]+)\)\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineConnection:
+    index: int
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    label: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    signal_names: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def has_compliance(self) -> bool:
+        return "C" in self.pattern
+
+    @property
+    def has_resistance(self) -> bool:
+        return "R" in self.pattern
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    lines: tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.lines)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineConnection:
+        for line in self.lines:
+            if line.alias == alias:
+                return line
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]:
+        return tuple(line for line in self.lines if line.submodel == submodel)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(line.submodel for line in self.lines))
+
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(line.alias for line in self.lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_assembly(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    lines = []
+    for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+        if submodel not in TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS:
+            continue
+        data_paths = variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(str(spec["alias"]))
+        signal_names = tuple(path.rsplit("@", 1)[0] for path in data_paths)
+        lines.append(
+            TestMqlLineConnection(
+                index=int(spec["index"]),
+                alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pattern=_line_pattern(str(spec["label"]), submodel),
+                source_component=str(spec["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(spec["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(spec["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(spec["target_port"]),
+                label=str(spec["label"]),
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+                signal_names=signal_names,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineAssembly(lines=tuple(lines))
+
+
+def _line_pattern(label: str, submodel: str) -> str:
+    match = _LINE_PATTERN_RE.search(label)
+    if match is not None:
+        return match.group(1)
+    if submodel == "PNL00R":
+        return "R"
+    return submodel

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/mechanical.py

@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.mechanical import (
+    AmesimElasticEndstop,
+    AmesimMassFrictionEndstops,
+    AmesimPistonGeometry,
+    circular_area,
+    mm_to_m,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M = 1.0e3
+N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S = 1.0e3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    alias: str
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float
+    zero_displacement_m: float
+    piston_area_m2: float
+    rod_area_m2: float
+    annulus_area_m2: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def geometry(self) -> AmesimPistonGeometry:
+        return AmesimPistonGeometry(
+            piston_diameter_m=self.piston_diameter_m,
+            rod_diameter_m=self.rod_diameter_m,
+            zero_length_m=self.zero_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    mass_kg: float
+    xmin_m: float
+    xmax_m: float
+    min_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    max_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    min_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    max_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    min_penetration_m: float
+    max_penetration_m: float
+    stiction_force_n: float
+    coulomb_friction_n: float
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float
+    stick_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    reset_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    rest_coeff: float
+    stribeck_constant_m_s: float
+    use_friction: bool
+    stop_type: int
+    initial_velocity_m_s: float
+    initial_displacement_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+        return AmesimMassFrictionEndstops(
+            mass_kg=self.mass_kg,
+            lower_limit_m=self.xmin_m,
+            upper_limit_m=self.xmax_m,
+            lower_stiffness_n_per_m=self.min_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            upper_stiffness_n_per_m=self.max_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.min_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.max_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s,
+            coulomb_friction_n=self.coulomb_friction_n,
+            stiction_force_n=self.stiction_force_n,
+            windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    gap_m: float
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    spring_diameter_m: float
+    wire_diameter_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimElasticEndstop:
+        return AmesimElasticEndstop(
+            contact_stiffness_n_per_m=self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            gap0_m=self.gap_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    alias: str
+    port_count: int
+    sum_mode: int
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    t_start_s: float
+    starts: tuple[float, ...]
+    ends: tuple[float, ...]
+    durations_s: tuple[float, ...]
+    stage_count: int
+    is_cyclic: bool
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.stage_count <= 0:
+            return 0.0
+        elapsed = max(time_s - self.t_start_s, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations_s[: self.stage_count]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.is_cyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.stage_count - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.stage_count - 1]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    alias: str
+    signal_alias: str
+    target_mass_alias: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def force_at(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec],
+    ) -> float:
+        return signals[self.signal_alias].output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonSpec]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopSpec]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec]
+    piecewise_signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorSpec]
+    zero_force_sources: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+            + len(self.piecewise_signals)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.pistons,
+                *self.masses,
+                *self.elastic_endstops,
+                *self.mechanical_nodes,
+                *self.piecewise_signals,
+                *self.force_connectors,
+                *self.zero_force_sources,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassState:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    displacement_m: float
+
+    def as_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.velocity_m_s, self.displacement_m]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    port_2_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_2_displacement_m: float
+    port_3_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_3_displacement_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+    states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...]
+    node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]
+    piston_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return 2 * len(self.states)
+
+
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure:
+    def __init__(self, assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly) -> None:
+        self.assembly = assembly
+        self.mass_aliases = tuple(assembly.masses)
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        state: list[float] = []
+        for alias in self.mass_aliases:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[alias]
+            state.extend([spec.initial_velocity_m_s, spec.initial_displacement_m])
+        return state
+
+    def snapshot(self, state_vector: list[float] | None = None) -> TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+        values = self.initial_state_vector() if state_vector is None else list(state_vector)
+        if len(values) != 2 * len(self.mass_aliases):
+            raise ValueError("mechanical mass state vector requires two values per mass")
+        states = tuple(
+            TestMqlMechanicalMassState(
+                alias=alias,
+                velocity_m_s=values[2 * index],
+                displacement_m=values[2 * index + 1],
+            )
+            for index, alias in enumerate(self.mass_aliases)
+        )
+        node_kinematics = self._node_kinematics_by_alias(states)
+        return TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot(
+            states=states,
+            node_kinematics_by_alias=node_kinematics,
+            piston_kinematics_by_alias=self._piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+                states,
+                node_kinematics,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _node_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        front = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_18"]
+        rear = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_19"]
+        return {
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2",
+                velocities_m_s={port: -front.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: -front.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3",
+                velocities_m_s={port: rear.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: rear.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+        node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        rear_node = node_kinematics_by_alias["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"]
+        piston_bindings = (
+            ("pn_brp2_8", "mass_friction_endstops_10", 8),
+            ("pn_brp2_9", "mass_friction_endstops_11", 7),
+            ("pn_brp2_10", "mass_friction_endstops_12", 6),
+            ("pn_brp2_11", "mass_friction_endstops_13", 5),
+            ("pn_brp2_12", "mass_friction_endstops_14", 4),
+            ("pn_brp2_13", "mass_friction_endstops_15", 3),
+            ("pn_brp2_14", "mass_friction_endstops_16", 2),
+            ("pn_brp2_15", "mass_friction_endstops_17", 1),
+        )
+        return {
+            piston_alias: TestMqlPistonKinematics(
+                alias=piston_alias,
+                port_2_velocity_m_s=state_by_alias[mass_alias].velocity_m_s,
+                port_2_displacement_m=state_by_alias[mass_alias].displacement_m,
+                port_3_velocity_m_s=rear_node.velocities_m_s[rear_node_port],
+                port_3_displacement_m=rear_node.displacements_m[rear_node_port],
+            )
+            for piston_alias, mass_alias, rear_node_port in piston_bindings
+        }
+
+    def rhs(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        *,
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        constrained_mass_aliases: set[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        force_by_mass_alias = force_by_mass_alias or {}
+        constrained_mass_aliases = constrained_mass_aliases or set()
+        derivatives: list[float] = []
+        for state in snapshot.states:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[state.alias]
+            mass = spec.endstop()
+            applied_force = force_by_mass_alias.get(state.alias, 0.0)
+            acceleration, velocity = mass.derivatives(
+                velocity_m_s=state.velocity_m_s,
+                displacement_m=state.displacement_m,
+                port_1_force_n=applied_force,
+            )
+            if state.alias in constrained_mass_aliases and _limit_constraint_holds(
+                spec,
+                state,
+                applied_force,
+            ):
+                acceleration = 0.0
+                velocity = 0.0
+            derivatives.extend([acceleration, velocity])
+        return derivatives
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None = None,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    if variable_catalog is None and amesim_results is not None:
+        variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+
+    pistons = {
+        component.alias: _build_piston(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNRP17")
+    }
+    masses = {
+        component.alias: _build_mass(component, variable_catalog, amesim_results)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("MECMAS21")
+    }
+    elastic_endstops = {
+        component.alias: _build_elastic_endstop(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LSTP00A")
+    }
+    mechanical_nodes = {
+        component.alias: _build_mechanical_node(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LMECHN1")
+    }
+    piecewise_signals = {
+        component.alias: _build_piecewise_signal(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("UD00")
+    }
+    force_connectors = {
+        component.alias: _build_force_connector(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("FORC")
+    }
+    zero_force_sources = tuple(component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("F000"))
+    return TestMqlMechanicalAssembly(
+        pistons=pistons,
+        masses=masses,
+        elastic_endstops=elastic_endstops,
+        mechanical_nodes=mechanical_nodes,
+        piecewise_signals=piecewise_signals,
+        force_connectors=force_connectors,
+        zero_force_sources=zero_force_sources,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    geometry = AmesimPistonGeometry(
+        piston_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dp")),
+        rod_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dr")),
+        zero_length_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("x0")),
+    )
+    return TestMqlPistonSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        piston_diameter_m=geometry.piston_diameter_m,
+        rod_diameter_m=geometry.rod_diameter_m,
+        zero_displacement_m=geometry.zero_length_m,
+        piston_area_m2=geometry.piston_area_m2,
+        rod_area_m2=geometry.rod_area_m2,
+        annulus_area_m2=geometry.annulus_area_m2,
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        mass_kg=component.parameter_value("mass"),
+        xmin_m=component.parameter_value("xmin"),
+        xmax_m=component.parameter_value("xmax"),
+        min_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmin")),
+        max_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmax")),
+        min_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmin")),
+        max_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmax")),
+        min_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmin")),
+        max_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmax")),
+        stiction_force_n=component.parameter_value("fstick"),
+        coulomb_friction_n=component.parameter_value("fcoul"),
+        viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rvisc"),
+        windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=component.parameter_value("wind"),
+        stick_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("dvel"),
+        reset_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("restdvel"),
+        rest_coeff=component.parameter_value("restcoeff"),
+        stribeck_constant_m_s=component.parameter_value("astrib"),
+        use_friction=bool(int(component.parameter_value("useFriction"))),
+        stop_type=int(component.parameter_value("stoptype")),
+        initial_velocity_m_s=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"v1@{component.alias}"),
+        initial_displacement_m=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"x1@{component.alias}"),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        gap_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("gap0")),
+        contact_stiffness_n_per_m=component.parameter_value("kcont"),
+        contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rcont"),
+        spring_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("sdiam")),
+        wire_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("wdiam")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        port_count=int(component.parameter_value("v1")),
+        sum_mode=int(component.parameter_value("sum")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _limit_constraint_holds(
+    spec: TestMqlMassEndstopSpec,
+    state: TestMqlMechanicalMassState,
+    applied_force_n: float,
+) -> bool:
+    if abs(state.velocity_m_s) > spec.stick_velocity_threshold_m_s:
+        return False
+    at_lower_limit = state.displacement_m <= spec.xmin_m + spec.min_penetration_m
+    at_upper_limit = state.displacement_m >= spec.xmax_m - spec.max_penetration_m
+    return (at_lower_limit and applied_force_n <= 0.0) or (
+        at_upper_limit and applied_force_n >= 0.0
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piecewise_signal(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    starts = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"start{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    ends = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"end{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    durations = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"t{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    return TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        t_start_s=component.parameter_value("tstart"),
+        starts=starts,
+        ends=ends,
+        durations_s=durations,
+        stage_count=int(component.parameter_value("nstages")),
+        is_cyclic=bool(int(component.parameter_value("iscyclic"))),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    signal_alias_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "piecewiselinear",
+        "forcecon_2": "piecewiselinear_1",
+    }
+    target_mass_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+        "forcecon_2": "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    }
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        signal_alias=signal_alias_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        target_mass_alias=target_mass_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M
+
+
+def n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S
+
+
+def _initial_value(amesim_results: AmesimResults | None, data_path: str) -> float:
+    if amesim_results is None:
+        return 0.0
+    return float(amesim_results.series(data_path)[0])
+
+
+def _data_paths(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if variable_catalog is None:
+        return ()
+    return variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(alias)

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/nodes.py

@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import COMPONENT_SPECS
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``PN3NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1 and
+    3. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1 and 3, matching
+    the ``EXPRESS2`` equations stored in ``test_mql_.cir``.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s + port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+    port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_4_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``P4NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1, 3,
+    and 4. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1, 3, and
+    4, matching the saved AMESim variables for ``pnnode4_*`` instances.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_4_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=(
+                port_1_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_3_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_4_mass_flow_g_s
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_4_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=(
+                port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3 + port_4_volume_cm3
+            ),
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=port_4_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=port_4_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_4_volume_derivative_l_min=port_4_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_4_volume_cm3=port_4_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePortConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    local_node_alias: str
+    local_port: str
+    remote_node_alias: str
+    remote_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    chamber_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    direct_line_alias: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood:
+    node_alias: str
+    primary: TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection
+    port_1: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_3: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_4: TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection
+
+
+def build_test_mql_node3_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode3]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode3(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "PN3NODE2"
+    }
+
+def build_test_mql_node4_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode4]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode4(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "P4NODE2"
+    }

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/pneumatic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+    AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+BAR_TO_PA = 1.0e5
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K = 293.15
+DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR = 1.0
+# Matched to PNVO001 event-window mass flow near the 0.04 s opening event.
+TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER = 0.99805
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlStepSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    initial_output: float
+    final_output: float
+    step_time_s: float
+    transition_duration_s: float
+    transition_type: int
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.transition_type != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"unsupported STEP0 transition type {self.transition_type} on {self.alias}"
+            )
+        return self.initial_output if time_s < self.step_time_s else self.final_output
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableOrificeControl:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    step: TestMqlStepSignalSpec
+
+    def opening_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.step.output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    fixed_chambers: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticVolume]
+    variable_chambers: dict[str, AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume]
+    fixed_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifice_controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def variable_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_chambers) + len(self.variable_chambers)
+
+    @property
+    def orifice_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_orifices) + len(self.variable_orifices)
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.chamber_count + self.orifice_count
+
+    @property
+    def variable_orifice_control_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variable_orifice_controls)
+
+    def set_variable_orifice_openings(self, time_s: float) -> None:
+        for alias, control in self.variable_orifice_controls.items():
+            self.variable_orifices[alias].opening = control.opening_at(time_s)
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.fixed_chambers,
+                *self.variable_chambers,
+                *self.fixed_orifices,
+                *self.variable_orifices,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        config.global_parameters["P0"]
+    )
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR
+    )
+    fixed_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH023")
+    }
+    variable_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol0",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH012")
+    }
+    fixed_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=1.0,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNOR001")
+    }
+    variable_orifice_controls = _build_variable_orifice_controls(config)
+    variable_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area0",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=variable_orifice_controls[component.alias].opening_at(0.0),
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    return TestMqlPneumaticAssembly(
+        fixed_chambers=fixed_chambers,
+        variable_chambers=variable_chambers,
+        fixed_orifices=fixed_orifices,
+        variable_orifices=variable_orifices,
+        variable_orifice_controls=variable_orifice_controls,
+        fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_variable_orifice_controls(
+    config: TestMqlConfig,
+) -> dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]:
+    from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+    components_by_alias = {component.alias: component for component in config.components}
+    variable_orifice_aliases = {
+        component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl] = {}
+    for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        if connection["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+            continue
+        source_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        target_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        if target_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = target_alias
+            step_alias = source_alias
+        elif source_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = source_alias
+            step_alias = target_alias
+        else:
+            continue
+        step_component = components_by_alias.get(step_alias)
+        if step_component is None or step_component.submodel != "STEP0":
+            continue
+        controls[orifice_alias] = TestMqlVariableOrificeControl(
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            step=TestMqlStepSignalSpec(
+                alias=step_alias,
+                initial_output=step_component.parameter_value("out0"),
+                final_output=step_component.parameter_value("out1"),
+                step_time_s=step_component.parameter_value("t0"),
+                transition_duration_s=step_component.parameter_value("td"),
+                transition_type=int(step_component.parameter_value("transitionType")),
+            ),
+        )
+    missing = variable_orifice_aliases - controls.keys()
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "missing STEP0 controls for PNVO001 components: "
+            + ", ".join(sorted(missing))
+        )
+    return controls
+
+
+def absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_bar * BAR_TO_PA
+
+
+def pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_pa: float) -> float:
+    return absolute_pressure_pa - AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+def pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar))
+
+
+def _build_chamber(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    volume_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    initial_pressure_pa: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticVolume:
+    if volume_parameter == "cvol0":
+        return AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name=component.alias,
+            dead_volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+            T0=_component_temperature(component),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+            heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+            external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+        )
+    return AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+        name=component.alias,
+        volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+        gas=gas,
+        p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+        T0=_component_temperature(component),
+        heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+        heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+        external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_orifice(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    area_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    opening: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticOrifice:
+    flow_coefficient = component.parameter_value("cq")
+    if component.submodel == "PNVO001":
+        flow_coefficient *= TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER
+    return AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+        name=component.alias,
+        area_mm2=component.parameter_value(area_parameter),
+        flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+        gas=gas,
+        opening=opening,
+    )
+
+
+def _component_temperature(component: TestMqlResolvedComponent) -> float:
+    parameter = component.parameters.get("extemp")
+    if parameter is None or parameter.value is None:
+        return DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K
+    return parameter.value

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/pneumatic_lines.py

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic_lines import (
+    AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.line_parameters import (
+    TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0002Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0003Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl00rSpec,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs,
+)
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE = 5.5636e-6
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0001Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0002Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0003Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl00rPipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0001Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            calibrated_linear_conductance=(
+                _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(spec)
+            ),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            T0=spec.initial_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0001Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+) -> float | None:
+    if spec.target_component.startswith("pn_c1_") and _matches_geometry(
+        spec, diameter_mm=20.0, length_m=1.0
+    ):
+        return TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE
+    return None
+
+
+def _matches_geometry(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    *,
+    diameter_mm: float,
+    length_m: float,
+) -> bool:
+    return (
+        abs(spec.diameter_mm - diameter_mm) < 1.0e-12
+        and abs(spec.length_m - length_m) < 1.0e-12
+    )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0002Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            pctr_0=spec.initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            Tctr_0=spec.initial_center_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0002Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0003Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            p1_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa,
+            T1_0=spec.initial_temperature_1_k,
+            p2_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa,
+            T2_0=spec.initial_temperature_2_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0003Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl00rPipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            gas=gas,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl00rAssembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/pneumatic_topology.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.closure import TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.topology import TestMqlCirTopology
+
+
+def discover_fixed_chamber_segments(
+    topology: TestMqlCirTopology,
+    component_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec, ...]:
+    submodel_by_alias = {
+        str(component["alias"]): str(component["submodel"])
+        for component in component_specs
+    }
+    segments = []
+    for component in component_specs:
+        volume_alias = str(component["alias"])
+        if component["submodel"] != "PNCH023":
+            continue
+
+        orifice_contacts = []
+        for contact in topology.contacts_for(volume_alias):
+            other_alias, other_port = contact.other_endpoint(volume_alias)
+            if submodel_by_alias.get(other_alias) == "PNOR001":
+                orifice_contacts.append(
+                    (
+                        other_alias,
+                        other_port,
+                        contact.port_for(volume_alias),
+                    )
+                )
+        if len(orifice_contacts) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} must contact exactly two PNOR001 orifices; "
+                f"found {len(orifice_contacts)}"
+            )
+
+        sides = [
+            _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                orifice_volume_port=orifice_volume_port,
+                volume_port=volume_port,
+                connection_specs=connection_specs,
+                submodel_by_alias=submodel_by_alias,
+            )
+            for orifice_alias, orifice_volume_port, volume_port in orifice_contacts
+        ]
+        inlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "inlet"]
+        outlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "outlet"]
+        if len(inlet_sides) != 1 or len(outlet_sides) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} requires one inlet and one outlet topology side"
+            )
+        inlet = inlet_sides[0]
+        outlet = outlet_sides[0]
+        segments.append(
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec(
+                name=f"{volume_alias}_segment",
+                inlet_node_alias=inlet["node_alias"],
+                inlet_line_alias=inlet["line_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_alias=inlet["orifice_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_boundary_port=inlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                inlet_orifice_volume_port=inlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                volume_alias=volume_alias,
+                volume_inlet_port=inlet["volume_port"],
+                volume_outlet_port=outlet["volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_alias=outlet["orifice_alias"],
+                outlet_orifice_volume_port=outlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_boundary_port=outlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                outlet_line_alias=outlet["line_alias"],
+                outlet_node_alias=outlet["node_alias"],
+            )
+        )
+    return tuple(segments)
+
+
+def _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    orifice_volume_port: str,
+    volume_port: str,
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    submodel_by_alias: dict[str, str],
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    boundary_connections = []
+    for connection in connection_specs:
+        if (
+            connection["source_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["source_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ) or (
+            connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["target_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ):
+            boundary_connections.append(connection)
+    if len(boundary_connections) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} must have exactly one non-volume boundary connection; "
+            f"found {len(boundary_connections)}"
+        )
+
+    connection = boundary_connections[0]
+    if connection["submodel"] != "PNL0001":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} boundary must use PNL0001, got {connection['submodel']}"
+        )
+    if connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias:
+        role = "inlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["target_port"])
+    else:
+        role = "outlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["source_port"])
+    if submodel_by_alias.get(node_alias) != "PN3NODE2":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} PNL0001 boundary must terminate at PN3NODE2, "
+            f"got {node_alias}"
+        )
+    return {
+        "role": role,
+        "node_alias": node_alias,
+        "line_alias": str(connection["alias"]),
+        "orifice_alias": orifice_alias,
+        "orifice_boundary_port": orifice_boundary_port,
+        "orifice_volume_port": orifice_volume_port,
+        "volume_port": volume_port,
+    }

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/primitives/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Calibrated component primitives used only by the ``test_mql`` example."""

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/primitives/mechanical.py

@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import pi
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+M_TO_MM = 1.0e3
+M3_TO_CM3 = 1.0e6
+M3_PER_S_TO_L_PER_MIN = 60_000.0
+
+
+def circular_area(diameter_m: float) -> float:
+    if diameter_m < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("diameter_m must be non-negative.")
+    return pi * diameter_m * diameter_m / 4.0
+
+
+def mm_to_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * MM_TO_M
+
+
+def m_to_mm(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * M_TO_MM
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPistonGeometry:
+    """Geometry relations used by AMESim PNRP17 pneumatic piston variables."""
+
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float = 0.0
+    zero_length_m: float = 0.0
+
+    @property
+    def piston_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return circular_area(self.piston_diameter_m)
+
+    @property
+    def rod_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return circular_area(self.rod_diameter_m)
+
+    @property
+    def annulus_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return self.piston_area_m2 - self.rod_area_m2
+
+    def chamber_length_m(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.zero_length_m + port5_displacement_m - port4_displacement_m
+
+    def chamber_length_mm(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return m_to_mm(self.chamber_length_m(port4_displacement_m, port5_displacement_m))
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return self.annulus_area_m2
+
+    def chamber_volume_m3(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_area_m2 * self.chamber_length_m(
+            port4_displacement_m,
+            port5_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+    def chamber_volume_cm3(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_volume_m3(port4_displacement_m, port5_displacement_m) * M3_TO_CM3
+
+    def chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(self, port4_velocity_m_s: float, port5_velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_area_m2 * (port5_velocity_m_s - port4_velocity_m_s)
+
+    def chamber_volume_rate_l_min(self, port4_velocity_m_s: float, port5_velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(
+            port4_velocity_m_s,
+            port5_velocity_m_s,
+        ) * M3_PER_S_TO_L_PER_MIN
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimElasticEndstop:
+    """Contact force part of AMESim LSTP00A elastic endstop."""
+
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    gap0_m: float = 0.0
+
+    def penetration_m_from_gap_mm(self, gap_mm: float) -> float:
+        return max(-(mm_to_m(gap_mm) - self.gap0_m), 0.0)
+
+    def static_contact_force(self, gap_mm: float) -> float:
+        return self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m * self.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(gap_mm)
+
+    def contact_force(self, gap_mm: float, penetration_velocity_m_s: float = 0.0) -> float:
+        if self.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(gap_mm) <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        damping_force = self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s * penetration_velocity_m_s
+        return max(self.static_contact_force(gap_mm) + damping_force, 0.0)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+    """Parameter and observable helpers for AMESim MECMAS21 translation masses."""
+
+    mass_kg: float
+    lower_limit_m: float
+    upper_limit_m: float
+    lower_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    upper_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    coulomb_friction_n: float = 0.0
+    stiction_force_n: float = 0.0
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float = 0.0
+
+    def lower_penetration_m(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return max(self.lower_limit_m - displacement_m, 0.0)
+
+    def upper_penetration_m(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return max(displacement_m - self.upper_limit_m, 0.0)
+
+    def lower_static_force_magnitude(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.lower_stiffness_n_per_m * self.lower_penetration_m(displacement_m)
+
+    def upper_static_force_magnitude(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.upper_stiffness_n_per_m * self.upper_penetration_m(displacement_m)
+
+    def viscous_friction_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return -self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s
+
+    def windage_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return -self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2 * velocity_m_s * abs(velocity_m_s)
+
+    def dry_friction_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        if velocity_m_s > 0.0:
+            return -self.coulomb_friction_n
+        if velocity_m_s < 0.0:
+            return self.coulomb_friction_n
+        return 0.0
+
+    def limit_contact_force(self, displacement_m: float, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        lower_force = self.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement_m)
+        if lower_force > 0.0:
+            lower_force += max(-self.lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+
+        upper_force = self.upper_static_force_magnitude(displacement_m)
+        if upper_force > 0.0:
+            upper_force += max(self.upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+
+        return lower_force - upper_force
+
+    def derivatives(
+        self,
+        *,
+        velocity_m_s: float,
+        displacement_m: float,
+        port_1_force_n: float = 0.0,
+        port_2_force_n: float = 0.0,
+        external_force_n: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        total_force = (
+            port_1_force_n
+            + port_2_force_n
+            + external_force_n
+            + self.viscous_friction_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.windage_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.dry_friction_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.limit_contact_force(displacement_m, velocity_m_s)
+        )
+        return total_force / self.mass_kg, velocity_m_s
+

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/primitives/pneumatic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import pi, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortState
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPneumaticGas:
+    """Caloric constants plus Peng-Robinson EOS for AMESim pneumatic components."""
+
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid = HELIUM_PR
+    cp: float = 5193.0
+    cv: float = 3116.0
+
+    @property
+    def gamma(self) -> float:
+        return self.cp / self.cv
+
+    @property
+    def R_gas(self) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.specific_gas_constant
+
+    def density(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.density(pressure, temperature)
+
+    def pressure(self, density: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.pressure_from_density(temperature, density)
+
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.cv * temperature
+
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.cp * temperature
+
+    def specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.cp * (temperature - reference_temperature)
+
+    def reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        specific_enthalpy: float,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        if self.cp <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("cp must be positive.")
+        return reference_temperature + specific_enthalpy / self.cp
+
+    def pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_pressure: float = 101_300.0,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        return (
+            self.specific_reference_enthalpy(temperature, reference_temperature)
+            + self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(pressure, temperature)
+            - self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(
+                reference_pressure,
+                reference_temperature,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def pressure_transport_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_pressure: float = 101_300.0,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Convert AMESim reference enthalpy to the absolute-energy state basis."""
+        return (
+            self.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                pressure,
+                temperature,
+                reference_pressure,
+                reference_temperature,
+            )
+            + self.cp * reference_temperature
+        )
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, specific_internal_energy: float) -> float:
+        if self.cv <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("cv must be positive.")
+        return specific_internal_energy / self.cv
+
+
+HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS = AmesimPneumaticGas()
+
+
+def liters_to_m3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-3
+
+
+def m3_to_cm3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e6
+
+
+def cm3_to_m3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-6
+
+
+def kg_to_g(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e3
+
+
+def mm2_to_m2(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-6
+
+
+def diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm: float) -> float:
+    diameter_m = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+    return pi * diameter_m * diameter_m / 4.0
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticVolume(DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim pneumatic control volume using helium PR pressure closure."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        volume: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("volume must be positive.")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+        if heat_transfer_area < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_area must be non-negative.")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive.")
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.volume = volume
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.heat_transfer_area = heat_transfer_area
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        rho0 = gas.density(p0, T0)
+        m0 = rho0 * volume
+        U0 = m0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_liters(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        volume_liters: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> "AmesimPneumaticVolume":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            volume=liters_to_m3(volume_liters),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def volume_cm3(self) -> float:
+        return m3_to_cm3(self.volume)
+
+    def volume_rate_m3_s(self) -> float:
+        return 0.0
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature_k: float | None = None) -> float:
+        temperature = self.properties().T if temperature_k is None else temperature_k
+        return (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - temperature)
+        )
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return kg_to_g(self.state.m)
+
+    def pressure_gauge_pa(self, reference_pressure_pa: float = 101_300.0) -> float:
+        return self.properties().p - reference_pressure_pa
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("volume mass must stay positive.")
+        T = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(self.state.U / self.state.m)
+        rho = self.state.m / self.volume
+        p = self.gas.pressure(rho, T)
+        u = self.state.U / self.state.m
+        h = self.gas.specific_enthalpy(T)
+        self.port_a.p = p
+        self.port_a.h_outflow = h
+        self.port_b.p = p
+        self.port_b.h_outflow = h
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(p=p, T=T, rho=rho, u=u, h=h)
+
+    def derivatives(self, inlet_h: float, m_flow: float) -> VolumeState:
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=m_flow,
+            U=m_flow * inlet_h + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(),
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_two_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_a_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_a: float,
+        port_b_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_b: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+        volume_rate_m3_s: float | None = None,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_a = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_a_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_a,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_b = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_b_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_b,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_a_m_flow + port_b_m_flow,
+            U=(
+                port_a_m_flow * inlet_h_a
+                + port_b_m_flow * inlet_h_b
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(properties.T)
+                - properties.p * (
+                    self.volume_rate_m3_s()
+                    if volume_rate_m3_s is None
+                    else volume_rate_m3_s
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume(AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+    """PNCH012-style volume with a dead volume plus an external moving volume."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        dead_volume: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        external_volume: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if dead_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("dead_volume must be positive.")
+        if dead_volume + external_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("total volume must be positive.")
+        self.dead_volume = dead_volume
+        self.external_volume = external_volume
+        self.external_volume_rate = 0.0
+        super().__init__(
+            name=name,
+            volume=dead_volume + external_volume,
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_liters(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        dead_volume_liters: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        external_volume_liters: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> "AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            dead_volume=liters_to_m3(dead_volume_liters),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            external_volume=liters_to_m3(external_volume_liters),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def volume_rate_m3_s(self) -> float:
+        return self.external_volume_rate
+
+    def set_external_volume_m3(
+        self,
+        external_volume: float,
+        external_volume_rate_m3_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dead_volume + external_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("total volume must be positive.")
+        self.external_volume = external_volume
+        self.external_volume_rate = external_volume_rate_m3_s
+        self.volume = self.dead_volume + self.external_volume
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticOrifice(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """First-pass PNOR001/PNVO001-style compressible helium orifice.
+
+    This is a calibrated placeholder boundary for the Python port. It preserves
+    AMESim-style area and coefficient inputs, but final parity must be checked
+    against AMESim CSV results before treating it as numerically equivalent.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        area: float,
+        flow_coefficient: float = 1.0,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        if area < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("area must be non-negative.")
+        if flow_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("flow_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.area = area
+        self.flow_coefficient = flow_coefficient
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.opening = opening
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_mm2(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        area_mm2: float,
+        flow_coefficient: float = 1.0,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> "AmesimPneumaticOrifice":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            area=mm2_to_m2(area_mm2),
+            flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=opening,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        opening = min(max(self.opening, 0.0), 1.0)
+        return self.area * opening
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_a: float, p_b: float, upstream_temperature: float) -> float:
+        if p_a == p_b or self.effective_area == 0.0 or self.flow_coefficient == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_a > p_b:
+            return compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_a,
+                downstream_pressure=p_b,
+                upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+                area=self.effective_area,
+                flow_coefficient=self.flow_coefficient,
+                gas=self.gas,
+            )
+        return -compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_b,
+            downstream_pressure=p_a,
+            upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+            area=self.effective_area,
+            flow_coefficient=self.flow_coefficient,
+            gas=self.gas,
+        )
+
+
+def compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+    *,
+    upstream_pressure: float,
+    downstream_pressure: float,
+    upstream_temperature: float,
+    area: float,
+    flow_coefficient: float,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> float:
+    if upstream_pressure <= 0.0 or downstream_pressure < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("pressures must be non-negative and upstream pressure must be positive.")
+    if upstream_temperature <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("upstream_temperature must be positive.")
+    if area < 0.0 or flow_coefficient < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("area and flow_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+    if downstream_pressure >= upstream_pressure or area == 0.0 or flow_coefficient == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+
+    gamma = gas.gamma
+    pressure_ratio = max(downstream_pressure / upstream_pressure, 0.0)
+    critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+    coefficient = flow_coefficient * area * upstream_pressure / sqrt(gas.R_gas * upstream_temperature)
+    if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+        flow_function = sqrt(gamma) * (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+    else:
+        term = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** ((gamma + 1.0) / gamma)
+        flow_function = sqrt((2.0 * gamma / (gamma - 1.0)) * max(term, 0.0))
+    return coefficient * flow_function

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/primitives/pneumatic_lines.py

@@ -0,0 +1,881 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import log10, pi, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    compressible_orifice_mass_flow,
+    diameter_mm_to_area_m2,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortState
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+    mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    reynolds_number: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    friction_factor: float
+    pressure_drop_pa: float
+
+
+class _DarcyPipeResistanceMixin:
+    diameter: float
+    length: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    area: float
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop_pa: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_drop_pa <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upper = 1.0e-9
+        while self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            upper,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        ) < pressure_drop_pa:
+            upper *= 10.0
+            if upper > 1.0e3:
+                raise ValueError("unable to bracket pneumatic pipe resistance flow")
+        lower = 0.0
+        for _ in range(48):
+            middle = 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+            if self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+                middle,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            ) < pressure_drop_pa:
+                lower = middle
+            else:
+                upper = middle
+        return 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+
+    def pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        length: float | None = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        downstream_pressure = min(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k
+            if pressure_difference > 0.0
+            else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        resistance_length = self.length if length is None else length
+        if resistance_length <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length must be positive")
+
+        def target_flow(mass_flow_kg_s: float) -> float:
+            reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, upstream_temperature)
+            friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+            flow_coefficient = sqrt(
+                self.diameter / (resistance_length * friction_factor)
+            )
+            return compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=upstream_pressure,
+                downstream_pressure=downstream_pressure,
+                upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+                area=self.area,
+                flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+                gas=self.gas,
+            )
+
+        flow_coefficient = sqrt(self.diameter / (resistance_length * 0.02))
+        magnitude = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=upstream_pressure,
+            downstream_pressure=downstream_pressure,
+            upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+            area=self.area,
+            flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+            gas=self.gas,
+        )
+        for _ in range(12):
+            next_magnitude = target_flow(magnitude)
+            if abs(next_magnitude - magnitude) <= max(1.0e-12, abs(magnitude) * 1.0e-9):
+                magnitude = next_magnitude
+                break
+            magnitude = 0.5 * (magnitude + next_magnitude)
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow_kg_s == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = (
+            friction_factor
+            * (self.length / self.diameter)
+            * density
+            * velocity
+            * velocity
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        return magnitude if mass_flow_kg_s > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _reynolds_number(self, mass_flow_kg_s: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        viscosity = helium_dynamic_viscosity(temperature)
+        return 4.0 * abs(mass_flow_kg_s) / (pi * self.diameter * viscosity)
+
+    def _friction_factor(self, reynolds_number: float) -> float:
+        if reynolds_number <= 0.0:
+            return 64_000_000.0
+        laminar = 64.0 / reynolds_number
+        if reynolds_number <= 2_300.0:
+            return laminar
+        turbulent = 1.0 / (
+            -1.8
+            * log10(
+                (self.relative_roughness / 3.7) ** 1.11
+                + 6.9 / reynolds_number
+            )
+        ) ** 2
+        if reynolds_number >= 4_000.0:
+            return turbulent
+        fraction = (reynolds_number - 2_300.0) / 1_700.0
+        return laminar + fraction * (turbulent - laminar)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """Physical first-pass implementation of AMESim ``PNL0001`` (C-R).
+
+    Port 2 owns the lumped gas storage. Port 1 is connected through a Darcy
+    resistance. Both connection mass flows use the simulation convention:
+    positive values enter the pipe storage.
+
+    AMESim's proprietary ``pn2pipefr`` utility is represented by an
+    optional calibrated linear conductance when a model-specific baseline
+    supports it; otherwise the component falls back to an auditable
+    Darcy-Weisbach law. Both paths preserve the real geometry, state count,
+    mass/energy balance, heat-transfer parameter, and observable diagnostics.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        calibrated_linear_conductance: float | None = None,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if (
+            calibrated_linear_conductance is not None
+            and calibrated_linear_conductance <= 0.0
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("calibrated_linear_conductance must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.calibrated_linear_conductance = calibrated_linear_conductance
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+
+        rho0 = gas.density(p0, T0)
+        mass0 = rho0 * self.volume
+        self.state = VolumeState(
+            m=mass0,
+            U=mass0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(T0),
+        )
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+            self.state.U / self.state.m
+        )
+        density = self.state.m / self.volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        properties = ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=self.state.U / self.state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+        self.port_2.p = pressure
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return self.state.m * 1.0e3
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from port 1 into the port-2 storage in kg/s."""
+        if port_1_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_1_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if port_1_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_1_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        internal = self.properties()
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - internal.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if self.calibrated_linear_conductance is not None:
+            return (
+                self.calibrated_linear_conductance
+                * pressure_difference
+                / sqrt(internal.T)
+            )
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, internal.p)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else internal.T
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        temperature = temperature_k or properties.T
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (properties.rho * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=properties.rho,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop_for_state(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        pressure_pa: float,
+        temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+        density = self.gas.density(pressure_pa, temperature_k)
+        return self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        internal = self.properties()
+        # Default first-pass PNL0001 behavior uses the historical internal-energy
+        # approximation. AMESim-specific transport-enthalpy corrections are kept
+        # behind derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections so they can be
+        # applied only where validated against baseline data.
+        inlet_u_1 = (
+            connected_h_1 / self.gas.gamma
+            if port_1_m_flow > 0.0
+            else internal.u
+        )
+        inlet_u_2 = (
+            connected_h_2 / self.gas.gamma
+            if port_2_m_flow > 0.0
+            else internal.u
+        )
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - internal.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_u_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_u_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        internal = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = connected_h_1 if port_1_m_flow > 0.0 else internal.h
+        inlet_h_2 = connected_h_2 if port_2_m_flow > 0.0 else internal.h
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - internal.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_h_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_h_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0003Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL0003`` (C-R-C) pipe.
+
+    The two pipe-end compliances are represented as equal half-volume gas
+    stores connected by the same auditable Darcy resistance used for PNL0001.
+    Center flow is positive from port 1 storage to port 2 storage.
+    """
+
+    state_size = 4
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p1_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T1_0: float = 293.15,
+        p2_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T2_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.compliance_volume = self.volume / 2.0
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+
+        self.state_1 = self._initial_state(p1_0, T1_0)
+        self.state_2 = self._initial_state(p2_0, T2_0)
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def _initial_state(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> VolumeState:
+        rho = self.gas.density(pressure, temperature)
+        mass = rho * self.compliance_volume
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=mass,
+            U=mass * self.gas.specific_internal_energy(temperature),
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [*self.state_1.as_vector(), *self.state_2.as_vector()]
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 4:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0003 state vector requires four values")
+        self.state_1 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[:2])
+        self.state_2 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[2:])
+
+    def properties_1(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        properties = self._properties(self.state_1)
+        self.port_1.p = properties.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def properties_2(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        properties = self._properties(self.state_2)
+        self.port_2.p = properties.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def _properties(self, state: VolumeState) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(state.U / state.m)
+        density = state.m / self.compliance_volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=state.U / state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return (self.state_1.m + self.state_2.m) * 1.0e3
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(self) -> float:
+        """Return center mass flow from port 1 storage to port 2 storage."""
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        pressure_difference = port_1.p - port_2.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream = port_1 if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=upstream.rho,
+            temperature=upstream.T,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        temperature = temperature_k or (port_1.T if mass_flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else port_2.T)
+        density = port_1.rho if mass_flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else port_2.rho
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        center_flow = self.resistance_mass_flow()
+        heat_flow_each = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - 0.5 * (port_1.T + port_2.T))
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        port_1_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_1_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_1,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_2_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_2,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        port_1_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=-center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_2.h,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_1.h,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        return (
+            VolumeState(
+                m=port_1_m_flow - center_flow,
+                U=(
+                    port_1_m_flow * port_1_external_h
+                    - center_flow * port_1_center_h
+                    + heat_flow_each
+                ),
+            ),
+            VolumeState(
+                m=port_2_m_flow + center_flow,
+                U=(
+                    port_2_m_flow * port_2_external_h
+                    + center_flow * port_2_center_h
+                    + heat_flow_each
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL0002`` (R-C-R) pipe.
+
+    The center compliance owns the gas state. Positive connection mass flows
+    enter that center storage from each external port.
+    """
+
+    state_size = 2
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        pctr_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        Tctr_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+        self._resistance_length = self.length / 2.0
+
+        rho0 = gas.density(pctr_0, Tctr_0)
+        mass0 = rho0 * self.volume
+        self.state = VolumeState(
+            m=mass0,
+            U=mass0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(Tctr_0),
+        )
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+            self.state.U / self.state.m
+        )
+        density = self.state.m / self.volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        properties = ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=self.state.U / self.state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+        self.port_1.p = pressure
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = properties.h
+        self.port_2.p = pressure
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return self.state.m * 1.0e3
+
+    def port_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from an external port into the center storage."""
+        if port_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if port_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        center = self.properties()
+        pressure_difference = port_pressure_pa - center.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_pressure_pa, center.p)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else center.T
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_resistance_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_resistance_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop_pa: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        original_length = self.length
+        self.length = self._resistance_length
+        try:
+            return self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+                pressure_drop_pa,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.length = original_length
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        temperature = temperature_k or properties.T
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (properties.rho * self.area)
+        original_length = self.length
+        self.length = self._resistance_length
+        try:
+            pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+                mass_flow_kg_s,
+                density=properties.rho,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.length = original_length
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        center = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_1_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_1,
+            internal_h=center.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_2_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_2,
+            internal_h=center.h,
+        )
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - center.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_h_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_h_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00rPipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, AlgebraicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL00R`` (R) pipe resistance."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from port 1 to port 2 in kg/s."""
+        if port_1_pressure_pa <= 0.0 or port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port pressures must be positive")
+        if port_1_temperature_k <= 0.0 or port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port temperatures must be positive")
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k
+            if pressure_difference > 0.0
+            else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        pressure_pa: float,
+        temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        density = self.gas.density(pressure_pa, temperature_k)
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature_k)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature_k,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+
+def helium_dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+    """Sutherland approximation centered on the test_mql initial condition."""
+    if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+    reference_temperature = 293.15
+    reference_viscosity = 2.0e-5
+    sutherland_constant = 79.4
+    return (
+        reference_viscosity
+        * (temperature_k / reference_temperature) ** 1.5
+        * (reference_temperature + sutherland_constant)
+        / (temperature_k + sutherland_constant)
+    )

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.paths import PROJECT_ROOT, SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import (
+    TestMqlRunConfig,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PreparedTestMqlRun:
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig
+    repo_root: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlRunResult:
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig
+    prepared_run: PreparedTestMqlRun
+    system: TestMqlSystem
+    result: TestMqlSimulationResult
+    summary_path: Path
+
+
+def format_test_mql_summary(system: TestMqlSystem) -> str:
+    snapshot = system.snapshot()
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Source archive: {system.archive_path}",
+        f"Components: {snapshot.component_count}",
+        f"Connections: {snapshot.connection_count}",
+        f"Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.continuous_state_count}",
+        f"Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.discrete_state_count}",
+        "Global parameters:",
+    ]
+    for name, value in sorted(snapshot.global_parameters.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {value}")
+    lines.append("Component submodels:")
+    for name, count in sorted(snapshot.submodel_counts.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {count}")
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def _default_run_output_dir() -> Path:
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR / timestamp
+
+
+def prepare_test_mql_run(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> PreparedTestMqlRun:
+    return PreparedTestMqlRun(
+        run_config=run_config or TestMqlRunConfig(),
+        repo_root=PROJECT_ROOT,
+        output_dir=output_dir or _default_run_output_dir(),
+    )
+
+
+def run_prepared_test_mql(prepared_run: PreparedTestMqlRun) -> TestMqlRunResult:
+    system = TestMqlSystem()
+    result = system.simulate(prepared_run.run_config)
+    prepared_run.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    summary_path = prepared_run.output_dir / "test_mql_model_summary.txt"
+    summary_path.write_text(format_test_mql_summary(system), encoding="utf-8")
+    return TestMqlRunResult(
+        run_config=prepared_run.run_config,
+        prepared_run=prepared_run,
+        system=system,
+        result=result,
+        summary_path=summary_path,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlRunResult:
+    return run_prepared_test_mql(
+        prepare_test_mql_run(run_config=run_config, output_dir=output_dir)
+    )
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run = run_test_mql()
+    print(format_test_mql_summary(run.system), end="")
+    print(f"Samples: {len(run.result.t)}")
+    print(f"Output directory: {run.prepared_run.output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run_baseline.py

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.baseline import (
+    TestMqlBaselineRun,
+    run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough,
+)
+from app.simulation.paths import (
+    AMESIM_TEST_MQL_ARCHIVE_PATH,
+    SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselinePathConfig:
+    archive_path: Path = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: AMESIM_TEST_MQL_ARCHIVE_PATH
+    )
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig:
+    paths: TestMqlBaselinePathConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig)
+    execution: TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig)
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_baseline_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR / timestamp
+
+
+def format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run: TestMqlBaselineRun) -> str:
+    return "\n".join(
+        [
+            "Model: test_mql",
+            "Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough",
+            f"Samples: {run.sample_count}",
+            f"Output schema signals: {run.output_schema.signal_count}",
+            f"Compared signals: {run.signal_count}",
+            f"Observation bindings: {run.observation_catalog.binding_count}",
+            f"Max absolute error: {run.comparison.max_abs_error}",
+            f"Max relative error: {run.comparison.max_rel_error}",
+        ]
+    ) + "\n"
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline(config: TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig | None = None):
+    config = config or TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig()
+    run = run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+        config.paths.archive_path,
+        data_paths=config.execution.data_paths,
+    )
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_baseline_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    return run, output_dir
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run, output_dir = run_test_mql_baseline()
+    print(format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run), end="")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/solver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.solvers.solver import (
+    SolveIVPConfig as _BaseSolveIVPConfig,
+    integrate_ode,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SolveIVPConfig(_BaseSolveIVPConfig):
+    """Solver defaults used by the calibrated ``test_mql`` example."""
+
+    atol: float = 1e-10
+
+
+__all__ = ["SolveIVPConfig", "integrate_ode"]

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/structural_network.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import Component, DynamicComponent
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Connection:
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+
+
+class SimulationNetwork:
+    """Container for components, topology, and state-vector bookkeeping."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.components: dict[str, Component] = {}
+        self.connections: list[Connection] = []
+
+    def add_component(self, component: Component) -> None:
+        if component.name in self.components:
+            raise ValueError(f"Duplicate component name: {component.name}")
+        self.components[component.name] = component
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        source_component: str,
+        source_port: str,
+        target_component: str,
+        target_port: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.append(
+            Connection(
+                source_component=source_component,
+                source_port=source_port,
+                target_component=target_component,
+                target_port=target_port,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def dynamic_components(self) -> list[DynamicComponent]:
+        return [
+            component
+            for component in self.components.values()
+            if isinstance(component, DynamicComponent)
+        ]
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        values: list[float] = []
+        for component in self.dynamic_components():
+            values.extend(component.get_state_vector())
+        return values
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        cursor = 0
+        for component in self.dynamic_components():
+            next_cursor = cursor + component.state_size
+            component.set_state_vector(values[cursor:next_cursor])
+            cursor = next_cursor
+        if cursor != len(values):
+            raise ValueError("State vector length does not match dynamic components.")
+
+    def summary(self) -> str:
+        lines = [f"Network: {self.name}", "Components:"]
+        for name, component in self.components.items():
+            lines.append(f"  - {name}: {component.__class__.__name__}")
+        lines.append("Connections:")
+        for conn in self.connections:
+            lines.append(
+                f"  - {conn.source_component}.{conn.source_port}"
+                f" -> {conn.target_component}.{conn.target_port}"
+            )
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+

app/simulation/examples/test_mql/topology.py

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComponentContact:
+    component_a: str
+    port_a: str
+    component_b: str
+    port_b: str
+
+    def other_endpoint(self, component_alias: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if component_alias == self.component_a:
+            return self.component_b, self.port_b
+        if component_alias == self.component_b:
+            return self.component_a, self.port_a
+        raise KeyError(component_alias)
+
+    def port_for(self, component_alias: str) -> str:
+        if component_alias == self.component_a:
+            return self.port_a
+        if component_alias == self.component_b:
+            return self.port_b
+        raise KeyError(component_alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlCirTopology:
+    component_contacts: tuple[TestMqlComponentContact, ...]
+
+    def contacts_for(self, component_alias: str) -> tuple[TestMqlComponentContact, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            contact
+            for contact in self.component_contacts
+            if component_alias in (contact.component_a, contact.component_b)
+        )
+
+
+def load_test_mql_cir_topology(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> TestMqlCirTopology:
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    root = ET.fromstring(_topology_only_xml(cir_text))
+    components = root.findall(".//COMPS_LIST/COMP")
+    aliases = tuple(_required_text(component, "ALIAS") for component in components)
+    contacts: dict[
+        tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]],
+        TestMqlComponentContact,
+    ] = {}
+    directed_contacts: set[tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]] = set()
+
+    for component_index, component in enumerate(components):
+        ports = component.findall("./COMP_PORTS_LIST/COMP_PORT")
+        for port_index, port in enumerate(ports):
+            if port.findtext("PORT_CONNECT") != "1":
+                continue
+            for connection in port.findall("./CONNECT_LIST/CONNECT"):
+                target_index = int(_required_text(connection, "CONNECT_ENTITY_NUM"))
+                target_port_index = int(_required_text(connection, "CONNECT_ENTITY_PORT"))
+                if target_index < 0 or target_index >= len(components):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Component contact references unknown entity {target_index}")
+                target_ports = components[target_index].findall("./COMP_PORTS_LIST/COMP_PORT")
+                if target_port_index < 0 or target_port_index >= len(target_ports):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Component contact references unknown port {target_port_index} "
+                        f"on {aliases[target_index]}"
+                    )
+
+                endpoint = (component_index, port_index)
+                target_endpoint = (target_index, target_port_index)
+                directed_contacts.add((endpoint, target_endpoint))
+                key = tuple(sorted((endpoint, target_endpoint)))
+                first, second = key
+                contacts[key] = TestMqlComponentContact(
+                    component_a=aliases[first[0]],
+                    port_a=f"port_{first[1] + 1}",
+                    component_b=aliases[second[0]],
+                    port_b=f"port_{second[1] + 1}",
+                )
+
+    for endpoint, target_endpoint in directed_contacts:
+        if (target_endpoint, endpoint) not in directed_contacts:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "AMESim component contact is not reciprocal: "
+                f"{endpoint} -> {target_endpoint}"
+            )
+
+    return TestMqlCirTopology(component_contacts=tuple(contacts.values()))
+
+
+def _topology_only_xml(cir_text: str) -> str:
+    # AMESim expressions inside SUBMODEL contain unescaped && and <= operators.
+    # Topology lives outside those blocks, so omit them before XML parsing.
+    return re.sub(
+        r"<SUBMODEL>.*?</SUBMODEL>",
+        "<SUBMODEL />",
+        cir_text,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    )
+
+
+def _required_text(element: ET.Element, child_name: str) -> str:
+    value = element.findtext(child_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {child_name}")
+    return value

app/simulation/paths.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ DATA_DIR = (
 
 SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR = DATA_DIR / "simulation-runs"
 SIMULATION_BASELINES_DIR = PROJECT_ROOT / "tests" / "baselines" / "simulation"
+AMESIM_TEST_MQL_ARCHIVE_PATH = PROJECT_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
 MODELICA_TESTMODEL_RESULT_PATH = (
     PROJECT_ROOT / "ModelicaModels" / "Simulation" / "Testmodel_res.csv"
 )

app/simulation/registry.py

@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ from app.simulation.core.catalog import (
 from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
     SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY,
     ParameterDefinition,
+    ParameterOption,
     ResultVariableDefinition,
 )
-from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium, IdealGasMedium
 from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition, PortVariableDefinition
 
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ ParameterSpec = ParameterDefinition
 
 ENABLED_COMPONENT_LIBRARIES = (
     "app.simulation.components.experimental.library:LIBRARY",
+    "app.simulation.components.amesim.library:LIBRARY",
 )
 
 _MACHINE_ID_PATTERN = re.compile(r"[a-z][a-z0-9_]*")
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ class ComponentModelSpec:
             ports.append(payload)
         ports.sort(key=lambda item: (int(item["order"]), str(item["name"])))
 
-        return {
+        payload: dict[str, object] = {
             "type": self.model_type,
             "modelType": self.model_type,
             "modelVersion": self.model_version,
@@ -93,11 +95,14 @@ class ComponentModelSpec:
                 parameter.as_interface_dict() for parameter in self.parameters
             ],
         }
+        if self.display.role is not None:
+            payload["role"] = self.display.role
+        return payload
 
     def create(
         self,
         name: str,
-        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        medium: GasMedium,
         values: Mapping[str, float],
     ) -> Component:
         unknown = sorted(set(values) - set(self.parameter_by_name))
@@ -409,6 +414,14 @@ def _validate_parameter(
         raise ValueError(f"{field} declarations must use ParameterDefinition.")
     _validate_member_id(parameter.name, field=f"{field} name")
     _validate_label(parameter.label, field=f"{field} '{parameter.name}' label")
+    if not isinstance(parameter.description, str):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' description must be a string."
+        )
+    if parameter.description and not parameter.description.strip():
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' description must not be blank."
+        )
     _validate_quantity_unit(
         parameter.quantity,
         parameter.unit,
@@ -432,6 +445,74 @@ def _validate_parameter(
         raise ValueError(
             f"{field} '{parameter.name}' minimum_exclusive must be a boolean."
         )
+    if parameter.editor not in {
+        None,
+        "amesimGasReference",
+        "amesimGasPropertyModel",
+    }:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' uses unsupported editor "
+            f"'{parameter.editor}'."
+        )
+    if not isinstance(parameter.options, tuple):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' options must use a tuple."
+        )
+    if parameter.editor == "amesimGasPropertyModel" and not parameter.options:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' property-model editor must declare options."
+        )
+    if parameter.options and parameter.editor != "amesimGasPropertyModel":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' options require the "
+            "'amesimGasPropertyModel' editor."
+        )
+    option_values: list[float] = []
+    for option in parameter.options:
+        if not isinstance(option, ParameterOption):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{field} '{parameter.name}' options must use ParameterOption."
+            )
+        if (
+            isinstance(option.value, bool)
+            or not isinstance(option.value, (int, float))
+            or not isfinite(option.value)
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{field} '{parameter.name}' option values must be finite numbers."
+            )
+        _validate_label(
+            option.label,
+            field=(
+                f"{field} '{parameter.name}' option "
+                f"'{option.value:g}' label"
+            ),
+        )
+        numeric_option = float(option.value)
+        if (
+            parameter.editor == "amesimGasPropertyModel"
+            and not numeric_option.is_integer()
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{field} '{parameter.name}' property-model option values "
+                "must be integers."
+            )
+        option_message = parameter.validation_message(numeric_option)
+        if option_message is not None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{field} '{parameter.name}' option {numeric_option:g} "
+                f"{option_message}."
+            )
+        option_values.append(numeric_option)
+    duplicate_option_values = sorted(
+        {value for value in option_values if option_values.count(value) > 1}
+    )
+    if duplicate_option_values:
+        duplicates = ", ".join(f"{value:g}" for value in duplicate_option_values)
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{field} '{parameter.name}' contains duplicate option values: "
+            f"{duplicates}."
+        )
     if (
         parameter.minimum is not None
         and parameter.maximum is not None
@@ -531,6 +612,11 @@ def validate_component_model_class(
         field=f"Component '{model_type}' display symbol",
     )
     _validate_order(display.order, field=f"Component '{model_type}' display order")
+    if display.role not in {None, "amesimGasMediumDefinition"}:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Component '{model_type}' DISPLAY uses unsupported role "
+            f"'{display.role}'."
+        )
     if not isinstance(display.ports, tuple):
         raise ValueError(f"Component '{model_type}' DISPLAY ports must be a tuple.")
     if display.library_id != library.id:

app/simulation/reporting/amesim_results.py

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import struct
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+class AmesimResultsError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when AMESim result files cannot be parsed consistently."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimVariable:
+    index: int
+    label: str
+    data_path: str | None
+    param_id: int | None
+    hidden: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimResults:
+    times: tuple[float, ...]
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...]
+    saved_variable_indices: tuple[int, ...]
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]
+    final_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    @property
+    def point_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.times)
+
+    @property
+    def saved_variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.saved_variable_indices)
+
+    def series(self, data_path: str) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return self.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+    def final_value(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return self.final_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+
+_DATA_PATH_RE = re.compile(r"Data_Path=(\S+)")
+_PARAM_ID_RE = re.compile(r"Param_Id=(\d+)")
+
+
+def load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    time_stop_s: float | None = None,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    return load_amesim_results_from_archive(
+        archive_path=archive_path,
+        var_member=None,
+        results_member=None,
+        time_stop_s=time_stop_s,
+    )
+
+
+def load_amesim_results_from_archive(
+    *,
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    var_member: str | None,
+    results_member: str | None,
+    time_stop_s: float | None = None,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        var_member, results_member = _resolve_result_members(
+            archive,
+            var_member=var_member,
+            results_member=results_member,
+        )
+        var_file = archive.extractfile(var_member)
+        results_file = archive.extractfile(results_member)
+        if var_file is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(f"Missing AMESim variable member: {var_member}")
+        if results_file is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(f"Missing AMESim results member: {results_member}")
+        var_lines = var_file.read().decode("latin1").splitlines()
+        variables = tuple(
+            _parse_variable_line(index, line) for index, line in enumerate(var_lines)
+        )
+        if time_stop_s is not None:
+            return _parse_amesim_results_window(
+                results_file,
+                variables,
+                time_stop_s=time_stop_s,
+            )
+        results_data = results_file.read()
+    return parse_amesim_results_bytes(results_data, variables)
+
+
+def _resolve_result_members(
+    archive: tarfile.TarFile,
+    *,
+    var_member: str | None,
+    results_member: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    member_names = set(archive.getnames())
+    if var_member is not None or results_member is not None:
+        if var_member is None or results_member is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(
+                "var_member and results_member must either both be set or both be omitted."
+            )
+        return var_member, results_member
+
+    preferred = ("test_mql_.var", "test_mql_.results")
+    if preferred[0] in member_names and preferred[1] in member_names:
+        return preferred
+
+    pairs = sorted(
+        (name, f"{name[:-4]}.results")
+        for name in member_names
+        if name.endswith(".var") and f"{name[:-4]}.results" in member_names
+    )
+    if len(pairs) != 1:
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "Unable to identify a unique AMESim .var/.results member pair."
+        )
+    return pairs[0]
+
+
+def _parse_amesim_results_window(
+    results_file,
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...],
+    *,
+    time_stop_s: float,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    header = results_file.read(8)
+    if len(header) < 8:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results data is too small.")
+    point_count, encoded_saved_variable_count = struct.unpack("<2i", header)
+    saved_variable_count = abs(encoded_saved_variable_count)
+    if point_count <= 0 or saved_variable_count <= 0:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("Invalid AMESim results header.")
+
+    mapping_data = results_file.read(saved_variable_count * 4)
+    if len(mapping_data) != saved_variable_count * 4:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results variable mapping is truncated.")
+    saved_variable_indices = struct.unpack(
+        f"<{saved_variable_count}i",
+        mapping_data,
+    )
+    if any(index < 0 or index >= len(variables) for index in saved_variable_indices):
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "AMESim results variable mapping references unknown .var rows."
+        )
+
+    row_length = 1 + saved_variable_count
+    row_byte_count = row_length * 8
+    times: list[float] = []
+    series_lists: dict[str, list[float]] = {}
+    saved_paths: list[tuple[int, str]] = []
+    for column, variable_index in enumerate(saved_variable_indices, start=1):
+        data_path = variables[variable_index].data_path
+        if data_path is None:
+            continue
+        series_lists[data_path] = []
+        saved_paths.append((column, data_path))
+
+    for _row_index in range(point_count):
+        row = results_file.read(row_byte_count)
+        if len(row) != row_byte_count:
+            raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results matrix is truncated.")
+        time_s = struct.unpack_from("<d", row, 0)[0]
+        times.append(time_s)
+        for column, data_path in saved_paths:
+            series_lists[data_path].append(
+                struct.unpack_from("<d", row, column * 8)[0]
+            )
+        # Keep one real sample after the requested stop so endpoint finite
+        # differences do not silently fall back to a backward-only slope.
+        if time_s > time_stop_s + 1.0e-12:
+            break
+
+    return AmesimResults(
+        times=tuple(times),
+        variables=variables,
+        saved_variable_indices=tuple(saved_variable_indices),
+        series_by_data_path={
+            data_path: tuple(values) for data_path, values in series_lists.items()
+        },
+        final_values_by_data_path={},
+    )
+
+
+def parse_amesim_results_bytes(
+    results_data: bytes,
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...],
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    if len(results_data) < 8:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results data is too small.")
+    point_count, encoded_saved_variable_count = struct.unpack_from("<2i", results_data, 0)
+    saved_variable_count = abs(encoded_saved_variable_count)
+    if point_count <= 0 or saved_variable_count <= 0:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("Invalid AMESim results header.")
+
+    mapping_offset = 8
+    mapping_size = saved_variable_count * 4
+    data_offset = mapping_offset + mapping_size
+    saved_variable_indices = struct.unpack_from(
+        f"<{saved_variable_count}i",
+        results_data,
+        mapping_offset,
+    )
+    if any(index < 0 or index >= len(variables) for index in saved_variable_indices):
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "AMESim results variable mapping references unknown .var rows."
+        )
+
+    row_length = 1 + saved_variable_count
+    main_value_count = point_count * row_length
+    main_byte_count = main_value_count * 8
+    main_end = data_offset + main_byte_count
+    if main_end > len(results_data):
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results matrix is truncated.")
+
+    main_values = struct.unpack_from(f"<{main_value_count}d", results_data, data_offset)
+    times = tuple(main_values[row * row_length] for row in range(point_count))
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for column, variable_index in enumerate(saved_variable_indices, start=1):
+        variable = variables[variable_index]
+        if variable.data_path is None:
+            continue
+        series_by_data_path[variable.data_path] = tuple(
+            main_values[row * row_length + column]
+            for row in range(point_count)
+        )
+
+    final_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float] = {}
+    trailing_bytes = len(results_data) - main_end
+    expected_final_bytes = (1 + len(variables)) * 8
+    if trailing_bytes >= expected_final_bytes:
+        final_values = struct.unpack_from(f"<{1 + len(variables)}d", results_data, main_end)
+        for variable, value in zip(variables, final_values[1:]):
+            if variable.data_path is not None:
+                final_values_by_data_path[variable.data_path] = value
+
+    return AmesimResults(
+        times=times,
+        variables=variables,
+        saved_variable_indices=tuple(saved_variable_indices),
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        final_values_by_data_path=final_values_by_data_path,
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_variable_line(index: int, line: str) -> AmesimVariable:
+    data_path_match = _DATA_PATH_RE.search(line)
+    param_id_match = _PARAM_ID_RE.search(line)
+    label = line
+    if data_path_match is not None:
+        label = line[: data_path_match.start()].strip()
+    return AmesimVariable(
+        index=index,
+        label=label,
+        data_path=data_path_match.group(1) if data_path_match else None,
+        param_id=int(param_id_match.group(1)) if param_id_match else None,
+        hidden="HIDDEN" in line,
+    )

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberObservation:
+    time: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    temperature_k: float
+    gas_mass_g: float
+    volume_cm3: float | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pressure_path: str
+    temperature_path: str
+    gas_mass_path: str
+    pressure_duplicate_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    temperature_duplicate_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    volume_path: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_variable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.volume_path is not None
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlChamberObservation:
+        return TestMqlChamberObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            pressure_pa=results.series(self.pressure_path)[index],
+            temperature_k=results.series(self.temperature_path)[index],
+            gas_mass_g=results.series(self.gas_mass_path)[index],
+            volume_cm3=(
+                results.series(self.volume_path)[index]
+                if self.volume_path is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlChamberBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNCH023")
+
+    @property
+    def variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNCH012")
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlChamberBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    assembly = assembly or build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    chamber_aliases = {
+        **{alias: "PNCH023" for alias in assembly.fixed_chambers},
+        **{alias: "PNCH012" for alias in assembly.variable_chambers},
+    }
+    bindings = []
+    for alias, submodel in chamber_aliases.items():
+        variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == alias
+        )
+        pressure = _primary_observable(variables, "press", expected_units="Pa")
+        temperature = _primary_observable(variables, "temp", expected_units="K")
+        gas_mass = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            "mgas1" if submodel == "PNCH012" else "mgas",
+            expected_units="g",
+        )
+        volume = _optional_path(variables, "vol", expected_units="cm**3")
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlChamberBinding(
+                alias=alias,
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pressure_path=pressure.data_path,
+                temperature_path=temperature.data_path,
+                gas_mass_path=gas_mass,
+                pressure_duplicate_paths=_duplicate_paths(variables, "press", expected_units="Pa"),
+                temperature_duplicate_paths=_duplicate_paths(variables, "temp", expected_units="K"),
+                volume_path=volume,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog(
+        bindings=tuple(sorted(bindings, key=lambda binding: binding.alias))
+    )
+
+
+def _primary_observable(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name == signal_prefix
+        and "duplicate" not in variable.label
+    )
+    variable = _single(matches, f"primary {signal_prefix}")
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable
+
+
+def _duplicate_paths(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and variable.signal_name != signal_prefix
+        and "duplicate" in variable.label
+    )
+    for variable in matches:
+        _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return tuple(variable.data_path for variable in matches)
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _optional_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> str | None:
+    matches = tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name)
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    variable = _single(matches, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from bisect import bisect_left
+import csv
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+
+
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS = (
+    "temp3@pn_c1_8",
+    "press3@pn_c1_8",
+    "vvol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComparisonMetric:
+    data_path: str
+    sample_count: int
+    max_abs_error: float
+    mean_abs_error: float
+    max_rel_error: float
+    final_abs_error: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    metrics: tuple[TestMqlComparisonMetric, ...]
+
+    def metric(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlComparisonMetric:
+        for metric in self.metrics:
+            if metric.data_path == data_path:
+                return metric
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    @property
+    def max_abs_error(self) -> float:
+        return max((metric.max_abs_error for metric in self.metrics), default=0.0)
+
+    @property
+    def max_rel_error(self) -> float:
+        return max((metric.max_rel_error for metric in self.metrics), default=0.0)
+
+
+class TestMqlComparisonError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when Python and AMESim series cannot be aligned."""
+
+
+def compare_test_mql_series(
+    *,
+    python_times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    relative_floor: float = 1.0e-12,
+) -> TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    _validate_time_axis(python_times)
+    selected_paths = _select_data_paths(python_series_by_data_path, amesim_results, data_paths)
+    metrics = []
+    for data_path in selected_paths:
+        python_values = tuple(float(value) for value in python_series_by_data_path[data_path])
+        if len(python_values) != len(python_times):
+            raise TestMqlComparisonError(
+                f"Python series length mismatch for {data_path!r}: "
+                f"{len(python_values)} values for {len(python_times)} time samples."
+            )
+        amesim_values = amesim_results.series(data_path)
+        abs_errors = []
+        rel_errors = []
+        for time_value, python_value in zip(python_times, python_values):
+            amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(amesim_results.times, amesim_values, time_value)
+            abs_error = abs(python_value - amesim_value)
+            abs_errors.append(abs_error)
+            rel_errors.append(abs_error / max(abs(amesim_value), relative_floor))
+        final_amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            float(python_times[-1]),
+        )
+        metrics.append(
+            TestMqlComparisonMetric(
+                data_path=data_path,
+                sample_count=len(python_times),
+                max_abs_error=max(abs_errors, default=0.0),
+                mean_abs_error=sum(abs_errors) / max(len(abs_errors), 1),
+                max_rel_error=max(rel_errors, default=0.0),
+                final_abs_error=abs(python_values[-1] - final_amesim_value),
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlComparisonResult(metrics=tuple(metrics))
+
+
+def write_test_mql_amesim_baseline_csv(
+    output_dir: Path,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] = DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS,
+) -> Path:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_baseline.csv"
+    _validate_amesim_data_paths(amesim_results, data_paths)
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        writer.writerow(["time_s", *data_paths])
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(amesim_results.times):
+            writer.writerow(
+                [time_value, *(amesim_results.series(data_path)[index] for data_path in data_paths)]
+            )
+    return csv_path
+
+
+def write_test_mql_comparison_csv(
+    *,
+    output_dir: Path,
+    python_times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Path, Path, TestMqlComparisonResult]:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    selected_paths = _select_data_paths(python_series_by_data_path, amesim_results, data_paths)
+    comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+        python_times=python_times,
+        python_series_by_data_path=python_series_by_data_path,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison.csv"
+    summary_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison_summary.txt"
+
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        header = ["time_s"]
+        for data_path in selected_paths:
+            header.extend(
+                [
+                    f"python.{data_path}",
+                    f"amesim.{data_path}",
+                    f"abs_error.{data_path}",
+                    f"rel_error.{data_path}",
+                ]
+            )
+        writer.writerow(header)
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(python_times):
+            row = [time_value]
+            for data_path in selected_paths:
+                python_value = float(python_series_by_data_path[data_path][index])
+                amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(
+                    amesim_results.times,
+                    amesim_results.series(data_path),
+                    float(time_value),
+                )
+                abs_error = abs(python_value - amesim_value)
+                rel_error = abs_error / max(abs(amesim_value), 1.0e-12)
+                row.extend([python_value, amesim_value, abs_error, rel_error])
+            writer.writerow(row)
+
+    summary_lines = [
+        (
+            f"{metric.data_path}: samples={metric.sample_count}, "
+            f"max_abs_error={metric.max_abs_error:.12g}, "
+            f"mean_abs_error={metric.mean_abs_error:.12g}, "
+            f"max_rel_error={metric.max_rel_error:.12%}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={metric.final_abs_error:.12g}"
+        )
+        for metric in comparison.metrics
+    ]
+    summary_path.write_text("\n".join(summary_lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    return csv_path, summary_path, comparison
+
+
+def interpolate_series_value(
+    time_values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    target_time: float,
+) -> float:
+    if len(time_values) != len(values):
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("time and value series lengths differ.")
+    if not time_values:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("cannot interpolate an empty series.")
+    if target_time <= time_values[0]:
+        return float(values[0])
+    if target_time >= time_values[-1]:
+        return float(values[-1])
+
+    right_index = bisect_left(time_values, target_time)
+    if right_index < len(time_values) and abs(time_values[right_index] - target_time) <= 1.0e-12:
+        return float(values[right_index])
+
+    left_index = right_index - 1
+    left_time = float(time_values[left_index])
+    right_time = float(time_values[right_index])
+    fraction = (target_time - left_time) / (right_time - left_time)
+    return float(values[left_index]) + fraction * (float(values[right_index]) - float(values[left_index]))
+
+
+def _select_data_paths(
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if data_paths is None:
+        data_paths = tuple(
+            data_path
+            for data_path in python_series_by_data_path
+            if data_path in amesim_results.series_by_data_path
+        )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths)
+    if not selected_paths:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("no common Data_Path values are available for comparison.")
+    missing_python = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in python_series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_python:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError(f"Python series missing Data_Path values: {missing_python}")
+    _validate_amesim_data_paths(amesim_results, selected_paths)
+    return selected_paths
+
+
+def _validate_amesim_data_paths(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str],
+) -> None:
+    missing_amesim = [data_path for data_path in data_paths if data_path not in amesim_results.series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_amesim:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError(f"AMESim results missing Data_Path values: {missing_amesim}")
+
+
+def _validate_time_axis(time_values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float]) -> None:
+    if not time_values:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("Python time axis is empty.")
+    previous = float(time_values[0])
+    for value in time_values[1:]:
+        value = float(value)
+        if value < previous:
+            raise TestMqlComparisonError("Python time axis must be monotonically increasing.")
+        previous = value

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.lines import (
+    TestMqlLineAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_line_assembly,
+)
+
+
+G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S = 1.0e-3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservation:
+    time: float
+    mass_flows_kg_s: dict[str, float]
+    enthalpy_flows_w: dict[str, float]
+    pressures_pa: dict[str, float]
+    temperatures_k: dict[str, float]
+    gas_mass_g: float | None
+    reynolds_number: float
+    mass_flow_parameter: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    friction_factor: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    mass_flow_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    enthalpy_flow_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    pressure_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    temperature_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    gas_mass_path: str | None
+    reynolds_path: str
+    mass_flow_parameter_path: str
+    gas_velocity_path: str
+    friction_factor_path: str
+
+    def mass_flow_kg_s_series(
+        self,
+        results: AmesimResults,
+        data_path: str | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        path = data_path or self.mass_flow_paths[0]
+        if path not in self.mass_flow_paths:
+            raise KeyError(path)
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(path))
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlLineObservation:
+        return TestMqlLineObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            mass_flows_kg_s={
+                path: results.series(path)[index] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S
+                for path in self.mass_flow_paths
+            },
+            enthalpy_flows_w={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.enthalpy_flow_paths
+            },
+            pressures_pa={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.pressure_paths
+            },
+            temperatures_k={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.temperature_paths
+            },
+            gas_mass_g=(
+                results.series(self.gas_mass_path)[index]
+                if self.gas_mass_path is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+            reynolds_number=results.series(self.reynolds_path)[index],
+            mass_flow_parameter=results.series(self.mass_flow_parameter_path)[index],
+            gas_velocity_m_s=results.series(self.gas_velocity_path)[index],
+            friction_factor=results.series(self.friction_factor_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlLineObservationBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.bindings)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineObservationBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineObservationBinding, ...]:
+        return tuple(binding for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    line_assembly: TestMqlLineAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    line_assembly = line_assembly or build_test_mql_line_assembly(results, variable_catalog)
+    bindings = []
+    for line in line_assembly.lines:
+        variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == line.alias
+        )
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlLineObservationBinding(
+                alias=line.alias,
+                submodel=line.submodel,
+                pattern=line.pattern,
+                mass_flow_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "dm", expected_units="g/s"),
+                enthalpy_flow_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "dh", expected_units="J/s"),
+                pressure_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "p", expected_units="Pa"),
+                temperature_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "t", expected_units="K"),
+                gas_mass_path=_optional_path(variables, "mgas", expected_units="g"),
+                reynolds_path=_required_path(variables, "re", expected_units=None),
+                mass_flow_parameter_path=_required_path(
+                    variables,
+                    "cm",
+                    expected_units="(kg*K/J)**(1/2)",
+                ),
+                gas_velocity_path=_required_path(variables, "v", expected_units="m/s"),
+                friction_factor_path=_required_path(variables, "ff", expected_units=None),
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineObservationCatalog(bindings=tuple(bindings))
+
+
+def _paths_with_prefix(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(prefix)
+    )
+    for variable in matches:
+        _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return tuple(variable.data_path for variable in matches)
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single_signal(variables, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _optional_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str | None:
+    matches = tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name)
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    variable = _single(matches, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    return _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str | None) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonObservation:
+    time: float
+    chamber_volume_cm3: float
+    chamber_volume_rate_l_min: float
+    chamber_length_mm: float
+    force_port_2_n: float
+    force_port_3_n: float
+    displacement_port_2_m: float
+    velocity_port_2_m_s: float
+    displacement_port_3_m: float
+    velocity_port_3_m_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopObservation:
+    time: float
+    displacement_m: float
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    acceleration_m_s2: float
+    lower_contact_force_n: float
+    upper_contact_force_n: float
+    viscous_friction_force_n: float
+    dry_friction_force_n: float
+    stick_flag: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+    duplicate_force_n: float
+    gap_mm: float
+    stiffness_n_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceSourceObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation:
+    time: float
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+    total_force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    volume_path: str
+    volume_rate_path: str
+    length_path: str
+    force_port_2_path: str
+    force_port_3_path: str
+    displacement_port_2_path: str
+    velocity_port_2_path: str
+    displacement_port_3_path: str
+    velocity_port_3_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlPistonObservation:
+        return TestMqlPistonObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            chamber_volume_cm3=results.series(self.volume_path)[index],
+            chamber_volume_rate_l_min=results.series(self.volume_rate_path)[index],
+            chamber_length_mm=results.series(self.length_path)[index],
+            force_port_2_n=results.series(self.force_port_2_path)[index],
+            force_port_3_n=results.series(self.force_port_3_path)[index],
+            displacement_port_2_m=results.series(self.displacement_port_2_path)[index],
+            velocity_port_2_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_port_2_path)[index],
+            displacement_port_3_m=results.series(self.displacement_port_3_path)[index],
+            velocity_port_3_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_port_3_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    displacement_path: str
+    velocity_path: str
+    acceleration_path: str
+    displacement_duplicate_path: str
+    velocity_duplicate_path: str
+    acceleration_duplicate_path: str
+    lower_contact_force_path: str
+    upper_contact_force_path: str
+    viscous_friction_force_path: str
+    dry_friction_force_path: str
+    stick_flag_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlMassEndstopObservation:
+        return TestMqlMassEndstopObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            displacement_m=results.series(self.displacement_path)[index],
+            velocity_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_path)[index],
+            acceleration_m_s2=results.series(self.acceleration_path)[index],
+            lower_contact_force_n=results.series(self.lower_contact_force_path)[index],
+            upper_contact_force_n=results.series(self.upper_contact_force_path)[index],
+            viscous_friction_force_n=results.series(self.viscous_friction_force_path)[index],
+            dry_friction_force_n=results.series(self.dry_friction_force_path)[index],
+            stick_flag=results.series(self.stick_flag_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+    duplicate_force_path: str
+    gap_path: str
+    stiffness_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation:
+        return TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+            duplicate_force_n=results.series(self.duplicate_force_path)[index],
+            gap_mm=results.series(self.gap_path)[index],
+            stiffness_n_m=results.series(self.stiffness_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlForceSourceObservation:
+        return TestMqlForceSourceObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlForceConnectorObservation:
+        return TestMqlForceConnectorObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_paths_by_port: dict[int, str]
+    displacement_paths_by_port: dict[int, str]
+    total_force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation:
+        return TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            velocities_m_s={
+                port: results.series(path)[index]
+                for port, path in self.velocity_paths_by_port.items()
+            },
+            displacements_m={
+                port: results.series(path)[index]
+                for port, path in self.displacement_paths_by_port.items()
+            },
+            total_force_n=results.series(self.total_force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonObservationBinding]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding]
+    zero_force_sources: dict[str, TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding]
+
+    @property
+    def binding_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    mechanical_assembly = mechanical_assembly or build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    return TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog(
+        pistons={
+            alias: _build_piston_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.pistons
+        },
+        masses={
+            alias: _build_mass_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.masses
+        },
+        elastic_endstops={
+            alias: _build_elastic_endstop_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.elastic_endstops
+        },
+        zero_force_sources={
+            alias: _build_zero_force_source_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources
+        },
+        force_connectors={
+            alias: _build_force_connector_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.force_connectors
+        },
+        mechanical_nodes={
+            alias: _build_mechanical_node_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.mechanical_nodes
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlPistonObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlPistonObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        volume_path=_required_path(variables, "vol1", expected_units="cm**3"),
+        volume_rate_path=_required_path(variables, "vvol1", expected_units="L/min"),
+        length_path=_required_path(variables, "length", expected_units="mm"),
+        force_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "f2", expected_units="N"),
+        force_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "f3", expected_units="N"),
+        displacement_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "x5", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "v5", expected_units="m/s"),
+        displacement_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "x4", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "v4", expected_units="m/s"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        displacement_path=_required_path(variables, "x1", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_path=_required_path(variables, "v1", expected_units="m/s"),
+        acceleration_path=_required_path(variables, "acc1", expected_units="m/s/s"),
+        displacement_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "x1dup", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "v1dup", expected_units="m/s"),
+        acceleration_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "acc1dup", expected_units="m/s/s"),
+        lower_contact_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fmin", expected_units="N"),
+        upper_contact_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fmax", expected_units="N"),
+        viscous_friction_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fvisc", expected_units="N"),
+        dry_friction_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Ffric", expected_units="N"),
+        stick_flag_path=_required_path(variables, "stick", expected_units=None),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "f1", expected_units="N"),
+        duplicate_force_path=_required_path(variables, "f2", expected_units="N"),
+        gap_path=_required_path(variables, "gap", expected_units="mm"),
+        stiffness_path=_required_path(variables, "kval", expected_units="N/m"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_zero_force_source_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "fzero", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "force", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    velocity_paths_by_port = {}
+    displacement_paths_by_port = {}
+    for port in range(1, 9):
+        velocity_paths_by_port[port] = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            f"p{port}__vt",
+            expected_units="m/s",
+        )
+        displacement_paths_by_port[port] = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            f"p{port}__xt",
+            expected_units="m",
+        )
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        velocity_paths_by_port=velocity_paths_by_port,
+        displacement_paths_by_port=displacement_paths_by_port,
+        total_force_path=_required_path(variables, "tforce", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _owner_variables(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...]:
+    return tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+        if variable.owner_alias == alias
+    )
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str | None) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_observations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_chamber_observations import (
+    TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_line_observations import (
+    TestMqlLineObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_mechanical_observations import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_orifice_observations import (
+    TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog
+    chambers: TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog
+    orifices: TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog
+    lines: TestMqlLineObservationCatalog
+    mechanical: TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog
+
+    @property
+    def binding_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.chambers.bindings)
+            + len(self.orifices.bindings)
+            + self.lines.line_count
+            + self.mechanical.binding_count
+        )
+
+    def data_paths_by_domain(self) -> dict[str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+        return {
+            "chambers": _sorted_unique(_chamber_data_paths(self.chambers)),
+            "orifices": _sorted_unique(_orifice_data_paths(self.orifices)),
+            "lines": _sorted_unique(_line_data_paths(self.lines)),
+            "mechanical": _sorted_unique(_mechanical_data_paths(self.mechanical)),
+        }
+
+    def data_paths(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        paths = []
+        for domain_paths in self.data_paths_by_domain().values():
+            paths.extend(domain_paths)
+        return _sorted_unique(paths)
+
+    def baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        self,
+        results: AmesimResults,
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else self.data_paths()
+        _validate_observed_paths(self, selected_paths)
+        return {data_path: results.series(data_path) for data_path in selected_paths}
+
+
+def build_test_mql_observation_catalog(results: AmesimResults) -> TestMqlObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    return TestMqlObservationCatalog(
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        chambers=build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        orifices=build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        lines=build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        mechanical=build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _chamber_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.pressure_path,
+                binding.temperature_path,
+                binding.gas_mass_path,
+                *binding.pressure_duplicate_paths,
+                *binding.temperature_duplicate_paths,
+            ]
+        )
+        if binding.volume_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.volume_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _orifice_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.primary_mass_flow_path,
+                binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path,
+                binding.reversed_mass_flow_path,
+                binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path,
+                binding.mass_flow_parameter_path,
+                binding.gas_velocity_path,
+            ]
+        )
+        if binding.opening_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.opening_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _line_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlLineObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(binding.mass_flow_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.pressure_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.temperature_paths)
+        if binding.gas_mass_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.gas_mass_path)
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.reynolds_path,
+                binding.mass_flow_parameter_path,
+                binding.gas_velocity_path,
+                binding.friction_factor_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _mechanical_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.pistons.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.volume_path,
+                binding.volume_rate_path,
+                binding.length_path,
+                binding.force_port_2_path,
+                binding.force_port_3_path,
+                binding.displacement_port_2_path,
+                binding.velocity_port_2_path,
+                binding.displacement_port_3_path,
+                binding.velocity_port_3_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.masses.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.displacement_path,
+                binding.velocity_path,
+                binding.acceleration_path,
+                binding.displacement_duplicate_path,
+                binding.velocity_duplicate_path,
+                binding.acceleration_duplicate_path,
+                binding.lower_contact_force_path,
+                binding.upper_contact_force_path,
+                binding.viscous_friction_force_path,
+                binding.dry_friction_force_path,
+                binding.stick_flag_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.elastic_endstops.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.force_path,
+                binding.duplicate_force_path,
+                binding.gap_path,
+                binding.stiffness_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.zero_force_sources.values():
+        paths.append(binding.force_path)
+    for binding in catalog.force_connectors.values():
+        paths.append(binding.force_path)
+    for binding in catalog.mechanical_nodes.values():
+        paths.extend(binding.velocity_paths_by_port.values())
+        paths.extend(binding.displacement_paths_by_port.values())
+        paths.append(binding.total_force_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _validate_observed_paths(
+    catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...],
+) -> None:
+    observed_paths = set(catalog.data_paths())
+    missing = [data_path for data_path in data_paths if data_path not in observed_paths]
+    if missing:
+        raise KeyError(f"Data_Path values are not in the test_mql observation catalog: {missing}")
+
+
+def _sorted_unique(data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str]) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    return tuple(sorted(set(data_paths)))

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S = 1.0e-3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeObservation:
+    time: float
+    mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    mass_flow_parameter: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    opening: float
+    effective_area_m2: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    nominal_area_m2: float
+    flow_coefficient: float
+    primary_mass_flow_path: str
+    primary_enthalpy_flow_path: str
+    reversed_mass_flow_path: str
+    reversed_enthalpy_flow_path: str
+    mass_flow_parameter_path: str
+    gas_velocity_path: str
+    opening_path: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_variable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.opening_path is not None
+
+    def opening_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        if self.opening_path is None:
+            return tuple(1.0 for _ in results.times)
+        return tuple(results.series(self.opening_path))
+
+    def mass_flow_kg_s_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(self.primary_mass_flow_path))
+
+    def reversed_mass_flow_kg_s_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(self.reversed_mass_flow_path))
+
+    def effective_area_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(self.nominal_area_m2 * max(opening, 0.0) for opening in self.opening_series(results))
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlOrificeObservation:
+        opening = self.opening_series(results)[index]
+        return TestMqlOrificeObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            mass_flow_kg_s=results.series(self.primary_mass_flow_path)[index] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+            enthalpy_flow_w=results.series(self.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)[index],
+            mass_flow_parameter=results.series(self.mass_flow_parameter_path)[index],
+            gas_velocity_m_s=results.series(self.gas_velocity_path)[index],
+            opening=opening,
+            effective_area_m2=self.nominal_area_m2 * max(opening, 0.0),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlOrificeBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNOR001")
+
+    @property
+    def variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNVO001")
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlOrificeBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    assembly = assembly or build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    bindings = []
+    for alias, orifice in {
+        **assembly.fixed_orifices,
+        **assembly.variable_orifices,
+    }.items():
+        owner_variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == alias
+        )
+        primary_mass_flow = _find_primary(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dm")
+        primary_enthalpy_flow = _find_primary(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dh")
+        reversed_mass_flow = _find_reversed(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dm")
+        reversed_enthalpy_flow = _find_reversed(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dh")
+        mass_flow_parameter = _find_by_signal(owner_variables, "cm")
+        gas_velocity = _find_by_signal(owner_variables, "gasvel")
+        opening = _find_optional_by_signal(owner_variables, "xv")
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlOrificeBinding(
+                alias=alias,
+                submodel=primary_mass_flow.submodel,
+                nominal_area_m2=orifice.area,
+                flow_coefficient=orifice.flow_coefficient,
+                primary_mass_flow_path=primary_mass_flow.data_path,
+                primary_enthalpy_flow_path=primary_enthalpy_flow.data_path,
+                reversed_mass_flow_path=reversed_mass_flow.data_path,
+                reversed_enthalpy_flow_path=reversed_enthalpy_flow.data_path,
+                mass_flow_parameter_path=mass_flow_parameter.data_path,
+                gas_velocity_path=gas_velocity.data_path,
+                opening_path=opening.data_path if opening is not None else None,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog(
+        bindings=tuple(sorted(bindings, key=lambda binding: binding.alias))
+    )
+
+
+def _find_primary(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    *,
+    signal_prefix: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = [
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and "sign reversed duplicate" not in variable.label
+    ]
+    return _single(matches, f"primary {signal_prefix}")
+
+
+def _find_reversed(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    *,
+    signal_prefix: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = [
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and "sign reversed duplicate" in variable.label
+    ]
+    return _single(matches, f"reversed {signal_prefix}")
+
+
+def _find_by_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    return _single(
+        [variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name],
+        signal_name,
+    )
+
+
+def _find_optional_by_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding | None:
+    matches = [variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name]
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    return _single(matches, signal_name)
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: list[TestMqlVariableBinding],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import TestMqlVariableBinding
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOutputSignal:
+    data_path: str
+    domain: str
+    owner_alias: str
+    owner_kind: str
+    submodel: str
+    signal_name: str
+    units: str | None
+    amesim_index: int
+    saved: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOutputSchema:
+    signals: tuple[TestMqlOutputSignal, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.signals)
+
+    def by_data_path(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlOutputSignal:
+        for signal in self.signals:
+            if signal.data_path == data_path:
+                return signal
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    def data_paths(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(signal.data_path for signal in self.signals)
+
+    def data_paths_by_domain(self, domain: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(signal.data_path for signal in self.signals if signal.domain == domain)
+
+    def counts_by_domain(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.domain for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.submodel for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_owner_kind(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.owner_kind for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_units(self) -> dict[str | None, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.units for signal in self.signals))
+
+
+def build_test_mql_output_schema(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlOutputSchema:
+    observation_catalog = observation_catalog or build_test_mql_observation_catalog(results)
+    domain_by_data_path = _domain_by_data_path(observation_catalog)
+    signals = []
+    for data_path in sorted(domain_by_data_path):
+        variable = observation_catalog.variable_catalog.by_data_path(data_path)
+        signals.append(_signal_from_variable(variable, domain_by_data_path[data_path]))
+    return TestMqlOutputSchema(signals=tuple(signals))
+
+
+def _domain_by_data_path(
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    domain_by_data_path = {}
+    for domain, data_paths in observation_catalog.data_paths_by_domain().items():
+        for data_path in data_paths:
+            if data_path in domain_by_data_path:
+                raise ValueError(f"Data_Path {data_path!r} is assigned to multiple domains.")
+            domain_by_data_path[data_path] = domain
+    return domain_by_data_path
+
+
+def _signal_from_variable(
+    variable: TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    domain: str,
+) -> TestMqlOutputSignal:
+    return TestMqlOutputSignal(
+        data_path=variable.data_path,
+        domain=domain,
+        owner_alias=variable.owner_alias,
+        owner_kind=variable.owner_kind,
+        submodel=variable.submodel,
+        signal_name=variable.signal_name,
+        units=variable.units,
+        amesim_index=variable.index,
+        saved=variable.saved,
+    )

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_comparison import (
+    TestMqlComparisonResult,
+    compare_test_mql_series,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import TestMqlOutputSchema
+
+
+class TestMqlOutputValidationError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when a Python test_mql output does not satisfy the AMESim output contract."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlValidatedOutput:
+    times: tuple[float, ...]
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def series(self, data_path: str) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        if data_path not in self.series_by_data_path:
+            raise KeyError(data_path)
+        return self.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+
+def validate_test_mql_output(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool = False,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool = False,
+) -> TestMqlValidatedOutput:
+    validated_times = _validate_time_axis(times)
+    selected_paths = _select_paths(
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=schema,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        allow_extra_paths=allow_extra_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=require_all_schema_paths,
+    )
+    validated_series = {
+        data_path: _validate_series(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            values=series_by_data_path[data_path],
+            expected_count=len(validated_times),
+        )
+        for data_path in selected_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlValidatedOutput(
+        times=validated_times,
+        series_by_data_path=validated_series,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+
+
+def compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool = False,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool = False,
+    relative_floor: float = 1.0e-12,
+) -> TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    validated = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=times,
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=schema,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        allow_extra_paths=allow_extra_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=require_all_schema_paths,
+    )
+    return compare_test_mql_series(
+        python_times=validated.times,
+        python_series_by_data_path=validated.series_by_data_path,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=validated.data_paths,
+        relative_floor=relative_floor,
+    )
+
+
+def _validate_time_axis(times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float]) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    if not times:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("Python time axis is empty.")
+    validated = tuple(_finite_float("time", value) for value in times)
+    previous = validated[0]
+    for value in validated[1:]:
+        if value < previous:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("Python time axis must be monotonically increasing.")
+        previous = value
+    return validated
+
+
+def _select_paths(
+    *,
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    schema_paths = set(schema.data_paths())
+    provided_paths = set(series_by_data_path)
+    if not allow_extra_paths:
+        extra_paths = sorted(provided_paths - schema_paths)
+        if extra_paths:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+                f"Python output contains Data_Path values outside test_mql schema: {extra_paths}"
+            )
+    if require_all_schema_paths:
+        missing_schema_paths = sorted(schema_paths - provided_paths)
+        if missing_schema_paths:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+                f"Python output is missing required test_mql schema Data_Path values: {missing_schema_paths}"
+            )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else tuple(sorted(provided_paths & schema_paths))
+    if not selected_paths:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("no test_mql schema Data_Path values are available.")
+    unknown_selected = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in schema_paths]
+    if unknown_selected:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Requested Data_Path values are outside test_mql schema: {unknown_selected}"
+        )
+    missing_selected = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_selected:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Python output is missing selected Data_Path values: {missing_selected}"
+        )
+    return selected_paths
+
+
+def _validate_series(
+    *,
+    data_path: str,
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    expected_count: int,
+) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    if len(values) != expected_count:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Python series length mismatch for {data_path!r}: "
+            f"{len(values)} values for {expected_count} time samples."
+        )
+    return tuple(_finite_float(data_path, value) for value in values)
+
+
+def _finite_float(label: str, value: float) -> float:
+    try:
+        numeric_value = float(value)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(f"{label!r} contains a non-numeric value: {value!r}") from exc
+    if not isfinite(numeric_value):
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(f"{label!r} contains a non-finite value: {value!r}")
+    return numeric_value

app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_variables.py

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, AmesimVariable
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import COMPONENT_SPECS, CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+_UNIT_RE = re.compile(r"\[([^\]]+)\]\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    index: int
+    data_path: str
+    signal_name: str
+    owner_alias: str
+    owner_kind: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    units: str | None
+    saved: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableCatalog:
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def data_path_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variables)
+
+    @property
+    def saved_data_path_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for variable in self.variables if variable.saved)
+
+    def by_data_path(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+        for variable in self.variables:
+            if variable.data_path == data_path:
+                return variable
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(variable.submodel for variable in self.variables))
+
+    def counts_by_owner_kind(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(variable.owner_kind for variable in self.variables))
+
+    def data_paths_for_owner(self, owner_alias: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            variable.data_path
+            for variable in self.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == owner_alias
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results: AmesimResults) -> TestMqlVariableCatalog:
+    owner_map = _build_owner_map()
+    saved_indices = set(amesim_results.saved_variable_indices)
+    bindings = []
+    for variable in amesim_results.variables:
+        if variable.data_path is None:
+            continue
+        signal_name, owner_alias = split_data_path(variable.data_path)
+        owner_kind, submodel = owner_map[owner_alias]
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlVariableBinding(
+                index=variable.index,
+                data_path=variable.data_path,
+                signal_name=signal_name,
+                owner_alias=owner_alias,
+                owner_kind=owner_kind,
+                submodel=submodel,
+                label=variable.label,
+                units=_extract_units(variable),
+                saved=variable.index in saved_indices,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlVariableCatalog(variables=tuple(bindings))
+
+
+def split_data_path(data_path: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    if "@" not in data_path:
+        raise ValueError(f"AMESim Data_Path does not contain an owner alias: {data_path!r}")
+    signal_name, owner_alias = data_path.rsplit("@", 1)
+    if not signal_name or not owner_alias:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid AMESim Data_Path: {data_path!r}")
+    return signal_name, owner_alias
+
+
+def _build_owner_map() -> dict[str, tuple[str, str]]:
+    owner_map = {
+        str(spec["alias"]): ("component", str(spec["submodel"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+    }
+    owner_map.update(
+        {
+            str(spec["alias"]): ("connection", str(spec["submodel"]))
+            for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        }
+    )
+    return owner_map
+
+
+def _extract_units(variable: AmesimVariable) -> str | None:
+    match = _UNIT_RE.search(variable.label)
+    if match is None:
+        return None
+    return match.group(1)

app/simulation/solvers/algebraic.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from math import sqrt
+from math import isfinite, sqrt
 
 from app.simulation.core.ports import PortState, VariableRole
 from app.simulation.systems.network import SimulationNetwork
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         self.residual_tolerance = residual_tolerance
         self.max_evaluations = max_evaluations
         self.unknowns = self._build_unknowns()
+        self._unknowns_by_id = {unknown.id: unknown for unknown in self.unknowns}
         self.last_diagnostics: AlgebraicSolveDiagnostics | None = None
 
     def _build_unknowns(self) -> tuple[AlgebraicUnknown, ...]:
@@ -91,55 +92,227 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
                     )
         return tuple(unknowns)
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port_key(variable: str, expected_variable: str) -> tuple[str, str] | None:
+        try:
+            component_name, port_name, variable_name = variable.rsplit(".", 2)
+        except ValueError:
+            return None
+        if variable_name != expected_variable:
+            return None
+        return component_name, port_name
+
     def _seed_equal_pressures(self) -> None:
-        for _ in range(max(2, len(self.network.connections))):
-            changed = False
+        """Lift current state pressures across their complete equality groups.
+
+        Dynamic components refresh their own pressure ports before each closure,
+        while connected algebraic ports retain values from the preceding RHS
+        evaluation.  Merely filling non-positive pressures therefore leaves a
+        stale, and sometimes badly conditioned, nonlinear initial guess.  State
+        equations expose the current pressure as ``port.p - target``; use that
+        target as the authoritative anchor for every connected/equal port.
+        """
+
+        pressure_unknowns = {
+            (unknown.component, unknown.port): unknown
+            for unknown in self.unknowns
+            if unknown.variable == "p"
+        }
+        if not pressure_unknowns:
+            return
+
+        parent = {key: key for key in pressure_unknowns}
+
+        def find(key: tuple[str, str]) -> tuple[str, str]:
+            root = key
+            while parent[root] != root:
+                root = parent[root]
+            while parent[key] != key:
+                next_key = parent[key]
+                parent[key] = root
+                key = next_key
+            return root
+
+        def union(first: tuple[str, str], second: tuple[str, str]) -> None:
+            first_root = find(first)
+            second_root = find(second)
+            if first_root != second_root:
+                parent[second_root] = first_root
+
         for connection in self.network.connections:
             if connection.kind != "physical":
                 continue
-                first = self.network.components[
-                    connection.endpoint_a.component
-                ].get_port(connection.endpoint_a.port)
-                second = self.network.components[
-                    connection.endpoint_b.component
-                ].get_port(connection.endpoint_b.port)
-                if first.p > 0.0 and second.p <= 0.0:
-                    second.p = first.p
-                    changed = True
-                elif second.p > 0.0 and first.p <= 0.0:
-                    first.p = second.p
-                    changed = True
+            first = connection.endpoint_a.key
+            second = connection.endpoint_b.key
+            if first in pressure_unknowns and second in pressure_unknowns:
+                union(first, second)
 
-            for component in self.network.components.values():
-                equal_pressure_equations = [
-                    equation
-                    for equation in component.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
-                    if equation.relation == "equal" and equation.role == "effort"
-                ]
-                for equation in equal_pressure_equations:
-                    states = []
-                    for variable in equation.variables:
-                        _, port_name, variable_name = variable.rsplit(".", 2)
-                        if variable_name == "p":
-                            states.append(component.get_port(port_name))
-                    if len(states) != 2:
+        component_equations = {
+            component.name: component.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+            for component in self.network.components.values()
+        }
+        for equations in component_equations.values():
+            for equation in equations:
+                if equation.relation != "equal" or equation.role != "effort":
                     continue
-                    first, second = states
-                    if first.p > 0.0 and second.p <= 0.0:
-                        second.p = first.p
-                        changed = True
-                    elif second.p > 0.0 and first.p <= 0.0:
-                        first.p = second.p
-                        changed = True
-            if not changed:
-                break
+                endpoints = [
+                    endpoint
+                    for variable in equation.variables
+                    if (
+                        (endpoint := self._port_key(variable, "p"))
+                        in pressure_unknowns
+                    )
+                ]
+                for endpoint in endpoints[1:]:
+                    union(endpoints[0], endpoint)
 
-    def _scales(self) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        members_by_root: dict[tuple[str, str], list[tuple[str, str]]] = {}
+        for endpoint in pressure_unknowns:
+            members_by_root.setdefault(find(endpoint), []).append(endpoint)
+
+        anchors_by_root: dict[tuple[str, str], list[float]] = {}
+        for equations in component_equations.values():
+            for equation in equations:
+                if equation.relation != "state" or equation.role != "effort":
+                    continue
+                endpoints = [
+                    endpoint
+                    for variable in equation.variables
+                    if (
+                        (endpoint := self._port_key(variable, "p"))
+                        in pressure_unknowns
+                    )
+                ]
+                if len(endpoints) != 1:
+                    continue
+                endpoint = endpoints[0]
+                unknown = pressure_unknowns[endpoint]
+                target_pressure = unknown.read() - float(equation.value)
+                if not isfinite(target_pressure):
+                    continue
+                # Keep the state-owned port current even when an invalid model
+                # has conflicting storage anchors in one equality group.
+                unknown.write(target_pressure)
+                anchors_by_root.setdefault(find(endpoint), []).append(target_pressure)
+
+        for root, members in members_by_root.items():
+            anchors = anchors_by_root.get(root, [])
+            if anchors:
+                pressure_scale = max([abs(value) for value in anchors] + [1.0])
+                if max(anchors) - min(anchors) > 1.0e-9 * pressure_scale:
+                    # A conflicting multi-storage group is structurally invalid;
+                    # leave it for the residual solver/preparation diagnostics.
+                    continue
+                target_pressure = sum(anchors) / len(anchors)
+                for endpoint in members:
+                    pressure_unknowns[endpoint].write(target_pressure)
+                continue
+
+            positive_seed = next(
+                (
+                    pressure_unknowns[endpoint].read()
+                    for endpoint in members
+                    if pressure_unknowns[endpoint].read() > 0.0
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+            if positive_seed is None:
+                continue
+            for endpoint in members:
+                unknown = pressure_unknowns[endpoint]
+                if unknown.read() <= 0.0:
+                    unknown.write(positive_seed)
+
+    def _seed_explicit_mass_flows(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize explicit ``m_flow - f(...)`` constitutive relations.
+
+        AMESim orifices and quasi-steady pneumatic lines expose one mass-flow
+        unknown with unit coefficient.  Once pressure anchors are current, a
+        residual correction places that flow directly on its constitutive
+        surface and avoids asking the nonlinear optimizer to discover the
+        square-root branch from a stale preceding-step value.
+        """
+
+        seeded_ids: set[str] = set()
+        for component in self.network.components.values():
+            for equation in component.pressure_flow_equation_residuals():
+                if equation.relation != "constitutive" or equation.role != "flow":
+                    continue
+                mass_flow_unknowns = [
+                    self._unknowns_by_id[variable]
+                    for variable in equation.variables
+                    if variable in self._unknowns_by_id
+                    and self._unknowns_by_id[variable].variable == "m_flow"
+                ]
+                if len(mass_flow_unknowns) != 1:
+                    continue
+                unknown = mass_flow_unknowns[0]
+                target_flow = unknown.read() - float(equation.value)
+                if not isfinite(target_flow):
+                    continue
+                unknown.write(target_flow)
+                seeded_ids.add(unknown.id)
+
+        # Complete local two-port balances for explicit elements. Connection
+        # flow equations remain available to align the adjacent component port.
+        for component in self.network.components.values():
+            for equation in component.pressure_flow_equation_residuals():
+                if equation.relation != "sumToZero" or equation.role != "flow":
+                    continue
+                mass_flow_unknowns = [
+                    self._unknowns_by_id[variable]
+                    for variable in equation.variables
+                    if variable in self._unknowns_by_id
+                    and self._unknowns_by_id[variable].variable == "m_flow"
+                ]
+                if len(mass_flow_unknowns) != 2:
+                    continue
+                seeded = [
+                    unknown for unknown in mass_flow_unknowns if unknown.id in seeded_ids
+                ]
+                if len(seeded) != 1:
+                    continue
+                other = next(
+                    unknown for unknown in mass_flow_unknowns if unknown.id not in seeded_ids
+                )
+                other.write(-seeded[0].read())
+                seeded_ids.add(other.id)
+
+        # A physical connector imposes the same sum-to-zero flow rule as a
+        # two-port component.  Once an explicit component flow is known, carry
+        # that guess to the connected storage/boundary port as well.  For the
+        # common volume-orifice-volume topology this makes the seeded state an
+        # exact algebraic solution and avoids an unnecessary nonlinear solve on
+        # every ODE/Jacobian evaluation.
+        for connection in self.network.connections:
+            if connection.kind != "physical":
+                continue
+            endpoint_unknowns = []
+            for endpoint in connection.endpoints:
+                unknown = self._unknowns_by_id.get(
+                    f"{endpoint.component}.{endpoint.port}.m_flow"
+                )
+                if unknown is not None:
+                    endpoint_unknowns.append(unknown)
+            if len(endpoint_unknowns) != 2:
+                continue
+            seeded = [
+                unknown for unknown in endpoint_unknowns if unknown.id in seeded_ids
+            ]
+            if len(seeded) != 1:
+                continue
+            other = next(
+                unknown for unknown in endpoint_unknowns if unknown.id not in seeded_ids
+            )
+            other.write(-seeded[0].read())
+            seeded_ids.add(other.id)
+
+    def _scales(self) -> dict[str, float]:
         pressure_scale = max(
             [
                 abs(unknown.read())
                 for unknown in self.unknowns
-                if unknown.role == "effort" and unknown.read() > 0.0
+                if unknown.variable == "p" and unknown.read() > 0.0
             ]
             + [1e5]
         )
@@ -148,16 +321,31 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             for component in self.network.components.values()
             if hasattr(component, "K_eff")
         ]
-        flow_scale = max(
+        mass_flow_scale = max(
             estimated_flows
             + [
                 abs(unknown.read())
                 for unknown in self.unknowns
-                if unknown.role == "flow"
+                if unknown.variable == "m_flow"
             ]
             + [1e-3]
         )
-        return pressure_scale, flow_scale
+        return {
+            "p": pressure_scale,
+            "m_flow": mass_flow_scale,
+            "x": max(
+                [abs(unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns if unknown.variable == "x"]
+                + [1.0]
+            ),
+            "v": max(
+                [abs(unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns if unknown.variable == "v"]
+                + [1.0]
+            ),
+            "f": max(
+                [abs(unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns if unknown.variable == "f"]
+                + [1.0]
+            ),
+        }
 
     def solve(self) -> AlgebraicSolveDiagnostics:
         try:
@@ -169,11 +357,14 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             ) from exc
 
         self._seed_equal_pressures()
-        pressure_scale, flow_scale = self._scales()
+        self._seed_explicit_mass_flows()
+        scales = self._scales()
+        pressure_scale = scales["p"]
+        flow_scale = scales["m_flow"]
         positive_pressures = [
             unknown.read()
             for unknown in self.unknowns
-            if unknown.role == "effort" and unknown.read() > 0.0
+            if unknown.variable == "p" and unknown.read() > 0.0
         ]
         fallback_pressure = (
             sum(positive_pressures) / len(positive_pressures)
@@ -182,13 +373,62 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         )
 
         def variable_scale(unknown: AlgebraicUnknown) -> float:
-            return pressure_scale if unknown.role == "effort" else flow_scale
+            return scales.get(unknown.variable, max(abs(unknown.read()), 1.0))
+
+        def equation_scale(equation) -> float:
+            variable_names = [
+                variable.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
+                for variable in equation.variables
+            ]
+            if equation.role == "flow":
+                return scales["f"] if "f" in variable_names else flow_scale
+            if equation.role == "effort":
+                if "x" in variable_names:
+                    return scales["x"]
+                if "v" in variable_names:
+                    return scales["v"]
+                return pressure_scale
+            return max([scales.get(name, 1.0) for name in variable_names] + [1.0])
+
+        seeded_equations = self.network.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        seeded_scaled = [
+            abs(equation.value / equation_scale(equation))
+            for equation in seeded_equations
+        ]
+        seeded_max_scaled_residual = max(seeded_scaled, default=0.0)
+        seeded_unknown_values = [
+            (unknown, unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns
+        ]
+        seeded_unknowns_are_feasible = all(
+            isfinite(value)
+            and (unknown.variable != "p" or value >= 1.0)
+            for unknown, value in seeded_unknown_values
+        )
+        if (
+            seeded_unknowns_are_feasible
+            and all(isfinite(value) for value in seeded_scaled)
+            and seeded_max_scaled_residual <= self.residual_tolerance
+        ):
+            diagnostics = AlgebraicSolveDiagnostics(
+                success=True,
+                message="Seeded pressure-flow state satisfies the residual tolerance.",
+                evaluations=0,
+                pressure_scale=pressure_scale,
+                flow_scale=flow_scale,
+                max_scaled_residual=seeded_max_scaled_residual,
+                max_raw_residual=max(
+                    (abs(item.value) for item in seeded_equations),
+                    default=0.0,
+                ),
+            )
+            self.last_diagnostics = diagnostics
+            return diagnostics
 
         x0 = np.asarray(
             [
                 (
                     unknown.read()
-                    if unknown.role != "effort" or unknown.read() > 0.0
+                    if unknown.variable != "p" or unknown.read() > 0.0
                     else fallback_pressure
                 )
                 / variable_scale(unknown)
@@ -198,7 +438,7 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         )
         lower = np.asarray(
             [
-                1.0 / pressure_scale if unknown.role == "effort" else -np.inf
+                1.0 / pressure_scale if unknown.variable == "p" else -np.inf
                 for unknown in self.unknowns
             ]
         )
@@ -213,8 +453,7 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             equations = self.network.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
             return np.asarray(
                 [
-                    equation.value
-                    / (pressure_scale if equation.role == "effort" else flow_scale)
+                    equation.value / equation_scale(equation)
                     for equation in equations
                 ],
                 dtype=float,
@@ -234,19 +473,24 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         equations = self.network.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
         scaled = [
             abs(
-                equation.value
-                / (pressure_scale if equation.role == "effort" else flow_scale)
+                equation.value / equation_scale(equation)
             )
             for equation in equations
         ]
-        success = bool(result.success) and max(scaled, default=0.0) <= self.residual_tolerance
+        max_scaled_residual = max(scaled, default=0.0)
+        residuals_converged = (
+            all(isfinite(value) for value in scaled)
+            and max_scaled_residual <= self.residual_tolerance
+        )
+        optimizer_status_is_acceptable = bool(result.success) or int(result.status) == 0
+        success = residuals_converged and optimizer_status_is_acceptable
         diagnostics = AlgebraicSolveDiagnostics(
             success=success,
             message=str(result.message),
             evaluations=int(result.nfev),
             pressure_scale=pressure_scale,
             flow_scale=flow_scale,
-            max_scaled_residual=max(scaled, default=0.0),
+            max_scaled_residual=max_scaled_residual,
             max_raw_residual=max((abs(item.value) for item in equations), default=0.0),
         )
         self.last_diagnostics = diagnostics