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2026-08-20 05:59:04 +00:00 · 2026-08-19 16:24:31 +00:00 · 2026-08-19 11:35:59 +00:00 · 2026-08-19 11:34:31 +00:00 · 2026-08-19 10:40:57 +00:00 · 2026-08-18 15:22:27 +00:00
362 changed files with 499209 additions and 3445 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+*.bat text eol=crlf
+*.cmd text eol=crlf
+*.sh text eol=lf
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+name: Solver regression
+
+on:
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - "app/simulation/**"
+      - "tests/**"
+      - "requirements.txt"
+      - "constraints/**"
+      - ".python-version"
+      - "README.md"
+      - ".github/workflows/solver-regression.yml"
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "app/simulation/**"
+      - "tests/**"
+      - "requirements.txt"
+      - "constraints/**"
+      - ".python-version"
+      - "README.md"
+      - ".github/workflows/solver-regression.yml"
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "17 3 * * 1-6"
+    - cron: "17 3 * * 0"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      suite:
+        description: Regression tier
+        required: true
+        default: quick
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - quick
+          - historical
+          - main-long
+      case:
+        description: Longest main-model horizon (predecessors run first)
+        required: true
+        default: 0.2s
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - 0.2s
+          - 1s
+          - 5s
+          - 10s
+      lane:
+        description: Output sampling lane
+        required: true
+        default: production
+        type: choice
+        options:
+          - solver-only
+          - production
+
+concurrency:
+  group: solver-regression-${{ github.ref }}-${{ github.event_name }}
+  cancel-in-progress: false
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  quick:
+    if: >-
+      github.event_name == 'push' ||
+      github.event_name == 'pull_request' ||
+      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.suite == 'quick')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version-file: .python-version
+          cache: pip
+          cache-dependency-path: |
+            requirements.txt
+            constraints/python312-direct.txt
+            constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+      - name: Install hashed Linux release lock
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install \
+            --force-reinstall \
+            -r constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+          python -m pip check
+      - name: Run solver foundation tests
+        env:
+          SYSTEM_SIMULATION_VERIFY_LOCKED_ENV: "1"
+        run: |
+          python -W error::ResourceWarning -m unittest \
+            tests.test_dependency_constraints \
+            tests.test_benchmark_regression \
+            tests.test_physical_state_v21 \
+            tests.test_test_mql_ame_contract \
+            tests.test_test_mql_8_regression \
+            tests.test_mql_full_branches_regression \
+            tests.test_pressure_flow_causal_execution \
+            tests.test_stream_pressure_block_solver \
+            tests.test_core_solver \
+            tests.test_supported_piston_tangent \
+            tests.test_three_piston_tangent \
+            tests.test_sparse_secant_jacobian \
+            tests.test_generic_jacobian_sparsity \
+            tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation
+
+  historical-nightly:
+    if: >-
+      (github.event_name == 'schedule' && github.event.schedule == '17 3 * * 1-6') ||
+      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.suite == 'historical')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version-file: .python-version
+          cache: pip
+          cache-dependency-path: |
+            requirements.txt
+            constraints/python312-direct.txt
+            constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+      - name: Install hashed Linux release lock
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install \
+            --force-reinstall \
+            -r constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+          python -m pip check
+      - name: Run 0.81 and 2.10 second historical regression
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p artifacts
+          python -m app.simulation.benchmark_regression \
+            --manifest tests/baselines/simulation/test_mql_full_branches/manifest.json \
+            --lane production \
+            --output artifacts/test-mql-full-branches.json
+      - if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: historical-solver-regression
+          path: artifacts/*.json
+          if-no-files-found: warn
+
+  main-periodic:
+    if: >-
+      (github.event_name == 'schedule' && github.event.schedule == '17 3 * * 0') ||
+      (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.suite == 'main-long')
+    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
+    timeout-minutes: 180
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version-file: .python-version
+          cache: pip
+          cache-dependency-path: |
+            requirements.txt
+            constraints/python312-direct.txt
+            constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+      - name: Install hashed Linux release lock
+        run: |
+          python -m pip install \
+            --force-reinstall \
+            -r constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+          python -m pip check
+      - name: Run bounded progressive main-model regression
+        env:
+          REQUESTED_CASE: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.case || '10s' }}
+          REQUESTED_LANE: ${{ github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.lane || 'production' }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p artifacts
+          python -m app.simulation.benchmark_regression \
+            --manifest tests/baselines/simulation/test_mql_8/manifest.json \
+            --lane "$REQUESTED_LANE" \
+            --case "$REQUESTED_CASE" \
+            --output artifacts/test-mql-8-progressive.json
+      - if: always()
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: main-model-progressive-regression
+          path: artifacts/*.json
+          if-no-files-found: warn
@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ htmlcov/
 # Local virtual environments
 .venv/
 .venv-win/
+
+# Local Linux toolchain (downloaded for the startup scripts)
+.tools/node-*-linux-x64/
+
 app/data/
 frontend/node_modules/
 frontend/dist/
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+3.12.3
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/* Submodel PNCH012 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mar. oct. 9 14:41:15 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNCH012
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   This submodel represents a pneumatic chamber with a variable volume
+   and pressure dynamics.
+
+   Each port receives a mass flow rate and an enthalpy flow rate as
+   input and gives the pressure and the temperature of the chamber as
+   output. Each port receives also the volume and volume variation as
+   input. The total volume is calculated by summing the four volume
+   inputs and a dead volume which is a parameter of PNCH012.
+
+   The model takes into account heat exchange. It express the variation
+   of internal energy U using the first law of thermodynamics applied to
+   an open system. Therefore, this model should be preferred to the simple
+   polytropic chamber PNCH011.
+
+   The total volume of the chamber is limited to a lower value equal to
+   the dead volume divided by 100.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic chamber in a jack, spool
+   valve or any pneumatic chamber in which the volume can vary.
+
+   This submodel can be directly connected to any pneumatic PCD
+   component or standard pneumatic component.
+
+   The submodels PNGD001, PNGD002, PNGD003, PNGD004 or PNRGD00 should be
+   included in your circuit to define the characteristics of the gas.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS:
+   The dead volume is the volume of the pneumatic fluid when all the input
+   volumes are zero. It is essential that this volume must be greater
+   than zero.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR :
+   2002 FS from PNCH12
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+INDEX OF REVISIONS :
+   2008  OBA - Real gas improvements : the mass and volume were considered as
+         internal state variable, they are now coded as internal basic
+         variable. The mass initialisation was removed as it was linked
+         to the perfect gas formulation.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp : get atmospheric pressure
+   firstc_   : checks if this is the first call to this submodel
+   pn2vol_   : pneumatic chamber with heat exchange
+   stepdn_   : reduce simulation step
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNCH012"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cvol0  dead volume                  [L -> m**3]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   sth    thermal exchange area        [m**2]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There is 1 integer parameter:
+
+   gi gas type index
+*/
+
+void pnch012in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[1], double c[2]
+      , int ic[2], double *temp, double *press, double *dvol1
+      , double *vol1, double *dvol2, double *vol2, double *dvol3
+      , double *vol3, double *dvol4, double *vol4)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double cvol0, kth, sth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+   kth        = rp[1];
+   sth        = rp[2];
+   extemp     = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/* Assign default values to input(s) with default.  */
+
+   *dvol1     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol1      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol2     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol2      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol3     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol3      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol4     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol4      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+   *temp
+   *press
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (cvol0 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nVolume chamber must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (kth < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nthermal exchange coefficient must be positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (sth < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nthermal exchange area must be positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (extemp <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*temp <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   if(error == 1)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n);
+   }
+   else if(error == 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nFatal error in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n);
+      amefprintf(stderr, "Terminating the program.\n");
+      AmeExit(1);
+   }
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   c[0] = cvol0 / 100;
+
+   /* Set initial value for the test of limited volume :
+      ic[1] = 1 when the chamber volume is limited to cvol0 / 100 else ic[1] = 0*/
+   ic[1] = 0;
+
+   /* set atmospheric pressure */
+   c[1] = pn2getatp_();
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 4 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp      temperature                    [K]               explicit state (derivative `dtemp')
+      2 press     pressure                       [Pa]              explicit state (derivative `dpress')
+      3 dh1       enthalpy flow rate at port 1   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm1       mass flow rate at port 1       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol1     derivative of volume at port 1 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol1      volume at port 1               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 2 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp2      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press2     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh2        enthalpy flow rate at port 2   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm2        mass flow rate at port 2       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol2      derivative of volume at port 2 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol2       volume at port 2               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 3 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp3      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press3     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh3        enthalpy flow rate at port 3   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm3        mass flow rate at port 3       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol3      derivative of volume at port 3 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol3       volume at port 3               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 4 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp4      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press4     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh4        enthalpy flow rate at port 4   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm4        mass flow rate at port 4       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol4      derivative of volume at port 4 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol4       volume at port 4               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+*/
+
+/*  There are 2 internal variables.
+
+      1 vol       volume of pneumatic chamber [cm**3 -> m**3] basic variable
+      2 mgas1     mass of gas in chamber      [g -> kg]       basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnch012_(int *n, double *temp, double *dtemp, double *press
+      , double *dpress, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *dvol1
+      , double *vol1, double *dh2, double *dm2, double *dvol2
+      , double *vol2, double *dh3, double *dm3, double *dvol3
+      , double *vol3, double *dh4, double *dm4, double *dvol4
+      , double *vol4, double *vol, double *mgas1, double rp[4]
+      , int ip[1], double c[2], int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double dvol;
+   double sdm, sdh;
+   double dq;
+   double pressa;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double cvol0, kth, sth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+   kth        = rp[1];
+   sth        = rp[2];
+   extemp     = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol1    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol1     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol2    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol2     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm3      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol3    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol3     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm4      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol4    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol4     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dtemp      = ??;
+   *dpress     = ??;
+   *vol        = ??;
+   *mgas1      = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pressa = *press + c[1];
+
+   /*** sum of the volume variation and volume ***/
+   dvol = *dvol1 + *dvol2 + *dvol3 + *dvol4;
+
+   /*** setup the initial mass of the gaz inside of the chamber ***/
+   *vol = *vol1 + *vol2 + *vol3 + *vol4 + cvol0;
+
+   /*** sum of the flows ***/
+   sdm = *dm1 + *dm2 + *dm3 + *dm4;   /* mass flow */
+   sdh = *dh1 + *dh2 + *dh3 + *dh4;   /* heat flow */
+
+   /*** V, M, T and P can not be lower than zero ***/
+   *vol = llimit_(vol, &c[0], &ic[0]);
+
+   if (ic[0] == -1)
+   {
+      dvol = 0.;
+      if (ic[1] == 0)
+      {
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d chamber volume is limited by cvol0 / 100 = %g cm**3.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n, c[0]*1E+6);
+         ic[1] = 1;
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (*vol < c[0]/10)
+   {
+      *vol = c[0]/10;
+   }
+
+   if ( (*mgas1 <= 1.0e-10) && (!firstc_()) )
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *mgas1 = 1.0e-10;
+   }
+
+   if (pressa <= 1.0e-10)
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *press = 1.0e-10 - c[1];
+   }
+
+   if (*temp <= 1.0e-10)
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *temp = 1.0e-10;
+   }
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   dq = kth*sth*(extemp-*temp);
+
+   pn2vol_(dtemp, dpress, mgas1, temp, &pressa,
+           &sdm, &sdh, vol, &dvol, &dq, &gi);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol1    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol1     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol2    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol2     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm3      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol3    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol3     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm4      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol4    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol4     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *vol      /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *mgas1    /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>33</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_c1</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>2</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>2</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>27</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>dead volume</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cvol0</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+005</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>L</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>28</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>29</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange area</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>sth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+002</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>30</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>31</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>32</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>volume of pneumatic chamber</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>vol</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>33</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in chamber</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas1</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dtemp</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dpress</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:20:39 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0001 (C-R)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0001 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+              
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+  
+   The temperature and pressure in the volume are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD001 or PNGD002 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 FS from PNL01 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()       : get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()     : polytropic model for chambers
+   pn2vol_()      : heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coeffitient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+#define VOL        5
+#define AREAEX     6
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0001in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7]
+      , int ic[1], double *t2, double *p2)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *t2
+   *p2
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*p2 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 2 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t2 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 2 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] =  M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   c[VOL] = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   c[AREAEX] = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt2')
+      2 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp2')
+      3 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 5 internal variables.
+
+      1 mgas     mass of gas in pipe      [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      2 re       Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      3 cm       mass flow parameter (cm) [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      4 v        mean gas velocity        [m/s]             basic variable
+      5 ff       friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0001_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t1, double *p1
+      , double *t2, double *dt2, double *p2, double *dp2, double *dh2
+      , double *dm2, double *mgas, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double sdh;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double dq;
+   double pa1, pa2, dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *dt2        = ??;
+   *dp2        = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flows through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v,ff,
+              dh1, dm1, &dh2i, &dm2i, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Compute mass variation */
+   dmgas = (*dm2) + dm2i;
+
+   /* sum of enthalpy flows */
+   sdh = (*dh2) + dh2i;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+      /* Compute initial mass of gas inside the pipe */
+      *mgas = (pa2) * c[VOL] / ((*t2) * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt2, dp2, t2, &pa2,
+              &dmgas, mgas, &zero, &c[VOL], &k, &gi);
+   }
+   else  /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq = kth * c[AREAEX] * (extemp - *t2);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt2, dp2, mgas, t2, &pa2,
+              &dmgas, &sdh, &c[VOL], &zero, &dq, &gi);
+   }
+
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>22</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>7</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0002 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:35:13 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0002 (R-C-R)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0002 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+ 
+   The temperature and pressure in the middle volume are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+  
+   PNL0002 is basically similar to PNL0001 and PNL0003 differing only in the
+   input and output requirements.
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD01 or PNGD02 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 FS from PNL02 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()       : get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()     : polytropic model for chambers  
+   pn2vol_()      : heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coeffitient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0002"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+#define VOL        5
+#define HALFLE     6
+#define AREAEX     7
+
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0002in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[8]
+      , int ic[1], double *tctr, double *pctr)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *tctr
+   *pctr
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*pctr < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at center of pipe should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*tctr <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at center of pipe should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] = M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   c[VOL] = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Divide the restriction in 2 identical restrictions */
+   c[HALFLE] = 0.5 * le;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   c[AREAEX] = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 7 internal variables.
+
+      1 tctr     temperature at center of pipe [K]               explicit state (derivative `dtctr')
+      2 pctr     pressure at center of pipe    [Pa]              explicit state (derivative `dpctr')
+      3 mgas     mass of gas in pipe           [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      4 re       mean Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      5 cm       mean mass flow parameter      [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      6 v        mean gas velocity             [m/s]             basic variable
+      7 ff       mean friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0002_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t1, double *p1
+      , double *dh2, double *dm2, double *t2, double *p2, double *tctr
+      , double *dtctr, double *pctr, double *dpctr, double *mgas
+      , double *re, double *cm, double *v, double *ff, double rp[6]
+      , int ip[2], double c[8], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double sdh;
+   double dh1i, dm1i;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double ff1, ff2, re1, re2, cm1, cm2;
+   double dq;
+   double pa1, pa2, pactr;
+   double v1, v2;
+   double dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *dtctr      = ??;
+   *dpctr      = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pa1   =   *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2   =   *p2 + c[PATM];
+   pactr = *pctr + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flows through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pactr, tctr, &diam, &rr, &c[HALFLE], &c[AREA], &re1, &v1, &ff1,
+              dh1, dm1, &dh1i, &dm1i, &cm1, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   pn2pipefr_(&pactr, tctr, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &c[HALFLE], &c[AREA], &re2, &v2, &ff2,
+              &dh2i, &dm2i, dh2, dm2, &cm2, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Mean variables */
+   *ff = 0.5 * (ff1 + ff2);
+   *re = 0.5 * (re1 + re2);
+   *cm = 0.5 * (cm1 + cm2);
+   *v  = 0.5 * (fabs(v1) + fabs(v2));
+
+   /* Compute mass variation */
+   dmgas = dm1i + dm2i;
+
+   /* sum of enthalpy flows */
+   sdh = dh1i + dh2i;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+      *mgas = (pactr) * c[VOL] / ((*tctr) * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dtctr, dpctr, tctr, &pactr,
+               &dmgas, mgas, &zero, &c[VOL], &k, &gi);
+   }
+   else /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq = kth * c[AREAEX] * (extemp-*tctr);
+
+      pn2vol_(dtctr, dpctr, mgas, tctr, &pactr,
+              &dmgas, &sdh, &c[VOL], &zero, &dq, &gi);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>24</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>8</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>temperature at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>tctr</VARNAME>
+    <VARNAME2>dtctr</VARNAME2>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.931500e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.931500e+02</VALUE>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pressure at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>pctr</VARNAME>
+    <VARNAME2>dpctr</VARNAME2>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.013000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.013000e+00</VALUE>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean mass flow parameter</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0003 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:17:28 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0003 (C-R-C)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0003 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+ 
+   The temperature and pressure in each two volumes are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+  
+   PNL0003 is basically similar to PNL0001 and PNL0002 differing only in the
+   input and output requirements.
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD01 or PNGD02 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 FS from PNL03 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_() :  get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()     :  get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()   :  polytropic model for chambers
+   pn2vol_()    :  heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_() :  frictional coefficient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0003"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR        0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM         3
+#define AREA         4
+#define HALFVOL      5
+#define HALFAREAEX   6
+
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0003in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7]
+      , int ic[1], double *t1, double *p1, double *t2, double *p2)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+   double vol, areaex;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *t1
+   *p1
+   *t2
+   *p2
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*p1 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 1 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t1 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 1 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*p2 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 2 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t2 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 2 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+   /* set atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] = M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   vol = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Divide the volume in 2 identical volumes */
+   c[HALFVOL] = 0.5 * vol;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   areaex = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+   /* Divide the exchange area of pipe in 2 identical areas */
+   c[HALFAREAEX] = 0.5 * areaex;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt1')
+      2 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp1')
+      3 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt2')
+      2 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp2')
+      3 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 7 internal variables.
+
+      1 dhctr     enthalpy flow at center of pipe [J/s -> W]        basic variable
+      2 dmctr     mass flow at center of pipe     [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable
+      3 mgas      mass of gas in pipe             [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      4 re        Reynolds number                 [null]            basic variable
+      5 cm        mass flow parameter (cm)        [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      6 v         mean gas velocity               [m/s]             basic variable
+      7 ff        friction factor                 [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0003_(int *n, double *t1, double *dt1, double *p1, double *dp1
+      , double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t2, double *dt2, double *p2
+      , double *dp2, double *dh2, double *dm2, double *dhctr
+      , double *dmctr, double *mgas, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double dh1i, dm1i;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double sdh1, sdm1;
+   double sdh2, sdm2;
+   double m1, m2;
+   double dq1, dq2;
+   double pa1, pa2;
+   double dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dt1        = ??;
+   *dp1        = ??;
+   *dt2        = ??;
+   *dp2        = ??;
+   *dhctr      = ??;
+   *dmctr      = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flow through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v, ff,
+              &dh1i, &dm1i, &dh2i, &dm2i, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Enthalpy flow and mass flow at center of pipe */
+   *dhctr = dh1i;     /* = -dh2i */
+   *dmctr = dm1i;     /* = -dm2i */
+
+   /* Compute the sum of the flows inside each volume */
+   sdm1 = *dm1 + dm1i;
+   sdh1 = *dh1 + dh1i;
+   sdm2 = *dm2 + dm2i;
+   sdh2 = *dh2 + dh2i;
+
+   dmgas = sdm1 + sdm2;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+
+      /* Current mass in each volume */
+      m1 = pa1 * c[HALFVOL] / (*t1 * r);
+      m2 = pa2 * c[HALFVOL] / (*t2 * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt1, dp1, t1, &pa1,
+               &sdm1, &m1, &zero, &c[HALFVOL], &k,&gi);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt2, dp2, t2, &pa2,
+               &sdm2, &m2, &zero, &c[HALFVOL], &k,&gi);
+   }
+   else /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq1 = kth * c[HALFAREAEX] * (extemp - *t1);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt1, dp1, &m1, t1, &pa1,
+              &sdm1, &sdh1, &c[HALFVOL], &zero, &dq1, &gi);
+
+      dq2 = kth * c[HALFAREAEX] * (extemp - *t2);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt2, dp2, &m2, t2, &pa2,
+              &sdm2, &sdh2, &c[HALFVOL], &zero, &dq2, &gi);
+   }
+
+   *mgas = m1 + m2;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dmctr    /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>24</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>7</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>enthalpy flow at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>dhctr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>dmctr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt1</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp1</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/* Submodel PNL00R skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   ven. 5. août 14:34:41 2016 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL00R
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL00R is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only friction effects.
+  
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with friction effects,
+   when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+   
+   The submodels PNGD001 or PNGD002 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 FS from PNL0R SN
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coefficient in pneumatic pipes
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL00R"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+
+
+#define SPL_FR  0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 3 real parameters:
+
+   diam diameter of pipe   [mm -> m]
+   le   pipe length        [m]
+   rr   relative roughness [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There is 1 integer parameter:
+
+   gi gas type index
+*/
+
+void pnl00rin_(int *n, double rp[3], int ip[1], double c[5], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double diam, le, rr;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..2]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] =  M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     duplicate of dh2             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm1     duplicate of dm2             (sign reversed)
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 4 internal variables.
+
+      1 re     Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      2 cm     mass flow parameter (cm) [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      3 v      mean gas velocity        [m/s]             basic variable
+      4 ff     friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl00r_(int *n, double *t1, double *p1, double *dh2, double *dm2
+      , double *t2, double *p2, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[3], int ip[1], double c[5], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double pa1, pa2;
+   double dh1loc, dm1loc;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double diam, le, rr;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flow through the pipe */
+
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa2, t2, &pa1, t1, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v, ff,
+              dh2, dm2, &dh1loc, &dm1loc, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>18</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>5</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/* Submodel PNOR001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   lun. 10. juil. 17:22:57 2017 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNOR001
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 : Created by FS from PNOR01
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNOR001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+
+/* real stores */
+#define PATM      0
+#define AREA      1
+#define CQ        2
+
+/* integer stores */
+#define DISC_ORIF    0
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cq   flow coefficient (Cq) [null]
+   area orifice area          [mm**2 -> m**2]
+   Cv   flow coefficient (Cv) [null]
+   Kv   flow coefficient (Kv) [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi      gas type index          
+   flowset flow coefficient setting
+*/
+
+void pnor001in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area       = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      if (area < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nOrifice area should be positive.\n");
+      }
+
+      if (cq <= 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient should be strictly positive.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else if (flowset == 2)
+   {
+      if (Cv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient (Cv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Cv);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (Kv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient (Kv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Kv);
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (flowset < 1 || flowset > 3)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nflow coefficient setting must be in range [1..3].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[1]    *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   area       = rp[1];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      c[CQ] = cq;
+      c[AREA] = area;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      /* calculation of equivalent area with Cv or Kv.
+         Default value of cq; the same value will be used in pn2rcqfix. */
+      c[CQ] = 0.72;
+
+      if (flowset == 2)   /* Cv */
+         orif_areafromcv_(&Cv, &c[CQ], &c[AREA]);
+      else
+         orif_areafromkv_(&Kv, &c[CQ], &c[AREA]);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1        enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1        mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 temp1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 press1     pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2        duplicate of dh1             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm2        duplicate of dm1             (sign reversed)
+      3 temp2      temperature at port 2        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 press2     pressure at port 2           [Pa] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 2 internal variables.
+
+      1 cm         mass flow parameter (cm)    [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      2 gasvel     vena contracta gas velocity [m/s]             basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnor001_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *temp1
+      , double *press1, double *temp2, double *press2, double *cm
+      , double *gasvel, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double pressa1, pressa2;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area       = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *gasvel     = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pressa1 = *press1 + c[PATM];
+   pressa2 = *press2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* calculation of the flows */
+   pn2rcqfix_( dh1, dm1, temp1, &pressa1, temp2, &pressa2, &c[AREA], &c[CQ], &gi,
+               cm, gasvel, &ic[DISC_ORIF]);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>18</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_orifice</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>3</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cq)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cq</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-010</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>orifice area</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>area</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Cv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==2</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Kv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Kv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==3</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient setting</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>flowset</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>3</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cq</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Kv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>vena contracta gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gasvel</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/* Submodel PNVO001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   ven. 6. oct. 11:10:58 2017 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNVO001
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 : Created by FS from PNVO01
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNVO001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+
+/* real stores */
+#define PATM      0
+#define AREAMAX   1
+#define CQ        2
+
+/* integer stores */
+#define DISC_LIMIT   0
+#define DISC_ORIF    1
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cq    flow coefficient (Cq)           [null]
+   area0 orifice area at maximum opening [mm**2 -> m**2]
+   Cv    maximum flow coefficient (Cv)   [null]
+   Kv    maximum flow coefficient (Kv)   [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi      gas type index          
+   flowset flow coefficient setting
+*/
+
+void pnvo001in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area0, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area0      = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      if (area0 < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nOrifice area at maximum opening should be positive.\n");
+      }
+
+      if (cq <= 0.0 )
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient should be strictly positive.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else if (flowset == 2)
+   {
+      if (Cv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nMaximum flow coefficient (Cv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Cv);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (Kv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nMaximum flow coefficient (Kv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Kv);
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (flowset < 1 || flowset > 3)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nflow coefficient setting must be in range [1..3].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[1]    *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   area0      = rp[1];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      c[CQ] = cq;
+      c[AREAMAX] = area0;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      /* calculation of equivalent maximal area with Cv or Kv.
+         Default value of cq; the same value will be used in pn2rcqfix. */
+      c[CQ] = 0.72;
+
+      if (flowset == 2)   /* Cv */
+         orif_areafromcv_(&Cv, &c[CQ], &c[AREAMAX]);
+      else
+         orif_areafromkv_(&Kv, &c[CQ], &c[AREAMAX]);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 3 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 1 variable:
+
+      1 res     input signal [null] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2        enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2        mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 temp2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 press2     pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 3 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh3        duplicate of dh2             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm3        duplicate of dm2             (sign reversed)
+      3 temp3      temperature at port 3        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 press3     pressure at port 3           [Pa] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 3 internal variables.
+
+      1 xv         fractional opening          [null]            basic variable
+      2 cm         mass flow parameter (cm)    [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      3 gasvel     vena contracta gas velocity [m/s]             basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnvo001_(int *n, double *res, double *dh2, double *dm2
+      , double *temp2, double *press2, double *temp3, double *press3
+      , double *xv, double *cm, double *gasvel, double rp[4]
+      , int ip[2], double c[3], int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double marea;   /* modulated area */
+   double pressa2, pressa3;
+   static double zero = 0.0, one = 1.0;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area0, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area0      = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *xv         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *gasvel     = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pressa2 = *press2 + c[PATM];
+   pressa3 = *press3 + c[PATM];
+
+   *xv = dlimit_(res, &zero, &one, &ic[DISC_LIMIT]);
+
+   /* limitation of the modulated area */
+   marea = *xv * c[AREAMAX];
+
+   /*** calculation of the flows ***/
+   pn2rcqfix_( dh2, dm2, temp2, &pressa2, temp3, &pressa3, &marea, &c[CQ], &gi,
+               cm, gasvel, &ic[DISC_ORIF] );
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>20</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_morifice</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>3</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>2</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cq)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cq</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-010</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>orifice area at maximum opening</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>area0</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>maximum flow coefficient (Cv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Cv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==2</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>maximum flow coefficient (Kv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Kv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==3</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient setting</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>flowset</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>3</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cq</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Kv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>fractional opening</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>xv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>vena contracta gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gasvel</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>input signal</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>res</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# test_mql
+
+本目录记录 AMESim 模型 `test_mql.ame` 向 `app.simulation` 迁移时使用的源模型信息、结果对齐约定和当前进度。
+
+## 目标
+
+迁移目标不是复制 AMESim `.results` 中的观测值，而是建立真实的 Python 仿真链路：
+
+`组件方程 -> SimulationNetwork/系统装配 -> closure -> snapshot/端口写回 -> RHS -> solver -> reporting/comparison`
+
+Python 输出只有通过 AMESim baseline 对比后才能作为数值一致性依据。duplicate、反号或派生观测可以用于验证端口方向，但不能替代组件方程和网络闭合。
+
+## 模型与源数据
+
+- AMESim 源模型：`AmesimModels/test_mql.ame`
+- Python 系统类：`app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system.TestMqlSystem`
+- 结构运行入口：`app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run`
+- 132 状态比较入口：`app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run_full_state_comparison`
+- AMESim 组件数：117
+- LINE 连接数：84
+- 连续状态数：132
+- 离散状态数：24
+- 全局参数：`D1=20`、`D2=20`、`D3=14`、`P0=153`、`Pdq=1`、`V=15`、`cf=0.45`
+
+`.ame` 文件是 tar 包，迁移和校验主要使用其中的：
+
+- `test_mql_.cir`：组件、连接、参数表达式和生成代码线索。
+- `test_mql_.param` / `test_mql_.data`：参数和结果配套数据。
+- `test_mql_.modelinfo` / `test_mql_.sim`：状态数和仿真设置。
+- `test_mql_.var` / `test_mql_.results`：AMESim `Data_Path` 目录和 baseline 时序。
+
+当前结果解析器可读取 1002 个时间点和 1116 个保存变量，无需先转换成 CSV。
+
+## 当前实现
+
+当前已经完成：
+
+- AMESim 组件、LINE 连接、直接组件接触、全局参数和变量目录解析。
+- 氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性；内部使用绝对压力，AMESim `press` 按相对 `101300 Pa` 的表压输出。
+- `PNCH023 / PNCH012 / PNOR001 / PNVO001` 气动组件。
+- `PNL0001 / PNL0002 / PNL0003 / PNL00R` 管路动态或阻性关系。
+- `PN3NODE2 / P4NODE2` 代数节点、真实邻接拓扑、canonical flow 和端口写回。
+- `PNRP17 / MECMAS21 / LSTP00A / LMECHN1 / UD00 / FORC` 当前工况可确认的机械行为。
+- 112 个气动状态和 20 个机械状态组成的 132 状态总闭包。
+- 活塞运动学、变容气室机械反馈、气动力、外力、端止动和质量约束耦合。
+- 关键 `Data_Path` 序列导出、schema validation、AMESim 插值 comparison、误差排序、端点诊断和变容气室 RHS 拆解。
+
+主要实现位置：
+
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/system.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/closure.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/pneumatic.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/mechanical.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/lines.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/primitives/`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/structural_network.py`
+- `app/simulation/reporting/amesim_results.py`
+- `app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py`
+- `app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run_full_state_comparison.py`
+
+## 当前对比结果
+
+默认 comparison 已从区间内插值的 `t=1e-5 s` 改为与 AMESim
+首个保存时刻精确对齐的 `t=0.01 s`，当前比较 13 个关键信号，并
+新增 `xv@pn_morifice_1`、`dm2@pn_morifice_1` 的结构化 PNVO 诊断。
+
+事件前 `t=0.01 s` 对比：
+
+- `press@pn_c1_8`：Python `-1286.601221 Pa`，AMESim
+  `-1288.253185 Pa`，绝对误差约 `1.651964 Pa`。
+- `dm1@pneumatic_69`：Python `-0.002485112 g/s`，AMESim
+  `-0.002054255 g/s`；换算后的 canonical 流量绝对误差约
+  `4.30857e-7 kg/s`。
+- `xv@pn_morifice_1` 和 `dm2@pn_morifice_1` 在两侧均为 0，确认
+  STEP0 事件前 PNVO 保持关闭。
+- `vol1@pn_brp2_8` 绝对误差约 `8.76e-5`，机械位移、速度和加速度
+  仍保持较小误差；当前较明显的累计差异集中在 PNL0001 流量和
+  PNCH012 压力/能量链路。
+
+新增 `--pnvo-event-boundary` 诊断：先积分到 `0.04 s` 的左极限，
+再按 STEP0 的右连续语义在事件时刻读取开度和流量。结果为：
+
+- `xv@pn_morifice_1`：Python/AMESim 均为 `1`。
+- `dm2@pn_morifice_1`：Python `502.945005 g/s`，AMESim
+  `497.823823 g/s`，绝对误差约 `5.121182 g/s`，相对约 `1.03%`。
+- `press@pn_c1_8` 绝对误差约 `55.4815 Pa`；
+  `dm1@pneumatic_69` 绝对误差约 `0.00281880 g/s`。
+
+这说明 PNVO 开启瞬间的开度语义和主流量量级已经对齐，但事件前
+累积压力/支路流量仍有偏差。常规积分直接跨越事件到 `0.05 s` 时，
+当前进程会被系统终止，尚未形成可信的事件后结果；不能据此声明
+完整 `0.04 -> 0.05 s` 窗口已经可运行。
+
+## 下一步
+
+1. 优先定位 `0 -> 0.04 s` 累积的 `pneumatic_69` 流量与
+   `pn_c1_8` 压力偏差，区分 PNL0001 阻力和 PNCH012 能量方程。
+2. 采用显式事件分段或针对事件后的局部数值策略，解决跨越
+   `t=0.04 s` 后积分进程被终止的问题，再验证 `t=0.05 s` 保存点。
+3. 保留 `press@pn_c1_8`、`dm1@pneumatic_69`、PNVO `xv/dm2`
+   和 chamber RHS breakdown 作为同一条诊断链。
+4. 在完整开启窗口稳定后，再判断是否需要校准 PNVO 流量系数。
+
+`pn_c1_8` 的直接主线是 `pneumatic_69`；`pneumatic_96`
+属于另一条固定气室支路，不是该诊断对象。
+
+## 运行与验证
+
+运行默认短时域 comparison：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run_full_state_comparison
+```
+
+运行 PNVO 事件边界诊断：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run_full_state_comparison --pnvo-event-boundary
+```
+
+运行相关测试：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m unittest tests.test_run_test_mql_full_state_comparison tests.test_test_mql_pnl0001_segment
+```
+
+运行全量测试：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -t .
+```
+
+## 对齐约定
+
+- 组件 alias 和输出名优先保持 AMESim 原名及 `Data_Path`。
+- `PortState.m_flow > 0` 表示流入当前组件。
+- closure 先定义 canonical flow，再按各组件端口方向写回 `m_flow`。
+- AMESim 管路质量流量通常以 `g/s` 保存，Python 内部统一使用 `kg/s`。
+- CSV 是人工检查和交换格式，不是读取 AMESim baseline 的前置条件。
+- 未完成真实 Python 输出对比前，不使用“与 AMESim 完全一致”之类结论。
@@ -2,36 +2,113 @@

 ReactFlow 系统建模与 `app.simulation` 仿真后端。

+## 开发环境准备
+
+后端统一使用 Python 3.12；仓库根目录的 `.python-version` 记录本轮参考补丁版本
+`3.12.3`。`requirements.txt` 保留支持范围，
+`constraints/python312-direct.txt` 固定跨平台开发环境的直接依赖参考版本；
+`constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock` 则完整固定发布与 CI 所用的 Linux x86_64
+wheel、全部传递依赖及其 SHA-256。
+
+Windows：
+
+```powershell
+py -3.12 -m venv .venv-win
+.\.venv-win\Scripts\python.exe -m pip install `
+  -r requirements.txt `
+  -c constraints/python312-direct.txt
+.\.venv-win\Scripts\python.exe -m pip check
+```
+
+Linux：
+
+```bash
+python3.12 -m venv .venv
+./.venv/bin/python -m pip install \
+  -r constraints/python312-linux-x86_64.lock
+./.venv/bin/python -m pip check
+```
+
+Linux 发布锁仅适用于兼容 manylinux_2_28 的 Linux x86_64 和 CPython 3.12。它启用
+`--only-binary=:all:` 与 `--require-hashes`，因此不会静默改用源码包或未审计 wheel；
+CI 和正式性能复测必须直接以 `-r` 安装该文件。Windows 或其他平台的开发环境继续
+使用 `requirements.txt` 加 `constraints/python312-direct.txt`。若要测试
+`requirements.txt` 声明的兼容范围，可显式省略约束，但这类结果不应与锁定环境的
+性能数据直接比较。
+
+升级参考版本时，应在干净的 Python 3.12 Linux x86_64 虚拟环境中解析范围文件，
+仅下载兼容 wheel，逐个记录 wheel 的 SHA-256，再从空环境安装发布锁并运行
+`pip check`、依赖契约测试与后端测试。不能只复制 `pip freeze`，因为它既不证明
+依赖来源，也不校验安装产物。
+
+前端使用 Vite 8，需要 Node.js `20.19+` 或 `22.12+`。首次启动前安装前端依赖。
+
+Windows（PowerShell，使用仓库内的便携 Node.js）：
+
+```powershell
+$nodeDir = Get-ChildItem .tools -Directory -Filter "node-*-win-x64" |
+  Where-Object { (Test-Path "$($_.FullName)\node.exe") -and (Test-Path "$($_.FullName)\npm.cmd") } |
+  Select-Object -First 1
+& "$($nodeDir.FullName)\npm.cmd" --prefix frontend ci
+```
+
+Linux：
+
+```bash
+cd frontend
+npm ci
+cd ..
+```
+
+Windows 启动脚本会自动使用 `.tools/node-*-win-x64` 下兼容的便携 Node.js；Linux 启动脚本优先使用 `.tools/node-*-linux-x64` 下兼容的运行时（如果存在），否则使用 `PATH` 中的 `node` 和 `npm`。`start-all.sh` 需要 Bash 4.3 或更高版本。
+
+## 启动项目
+
+脚本统一存放在 `bat/` 目录。三个入口分别用于同时启动、只启动后端、只启动前端。
+
+Windows：
+
+```bat
+bat\start-all.bat
+bat\start-backend.bat
+bat\start-reactflow.bat
+```
+
+Linux：
+
+```bash
+./bat/start-all.sh
+./bat/start-backend.sh
+./bat/start-reactflow.sh
+```
+
+后端地址为 `http://127.0.0.1:8000`，前端地址为 `http://127.0.0.1:5173`。Windows 的 `start-all.bat` 会分别打开两个命令行窗口；Linux 的 `start-all.sh` 会在同一终端管理两个进程，按 `Ctrl+C` 会同时停止它们。
+
 ## 后端接口

 - `GET /api/components/catalog`：返回组件库与模型版本、分类、图标键、端口布局和参数契约，供 ReactFlow 启动时自动加载。
- `POST /api/reactflow/system-xml`：导出 System XML v2。
+- `POST /api/reactflow/system-xml`：导出精简的 System XML v3。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/compile-model`：将 ReactFlow 节点、参数和连线编译为仿真网络，并返回组件端口、无方向物理连接、压力-流量方程结构及未连接端口。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/simulate-testmodel`：运行现有固定拓扑 TestModel；该接口暂时不是任意拓扑求解器。
- `POST /api/system-xml/validate`：接收原始 System XML v2，返回 XML、XSD 和模型语义三层诊断。
- `POST /api/system-xml/parse`：校验 XML 并返回规范化的 ReactFlow 工程对象。
+- `POST /api/reactflow/simulate-test-mql`：返回固定拓扑 AMESim `test_mql` 的结构与采样摘要；132 状态数值对比使用独立 comparison 入口。AMESim 子模型已有 19 个第一版公开模型，但该接口本身不是任意拖拽拓扑求解器。
+- `POST /api/system-xml/validate`：接收原始 System XML v3，返回 XML、XSD 和模型语义三层诊断。
+- `POST /api/system-xml/parse`：校验 XML，并返回可直接编译、求解的规范化模型数据；它不还原 ReactFlow 画布布局。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/compile-model`：校验并解析 XML，然后创建 `app.simulation` 组件网络。
- `POST /api/system-xml/simulate`：按 XML 中的组件、物理连接、参数和仿真设置运行通用气动网络 MVP，并返回组件及端口时间序列。
+- `POST /api/system-xml/simulate`：按 XML 中的组件、连接、参数和仿真设置运行当前支持的气动、标量信号及一维机械网络 MVP，并返回组件及端口时间序列。
 - `POST /api/simulation-results/csv`：校验结构化结果快照并导出 UTF-8 CSV 文件。

 气动端口的后端契约采用 `p` 势变量相等、`m_flow` 流变量代数和为零、`h_outflow` 按 stream 规则混合。所有组件统一规定 `m_flow > 0` 表示流入组件，物理连接的端点顺序不表示流向。

-当前网络层可以从组件和连接生成压力-流量残差，使用 SciPy 完成非线性代数闭合和时间积分，并按实际流向传播 stream 焓。XML 通用仿真当前采用半显式 ODE/代数 MVP：气瓶和贮箱作为储能元件，孔板及 XML 管段作为阻性元件，三通作为等压零结点。它不是完整 DAE 求解器，也不等价于严格 Modelica.Fluid 实现。
+当前网络层可按端口域处理气动压力-流量残差与 stream 焓、标量信号传播，以及一维机械 `x/v` 等值和 `f` 平衡，并使用 SciPy 完成非线性代数闭合和时间积分。XML 通用仿真当前采用半显式 ODE/代数 MVP：气瓶和贮箱作为储能元件，孔板及 XML 管段作为阻性元件，三通作为等压零结点，同时支持已登记的信号和机械基础件。它不是完整 DAE 或事件求解器，也不等价于严格 Modelica.Fluid 实现。

-XML 解析依赖 `lxml` 执行本地 XSD 校验。安装或更新 Python 环境时使用：
-
-```powershell
-.\.venv-win\Scripts\python.exe -m pip install -r requirements.txt
-```
+XML 解析依赖 `lxml` 执行本地 XSD 校验，该依赖已包含在 `requirements.txt` 中。

 ## 文档

 - [开发文档索引](docs/README.md)
- [组件模型建模规范 v1](docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)
- [组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1](docs/component-library-spec-v1.md)
+- [后端接口版本与定义规范 v1](docs/standard/backend-interface-version-spec-v1.md)
+- [组件模型建模规范 v1](docs/standard/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)
+- [组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1](docs/standard/component-library-spec-v1.md)
 - [组件目录 JSON Schema v1](schemas/component-catalog-v1.schema.json)
- [System XML v2 协议](docs/system-xml-v2.md)
- [System XML v2 XSD](schemas/system-simulation-v2.xsd)
- [System XML v1 协议（旧版）](docs/system-xml-v1.md)
- [System XML v1 XSD（旧版）](schemas/system-simulation-v1.xsd)
-
+- [System XML v3 协议（当前规范）](docs/standard/system-xml-v3.md)
+- [System XML v3 XSD（当前 Schema）](schemas/system-simulation-v3.xsd)
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@

 `app.simulation` 是 SystemSimulationApp 的仿真子包，用于承接模型定义、系统装配、数值求解和结果导出。

-目标不是把 `.mo` 文件逐行翻译成 Python，而是建立一个可运行、可对比、可逐步逼近 `OpenModelica` 行为的 Python 仿真框架。
+目标不是逐行翻译源模型，而是建立可运行、可测试、可导出，并能与 OpenModelica 或 AMESim baseline 对比的 Python 仿真框架。

-当前状态不是“只有骨架”，而是“`Testmodel` 已有一版可运行的 ODE 近似实现，并具备基础结果导出与对比能力”。
+当前包含两条模型线：`Testmodel` 已有可运行的 ODE 近似和 OpenModelica 对比能力；`test_mql` 已形成 132 状态气动机械总闭包，正在按 AMESim baseline 做数值校准。

 ## 当前目录

@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@
 - `components/experimental/storage/`: 气瓶和贮箱等储能元件。
 - `components/experimental/flow/`: 对外注册的阻性管道和孔板等流动元件。
 - `components/experimental/junctions/`: 三通等连接节点。
+- `components/amesim/`: AMESim 气动、信号和机械组件原语。
 - `systems/`: 通用仿真网络与 XML 驱动系统装配。
- `examples/testmodel/`: 固定 TestModel、专用闭合逻辑和运行入口。
- `reporting/`: CSV、SVG、运行报告和 Modelica 对比结果导出。
+- `examples/testmodel/`: 固定 TestModel、专用闭合逻辑和基线运行入口。
+- `examples/test_mql/`: AMESim `test_mql` 的系统装配、校准原语、诊断和运行入口。
+- `reporting/`: CSV、SVG、运行报告、Modelica 对比结果、AMESim 结果读取和诊断报告导出。
 - `registry.py`: 从已启用库清单受控发现、校验和实例化组件。
 - `paths.py`: 项目、运行产物、基准和 Modelica 参考结果路径。

@@ -27,25 +29,66 @@
 FastAPI 的 `GET /api/components/catalog` 会把注册表转换成前端组件目录。ReactFlow
 启动时自动读取该接口；接口暂时不可用时使用内置的同结构兜底定义。

-临时组件库的声明入口是 `components/experimental/library.py`。公开模型必须在
+临时组件库的声明入口是 `components/experimental/library.py`，AMESim 第一版
+公开临时库入口是 `components/amesim/library.py`。公开模型必须在
 模型类中声明 `MODEL_TYPE / MODEL_VERSION / PORTS / PARAMETERS /
 RESULT_VARIABLES / DISPLAY / create()`，再把类路径加入库清单。完整规范参见
-[`组件模型建模规范 v1`](../../docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)和
-[`组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1`](../../docs/component-library-spec-v1.md)。
+[`组件模型建模规范 v1`](../../docs/standard/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)和
+[`组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1`](../../docs/standard/component-library-spec-v1.md)。

 当前关键文件：

- `core/medium.py`: 理想气体近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
- `core/medium.py`: 温度相关的空气近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `core/medium.py`: 气体介质协议 `GasMedium` 与通用理想气体实现 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `components/amesim/media/`: AMESim 零端口介质物性定义元件；具体类型确定介质，`property_model` 下拉参数选择计算方法，当前提供空气理想气体和氦气 Peng-Robinson
+- `components/amesim/gases.py`: AMESim `gi` 介质物性实例注册表；`gi=0` 固定为空气（理想气体，内置默认），`gi=1..99` 引用画布中的显式介质定义
+- `core/peng_robinson.py`: `test_mql` 与公开氦气介质共用的 Peng-Robinson 状态方程
+- `performance.py`: 默认关闭、按单次仿真隔离的阶段与物性性能埋点
+- `benchmark_performance.py`: System XML 主求解路径的可重复命令行基准工具
 - `systems/network.py`: `SimulationNetwork`，负责组件注册、连接拓扑和状态向量拼装
 - `solvers/solver.py`: `integrate_ode()`，优先走 `SciPy solve_ivp`，缺依赖时回退到内置 RK4，并支持 `t_start == t_stop` 的零时长返回
 - `examples/testmodel/dynamic_pipe.py`: TestModel 专用单阻容管道近似，入口压降 + 出口直连内容腔
 - `components/experimental/junctions/tee.py`: 三通的最小 stream 混合 helper
 - `examples/testmodel/system.py`: `Testmodel` 的系统装配壳与外部运行入口
 - `examples/testmodel/closure.py`: `Testmodel` 当前专用的闭合、初始化投影、分支求解与端口回写
+- `examples/test_mql/system.py`: `test_mql` 系统装配、132 状态总闭包和关键输出映射
+- `examples/test_mql/closure.py`: `test_mql` 气动网络 closure、snapshot、流量计算和端口写回
+- `examples/test_mql/primitives/`: 固定算例专用的 Peng-Robinson 氦气、管路和机械校准原语
+- `examples/test_mql/structural_network.py`: 固定算例专用的结构网络；不替代带端口契约校验的通用网络
 - `reporting/testmodel_outputs.py`: `Testmodel` 的 CSV/SVG/对比摘要导出
- `examples/testmodel/run.py`: 基线运行与程序化执行入口
- `tests/`: 当前组件契约、XML、通用系统和结果导出测试
+- `reporting/amesim_results.py`: AMESim 结果读取入口
+- `examples/test_mql/run_full_state_comparison.py`: `test_mql` 短时域 AMESim comparison 和诊断入口
+- `examples/test_mql/run.py`: `test_mql` 结构运行与程序化执行入口
+- `tests/`: 当前组件契约、XML、通用系统、AMESim 迁移和结果导出测试
+
+## 可选性能诊断
+
+`SIMULATIONAPP_PROFILE` 支持 `off`（默认）、`standard` 和 `audit`。`standard`
+只统计低频的大阶段；`audit` 才展开 RHS、代数闭合、stream 和物性调用，开销也
+明显更高。最终优化收益必须在 `off` 下复测。
+
+Peng–Robinson 氦气的高开销物性默认使用一次仿真内独立的精确 LRU 缓存；不同
+仿真任务不会共享条目，仿真结束后自动释放。可在启动进程前设置
+`SIMULATIONAPP_PROPERTY_CACHE=off` 做数值和性能 A/B，正常运行保持默认 `on`。
+缓存只复用完全相同的输入，不做四舍五入或容差匹配。
+
+FastAPI worker 默认在 lifespan 启动阶段预热 SciPy 积分、非线性求解、稀疏
+Jacobian 和 System XML XSD，完成后才开始接收请求。它不会运行业务模型，也不
+写入文件；如需诊断冷启动，可设置 `SIMULATIONAPP_WARMUP=off`。每个 worker 都会
+独立暖机一次。
+
+```powershell
+.venv-win\Scripts\python.exe -m app.simulation.benchmark_performance `
+  --mode audit --warmups 1 --runs 3 `
+  --factory "helium_step=tests.test_amesim_pnvo001_signal_xml:high_pressure_helium_step_project" `
+  --output app/data/performance-evaluations/helium-step.json
+```
+
+缓存关闭对照可在同一命令中增加 `--disable-property-cache`。缓存容量、命中、
+未命中和驱逐数会在 audit 响应的
+`diagnostics.performance.propertyCache` 中返回。
+
+基准原始 JSON 默认放到已忽略的 `app/data/` 下。指标字段、实测结果和使用边界见
+[`仿真性能评估 2026-08-15`](../../docs/other/仿真性能评估-2026-08-15.md)。

 ## 当前阶段进度

@@ -175,7 +218,7 @@ RESULT_VARIABLES / DISPLAY / create()`，再把类路径加入库清单。完整
   `testmodel_tank_temperature.svg`
 11. 基于 `ModelicaModels/Simulation/Testmodel_res.csv` 的逐时刻对比与误差摘要导出。
 12. 基于 `unittest` 的自动回归测试，当前已覆盖初始化守恒、主变量基线、运行接口、内部闭合诊断、通用分支兼容层、通用结果键与旧键别名一致性，以及部分中间闭合过程行为。
-13. 面向 System XML v2 的拓扑驱动仿真 MVP：压力-流量非线性闭合、stream 焓传播、动态状态自动拼装和端口结果序列。
+13. 面向 System XML v3 的拓扑驱动仿真 MVP：压力-流量非线性闭合、stream 焓传播、动态状态自动拼装和端口结果序列。

 当前没有实现：

@@ -268,18 +311,30 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 ## 基线结果

 当前基线对比摘要来自：
-[`testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt`](../../tests/baselines/simulation/testmodel/testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt)
+[`testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt`](../../tests/data/testmodel/testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt)

 当前四个主变量的最大误差为：

- `mytank.p`: `max_abs_error = 134.960857 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.006798%`
+- `mytank.p`: `max_abs_error = 134.960858 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.006798%`
 - `mytank.T`: `max_abs_error = 0.035507 K`, `max_rel_error = 0.009016%`
 - `mycylinder.p`: `max_abs_error = 1391.986349 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.009447%`
 - `mycylinder.T`: `max_abs_error = 0.009069 K`, `max_rel_error = 0.003870%`

 这说明在当前基线工况下，Python 版主变量已经能较好贴近 OpenModelica 结果。

-## 当前架构判断
+## AMESim test_mql 当前进度
+
+`test_mql` 从 `AmesimModels/test_mql.ame` 迁移，并与旧 `testmodel` 保持独立。
+固定算例实现统一位于 `examples/test_mql/`，结果读取和比较能力位于
+`reporting/`；公开拖拽组件由 `components/amesim/library.py` 单独登记。
+
+当前已形成 112 个气动状态和 20 个机械状态的总闭包、AMESim 原生结果读取、
+`Data_Path` 输出校验及短时域 comparison。这里不再复制易过期的数值进度；
+最新对比结果、运行命令、限制和下一步校准路径以
+[`AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md`](../../AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md)
+为唯一说明。当前仍不能宣称 Python 时域仿真与 AMESim 全局一致。
+
+## Testmodel 当前架构判断

 如果按“组件正确 -> 网络闭合 -> 积分可跑 -> 结果对齐 -> 去近似”来看，当前大致处于：

@@ -293,7 +348,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)

 `Testmodel` 已有一版可运行、可导出、可对比的 Python 近似实现。

-## 已知限制
+## Testmodel 已知限制

 当前最主要的限制可以直接理解成下面几条：

@@ -319,7 +374,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 - 作为最终工程结论的唯一依据
 - 直接扩展到更复杂拓扑而不补通用连接器语义

-## 文件级现状
+## Testmodel 文件级现状

 按代码现状逐项看：

@@ -342,7 +397,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 - `tests/baselines/simulation/`: 是当前稳定基线，不应该随着日常运行频繁改动。
 - `app/data/simulation-runs/`: 是默认运行产物目录，不是手写源代码，也不应该提交。

-## 当前主技术债
+## Testmodel 当前主技术债

 目前最主要的技术债，可以直接理解成下面 4 件事：

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import importlib
+import json
+import os
+import platform
+import statistics
+import sys
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from math import ceil
+from pathlib import Path
+from time import perf_counter_ns, process_time_ns
+from typing import Any
+
+
+def _named_value(value: str, *, option: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    name, separator, target = value.partition("=")
+    if not separator or not name.strip() or not target.strip():
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{option} must use NAME=VALUE syntax, received {value!r}."
+        )
+    return name.strip(), target.strip()
+
+
+def _percentile(values: list[float], percentile: float) -> float:
+    ordered = sorted(values)
+    index = max(0, min(len(ordered) - 1, ceil(percentile * len(ordered)) - 1))
+    return ordered[index]
+
+
+def _duration_summary(values: list[float]) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {
+        "samplesMs": values,
+        "minimumMs": min(values),
+        "medianMs": statistics.median(values),
+        "p95Ms": _percentile(values, 0.95),
+        "maximumMs": max(values),
+    }
+
+
+def _load_factory_xml(specification: str) -> bytes:
+    module_name, separator, member_name = specification.partition(":")
+    if not separator or not module_name or not member_name:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "Factory specifications must use module.path:callable syntax."
+        )
+    factory = getattr(importlib.import_module(module_name), member_name)
+    value = factory()
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value.encode("utf-8")
+
+    from app.main import build_reactflow_system_xml
+
+    return build_reactflow_system_xml(value)
+
+
+def _serialize_result_event(result: dict[str, object]) -> bytes:
+    """Render the final NDJSON payload shape used by the streaming endpoint."""
+
+    status = str(result.get("status", "completed"))
+    event = {
+        "event": "result",
+        "progress": 100 if status == "completed" else 0,
+        "phase": status,
+        "message": "仿真完成" if status == "completed" else "仿真任务结束",
+        "simulatedTime": result.get("simulatedUntil"),
+        "totalTime": result.get("requestedStopTime"),
+        "result": result,
+    }
+    return (
+        json.dumps(event, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(",", ":")) + "\n"
+    ).encode("utf-8")
+
+
+def _run_case(
+    name: str,
+    xml_bytes: bytes,
+    *,
+    warmups: int,
+    runs: int,
+    cancellable_path: bool,
+    allow_failures: bool,
+) -> dict[str, object]:
+    from app.main import run_system_xml_simulation
+
+    cancel_check = (lambda: False) if cancellable_path else None
+    for _ in range(warmups):
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml_bytes, cancel_check=cancel_check)
+        if not bool(result.get("success")) and not allow_failures:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Warmup for {name!r} failed: {result.get('message')}")
+
+    wall_samples_ms: list[float] = []
+    cpu_samples_ms: list[float] = []
+    serialization_samples_ms: list[float] = []
+    serialized_sizes: list[int] = []
+    profiles: list[dict[str, object]] = []
+    final_result: dict[str, object] | None = None
+    for _ in range(runs):
+        wall_start = perf_counter_ns()
+        cpu_start = process_time_ns()
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml_bytes, cancel_check=cancel_check)
+        cpu_samples_ms.append((process_time_ns() - cpu_start) / 1_000_000.0)
+        wall_samples_ms.append((perf_counter_ns() - wall_start) / 1_000_000.0)
+        if not bool(result.get("success")) and not allow_failures:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Benchmark for {name!r} failed: {result.get('message')}")
+        diagnostics = result.get("diagnostics")
+        if isinstance(diagnostics, dict):
+            performance = diagnostics.get("performance")
+            if isinstance(performance, dict):
+                profiles.append(performance)
+        serialization_start = perf_counter_ns()
+        serialized_event = _serialize_result_event(result)
+        serialization_samples_ms.append(
+            (perf_counter_ns() - serialization_start) / 1_000_000.0
+        )
+        serialized_sizes.append(len(serialized_event))
+        final_result = result
+
+    assert final_result is not None
+    return {
+        "name": name,
+        "success": bool(final_result.get("success")),
+        "message": final_result.get("message"),
+        "inputBytes": len(xml_bytes),
+        "inputSha256": hashlib.sha256(xml_bytes).hexdigest(),
+        "status": final_result.get("status"),
+        "simulatedUntil": final_result.get("simulatedUntil"),
+        "requestedStopTime": final_result.get("requestedStopTime"),
+        "wall": _duration_summary(wall_samples_ms),
+        "cpu": _duration_summary(cpu_samples_ms),
+        "resultSerialization": _duration_summary(serialization_samples_ms),
+        "resultEventBytes": serialized_sizes,
+        "performanceRuns": profiles,
+    }
+
+
+def _parse_arguments(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> argparse.Namespace:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+        description="Benchmark the real System XML simulation path with optional profiling."
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--mode",
+        choices=("off", "standard", "audit"),
+        default="audit",
+        help="Instrumentation depth selected before importing the simulation modules.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--warmups", type=int, default=1)
+    parser.add_argument("--runs", type=int, default=5)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--xml",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="NAME=PATH",
+        help="Add an XML file benchmark case.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--factory",
+        action="append",
+        default=[],
+        metavar="NAME=MODULE:CALLABLE",
+        help="Add a zero-argument factory returning XML or ReactFlowProjectPayload.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--direct-path",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Do not pass a cancel callback; use the one-shot SciPy path when eligible.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--disable-property-cache",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Disable the run-local exact property cache for an A/B comparison.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--allow-failures",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="Record failed simulation runs instead of aborting the benchmark.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument("--output", type=Path)
+    arguments = parser.parse_args(argv)
+    if arguments.warmups < 0:
+        parser.error("--warmups must not be negative.")
+    if arguments.runs <= 0:
+        parser.error("--runs must be positive.")
+    if not arguments.xml and not arguments.factory:
+        parser.error("At least one --xml or --factory case is required.")
+    return arguments
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None) -> int:
+    arguments = _parse_arguments(argv)
+    os.environ["SIMULATIONAPP_PROFILE"] = arguments.mode
+    os.environ["SIMULATIONAPP_PROPERTY_CACHE"] = (
+        "off" if arguments.disable_property_cache else "on"
+    )
+
+    cases: list[tuple[str, bytes]] = []
+    for raw_case in arguments.xml:
+        name, raw_path = _named_value(raw_case, option="--xml")
+        cases.append((name, Path(raw_path).read_bytes()))
+    for raw_case in arguments.factory:
+        name, specification = _named_value(raw_case, option="--factory")
+        cases.append((name, _load_factory_xml(specification)))
+
+    report: dict[str, Any] = {
+        "generatedAt": datetime.now(UTC).isoformat(),
+        "profileMode": arguments.mode,
+        "cancellableSolverPath": not arguments.direct_path,
+        "propertyCacheEnabled": not arguments.disable_property_cache,
+        "allowFailures": bool(arguments.allow_failures),
+        "warmups": arguments.warmups,
+        "runs": arguments.runs,
+        "runtime": {
+            "python": sys.version,
+            "platform": platform.platform(),
+            "processor": platform.processor(),
+        },
+        "cases": [
+            _run_case(
+                name,
+                xml_bytes,
+                warmups=arguments.warmups,
+                runs=arguments.runs,
+                cancellable_path=not arguments.direct_path,
+                allow_failures=arguments.allow_failures,
+            )
+            for name, xml_bytes in cases
+        ],
+    }
+    text = json.dumps(report, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
+    if arguments.output is not None:
+        arguments.output.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        arguments.output.write_text(text + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+        print(f"Performance report written to {arguments.output.resolve()}")
+    else:
+        print(text)
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    raise SystemExit(main())
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+__all__: list[str] = []
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic boundary components."""
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimPnpl01(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNPL01 zero pneumatic flow source.
+
+    The component behaves as a sealed pneumatic boundary in the current acausal
+    solver: it does not prescribe pressure, and only constrains its port mass
+    flow to zero.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnpl01"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),)
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNPL01 零气动流边界",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="boundary",
+        symbol="amesim_pnpl01",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnpl01:
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_values(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return (self.port_1.m_flow,)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:zero_mass_flow",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        if "port_1" in connected_h:
+            self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h["port_1"]
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic flow components."""
@@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Iterable, Mapping
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isclose, isfinite
+from types import MappingProxyType
+
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
+
+
+AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX = 0
+AMESIM_DEFAULT_GAS_INDEX = AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX = AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX = 1
+AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX = 99
+
+AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "gi",
+    float(AMESIM_DEFAULT_GAS_INDEX),
+    label="介质物性模型（gi）",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX),
+    maximum=float(AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX),
+    editor="amesimGasReference",
+    description=(
+        "选择本元件使用的气体介质定义索引；0 表示内置空气，"
+        "1–99 引用画布中的介质定义组件。"
+    ),
+)
+
+AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "gi",
+    float(AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX),
+    label="介质定义索引（gi）",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX),
+    maximum=float(AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX),
+    description=(
+        "介质定义在当前模型中的唯一索引；由画布自动分配，"
+        "0 保留给内置空气。"
+    ),
+)
+
+
+def normalize_amesim_gas_index(value: float | int) -> int:
+    """Validate an AMESim gas reference.
+
+    Index 0 is reserved for the built-in ideal-gas air profile.  Positive
+    indices refer to medium-definition components placed in the project.
+    """
+
+    if isinstance(value, bool) or not isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+        raise ValueError("AMESim gas type index gi must be a number.")
+    numeric = float(value)
+    if not isfinite(numeric):
+        raise ValueError("AMESim gas type index gi must be finite.")
+    rounded = round(numeric)
+    if not isclose(numeric, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+        raise ValueError("AMESim gas type index gi must be an integer value.")
+    index = int(rounded)
+    if not AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX <= index <= AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "AMESim gas type index gi must be between "
+            f"{AMESIM_MIN_GAS_INDEX} and {AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX}."
+        )
+    return index
+
+
+def normalize_amesim_defined_gas_index(value: float | int) -> int:
+    """Validate a positive index owned by a project medium definition."""
+
+    index = normalize_amesim_gas_index(value)
+    if index < AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "AMESim medium definition index gi must be between "
+            f"{AMESIM_MIN_DEFINED_GAS_INDEX} and {AMESIM_MAX_GAS_INDEX}; "
+            "gi=0 is reserved for built-in ideal-gas air."
+        )
+    return index
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimGasDefinition:
+    """One AMESim PNGD-style gas-definition slot.
+
+    ``fluid_type`` and ``eos_type`` are intentionally optional today.  They
+    reserve the metadata needed to map a future PNGD00 helium definition while
+    the executable behavior is supplied by ``medium``.
+    """
+
+    gi: int
+    label: str
+    medium: GasMedium
+    fluid_type: int | None = None
+    eos_type: int | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        normalized = normalize_amesim_gas_index(self.gi)
+        object.__setattr__(self, "gi", normalized)
+        if not self.label.strip():
+            raise ValueError("AMESim gas definition label must not be empty.")
+
+
+class AmesimGasRegistry:
+    """Resolve AMESim component ``gi`` references to thermodynamic media."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        definitions: Iterable[AmesimGasDefinition] = (),
+        *,
+        default_gi: int = AMESIM_DEFAULT_GAS_INDEX,
+    ) -> None:
+        from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.mediums import (
+            AmesimIdealAirMedium,
+        )
+
+        self.default_gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(default_gi)
+        self._definitions: dict[int, AmesimGasDefinition] = {
+            AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX: AmesimGasDefinition(
+                gi=AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX,
+                label="空气（理想气体，内置默认）",
+                medium=AmesimIdealAirMedium(),
+            )
+        }
+        for definition in definitions:
+            self.register(definition)
+
+    @property
+    def definitions(self) -> Mapping[int, AmesimGasDefinition]:
+        return MappingProxyType(self._definitions)
+
+    def register(self, definition: AmesimGasDefinition) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(definition, AmesimGasDefinition):
+            raise TypeError("AMESim gas registry entries must use AmesimGasDefinition.")
+        if definition.gi == AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "AMESim gas type index gi=0 is reserved for built-in "
+                "ideal-gas air and cannot be replaced."
+            )
+        if definition.gi in self._definitions:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"AMESim gas type index gi={definition.gi} is already defined."
+            )
+        self._definitions[definition.gi] = definition
+
+    def copy(self) -> AmesimGasRegistry:
+        """Return an independent registry for one project compilation."""
+
+        copied = AmesimGasRegistry(
+            (
+                definition
+                for index, definition in self._definitions.items()
+                if index != AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+            ),
+            default_gi=self.default_gi,
+        )
+        copied._definitions[AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX] = self._definitions[
+            AMESIM_BUILTIN_AIR_GAS_INDEX
+        ]
+        return copied
+
+    def resolve(
+        self,
+        gi: float | int,
+        *,
+        component_name: str | None = None,
+    ) -> GasMedium:
+        index = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        try:
+            return self._definitions[index].medium
+        except KeyError as exc:
+            owner = f" for component '{component_name}'" if component_name else ""
+            available = ", ".join(str(index) for index in sorted(self._definitions))
+            available_message = available or "none"
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"AMESim gas type index gi={index}{owner} is not defined. "
+                "Register a PNGD-style gas definition before using this index. "
+                f"Available indices: {available_message}."
+            ) from exc
+
+    @property
+    def default_medium(self) -> GasMedium:
+        return self.resolve(self.default_gi)
+
+    def resolve_network_media(
+        self,
+        component_gas_indices: Mapping[str, float | int | None],
+        pneumatic_connections: Iterable[tuple[str, str]],
+    ) -> dict[str, GasMedium]:
+        """Assign one medium to every connected pneumatic circuit.
+
+        Components without ``gi`` inherit the explicit index used by their
+        circuit.  Conflicting indices inside one circuit are rejected instead
+        of silently mixing different gases.
+        """
+
+        parents = {component_id: component_id for component_id in component_gas_indices}
+
+        def find(component_id: str) -> str:
+            parent = parents[component_id]
+            while parent != parents[parent]:
+                parent = parents[parent]
+            while component_id != parent:
+                next_component = parents[component_id]
+                parents[component_id] = parent
+                component_id = next_component
+            return parent
+
+        def union(left: str, right: str) -> None:
+            left_root = find(left)
+            right_root = find(right)
+            if left_root != right_root:
+                parents[right_root] = left_root
+
+        for source, target in pneumatic_connections:
+            if source in parents and target in parents:
+                union(source, target)
+
+        members_by_root: dict[str, list[str]] = {}
+        for component_id in component_gas_indices:
+            members_by_root.setdefault(find(component_id), []).append(component_id)
+
+        media: dict[str, GasMedium] = {}
+        for members in members_by_root.values():
+            indexed_components: dict[int, list[str]] = {}
+            for component_id in members:
+                raw_index = component_gas_indices[component_id]
+                if raw_index is None:
+                    continue
+                index = normalize_amesim_gas_index(raw_index)
+                indexed_components.setdefault(index, []).append(component_id)
+
+            if len(indexed_components) > 1:
+                details = ", ".join(
+                    f"gi={index} ({', '.join(sorted(component_ids))})"
+                    for index, component_ids in sorted(indexed_components.items())
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Connected pneumatic circuit contains conflicting AMESim "
+                    f"gas definitions: {details}."
+                )
+
+            index = (
+                next(iter(indexed_components))
+                if indexed_components
+                else self.default_gi
+            )
+            indexed_members = indexed_components.get(index, members)
+            medium = self.resolve(
+                index,
+                component_name=", ".join(sorted(indexed_members)),
+            )
+            for component_id in members:
+                media[component_id] = medium
+        return media
+
+
+def default_amesim_gas_registry() -> AmesimGasRegistry:
+    """Create a registry containing only built-in gi=0 ideal-gas air."""
+
+    return AmesimGasRegistry()
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes import AmesimP4Node2, AmesimPn3Node2
+
+__all__ = ["AmesimP4Node2", "AmesimPn3Node2"]
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition, PortState
+
+
+_REFERENCE_OUTFLOW_REGULARIZATION_RATIO = 0.05
+
+
+def _regularized_inverse_outflow(flow: float, transition_flow: float) -> float:
+    """Return a C1 inverse that tends to zero as a negative flow vanishes."""
+
+    if flow >= 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    transition_flow = max(float(transition_flow), 1.0e-12)
+    if -flow >= transition_flow:
+        return 1.0 / flow
+    return (
+        flow
+        * (2.0 * transition_flow * transition_flow - flow * flow)
+        / transition_flow**4
+    )
+
+
+class _AmesimPneumaticNode(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Shared implementation for AMESim pneumatic junction submodels.
+
+    PN3NODE2/P4NODE2 use port 2 as their pressure and temperature reference.
+    Non-reference outlet ports use that reference temperature. When port 2 is
+    an outlet, its enthalpy is the residual that closes the junction energy
+    balance, matching the AMESim dh2 causality.
+    """
+
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    REFERENCE_PORT = "port_2"
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.temperature_reference_h = 0.0
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            setattr(self, definition.name, self.register_declared_port(definition.name))
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_values(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        reference = self.get_port(self.REFERENCE_PORT)
+        return tuple(
+            self.get_port(definition.name).p - reference.p
+            for definition in self.PORTS
+            if definition.name != self.REFERENCE_PORT
+        ) + (
+            sum(
+                self.get_port(definition.name).m_flow
+                for definition in self.PORTS
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        reference = self.get_port(self.REFERENCE_PORT)
+        residuals: list[EquationResidual] = []
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            if definition.name == self.REFERENCE_PORT:
+                continue
+            port = self.get_port(definition.name)
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{definition.name}_pressure_reference",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(
+                        f"{self.name}.{definition.name}.p",
+                        f"{self.name}.{self.REFERENCE_PORT}.p",
+                    ),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.p - reference.p,
+                )
+            )
+        residuals.append(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=tuple(
+                    f"{self.name}.{definition.name}.m_flow"
+                    for definition in self.PORTS
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=sum(self.get_port(definition.name).m_flow for definition in self.PORTS),
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(residuals)
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.temperature_reference_h = connected_h.get(
+            self.REFERENCE_PORT,
+            sum(connected_h.values()) / len(connected_h) if connected_h else 0.0,
+        )
+        incoming = [
+            (port.m_flow, connected_h[name])
+            for name, port in self.ports.items()
+            if port.m_flow > 1e-12
+        ]
+        total_flow = sum(m_flow for m_flow, _ in incoming)
+        if total_flow > 1e-12:
+            mixed_h = sum(m_flow * h for m_flow, h in incoming) / total_flow
+        else:
+            mixed_h = self.temperature_reference_h
+
+        reference_port = self.get_port(self.REFERENCE_PORT)
+        for name, port in self.ports.items():
+            port.h_outflow = (
+                mixed_h
+                if name == self.REFERENCE_PORT
+                else self.temperature_reference_h
+            )
+
+        if reference_port.m_flow < 0.0:
+            energy_without_reference = sum(
+                port.m_flow
+                * (
+                    connected_h[name]
+                    if port.m_flow > 1e-12
+                    else self.temperature_reference_h
+                )
+                for name, port in self.ports.items()
+                if name != self.REFERENCE_PORT
+            )
+            non_reference_flow_scale = sum(
+                abs(port.m_flow)
+                for name, port in self.ports.items()
+                if name != self.REFERENCE_PORT
+            )
+            transition_flow = (
+                _REFERENCE_OUTFLOW_REGULARIZATION_RATIO
+                * non_reference_flow_scale
+            )
+            # Port 2 carries AMESim's residual-energy causality.  Exact
+            # division is singular when its outflow reverses through zero, so
+            # use a C1 band that matches the exact balance at its boundary and
+            # tends to the mixed enthalpy at zero flow.
+            inverse_flow = _regularized_inverse_outflow(
+                reference_port.m_flow,
+                transition_flow,
+            )
+            energy_residual_at_mixed_h = (
+                energy_without_reference
+                + reference_port.m_flow * mixed_h
+            )
+            reference_port.h_outflow = (
+                mixed_h - energy_residual_at_mixed_h * inverse_flow
+            )
+
+
+class AmesimPn3Node2(_AmesimPneumaticNode):
+    """AMESim PN3NODE2 pneumatic three-port junction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pn3node2"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.3.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_EXACT_SUM_TO_ZERO_EQUATION_SUFFIXES = frozenset(
+        ("mass_flow_balance",)
+    )
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PN3NODE2 三端气动节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="junctions",
+        symbol="amesim_pn3node2",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=30),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPn3Node2:
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+
+class AmesimP4Node2(_AmesimPneumaticNode):
+    """AMESim P4NODE2 pneumatic four-port junction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_p4node2"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.3.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_EXACT_SUM_TO_ZERO_EQUATION_SUFFIXES = frozenset(
+        ("mass_flow_balance",)
+    )
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_4", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="P4NODE2 四端气动节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="junctions",
+        symbol="amesim_p4node2",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimP4Node2:
+        return cls(name=name)
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+"""AMESim-compatible public component library."""
+
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import (
+    ComponentCategorySpec,
+    ComponentLibrarySpec,
+)
+
+
+LIBRARY = ComponentLibrarySpec(
+    id="amesim",
+    label="AMESim 组件库",
+    version="0.3.0",
+    source_package="app.simulation.components.amesim",
+    temporary=True,
+    order=200,
+    categories=(
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="media", label="介质物性", order=5),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="storage", label="储能元件", order=10),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="flow", label="流动元件", order=20),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="junctions", label="连接元件", order=30),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="boundary", label="边界元件", order=40),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="signals", label="信号元件", order=50),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="mechanical", label="机械元件", order=60),
+    ),
+    models=(
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties:AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties:AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.boundary.sources:AmesimPnpl01",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources:AmesimStep0",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources:AmesimUd00",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimF000",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimForc",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimMecmas21",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimLstp00a",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimLmechn1",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.pistons:AmesimPnrp17",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers:AmesimPnch023",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers:AmesimPnch012",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnor001",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl00r",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0001",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0002",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0003",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes:AmesimPn3Node2",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes:AmesimP4Node2",
+    ),
+)
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim mechanical components."""
@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite, pi
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+    AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+    normalize_amesim_gas_index,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ResultVariableDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Pnrp17Linearization:
+    volume: float
+    volume_flow: float
+    pressure_force: float
+    volume_tangent: tuple[float, ...]
+    volume_flow_tangent: tuple[float, ...]
+    pressure_force_tangent: tuple[float, ...]
+    valid: bool = True
+    reason: str | None = None
+
+
+class AmesimPnrp17(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNRP17 pneumatic piston with two mechanical faces.
+
+    Mechanical ports 2/5 share the piston-side motion and ports 3/4 share the
+    cylinder-side motion. The pneumatic port contributes its swept volume and
+    volume rate to the connected variable-volume chamber.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnrp17"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_3"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_4"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_5"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "dp",
+            0.2,
+            label="活塞直径",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="活塞外径；与活塞杆直径共同确定有效受压面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "dr",
+            0.001,
+            label="活塞杆直径",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="穿过气室一侧的活塞杆直径，必须不大于活塞直径。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "x0",
+            0.0,
+            label="初始腔长",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            description="机械端位移均为零时的气动腔长度。",
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("volume", "扫掠容积", "volume", "m3", "derived", 10),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "volume_flow",
+            "扫掠容积变化率",
+            "volume_flow",
+            "m3/s",
+            "derived",
+            20,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("length", "气动腔长度", "length", "m", "derived", 30),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "pressure_force",
+            "气压力",
+            "force",
+            "N",
+            "derived",
+            40,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNRP17 气动活塞",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="amesim_pnrp17",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "left", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "left", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_5", "right", order=50),
+        ),
+        order=60,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        gi: float = 0.0,
+        dp: float = 0.2,
+        dr: float = 0.001,
+        x0: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"gi": gi, "dp": dp, "dr": dr, "x0": x0})
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.dp = float(dp)
+        self.dr = float(dr)
+        self.x0 = float(x0)
+        if self.dr > self.dp:
+            raise ValueError("PNRP17 rod diameter dr must not exceed piston diameter dp.")
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            port = self.register_declared_port(definition.name)
+            setattr(self, definition.name, port)
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnrp17":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        return pi * (self.dp * self.dp - self.dr * self.dr) / 4.0
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_length(self) -> float:
+        return self.x0 + self.port_5.x - self.port_4.x
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_volume(self) -> float:
+        return self.effective_area * self.chamber_length
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_volume_flow(self) -> float:
+        return self.effective_area * (self.port_5.v - self.port_4.v)
+
+    @property
+    def pressure_force(self) -> float:
+        return (self.port_1.p - AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA) * self.effective_area
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_values(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        values = [self.port_1.m_flow]
+        effort_pairs = (("port_2", "port_5"), ("port_3", "port_4"))
+        for first_name, second_name in effort_pairs:
+            first = self.get_port(first_name)
+            second = self.get_port(second_name)
+            values.extend((first.x - second.x, first.v - second.v))
+        force = self.pressure_force
+        values.extend(
+            (
+                self.port_2.f + self.port_5.f + force,
+                self.port_3.f + self.port_4.f - force,
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(values)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        effort_pairs = (("port_2", "port_5"), ("port_3", "port_4"))
+        residuals: list[EquationResidual] = [
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pneumatic_zero_mass_flow",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            )
+        ]
+        for first_name, second_name in effort_pairs:
+            first = self.get_port(first_name)
+            second = self.get_port(second_name)
+            for variable in ("x", "v"):
+                residuals.append(
+                    EquationResidual(
+                        id=f"{self.name}:{first_name}_{second_name}_{variable}_equal",
+                        owner="component",
+                        owner_id=self.name,
+                        relation="equal",
+                        variables=(
+                            f"{self.name}.{first_name}.{variable}",
+                            f"{self.name}.{second_name}.{variable}",
+                        ),
+                        role="effort",
+                        value=getattr(first, variable) - getattr(second, variable),
+                    )
+                )
+        force = self.pressure_force
+        residuals.extend(
+            (
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:piston_side_force_balance",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="constitutive",
+                    variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.f", f"{self.name}.port_5.f", f"{self.name}.port_1.p"),
+                    role="flow",
+                    value=self.port_2.f + self.port_5.f + force,
+                ),
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:cylinder_side_force_balance",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="constitutive",
+                    variables=(f"{self.name}.port_3.f", f"{self.name}.port_4.f", f"{self.name}.port_1.p"),
+                    role="flow",
+                    value=self.port_3.f + self.port_4.f - force,
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(residuals)
+
+    def pneumatic_volume_outputs(self) -> Mapping[str, tuple[float, float]]:
+        return {"port_1": (self.chamber_volume, self.chamber_volume_flow)}
+
+    def linearize_geometry_and_force(
+        self,
+        port_4_x_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        port_5_x_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        port_4_v_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        port_5_v_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        port_1_pressure_tangent: Sequence[float],
+    ) -> Pnrp17Linearization:
+        """Return exact piston geometry and pressure-force tangents."""
+
+        vectors = tuple(
+            tuple(float(value) for value in values)
+            for values in (
+                port_4_x_tangent,
+                port_5_x_tangent,
+                port_4_v_tangent,
+                port_5_v_tangent,
+                port_1_pressure_tangent,
+            )
+        )
+        widths = {len(values) for values in vectors}
+        if len(widths) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("PNRP17 tangent vectors must have equal lengths.")
+        valid = all(isfinite(value) for values in vectors for value in values)
+        area = self.effective_area
+        volume_tangent = tuple(
+            area * (right - left)
+            for left, right in zip(vectors[0], vectors[1], strict=True)
+        )
+        volume_flow_tangent = tuple(
+            area * (right - left)
+            for left, right in zip(vectors[2], vectors[3], strict=True)
+        )
+        pressure_force_tangent = tuple(
+            area * value for value in vectors[4]
+        )
+        return Pnrp17Linearization(
+            volume=self.chamber_volume,
+            volume_flow=self.chamber_volume_flow,
+            pressure_force=self.pressure_force,
+            volume_tangent=volume_tangent,
+            volume_flow_tangent=volume_flow_tangent,
+            pressure_force_tangent=pressure_force_tangent,
+            valid=valid,
+            reason=None if valid else "non_finite_tangent_input",
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h.get(
+            "port_1",
+            self.medium.specific_enthalpy(self.medium.T_ref),
+        )
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "volume": self.chamber_volume,
+            "volume_flow": self.chamber_volume_flow,
+            "length": self.chamber_length,
+            "pressure_force": self.pressure_force,
+        }
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+"""AMESim medium-property definition components."""
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.mediums import (
+    AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec,
+    AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium,
+    AmesimIdealAirMedium,
+)
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.properties import (
+    AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent,
+    AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition,
+    AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition,
+)
+
+__all__ = (
+    "AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL",
+    "AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS",
+    "AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER",
+    "AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL",
+    "AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS",
+    "AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER",
+    "AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent",
+    "AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec",
+    "AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition",
+    "AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium",
+    "AmesimIdealAirMedium",
+    "AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition",
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,517 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import exp, isfinite, log
+from typing import ClassVar
+
+from app.simulation.core.errors import RecoverableTrialStateError
+from app.simulation.core.medium import (
+    GasMedium,
+    IdealGasMedium,
+    ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization,
+    ThermodynamicPropertyTangents,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from app.simulation.performance import profile_property, record_property_iterations
+from app.simulation.property_cache import cache_property_calculation
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimIdealAirMedium(IdealGasMedium):
+    """AMESim air properties evaluated with the ideal-gas method.
+
+    Substance identity and property method are part of the concrete Python
+    type.  A future air correlation or helium Peng-Robinson implementation can
+    therefore coexist as a sibling type without turning ``gi`` into a fluid
+    enumeration.
+    """
+
+    SUBSTANCE_ID: ClassVar[str] = "air"
+    PROPERTY_METHOD_ID: ClassVar[str] = "ideal_gas"
+
+    name: str = "AMESimAirIdealGas"
+    R_gas: float = 287.0
+    cp_ref: float = 1005.0
+    T_ref: float = 300.0
+    cp_slope: float = 0.0
+    viscosity_ref: float = 1.82e-5
+    viscosity_T_ref: float = 293.15
+    sutherland_constant: float = 110.4
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium(IdealGasMedium):
+    """AMESim helium with a Peng-Robinson mechanical equation of state.
+
+    The pressure-density-temperature relation is evaluated by the shared
+    ``HELIUM_PR`` fluid.  The caloric reference follows the constant NASA
+    polynomial from Simcenter Amesim 2404 ``helium_cp_h_s.data``.
+    """
+
+    SUBSTANCE_ID: ClassVar[str] = "helium"
+    PROPERTY_METHOD_ID: ClassVar[str] = "peng_robinson"
+    fluid: ClassVar[PengRobinsonFluid] = HELIUM_PR
+    nasa_cp_over_R: ClassVar[float] = 2.5
+    nasa_enthalpy_constant_K: ClassVar[float] = -745.375
+    nasa_viscosity_coefficients: ClassVar[tuple[float, float, float, float]] = (
+        0.7501594,
+        35.76324,
+        -2212.129,
+        0.9212635,
+    )
+
+    name: str = "AMESimHeliumPengRobinson"
+    R_gas: float = HELIUM_PR.specific_gas_constant
+    cp_ref: float = nasa_cp_over_R * HELIUM_PR.specific_gas_constant
+    T_ref: float = 293.15
+    cp_slope: float = 0.0
+    viscosity_ref: float = 1.96e-5
+    viscosity_T_ref: float = 293.15
+    sutherland_constant: float = 79.4
+
+    @property
+    def cv(self) -> float:
+        return (self.nasa_cp_over_R - 1.0) * self.R_gas
+
+    def cv_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float:
+        del T
+        return self.cv
+
+    def diagnostic_dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float:
+        """Return the AMESim NASA-table viscosity used by pipe diagnostics.
+
+        pn2pipefr reports Reynolds number with sagum viscosity. Keep this
+        separate from dynamic_viscosity so matching that diagnostic cannot
+        alter the already-validated pipe flow or friction dynamics.
+        """
+
+        if T <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive.")
+        a, b, c, d = self.nasa_viscosity_coefficients
+        return 1.0e-7 * exp(a * log(T) + b / T + c / (T * T) + d)
+
+    @profile_property("density")
+    @cache_property_calculation("density")
+    def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.density(p, T)
+
+    def _real_heat_capacities(
+        self,
+        p: float,
+        T: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float, float, float, float]:
+        density = self.density(p, T)
+        pressure_density_derivative = (
+            self.fluid.pressure_density_derivative_at_temperature(
+                T,
+                density,
+            )
+        )
+        pressure_temperature_derivative = (
+            self.fluid.pressure_temperature_derivative_at_density(
+                T,
+                density,
+            )
+        )
+        cv = (
+            self.cv_at_temperature(T)
+            + self.fluid.residual_isochoric_heat_capacity_at_density(T, density)
+        )
+        cp = (
+            cv
+            + T
+            * pressure_temperature_derivative
+            * pressure_temperature_derivative
+            / (density * density * pressure_density_derivative)
+        )
+        if cp <= 0.0 or cv <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Real-gas heat capacities must be positive.")
+        return (
+            cp,
+            cv,
+            density,
+            pressure_density_derivative,
+            pressure_temperature_derivative,
+        )
+
+    def _local_isentropic_density_pressure_factor(
+        self,
+        p: float,
+        T: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        cp, cv, density, pressure_density_derivative, pressure_temperature_derivative = (
+            self._real_heat_capacities(p, T)
+        )
+        heat_capacity_ratio = cp / cv
+        factor = p / (
+            density * pressure_density_derivative * heat_capacity_ratio
+        )
+        exponent = (
+            p
+            * (heat_capacity_ratio - 1.0)
+            / (
+                heat_capacity_ratio
+                * T
+                * pressure_temperature_derivative
+            )
+        )
+        return factor, exponent
+
+    @profile_property("isentropic_density_pressure_factor")
+    @cache_property_calculation("isentropic_density_pressure_factor")
+    def isentropic_density_pressure_factor(
+        self,
+        p: float,
+        T: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float | None = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_factor, isentropic_temperature_exponent = (
+            self._local_isentropic_density_pressure_factor(p, T)
+        )
+        if downstream_pressure is None or downstream_pressure >= p:
+            return upstream_factor
+
+        pressure_ratio = max(downstream_pressure / p, 1.0e-12)
+        isentropic_temperature = max(
+            T * pressure_ratio**isentropic_temperature_exponent,
+            2.2,
+        )
+        downstream_factor, _unused_exponent = (
+            self._local_isentropic_density_pressure_factor(
+                max(downstream_pressure, 1.0),
+                isentropic_temperature,
+            )
+        )
+        # AMESim 2404 saggs_ evaluates the local factor at the upstream
+        # state and at an approximate isentropic downstream state.
+        return 0.5 * (upstream_factor + downstream_factor)
+
+    def pressure(self, m: float, T: float, V: float) -> float:
+        if V <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Volume must stay positive.")
+        return self.fluid.pressure_from_density(T, m / V)
+
+    @profile_property("specific_internal_energy")
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.R_gas * (
+            (self.nasa_cp_over_R - 1.0) * T
+            + self.nasa_enthalpy_constant_K
+        )
+
+    @profile_property("specific_internal_energy_at_pressure")
+    def specific_internal_energy_at_pressure(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        density = self.density(p, T)
+        return (
+            self.specific_internal_energy(T)
+            + self.fluid.residual_specific_internal_energy_at_density(T, density)
+        )
+
+    @profile_property("specific_enthalpy")
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.R_gas * (
+            self.nasa_cp_over_R * T
+            + self.nasa_enthalpy_constant_K
+        )
+
+    @profile_property("specific_enthalpy_at_pressure")
+    def specific_enthalpy_at_pressure(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.specific_enthalpy(T) + self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(p, T)
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, u: float) -> float:
+        return (
+            u / self.R_gas - self.nasa_enthalpy_constant_K
+        ) / (self.nasa_cp_over_R - 1.0)
+
+    def temperature_from_enthalpy(self, h: float) -> float:
+        return (
+            h / self.R_gas - self.nasa_enthalpy_constant_K
+        ) / self.nasa_cp_over_R
+
+    @profile_property("temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy")
+    @cache_property_calculation("temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy")
+    def temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy(self, p: float, h: float) -> float:
+        temperature = max(self.temperature_from_enthalpy(h), 2.2)
+        for _iteration in range(16):
+            residual_enthalpy = self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(p, temperature)
+            next_temperature = max(
+                self.temperature_from_enthalpy(h - residual_enthalpy),
+                2.2,
+            )
+            if abs(next_temperature - temperature) <= 1.0e-10 * max(
+                temperature,
+                1.0,
+            ):
+                record_property_iterations(
+                    "temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy",
+                    _iteration + 1,
+                    True,
+                )
+                return next_temperature
+            temperature = next_temperature
+        record_property_iterations(
+            "temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy",
+            16,
+            False,
+        )
+        return temperature
+
+    def temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(self, m: float, U: float) -> float:
+        if m <= 0.0:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Mass must stay positive when recovering temperature."
+            )
+        return self.temperature_from_internal_energy(U / m)
+
+    @profile_property("properties_from_mU")
+    @cache_property_calculation("properties_from_mU")
+    def properties_from_mU(
+        self,
+        m: float,
+        U: float,
+        V: float,
+    ) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        """Recover a real-gas state, reusing exact repeated evaluations.
+
+        Implicit integration asks several component interfaces for the same
+        ``(m, U, V)`` state while closing one RHS evaluation and while building
+        finite-difference Jacobians. The calculation is pure and its result is
+        immutable, so an exact-key bounded cache avoids repeating the
+        Peng-Robinson temperature iteration without changing model semantics.
+        """
+        if m <= 0.0:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Mass must stay positive when recovering temperature."
+            )
+        if V <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Volume must stay positive.")
+        density = m / V
+        target_internal_energy = U / m
+        temperature = max(
+            self.temperature_from_internal_energy(target_internal_energy),
+            2.2,
+        )
+        converged = False
+        for _iteration in range(16):
+            residual_internal_energy = (
+                self.fluid.residual_specific_internal_energy_at_density(
+                    temperature,
+                    density,
+                )
+            )
+            next_temperature = max(
+                self.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+                    target_internal_energy - residual_internal_energy
+                ),
+                2.2,
+            )
+            if abs(next_temperature - temperature) <= 1.0e-10 * max(
+                temperature,
+                1.0,
+            ):
+                temperature = next_temperature
+                converged = True
+                break
+            temperature = next_temperature
+        record_property_iterations(
+            "properties_from_mU",
+            _iteration + 1,
+            converged,
+        )
+        pressure = self.fluid.pressure_from_density(temperature, density)
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=target_internal_energy,
+            h=self.specific_enthalpy_at_pressure(
+                pressure,
+                temperature,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def linearize_properties_from_mU(
+        self,
+        m: float,
+        U: float,
+        V: float,
+        dm: Sequence[float],
+        dU: Sequence[float],
+        dV: Sequence[float],
+        *,
+        properties: ThermodynamicProperties | None = None,
+    ) -> ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization:
+        """Implicitly differentiate the Peng-Robinson m/U/V recovery."""
+
+        dm_values = tuple(float(value) for value in dm)
+        dU_values = tuple(float(value) for value in dU)
+        dV_values = tuple(float(value) for value in dV)
+        if not (len(dm_values) == len(dU_values) == len(dV_values)):
+            raise ValueError("Thermodynamic tangent vectors must have equal lengths.")
+        props = properties or self.properties_from_mU(m, U, V)
+        width = len(dm_values)
+
+        def invalid(reason: str) -> ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization:
+            return ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization(
+                properties=props,
+                tangents=ThermodynamicPropertyTangents.zeros(width),
+                valid=False,
+                reason=reason,
+            )
+
+        expected_density = m / V
+        expected_internal_energy = U / m
+        if (
+            abs(props.rho - expected_density)
+            > 1.0e-12 * max(abs(expected_density), 1.0)
+            or abs(props.u - expected_internal_energy)
+            > 1.0e-12 * max(abs(expected_internal_energy), 1.0)
+        ):
+            return invalid("properties_primal_mismatch")
+        if not all(
+            isfinite(value)
+            for values in (dm_values, dU_values, dV_values)
+            for value in values
+        ):
+            return invalid("non_finite_tangent_input")
+        if props.T <= 2.2 * (1.0 + 1.0e-10):
+            return invalid("temperature_floor_boundary")
+
+        pressure_temperature_derivative = (
+            self.fluid.pressure_temperature_derivative_at_density(
+                props.T,
+                props.rho,
+            )
+        )
+        pressure_density_derivative = (
+            self.fluid.pressure_density_derivative_at_temperature(
+                props.T,
+                props.rho,
+            )
+        )
+        cv = (
+            self.cv_at_temperature(props.T)
+            + self.fluid.residual_isochoric_heat_capacity_at_density(
+                props.T,
+                props.rho,
+            )
+        )
+        recovered_internal_energy = (
+            self.specific_internal_energy(props.T)
+            + self.fluid.residual_specific_internal_energy_at_density(
+                props.T,
+                props.rho,
+            )
+        )
+        recovery_scale = max(
+            abs(props.u),
+            abs(cv * props.T) if isfinite(cv) else 0.0,
+            1.0,
+        )
+        if (
+            not all(
+                isfinite(value)
+                for value in (
+                    pressure_temperature_derivative,
+                    pressure_density_derivative,
+                    cv,
+                    recovered_internal_energy,
+                )
+            )
+            or cv <= 0.0
+        ):
+            return invalid("invalid_peng_robinson_derivative")
+        if abs(recovered_internal_energy - props.u) > 1.0e-8 * recovery_scale:
+            return invalid("properties_recovery_not_converged")
+
+        internal_energy_density_derivative = (
+            props.p - props.T * pressure_temperature_derivative
+        ) / (props.rho * props.rho)
+        drho: list[float] = []
+        du: list[float] = []
+        dT: list[float] = []
+        dp: list[float] = []
+        dh: list[float] = []
+        for mass_tangent, energy_tangent, volume_tangent in zip(
+            dm_values,
+            dU_values,
+            dV_values,
+            strict=True,
+        ):
+            density_tangent = (
+                mass_tangent / V - m * volume_tangent / (V * V)
+            )
+            internal_energy_tangent = (
+                energy_tangent / m - U * mass_tangent / (m * m)
+            )
+            temperature_tangent = (
+                internal_energy_tangent
+                - internal_energy_density_derivative * density_tangent
+            ) / cv
+            pressure_tangent = (
+                pressure_temperature_derivative * temperature_tangent
+                + pressure_density_derivative * density_tangent
+            )
+            enthalpy_tangent = (
+                internal_energy_tangent
+                + pressure_tangent / props.rho
+                - props.p * density_tangent / (props.rho * props.rho)
+            )
+            drho.append(density_tangent)
+            du.append(internal_energy_tangent)
+            dT.append(temperature_tangent)
+            dp.append(pressure_tangent)
+            dh.append(enthalpy_tangent)
+
+        tangent_values = (*drho, *du, *dT, *dp, *dh)
+        if not all(isfinite(value) for value in tangent_values):
+            return invalid("non_finite_property_tangent")
+        return ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization(
+            properties=props,
+            tangents=ThermodynamicPropertyTangents(
+                p=tuple(dp),
+                T=tuple(dT),
+                rho=tuple(drho),
+                u=tuple(du),
+                h=tuple(dh),
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec:
+    """A selectable calculation method for one AMESim gas substance."""
+
+    value: int
+    label: str
+    method_id: str
+    factory: Callable[[], GasMedium]
+    eos_type: int
+
+    def build_medium(self) -> GasMedium:
+        return self.factory()
+
+
+AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL = 0
+AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS = (
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec(
+        value=AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+        label="理想气体",
+        method_id=AmesimIdealAirMedium.PROPERTY_METHOD_ID,
+        factory=AmesimIdealAirMedium,
+        eos_type=1,
+    ),
+)
+
+
+AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL = 0
+AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS = (
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec(
+        value=AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+        label="Peng–Robinson",
+        method_id=AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium.PROPERTY_METHOD_ID,
+        factory=AmesimHeliumPengRobinsonMedium,
+        eos_type=6,
+    ),
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+    AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+    AmesimGasDefinition,
+    normalize_amesim_defined_gas_index,
+)
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.media.mediums import (
+    AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL,
+    AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS,
+    AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ParameterOption
+
+
+AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "property_model",
+    float(AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL),
+    label="物性计算模型",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(min(model.value for model in AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    maximum=float(max(model.value for model in AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    editor="amesimGasPropertyModel",
+    options=tuple(
+        ParameterOption(value=model.value, label=model.label)
+        for model in AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS
+    ),
+    description="选择空气介质的物性计算方法；当前首版提供理想气体模型。",
+)
+
+AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER = ParameterDefinition(
+    "property_model",
+    float(AMESIM_HELIUM_PENG_ROBINSON_PROPERTY_MODEL),
+    label="物性计算模型",
+    quantity="dimensionless",
+    unit="",
+    minimum=float(min(model.value for model in AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    maximum=float(max(model.value for model in AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS)),
+    editor="amesimGasPropertyModel",
+    options=tuple(
+        ParameterOption(value=model.value, label=model.label)
+        for model in AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS
+    ),
+    description=(
+        "选择氦气介质的物性计算方法；当前首版提供 "
+        "Peng–Robinson 状态方程模型。"
+    ),
+)
+
+
+class AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent(AlgebraicComponent, ABC):
+    """Compile-time definition of one project-scoped AMESim gas medium.
+
+    Concrete subclasses declare one substance and its available calculation
+    methods; each instance selects a method through ``property_model``.  They
+    deliberately expose no physical ports or equations: the compiler consumes
+    them before it creates the simulation network.
+    """
+
+    IS_AMESIM_GAS_MEDIUM_DEFINITION = True
+    MEDIUM_LABEL = ""
+    FLUID_TYPE: int | None = None
+    PROPERTY_MODELS: tuple[AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec, ...] = ()
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        gi: float,
+        property_model: float = float(AMESIM_AIR_IDEAL_GAS_PROPERTY_MODEL),
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_defined_gas_index(gi)
+        self.property_model = self._resolve_property_model(property_model).value
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "gi": self.gi,
+                "property_model": self.property_model,
+            }
+        )
+
+    def _resolve_property_model(
+        self,
+        value: float | int,
+    ) -> AmesimGasPropertyModelSpec:
+        for model in self.PROPERTY_MODELS:
+            if float(model.value) == float(value):
+                return model
+        available = ", ".join(str(model.value) for model in self.PROPERTY_MODELS)
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"AMESim medium definition '{self.name}' does not support property "
+            f"model {value:g}; available models: {available or 'none'}."
+        )
+
+    def build_medium(self) -> GasMedium:
+        """Create the executable property model selected by this instance."""
+
+        return self._resolve_property_model(self.property_model).build_medium()
+
+    def gas_definition(self) -> AmesimGasDefinition:
+        model = self._resolve_property_model(self.property_model)
+        return AmesimGasDefinition(
+            gi=self.gi,
+            label=f"{self.MEDIUM_LABEL}（{model.label}）",
+            medium=self.build_medium(),
+            fluid_type=self.FLUID_TYPE,
+            eos_type=model.eos_type,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition(AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent):
+    """Project gas slot using the built-in ideal-gas air property method."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_ideal_air_medium"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.2.0"
+    PORTS = ()
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="空气介质定义",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="media",
+        symbol="amesim_ideal_air_medium",
+        ports=(),
+        order=10,
+        role="amesimGasMediumDefinition",
+    )
+    MEDIUM_LABEL = "空气"
+    FLUID_TYPE = 2
+    PROPERTY_MODELS = AMESIM_AIR_PROPERTY_MODELS
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimIdealAirMediumDefinition:
+        del medium
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            property_model=parameters["property_model"],
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition(AmesimGasMediumDefinitionComponent):
+    """Project gas slot using the AMESim helium Peng-Robinson method."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_helium_medium"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = ()
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_DEFINITION_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODEL_PARAMETER,
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="氦气介质定义",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="media",
+        symbol="amesim_helium_medium",
+        ports=(),
+        order=20,
+        role="amesimGasMediumDefinition",
+    )
+    MEDIUM_LABEL = "氦气"
+    FLUID_TYPE = 12
+    PROPERTY_MODELS = AMESIM_HELIUM_PROPERTY_MODELS
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimHeliumMediumDefinition:
+        del medium
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            property_model=parameters["property_model"],
+        )
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import floor
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import (
+    ComponentDisplaySpec,
+    ParameterGroupDisplaySpec,
+    PortDisplaySpec,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterCondition,
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ParameterOption,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+def _ud00_stage_parameters(index: int) -> tuple[ParameterDefinition, ...]:
+    visible_when = (
+        ()
+        if index == 1
+        else (
+            ParameterCondition(
+                "nstages",
+                tuple(float(stage_count) for stage_count in range(index, 9)),
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    return (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            f"start{index}",
+            0.0 if index == 1 else 1.0,
+            label=f"第 {index} 段起点",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            description=f"第 {index} 段开始时的输出值。",
+            visible_when=visible_when,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            f"end{index}",
+            1.0,
+            label=f"第 {index} 段终点",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            description=f"第 {index} 段结束时的输出值。",
+            visible_when=visible_when,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            f"t{index}",
+            1.0 if index == 1 else 0.0,
+            label=f"第 {index} 段时长",
+            quantity="time",
+            unit="s",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description=f"第 {index} 段的持续时间。",
+            visible_when=visible_when,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+_UD00_STAGE_PARAMETERS = tuple(
+    parameter
+    for stage_index in range(1, 9)
+    for parameter in _ud00_stage_parameters(stage_index)
+)
+
+
+class AmesimStep0(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim STEP0 scalar step signal source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_step0"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.signal("out", nominal_role="output"),)
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("initial", 0.0, label="初始值", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("final", 1.0, label="阶跃后值", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("time", 0.0, label="阶跃时间", quantity="time", unit="s"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("y", "输出", "dimensionless", "", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="STEP0 阶跃信号",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="signals",
+        symbol="amesim_step0",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("out", "right", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        initial: float = 0.0,
+        final: float = 1.0,
+        time: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"initial": initial, "final": final, "time": time})
+        self.initial = float(initial)
+        self.final = float(final)
+        self.time = float(time)
+        self.out = self.register_declared_port("out")
+        self.out.signal = self.output_at(0.0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimStep0":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            initial=parameters["initial"],
+            final=parameters["final"],
+            time=parameters["time"],
+        )
+
+    def output_at(self, time: float) -> float:
+        return self.final if time >= self.time else self.initial
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {"out": self.output_at(time)}
+
+    def signal_event_times(
+        self,
+        start_time: float,
+        stop_time: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        """Expose the exact STEP0 switch time as an integration split point."""
+
+        return (self.time,) if start_time < self.time < stop_time else ()
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"y": self.out.signal}
+
+
+class AmesimUd00(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim UD00 piecewise-linear scalar signal source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_ud00"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.2.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.signal("out", nominal_role="output"),)
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "tstart",
+            0.0,
+            label="启动时间",
+            quantity="time",
+            unit="s",
+            description="分段信号开始输出第一段之前的等待时间。",
+        ),
+        *_UD00_STAGE_PARAMETERS,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "nstages",
+            1.0,
+            label="段数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=8.0,
+            editor="choice",
+            options=tuple(
+                ParameterOption(float(stage_count), str(stage_count))
+                for stage_count in range(1, 9)
+            ),
+            description="参与输出计算的有效线性分段数量。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "iscyclic",
+            0.0,
+            label="循环",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+            editor="choice",
+            options=(
+                ParameterOption(0.0, "否"),
+                ParameterOption(1.0, "是"),
+            ),
+            description="当前公共协议编码：0 表示单次输出，1 表示循环输出。",
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("y", "输出", "dimensionless", "", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="UD00 分段线性信号",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="signals",
+        symbol="amesim_ud00",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("out", "right", order=10),),
+        order=20,
+        parameter_groups=(
+            ParameterGroupDisplaySpec(
+                id="stages",
+                label="分段参数",
+                parameters=tuple(
+                    parameter.name for parameter in _UD00_STAGE_PARAMETERS
+                ),
+                order=10,
+            ),
+        ),
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        tstart: float = 0.0,
+        starts: tuple[float, ...] = (0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+        ends: tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+        durations: tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+        nstages: int = 1,
+        iscyclic: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        if len(starts) != 8 or len(ends) != 8 or len(durations) != 8:
+            raise ValueError("UD00 requires exactly eight start, end, and duration values.")
+        if nstages < 1 or nstages > 8:
+            raise ValueError("UD00 nstages must be between 1 and 8.")
+        self.tstart = float(tstart)
+        self.starts = tuple(float(value) for value in starts)
+        self.ends = tuple(float(value) for value in ends)
+        self.durations = tuple(float(value) for value in durations)
+        self.nstages = int(nstages)
+        self.iscyclic = bool(iscyclic)
+        values: dict[str, float] = {"tstart": self.tstart, "nstages": float(self.nstages), "iscyclic": float(int(self.iscyclic))}
+        for index in range(1, 9):
+            values[f"start{index}"] = self.starts[index - 1]
+            values[f"end{index}"] = self.ends[index - 1]
+            values[f"t{index}"] = self.durations[index - 1]
+        self.set_parameter_values(values)
+        self.out = self.register_declared_port("out")
+        self.out.signal = self.output_at(0.0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimUd00":
+        nstages = parameters["nstages"]
+        iscyclic = parameters["iscyclic"]
+        definitions = {definition.name: definition for definition in cls.PARAMETERS}
+        for parameter_name, value in (
+            ("nstages", nstages),
+            ("iscyclic", iscyclic),
+        ):
+            numeric_value = float(value)
+            if not numeric_value.is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"UD00 {parameter_name} must be an integer.")
+            message = definitions[parameter_name].validation_message(numeric_value)
+            if message is not None:
+                raise ValueError(f"UD00 {parameter_name} {message}.")
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            tstart=parameters["tstart"],
+            starts=tuple(parameters[f"start{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            ends=tuple(parameters[f"end{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            durations=tuple(parameters[f"t{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            nstages=int(nstages),
+            iscyclic=bool(int(iscyclic)),
+        )
+
+    def output_at(self, time: float) -> float:
+        elapsed = max(float(time) - self.tstart, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations[: self.nstages]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.iscyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.nstages - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.nstages - 1]
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {"out": self.output_at(time)}
+
+    def signal_event_times(
+        self,
+        start_time: float,
+        stop_time: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        """Return UD00 start, stage, and repeated cycle boundaries.
+
+        The final non-cyclic stage is intentionally not given an end event:
+        ``output_at`` continues that stage's slope after its configured duration.
+        """
+
+        if stop_time <= start_time:
+            return ()
+
+        active_durations = self.durations[: self.nstages]
+        stage_offsets = [0.0]
+        elapsed = 0.0
+        for duration in active_durations[:-1]:
+            elapsed += duration
+            stage_offsets.append(elapsed)
+
+        if not self.iscyclic:
+            return tuple(
+                sorted(
+                    {
+                        event_time
+                        for offset in stage_offsets
+                        if start_time
+                        < (event_time := self.tstart + offset)
+                        < stop_time
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+
+        cycle_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if cycle_duration <= 0.0:
+            return ()
+
+        events: set[float] = set()
+        for offset in stage_offsets:
+            first_boundary = self.tstart + offset
+            cycle_index = max(
+                0,
+                floor((start_time - first_boundary) / cycle_duration) + 1,
+            )
+            event_time = first_boundary + cycle_index * cycle_duration
+            while event_time < stop_time:
+                if event_time > start_time:
+                    events.add(event_time)
+                cycle_index += 1
+                event_time = first_boundary + cycle_index * cycle_duration
+        return tuple(sorted(events))
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"y": self.out.signal}
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic storage components."""
@@ -0,0 +1,690 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.gases import (
+    AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+    normalize_amesim_gas_index,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import ThermodynamicVolumeComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+    THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import (
+    GasMedium,
+    ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Pnch012DerivativeLinearization:
+    derivative: tuple[float, float]
+    tangents: tuple[tuple[float, ...], tuple[float, ...]]
+    properties: ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization
+    valid: bool = True
+    reason: str | None = None
+
+
+class AmesimPnch023(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNCH023 simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange.
+
+    The AMESim submodel owns pressure and temperature states and exposes two
+    pneumatic flow ports. This public component maps those states onto the
+    framework's mass/internal-energy volume state and keeps the AMESim
+    heat-transfer contract `kth * sth * (extemp - T)`.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnch023"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cvol",
+            0.057,
+            label="气室容积",
+            quantity="volume",
+            unit="m3",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="气室内部用于储存气体的固定有效容积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境之间的对流换热系数，与换热面积共同决定换热功率。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "sth",
+            0.1,
+            label="换热面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境进行热交换的有效表面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="气室外部环境的绝对温度，用于计算气体与环境之间的换热。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对压力。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对温度。",
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNCH023 固定容积气室",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="storage",
+        symbol="amesim_pnch023",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cvol: float = 0.057,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        sth: float = 0.1,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cvol": cvol,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "sth": sth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cvol = float(cvol)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.sth = float(sth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        m0 = medium.density(self.p0, self.T0) * self.cvol
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy_at_pressure(self.p0, self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy_at_pressure(self.p0, self.T0)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.p = self.p0
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.p = self.p0
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnch023:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cvol=parameters["cvol"],
+            kth=parameters["kth"],
+            sth=parameters["sth"],
+            extemp=parameters["extemp"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            p0=parameters["p0"],
+            T0=parameters["T0"],
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.cvol)
+        self.port_1.p = props.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = props.h
+        self.port_2.p = props.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.kth * self.sth * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_1"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_2.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_2"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        derivative = VolumeState(
+            m=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            U=(
+                self.port_1.m_flow * inlet_h_1
+                + self.port_2.m_flow * inlet_h_2
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+            ),
+        )
+        return derivative.as_vector()
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_values(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.cvol,
+        ).p
+        return (
+            self.port_1.p - pressure,
+            self.port_2.p - pressure,
+        )
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.cvol,
+        ).p
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_1.p - pressure,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_2.p - pressure,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnch012(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNCH012 variable-volume pneumatic chamber.
+
+    AMESim supplies four external volume and volume-rate inputs through the
+    chamber ports. Fixed/prescribed contributions remain available as SI
+    parameters, while connected moving-boundary components can now add live
+    volume and volume-rate values through the pneumatic connector contract.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnch012"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_4", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        AMESIM_GAS_INDEX_PARAMETER,
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cvol0",
+            0.015,
+            label="死容积",
+            quantity="volume",
+            unit="m3",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="变容气室在所有外部容积为零时仍保留的基础容积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境之间的对流换热系数，与换热面积共同决定换热功率。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "sth",
+            0.1,
+            label="换热面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            description="气室与环境进行热交换的有效表面积。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="气室外部环境的绝对温度，用于计算气体与环境之间的换热。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对压力。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            description="仿真开始时气室内气体的绝对温度。",
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol1", 0.0, label="端口 1 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol2", 0.0, label="端口 2 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol3", 0.0, label="端口 3 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol4", 0.0, label="端口 4 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol1", 0.0, label="端口 1 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol2", 0.0, label="端口 2 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol3", 0.0, label="端口 3 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol4", 0.0, label="端口 4 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES + (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("vol", "气室总容积", "volume", "m3", "derived", 100),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("dvol", "总容积变化率", "volume_flow", "m3/s", "derived", 110),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNCH012 变容气室",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="storage",
+        symbol="amesim_pnch012",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "left", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        *,
+        cvol0: float = 0.015,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        sth: float = 0.1,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        vol1: float = 0.0,
+        vol2: float = 0.0,
+        vol3: float = 0.0,
+        vol4: float = 0.0,
+        dvol1: float = 0.0,
+        dvol2: float = 0.0,
+        dvol3: float = 0.0,
+        dvol4: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cvol0": cvol0,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "sth": sth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+                "vol1": vol1,
+                "vol2": vol2,
+                "vol3": vol3,
+                "vol4": vol4,
+                "dvol1": dvol1,
+                "dvol2": dvol2,
+                "dvol3": dvol3,
+                "dvol4": dvol4,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cvol0 = float(cvol0)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.sth = float(sth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = normalize_amesim_gas_index(gi)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        self.external_volumes = {
+            "port_1": float(vol1),
+            "port_2": float(vol2),
+            "port_3": float(vol3),
+            "port_4": float(vol4),
+        }
+        self.external_volume_rates = {
+            "port_1": float(dvol1),
+            "port_2": float(dvol2),
+            "port_3": float(dvol3),
+            "port_4": float(dvol4),
+        }
+        if self.total_volume() <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("PNCH012 total volume must be positive.")
+        m0 = medium.density(self.p0, self.T0) * self.total_volume()
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy_at_pressure(self.p0, self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy_at_pressure(self.p0, self.T0)
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.register_declared_port(port_name)
+            port.p = self.p0
+            port.h_outflow = initial_h
+            setattr(self, port_name, port)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: GasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnch012":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    def connected_external_volume(self) -> float:
+        return sum(
+            getattr(getattr(self, port_name, None), "volume", 0.0)
+            for port_name in self.external_volumes
+        )
+
+    def connected_external_volume_rate(self) -> float:
+        return sum(
+            getattr(getattr(self, port_name, None), "volume_flow", 0.0)
+            for port_name in self.external_volume_rates
+        )
+
+    def total_volume(self) -> float:
+        minimum_volume = self.cvol0 / 100.0
+        return max(
+            self.cvol0 + sum(self.external_volumes.values()) + self.connected_external_volume(),
+            minimum_volume,
+        )
+
+    def total_volume_rate(self) -> float:
+        if self.total_volume() <= self.cvol0 / 100.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return sum(self.external_volume_rates.values()) + self.connected_external_volume_rate()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.total_volume())
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            port.p = props.p
+            port.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.kth * self.sth * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        return {
+            "m": self.state.m,
+            "U": self.state.U,
+            "p": props.p,
+            "T": props.T,
+            "rho": props.rho,
+            "u": props.u,
+            "h": props.h,
+            "vol": self.total_volume(),
+            "dvol": self.total_volume_rate(),
+        }
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        mass_derivative = 0.0
+        energy_derivative = 0.0
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            inlet_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+                port_m_flow=port.m_flow,
+                connected_h=connected_h[port_name],
+                internal_h=props.h,
+            )
+            mass_derivative += port.m_flow
+            energy_derivative += port.m_flow * inlet_h
+        energy_derivative += self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+        energy_derivative -= props.p * self.total_volume_rate()
+        return VolumeState(m=mass_derivative, U=energy_derivative).as_vector()
+
+    def linearize_state_derivative(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+        *,
+        state_mass_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        state_energy_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        external_volume_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        external_volume_rate_tangent: Sequence[float],
+        port_mass_flow_tangents: Mapping[str, Sequence[float]],
+        connected_h_tangents: Mapping[str, Sequence[float]],
+        property_linearization: ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization | None = None,
+        flow_boundary_tolerance: float = 1.0e-12,
+    ) -> Pnch012DerivativeLinearization:
+        """Linearize the chamber balance while keeping stream modes fixed."""
+
+        port_names = ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4")
+        vectors = {
+            "state_mass": tuple(float(value) for value in state_mass_tangent),
+            "state_energy": tuple(float(value) for value in state_energy_tangent),
+            "volume": tuple(float(value) for value in external_volume_tangent),
+            "volume_rate": tuple(
+                float(value) for value in external_volume_rate_tangent
+            ),
+        }
+        for port_name in port_names:
+            vectors[f"flow:{port_name}"] = tuple(
+                float(value) for value in port_mass_flow_tangents[port_name]
+            )
+            vectors[f"enthalpy:{port_name}"] = tuple(
+                float(value) for value in connected_h_tangents[port_name]
+            )
+        widths = {len(values) for values in vectors.values()}
+        if len(widths) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("PNCH012 tangent vectors must have equal lengths.")
+        width = len(vectors["state_mass"])
+        invalid_reason: str | None = None
+        if not all(isfinite(value) for values in vectors.values() for value in values):
+            invalid_reason = "non_finite_tangent_input"
+
+        raw_volume = (
+            self.cvol0
+            + sum(self.external_volumes.values())
+            + self.connected_external_volume()
+        )
+        minimum_volume = self.cvol0 / 100.0
+        volume_scale = max(abs(raw_volume), abs(minimum_volume), 1.0e-18)
+        on_volume_boundary = (
+            abs(raw_volume - minimum_volume) <= 1.0e-12 * volume_scale
+        )
+        supplied_volume_tangent = vectors["volume"]
+        if raw_volume < minimum_volume or on_volume_boundary:
+            used_volume_tangent = (0.0,) * width
+            used_volume_rate_tangent = (0.0,) * width
+            if on_volume_boundary and any(
+                value != 0.0
+                for value in (
+                    *supplied_volume_tangent,
+                    *vectors["volume_rate"],
+                )
+            ):
+                invalid_reason = invalid_reason or "volume_floor_boundary"
+        else:
+            used_volume_tangent = supplied_volume_tangent
+            used_volume_rate_tangent = vectors["volume_rate"]
+
+        properties = property_linearization or self.medium.linearize_properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.total_volume(),
+            vectors["state_mass"],
+            vectors["state_energy"],
+            used_volume_tangent,
+        )
+        if properties.tangents.width != width:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "PNCH012 property tangent width must match balance tangents."
+            )
+        props = properties.properties
+        if not properties.valid:
+            invalid_reason = invalid_reason or properties.reason
+
+        mass_derivative = sum(
+            self.get_port(port_name).m_flow for port_name in port_names
+        )
+        volume_rate = self.total_volume_rate()
+        energy_derivative = self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T) - props.p * volume_rate
+        mass_tangent = [0.0] * width
+        energy_tangent = [
+            -self.kth * self.sth * properties.tangents.T[index]
+            - volume_rate * properties.tangents.p[index]
+            - props.p * used_volume_rate_tangent[index]
+            for index in range(width)
+        ]
+
+        for port_name in port_names:
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            flow_tangent = vectors[f"flow:{port_name}"]
+            if (
+                abs(port.m_flow) <= flow_boundary_tolerance
+                and any(value != 0.0 for value in flow_tangent)
+            ):
+                invalid_reason = invalid_reason or (
+                    f"flow_direction_boundary:{port_name}"
+                )
+            if port.m_flow > 0.0:
+                inlet_h = connected_h[port_name]
+                inlet_h_tangent = vectors[f"enthalpy:{port_name}"]
+            else:
+                inlet_h = props.h
+                inlet_h_tangent = properties.tangents.h
+            energy_derivative += port.m_flow * inlet_h
+            for index in range(width):
+                mass_tangent[index] += flow_tangent[index]
+                energy_tangent[index] += (
+                    inlet_h * flow_tangent[index]
+                    + port.m_flow * inlet_h_tangent[index]
+                )
+
+        return Pnch012DerivativeLinearization(
+            derivative=(mass_derivative, energy_derivative),
+            tangents=(tuple(mass_tangent), tuple(energy_tangent)),
+            properties=properties,
+            valid=invalid_reason is None,
+            reason=invalid_reason,
+        )
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_values(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.total_volume(),
+        ).p
+        return tuple(
+            self.get_port(port_name).p - pressure
+            for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4")
+        )
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.total_volume(),
+        ).p
+        return tuple(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.get_port(port_name).p - pressure,
+            )
+            for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4")
+        )
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # 元件建模规范与示例

 规范的权威版本位于
-[`docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md`](../../../docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)。
+[`docs/standard/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md`](../../../docs/standard/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)。
 本文档保留在组件目录中，作为离模型源码最近的完整示例；若两者不一致，应在同一次
 修改中同步，不能让示例形成另一套规则。

@@ -279,4 +279,4 @@ models=(
 10. 是否补充参数边界、端口契约、目录输出、结果元数据和最小仿真的自动测试。

 组件库、分类和自动发现的完整规则参见
-[`组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1`](../../../docs/component-library-spec-v1.md)。
+[`组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1`](../../../docs/standard/component-library-spec-v1.md)。
@@ -1,12 +1,3 @@
 """Temporary component library used to validate the model authoring contract."""

 from app.simulation.components.experimental.library import LIBRARY
-
-
-# Compatibility aliases for code written before the v1 library manifest.
-LIBRARY_ID = LIBRARY.id
-LIBRARY_LABEL = LIBRARY.label
-LIBRARY_VERSION = LIBRARY.version
-LIBRARY_ORDER = LIBRARY.order
-LIBRARY_SOURCE_PACKAGE = LIBRARY.source_package
-LIBRARY_TEMPORARY = LIBRARY.temporary
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ class Orifice(AlgebraicComponent):

    MODEL_TYPE = "orifice"
    MODEL_VERSION = "1.0.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_EXACT_SUM_TO_ZERO_EQUATION_SUFFIXES = frozenset(
+        ("mass_flow_balance",)
+    )
    PORTS = (
        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_a", nominal_role="inlet"),
        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_b", nominal_role="outlet"),
@@ -115,4 +119,3 @@ class Orifice(AlgebraicComponent):
    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
        self.port_a.h_outflow = connected_h["port_b"]
        self.port_b.h_outflow = connected_h["port_a"]
-
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ class ResistivePipe(AlgebraicComponent):

    MODEL_TYPE = "pipe"
    MODEL_VERSION = "1.0.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_EXACT_SUM_TO_ZERO_EQUATION_SUFFIXES = frozenset(
+        ("mass_flow_balance",)
+    )
    PORTS = (
        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_a", nominal_role="inlet"),
        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_b", nominal_role="outlet"),
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ class Tee(AlgebraicComponent):

    MODEL_TYPE = "tee"
    MODEL_VERSION = "1.0.0"
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM = False
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_EXACT_SUM_TO_ZERO_EQUATION_SUFFIXES = frozenset(
+        ("mass_flow_balance",)
+    )
    PORTS = (
        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_in", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_out1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from collections.abc import Mapping
+from collections.abc import Callable, Mapping
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, ClassVar

 from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec
@@ -15,12 +15,26 @@ from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
 from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition, PortState

 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+    from app.simulation.core.medium import GasMedium


 class Component(ABC):
    MODEL_TYPE: ClassVar[str | None] = None
    MODEL_VERSION: ClassVar[str | None] = None
+    # ``True`` means that pressure/flow residuals read values written by
+    # ``update_stream_outflows`` or ``update_flow_temperature_references``.
+    # ``False`` is an explicit promise that those residuals are independent of
+    # stream propagation.  ``None`` keeps custom components conservative: when
+    # they override either stream hook, the closure planner retains the legacy
+    # full-network thermofluid fixed point.
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_DEPENDS_ON_STREAM: ClassVar[bool | None] = None
+    # Exact residual suffixes whose declared variables are summed, in order,
+    # to form a ``sumToZero`` flow equation.  The causal solver deliberately
+    # reads this capability from the concrete class ``__dict__``: subclasses
+    # must repeat the promise after changing any equation semantics.
+    PRESSURE_FLOW_EXACT_SUM_TO_ZERO_EQUATION_SUFFIXES: ClassVar[
+        frozenset[str]
+    ] = frozenset()
    PORTS: ClassVar[tuple[PortDefinition, ...]] = ()
    PARAMETERS: ClassVar[tuple[ParameterDefinition, ...]] = ()
    RESULT_VARIABLES: ClassVar[tuple[ResultVariableDefinition, ...]] = ()
@@ -44,6 +58,31 @@ class Component(ABC):
            if port.definition is not None
        )

+    @classmethod
+    def active_port_definitions_for_parameters(
+        cls,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> tuple[PortDefinition, ...]:
+        """Declared ports enabled by one normalized parameter set."""
+
+        return cls.PORTS
+
+    @property
+    def active_port_definitions(self) -> tuple[PortDefinition, ...]:
+        """Instance ports that participate in execution and result reporting."""
+
+        return self.port_definitions
+
+    @property
+    def required_connection_ports(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        """Physical ports that must have an external connection before simulation."""
+
+        return tuple(
+            definition.name
+            for definition in self.active_port_definitions
+            if definition.kind == "physical"
+        )
+
    def register_port(self, port: PortState) -> PortState:
        definition = port.definition
        if definition is None:
@@ -124,7 +163,7 @@ class Component(ABC):
                )
            values[name] = float(component_values[name])

-        for port_definition in self.port_definitions:
+        for port_definition in self.active_port_definitions:
            port = self.get_port(port_definition.name)
            for variable in port_definition.variables:
                if not variable.result_visible:
@@ -151,7 +190,7 @@ class Component(ABC):
            for definition in self.RESULT_VARIABLES
            if definition.visible
        ]
-        for port_definition in self.port_definitions:
+        for port_definition in self.active_port_definitions:
            for variable in port_definition.variables:
                if not variable.result_visible:
                    continue
@@ -185,7 +224,7 @@ class Component(ABC):
        cls,
        *,
        name: str,
-        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        medium: GasMedium,
        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
    ) -> Component:
        """Create a catalog model from normalized SI parameters."""
@@ -199,11 +238,60 @@ class Component(ABC):

        return ()

+    def pressure_flow_equation_values(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        """Return live residual values in the declared equation order.
+
+        Components with frequently evaluated equations can override this
+        method to avoid rebuilding immutable equation metadata during closure.
+        The default keeps third-party components compatible with the public
+        residual API.
+        """
+
+        return tuple(
+            float(equation.value)
+            for equation in self.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        )
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_value_readers(
+        self,
+    ) -> Mapping[str, Callable[[], float]]:
+        """Return explicitly separable scalar residual readers.
+
+        The solver consumes this optional capability only when the concrete
+        component class declares the method itself.  Subclasses therefore
+        cannot accidentally inherit an equation-purity promise.
+        """
+
+        return {}
+
    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
        """Update connector outflow properties from current flow directions."""

        return None

+    def update_flow_temperature_references(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> None:
+        """Update enthalpy references used only by pressure-flow laws.
+
+        Most components use the normal stream enthalpy for both energy
+        transport and upstream-property evaluation. AMESim node submodels can
+        expose a distinct temperature reference, so the default is a no-op.
+        """
+
+        return None
+
+    def pneumatic_volume_outputs(self) -> Mapping[str, tuple[float, float]]:
+        """Return directed ``volume``/``volume_flow`` values by pneumatic port.
+
+        Most pneumatic components contribute no external chamber volume. Moving
+        boundaries such as PNRP17 override this hook; the network resolver then
+        propagates the pair to the component connected at the same physical port.
+        """
+
+        return {}
+

 class DynamicComponent(Component):
    state_size = 2
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ from typing import Literal


 PortDisplaySide = Literal["left", "right"]
+ComponentCatalogRole = Literal["amesimGasMediumDefinition"]


@dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -32,6 +33,26 @@ class PortDisplaySpec:
    order: int = 0


+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParameterGroupDisplaySpec:
+    """Ordered, collapsible presentation group for component parameters."""
+
+    id: str
+    label: str
+    parameters: tuple[str, ...]
+    order: int = 0
+    default_expanded: bool = False
+
+    def as_catalog_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {
+            "id": self.id,
+            "label": self.label,
+            "parameters": list(self.parameters),
+            "order": self.order,
+            "defaultExpanded": self.default_expanded,
+        }
+
+
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ComponentDisplaySpec:
    """Frontend metadata co-located with a component implementation."""
@@ -42,6 +63,8 @@ class ComponentDisplaySpec:
    symbol: str
    ports: tuple[PortDisplaySpec, ...]
    order: int = 0
+    role: ComponentCatalogRole | None = None
+    parameter_groups: tuple[ParameterGroupDisplaySpec, ...] = ()

    @property
    def port_by_name(self) -> dict[str, PortDisplaySpec]:
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ EquationOwner = Literal["connection", "component"]
 EquationRelation = Literal["equal", "sumToZero", "constitutive", "state"]


-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
 class EquationResidual:
    """One executable scalar equation in the pressure-flow subsystem."""

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+
+class RecoverableTrialStateError(ValueError):
+    """A physical-domain failure caused by an integrator trial state."""
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 from __future__ import annotations

 from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+from typing import Protocol, Sequence
+
+from app.simulation.core.errors import RecoverableTrialStateError
+from app.simulation.performance import profile_property


@dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -12,6 +17,110 @@ class ThermodynamicProperties:
    h: float


+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ThermodynamicPropertyTangents:
+    """Directional derivatives of a recovered thermodynamic state."""
+
+    p: tuple[float, ...]
+    T: tuple[float, ...]
+    rho: tuple[float, ...]
+    u: tuple[float, ...]
+    h: tuple[float, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def width(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.p)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def zeros(cls, width: int) -> "ThermodynamicPropertyTangents":
+        values = (0.0,) * width
+        return cls(p=values, T=values, rho=values, u=values, h=values)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization:
+    """Primal properties and a validity-checked directional linearization."""
+
+    properties: ThermodynamicProperties
+    tangents: ThermodynamicPropertyTangents
+    valid: bool = True
+    reason: str | None = None
+
+
+class GasMedium(Protocol):
+    """Thermodynamic contract required by pneumatic components.
+
+    ``IdealGasMedium`` is the default implementation.  Keeping the component
+    boundary structural allows a later helium/Peng-Robinson implementation to
+    be registered without changing every AMESim component constructor.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    R_gas: float
+    cp_ref: float
+    T_ref: float
+
+    @property
+    def cv(self) -> float: ...
+
+    @property
+    def gamma(self) -> float: ...
+
+    def cp_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def cv_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def isentropic_density_pressure_factor(
+        self,
+        p: float,
+        T: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float | None = None,
+    ) -> float: ...
+
+    def dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def diagnostic_dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def specific_internal_energy_at_pressure(self, p: float, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def specific_enthalpy_at_pressure(self, p: float, T: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, u: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_enthalpy(self, h: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy(self, p: float, h: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(self, m: float, U: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def pressure(self, m: float, T: float, V: float) -> float: ...
+
+    def properties_from_mU(
+        self,
+        m: float,
+        U: float,
+        V: float,
+    ) -> ThermodynamicProperties: ...
+
+    def linearize_properties_from_mU(
+        self,
+        m: float,
+        U: float,
+        V: float,
+        dm: Sequence[float],
+        dU: Sequence[float],
+        dV: Sequence[float],
+        *,
+        properties: ThermodynamicProperties | None = None,
+    ) -> ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization: ...
+
+
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class IdealGasMedium:
    """Temperature-dependent ideal-gas air approximation.
@@ -27,6 +136,9 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
    cp_ref: float = 1005.0
    T_ref: float = 300.0
    cp_slope: float = 0.0
+    viscosity_ref: float = 1.82e-5
+    viscosity_T_ref: float = 293.15
+    sutherland_constant: float = 110.4

    @property
    def cv(self) -> float:
@@ -42,9 +154,47 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
    def cv_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float:
        return self.cp_at_temperature(T) - self.R_gas

+    @profile_property("density")
    def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
        return p / (self.R_gas * T)

+    @profile_property("isentropic_density_pressure_factor")
+    def isentropic_density_pressure_factor(
+        self,
+        p: float,
+        T: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float | None = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        del p
+        del downstream_pressure
+        cp = self.cp_at_temperature(T)
+        cv = self.cv_at_temperature(T)
+        return cv / cp
+
+    @profile_property("dynamic_viscosity")
+    def dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float:
+        """Return dynamic viscosity using the default air Sutherland law."""
+
+        if T <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive.")
+        return (
+            self.viscosity_ref
+            * (T / self.viscosity_T_ref) ** 1.5
+            * (self.viscosity_T_ref + self.sutherland_constant)
+            / (T + self.sutherland_constant)
+        )
+
+    def diagnostic_dynamic_viscosity(self, T: float) -> float:
+        """Return the viscosity convention used by derived diagnostics.
+
+        Most media use the same transport property for dynamics and reported
+        diagnostics. Reference-library media may override this without
+        changing a calibrated constitutive flow relation.
+        """
+
+        return self.dynamic_viscosity(T)
+
+    @profile_property("specific_internal_energy")
    def specific_internal_energy(self, T: float) -> float:
        delta_T = T - self.T_ref
        return (
@@ -53,6 +203,12 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
            + 0.5 * self.cp_slope * delta_T * delta_T
        )

+    @profile_property("specific_internal_energy_at_pressure")
+    def specific_internal_energy_at_pressure(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        del p
+        return self.specific_internal_energy(T)
+
+    @profile_property("specific_enthalpy")
    def specific_enthalpy(self, T: float) -> float:
        delta_T = T - self.T_ref
        return (
@@ -61,6 +217,11 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
            + 0.5 * self.cp_slope * delta_T * delta_T
        )

+    @profile_property("specific_enthalpy_at_pressure")
+    def specific_enthalpy_at_pressure(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        del p
+        return self.specific_enthalpy(T)
+
    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, u: float) -> float:
        reference_internal_energy = self.cv * self.T_ref
        delta_u = u - reference_internal_energy
@@ -77,9 +238,32 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
        delta_T = positive_root if abs(positive_root) <= abs(negative_root) else negative_root
        return self.T_ref + delta_T

+    def temperature_from_enthalpy(self, h: float) -> float:
+        reference_enthalpy = self.cp_ref * self.T_ref
+        delta_h = h - reference_enthalpy
+
+        if abs(self.cp_slope) <= 1e-15:
+            return self.T_ref + delta_h / self.cp_ref
+
+        a = 0.5 * self.cp_slope
+        b = self.cp_ref
+        c = -delta_h
+        discriminant = max(b * b - 4.0 * a * c, 0.0)
+        positive_root = (-b + discriminant**0.5) / (2.0 * a)
+        negative_root = (-b - discriminant**0.5) / (2.0 * a)
+        delta_T = positive_root if abs(positive_root) <= abs(negative_root) else negative_root
+        return self.T_ref + delta_T
+
+    @profile_property("temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy")
+    def temperature_from_pressure_enthalpy(self, p: float, h: float) -> float:
+        del p
+        return self.temperature_from_enthalpy(h)
+
    def temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(self, m: float, U: float) -> float:
        if m <= 0.0:
-            raise ValueError("Mass must stay positive when recovering temperature.")
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Mass must stay positive when recovering temperature."
+            )
        return self.temperature_from_internal_energy(U / m)

    def pressure(self, m: float, T: float, V: float) -> float:
@@ -87,6 +271,7 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
            raise ValueError("Volume must stay positive.")
        return m * self.R_gas * T / V

+    @profile_property("properties_from_mU")
    def properties_from_mU(self, m: float, U: float, V: float) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
        T = self.temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(m, U)
        p = self.pressure(m, T, V)
@@ -94,3 +279,100 @@ class IdealGasMedium:
        u = U / m
        h = self.specific_enthalpy(T)
        return ThermodynamicProperties(p=p, T=T, rho=rho, u=u, h=h)
+
+    def linearize_properties_from_mU(
+        self,
+        m: float,
+        U: float,
+        V: float,
+        dm: Sequence[float],
+        dU: Sequence[float],
+        dV: Sequence[float],
+        *,
+        properties: ThermodynamicProperties | None = None,
+    ) -> ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization:
+        """Linearize properties_from_mU for several seed directions."""
+
+        dm_values = tuple(float(value) for value in dm)
+        dU_values = tuple(float(value) for value in dU)
+        dV_values = tuple(float(value) for value in dV)
+        if not (len(dm_values) == len(dU_values) == len(dV_values)):
+            raise ValueError("Thermodynamic tangent vectors must have equal lengths.")
+        props = properties or self.properties_from_mU(m, U, V)
+        width = len(dm_values)
+        expected_density = m / V
+        expected_internal_energy = U / m
+        if (
+            abs(props.rho - expected_density)
+            > 1.0e-12 * max(abs(expected_density), 1.0)
+            or abs(props.u - expected_internal_energy)
+            > 1.0e-12 * max(abs(expected_internal_energy), 1.0)
+        ):
+            return ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization(
+                properties=props,
+                tangents=ThermodynamicPropertyTangents.zeros(width),
+                valid=False,
+                reason="properties_primal_mismatch",
+            )
+        if not all(
+            isfinite(value)
+            for values in (dm_values, dU_values, dV_values)
+            for value in values
+        ):
+            return ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization(
+                properties=props,
+                tangents=ThermodynamicPropertyTangents.zeros(width),
+                valid=False,
+                reason="non_finite_tangent_input",
+            )
+
+        cv = self.cv_at_temperature(props.T)
+        cp = self.cp_at_temperature(props.T)
+        if not isfinite(cv) or not isfinite(cp) or cv <= 0.0 or cp <= 0.0:
+            return ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization(
+                properties=props,
+                tangents=ThermodynamicPropertyTangents.zeros(width),
+                valid=False,
+                reason="non_positive_heat_capacity",
+            )
+
+        drho: list[float] = []
+        du: list[float] = []
+        dT: list[float] = []
+        dp: list[float] = []
+        dh: list[float] = []
+        for mass_tangent, energy_tangent, volume_tangent in zip(
+            dm_values,
+            dU_values,
+            dV_values,
+            strict=True,
+        ):
+            density_tangent = mass_tangent / V - m * volume_tangent / (V * V)
+            internal_energy_tangent = (
+                energy_tangent / m - U * mass_tangent / (m * m)
+            )
+            temperature_tangent = internal_energy_tangent / cv
+            pressure_tangent = self.R_gas * (
+                props.T * density_tangent + props.rho * temperature_tangent
+            )
+            enthalpy_tangent = cp * temperature_tangent
+            drho.append(density_tangent)
+            du.append(internal_energy_tangent)
+            dT.append(temperature_tangent)
+            dp.append(pressure_tangent)
+            dh.append(enthalpy_tangent)
+
+        tangent_values = (*drho, *du, *dT, *dp, *dh)
+        valid = all(isfinite(value) for value in tangent_values)
+        return ThermodynamicPropertiesLinearization(
+            properties=props,
+            tangents=ThermodynamicPropertyTangents(
+                p=tuple(dp),
+                T=tuple(dT),
+                rho=tuple(drho),
+                u=tuple(du),
+                h=tuple(dh),
+            ),
+            valid=valid,
+            reason=None if valid else "non_finite_property_tangent",
+        )
@@ -6,12 +6,21 @@ from typing import Literal


 ResultVariableScope = Literal["component", "port"]
+ParameterEditor = Literal[
+    "amesimGasReference",
+    "amesimGasPropertyModel",
+    "choice",
+]


 SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY: dict[str, str] = {
+    "acceleration": "m/s2",
+    "area": "m2",
    "dimensionless": "",
    "density": "kg/m³",
    "flow_coefficient": "kg/(s*Pa^0.5)",
+    "force": "N",
+    "heat_transfer_coefficient": "W/(m2*K)",
    "internal_energy": "J",
    "length": "m",
    "mass": "kg",
@@ -20,13 +29,51 @@ SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY: dict[str, str] = {
    "specific_enthalpy": "J/kg",
    "specific_internal_energy": "J/kg",
    "temperature": "K",
+    "translational_damping": "N/(m/s)",
+    "translational_stiffness": "N/m",
+    "time": "s",
+    "velocity": "m/s",
    "volume": "m3",
+    "volume_flow": "m3/s",
+    "windage": "N/(m/s)^2",
 }


+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParameterOption:
+    """One numeric choice exposed by a catalog-backed parameter editor."""
+
+    value: float
+    label: str
+
+    def as_interface_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {
+            "value": self.value,
+            "label": self.label,
+        }
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ParameterCondition:
+    """Match when the controlling parameter equals any declared value."""
+
+    parameter: str
+    values: tuple[float, ...]
+
+    def as_interface_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {
+            "parameter": self.parameter,
+            "values": list(self.values),
+        }
+
+
@dataclass(frozen=True)
 class ParameterDefinition:
-    """User-configurable model input expressed in the backend SI contract."""
+    """User-configurable model input expressed in the backend SI contract.
+
+    Every ``visible_when`` condition must match for the catalog parameter to
+    be visible; each individual condition matches any one of its ``values``.
+    """

    name: str
    default: float
@@ -36,6 +83,10 @@ class ParameterDefinition:
    minimum: float | None = None
    maximum: float | None = None
    minimum_exclusive: bool = False
+    editor: ParameterEditor | None = None
+    options: tuple[ParameterOption, ...] = ()
+    description: str = ""
+    visible_when: tuple[ParameterCondition, ...] = ()

    def validation_message(self, value: float) -> str | None:
        if not isfinite(value):
@@ -47,6 +98,11 @@ class ParameterDefinition:
                return f"must be at least {self.minimum:g}"
        if self.maximum is not None and value > self.maximum:
            return f"must be at most {self.maximum:g}"
+        if self.options and value not in {
+            float(option.value) for option in self.options
+        }:
+            available = ", ".join(f"{option.value:g}" for option in self.options)
+            return f"must be one of {available}"
        return None

    def as_interface_dict(self, *, value: float | None = None) -> dict[str, object]:
@@ -62,6 +118,18 @@ class ParameterDefinition:
            payload["minimum"] = self.minimum
        if self.maximum is not None:
            payload["maximum"] = self.maximum
+        if self.editor is not None:
+            payload["editor"] = self.editor
+        if self.options:
+            payload["options"] = [
+                option.as_interface_dict() for option in self.options
+            ]
+        if self.description:
+            payload["description"] = self.description
+        if self.visible_when:
+            payload["visibleWhen"] = [
+                condition.as_interface_dict() for condition in self.visible_when
+            ]
        if value is not None:
            payload["value"] = value
        return payload
@@ -0,0 +1,424 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.core.errors import RecoverableTrialStateError
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import acos, cos, isfinite, log, pi, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.performance import profile_property
+
+UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT = 8.31446261815324
+# Simcenter Amesim 2404 ``sag_reinit_eos_`` keeps more digits than the
+# commonly printed Peng-Robinson constants 0.45724 and 0.07780.
+PENG_ROBINSON_A_COEFFICIENT = 0.457235583
+PENG_ROBINSON_B_COEFFICIENT = 0.07779607
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PengRobinsonFluid:
+    """Pure-fluid Peng-Robinson equation-of-state helper.
+
+    The class covers the equation-of-state layer plus the enthalpy departure
+    needed to compare AMESim pneumatic ``pn2hpti`` reference enthalpy flows.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    molar_mass: float
+    critical_temperature: float
+    critical_pressure: float
+    acentric_factor: float
+
+    @property
+    def specific_gas_constant(self) -> float:
+        return UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / self.molar_mass
+
+    @property
+    def a_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            PENG_ROBINSON_A_COEFFICIENT
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            / self.critical_pressure
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def b_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            PENG_ROBINSON_B_COEFFICIENT
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            / self.critical_pressure
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def kappa(self) -> float:
+        omega = self.acentric_factor
+        return 0.37464 + 1.54226 * omega - 0.26992 * omega * omega
+
+    def alpha(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        return (1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt(reduced_temperature))) ** 2.0
+
+    def alpha_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        sqrt_reduced_temperature = sqrt(reduced_temperature)
+        alpha_base = 1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        return -(
+            alpha_base
+            * self.kappa
+            / (self.critical_temperature * sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        )
+
+    def alpha_temperature_second_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        sqrt_reduced_temperature = sqrt(reduced_temperature)
+        alpha_base = 1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        return (
+            self.kappa
+            / (2.0 * self.critical_temperature * self.critical_temperature)
+            * (
+                self.kappa / reduced_temperature
+                + alpha_base / (reduced_temperature * sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+            )
+        )
+
+    def attractive_parameter(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha(temperature)
+
+    def attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+
+    def attractive_parameter_temperature_second_derivative(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha_temperature_second_derivative(temperature)
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "pressure_from_molar_volume",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def pressure_from_molar_volume(self, temperature: float, molar_volume: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if molar_volume <= self.b_parameter:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError("Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter.")
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        repulsive = UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / (molar_volume - b)
+        attractive = a_alpha / (molar_volume * (molar_volume + b) + b * (molar_volume - b))
+        return repulsive - attractive
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "pressure_from_density",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def pressure_from_density(self, temperature: float, density: float) -> float:
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        return self.pressure_from_molar_volume(temperature, self.molar_mass / density)
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "pressure_temperature_derivative_at_density",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def pressure_temperature_derivative_at_density(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        density: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        molar_volume = self.molar_mass / density
+        if molar_volume <= self.b_parameter:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter."
+            )
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        denominator = molar_volume * (molar_volume + b) + b * (molar_volume - b)
+        return (
+            UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / (molar_volume - b)
+            - self.attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(temperature) / denominator
+        )
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "pressure_density_derivative_at_temperature",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def pressure_density_derivative_at_temperature(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        density: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        molar_volume = self.molar_mass / density
+        if molar_volume <= self.b_parameter:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter."
+            )
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        denominator = molar_volume * (molar_volume + b) + b * (molar_volume - b)
+        pressure_molar_volume_derivative = (
+            -UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / (molar_volume - b) ** 2
+            + self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+            * 2.0
+            * (molar_volume + b)
+            / denominator**2
+        )
+        molar_volume_density_derivative = -self.molar_mass / (density * density)
+        return pressure_molar_volume_derivative * molar_volume_density_derivative
+
+    def reduced_parameters(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        A = a_alpha * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * temperature)
+        B = b * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature)
+        return A, B
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "compressibility_roots",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def compressibility_roots(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        A, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        coefficients = (
+            -(1.0 - B),
+            A - 3.0 * B * B - 2.0 * B,
+            -(A * B - B * B - B * B * B),
+        )
+        roots = _real_cubic_roots(*coefficients)
+        physical_roots = tuple(sorted(root for root in roots if root > B and isfinite(root)))
+        if not physical_roots:
+            raise ValueError("Peng-Robinson cubic produced no physical compressibility root.")
+        return physical_roots
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "compressibility_factor",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def compressibility_factor(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        roots = self.compressibility_roots(pressure, temperature)
+        if phase == "vapor":
+            return roots[-1]
+        if phase == "liquid":
+            return roots[0]
+        if phase == "stable-single-root":
+            return roots[-1]
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported phase selector: {phase!r}")
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "molar_volume",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def molar_volume(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        return z * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / pressure
+
+    @profile_property("density", layer="kernel", minimum_mode="audit")
+    def density(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.molar_mass / self.molar_volume(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "residual_specific_enthalpy",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def residual_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return Peng-Robinson enthalpy departure from ideal gas, J/kg."""
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        _, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        attractive = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        d_attractive_d_temperature = (
+            self.attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+        )
+        log_argument = (z + (1.0 + sqrt(2.0)) * B) / (
+            z + (1.0 - sqrt(2.0)) * B
+        )
+        residual_molar_enthalpy = (
+            UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * (z - 1.0)
+            + (
+                temperature * d_attractive_d_temperature
+                - attractive
+            )
+            * log(log_argument)
+            / (2.0 * sqrt(2.0) * b)
+        )
+        return residual_molar_enthalpy / self.molar_mass
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "residual_specific_internal_energy_at_density",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def residual_specific_internal_energy_at_density(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        density: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return Peng-Robinson internal-energy departure, J/kg."""
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        molar_volume = self.molar_mass / density
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        if molar_volume <= b:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter."
+            )
+        attractive = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        d_attractive_d_temperature = (
+            self.attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+        )
+        log_argument = (
+            molar_volume + (1.0 + sqrt(2.0)) * b
+        ) / (
+            molar_volume + (1.0 - sqrt(2.0)) * b
+        )
+        residual_molar_internal_energy = (
+            temperature * d_attractive_d_temperature - attractive
+        ) * log(log_argument) / (2.0 * sqrt(2.0) * b)
+        return residual_molar_internal_energy / self.molar_mass
+
+    @profile_property(
+        "residual_isochoric_heat_capacity_at_density",
+        layer="kernel",
+        minimum_mode="audit",
+    )
+    def residual_isochoric_heat_capacity_at_density(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        density: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return the constant-volume heat-capacity departure, J/kg/K."""
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        molar_volume = self.molar_mass / density
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        if molar_volume <= b:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError(
+                "Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter."
+            )
+        log_argument = (
+            molar_volume + (1.0 + sqrt(2.0)) * b
+        ) / (
+            molar_volume + (1.0 - sqrt(2.0)) * b
+        )
+        residual_molar_cv = (
+            temperature
+            * self.attractive_parameter_temperature_second_derivative(temperature)
+            * log(log_argument)
+            / (2.0 * sqrt(2.0) * b)
+        )
+        return residual_molar_cv / self.molar_mass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_temperature(temperature: float) -> None:
+        if temperature <= 0.0:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError("Temperature must be positive.")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_pressure_temperature(cls, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> None:
+        if pressure <= 0.0:
+            raise RecoverableTrialStateError("Pressure must be positive.")
+        cls._validate_temperature(temperature)
+
+HELIUM_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="helium",
+    molar_mass=0.004002602,
+    critical_temperature=5.1953,
+    critical_pressure=227_460.0,
+    # Simcenter Amesim 2404 helium_eos.data.
+    acentric_factor=-0.382,
+)
+
+NITROGEN_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="nitrogen",
+    molar_mass=0.0280134,
+    critical_temperature=126.192,
+    critical_pressure=3.3958e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0372,
+)
+
+AIR_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="air",
+    molar_mass=0.02896513,
+    critical_temperature=132.5306,
+    critical_pressure=3.786e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0335,
+)
+
+
+def _real_cubic_roots(a: float, b: float, c: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    """Return real roots for x**3 + a*x**2 + b*x + c = 0."""
+
+    depressed_p = b - a * a / 3.0
+    depressed_q = 2.0 * a * a * a / 27.0 - a * b / 3.0 + c
+    discriminant = (depressed_q / 2.0) ** 2.0 + (depressed_p / 3.0) ** 3.0
+    offset = -a / 3.0
+    tolerance = 1e-14
+
+    if discriminant > tolerance:
+        sqrt_discriminant = sqrt(discriminant)
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 + sqrt_discriminant)
+        v = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 - sqrt_discriminant)
+        return (u + v + offset,)
+
+    if abs(discriminant) <= tolerance:
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0)
+        return tuple(sorted({2.0 * u + offset, -u + offset}))
+
+    if depressed_p >= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected cubic state with three real roots and non-negative p.")
+    radius = 2.0 * sqrt(-depressed_p / 3.0)
+    argument = (3.0 * depressed_q / (2.0 * depressed_p)) * sqrt(-3.0 / depressed_p)
+    argument = max(-1.0, min(1.0, argument))
+    theta = acos(argument) / 3.0
+    roots = [
+        radius * cos(theta - 2.0 * pi * index / 3.0) + offset
+        for index in range(3)
+    ]
+    return tuple(sorted(roots))
+
+
+def _real_cube_root(value: float) -> float:
+    if value == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    return (1.0 if value > 0.0 else -1.0) * abs(value) ** (1.0 / 3.0)
@@ -87,6 +87,96 @@ class PortDefinition:
                    unit="J/kg",
                    order=30,
                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "volume",
+                    "signal",
+                    "directed",
+                    label="外部容积",
+                    quantity="volume",
+                    unit="m3",
+                    result_visible=False,
+                    order=40,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "volume_flow",
+                    "signal",
+                    "directed",
+                    label="外部容积变化率",
+                    quantity="volume_flow",
+                    unit="m3/s",
+                    result_visible=False,
+                    order=50,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def mechanical_translational(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        nominal_role: Literal["inlet", "outlet", "bidirectional"] = "bidirectional",
+    ) -> PortDefinition:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            kind="physical",
+            domain="mechanical",
+            nominal_role=nominal_role,
+            positive_flow_direction="intoComponent",
+            variables=(
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "x",
+                    "effort",
+                    "equal",
+                    label="位移",
+                    quantity="length",
+                    unit="m",
+                    order=10,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "v",
+                    "effort",
+                    "equal",
+                    label="速度",
+                    quantity="velocity",
+                    unit="m/s",
+                    order=20,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "f",
+                    "flow",
+                    "sumToZero",
+                    label="力",
+                    quantity="force",
+                    unit="N",
+                    order=30,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def signal(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        nominal_role: Literal["input", "output"],
+        domain: str = "signal",
+    ) -> PortDefinition:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            kind="signal",
+            domain=domain,
+            nominal_role=nominal_role,
+            variables=(
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "signal",
+                    "signal",
+                    "directed",
+                    label="信号值",
+                    quantity="dimensionless",
+                    unit="",
+                    order=10,
+                ),
            ),
        )

@@ -108,6 +198,12 @@ class PortState:
    p: float = 0.0
    m_flow: float = 0.0
    h_outflow: float = 0.0
+    volume: float = 0.0
+    volume_flow: float = 0.0
+    signal: float = 0.0
+    x: float = 0.0
+    v: float = 0.0
+    f: float = 0.0
    definition: PortDefinition | None = field(default=None, repr=False, compare=False)

    @classmethod
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import (
+    TestMqlRunConfig,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run import (
+    PreparedTestMqlRun,
+    TestMqlRunResult,
+    prepare_test_mql_run,
+    run_prepared_test_mql,
+    run_test_mql,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PreparedTestMqlRun",
+    "TestMqlRunConfig",
+    "TestMqlRunResult",
+    "TestMqlSimulationResult",
+    "TestMqlSystem",
+    "prepare_test_mql_run",
+    "run_prepared_test_mql",
+    "run_test_mql",
+]
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+    archive_path: Path,
+    *,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else output_schema.data_paths()
+    baseline_series = observation_catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        amesim_results,
+        selected_paths,
+    )
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=baseline_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    return TestMqlBaselineRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import m3_to_cm3
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import build_test_mql_variable_catalog
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_piston_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    pneumatic_assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+            amesim_results,
+            mechanical_assembly,
+            pneumatic_assembly,
+        ),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        pneumatic_assembly=pneumatic_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_line_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_line_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_pneumatic_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_chamber_duplicate_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+        **_compute_orifice_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_mechanical_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_mass_duplicate_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_inactive_mass_force_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_zero_force_source_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def _compute_piston_geometry_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.pistons):
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{alias}")
+        v4 = amesim_results.series(f"v4@{alias}")
+        v5 = amesim_results.series(f"v5@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"length@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_length_mm(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vvol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(v4, v5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for chamber_alias in sorted(pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers):
+        chamber = pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers[chamber_alias]
+        piston_alias = _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias)
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{piston_alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{piston_alias}")
+        dead_volume_cm3 = m3_to_cm3(chamber.dead_volume)
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol@{chamber_alias}"] = tuple(
+            dead_volume_cm3 + geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias: str) -> str:
+    if not chamber_alias.startswith("pn_c1"):
+        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected PNCH012 alias: {chamber_alias}")
+    return chamber_alias.replace("pn_c1", "pn_brp2", 1)
+
+
+def _compute_mass_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        for signal_name in ("x1", "v1", "acc1"):
+            source_path = f"{signal_name}@{alias}"
+            duplicate_path = f"{signal_name}dup@{alias}"
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(
+                -value for value in amesim_results.series(source_path)
+            )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_inactive_mass_force_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        mass = mechanical_assembly.masses[alias].endstop()
+        x1 = amesim_results.series(f"x1@{alias}")
+        v1 = amesim_results.series(f"v1@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fmin@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement)
+            for displacement in x1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fvisc@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.viscous_friction_force(velocity)
+            for velocity in v1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Ffric@{alias}"] = tuple(0.0 for _ in x1)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_zero_force_source_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    return {
+        f"fzero@{alias}": tuple(0.0 for _ in amesim_results.times)
+        for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources)
+    }
+
+
+def _compute_chamber_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.chambers.bindings:
+        pressure_series = amesim_results.series(binding.pressure_path)
+        temperature_series = amesim_results.series(binding.temperature_path)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.pressure_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(pressure_series)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.temperature_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(temperature_series)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_orifice_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.orifices.bindings:
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_mass_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_mass_flow_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_line_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.lines.by_submodel("PNL00R"):
+        if len(binding.mass_flow_paths) != 2 or len(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected two PNL00R flow paths for {binding.alias}.")
+        primary_mass_path, reversed_mass_path = binding.mass_flow_paths
+        primary_enthalpy_path, reversed_enthalpy_path = binding.enthalpy_flow_paths
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_mass_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_mass_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_enthalpy_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_enthalpy_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import operator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+from typing import Any
+
+from app.simulation.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import COMPONENT_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+
+
+_BINARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.Add: operator.add,
+    ast.Sub: operator.sub,
+    ast.Mult: operator.mul,
+    ast.Div: operator.truediv,
+    ast.Pow: operator.pow,
+}
+_UNARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.UAdd: operator.pos,
+    ast.USub: operator.neg,
+}
+
+
+class TestMqlExpressionError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when an AMESim parameter expression cannot be resolved safely."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedParameter:
+    name: str
+    title: str
+    raw_value: str
+    units: str
+    value: float | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_numeric(self) -> bool:
+        return self.value is not None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    alias: str
+    component_name: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    parameters: dict[str, TestMqlResolvedParameter]
+
+    def parameter_value(self, name: str) -> float:
+        parameter = self.parameters[name]
+        if parameter.value is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"Parameter {name!r} on {self.alias!r} is not numeric")
+        return parameter.value
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlConfig:
+    raw_global_parameters: dict[str, str]
+    global_parameters: dict[str, float]
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid
+    components: tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_amesim_specs(cls) -> "TestMqlConfig":
+        raw_globals = dict(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS)
+        numeric_globals = {
+            name: value
+            for name, raw in raw_globals.items()
+            if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(raw, {})) is not None
+        }
+        components = tuple(
+            _resolve_component(spec, numeric_globals)
+            for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        )
+        return cls(
+            raw_global_parameters=raw_globals,
+            global_parameters=numeric_globals,
+            fluid=HELIUM_PR,
+            components=components,
+        )
+
+    def component(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+        for component in self.components:
+            if component.alias == alias:
+                return component
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def components_by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]:
+        return tuple(component for component in self.components if component.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def _resolve_component(
+    spec: dict[str, Any],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter in spec.get("parameters", []):
+        name = str(parameter["name"])
+        raw_value = str(parameter["value"])
+        parameters[name] = TestMqlResolvedParameter(
+            name=name,
+            title=str(parameter["title"]),
+            raw_value=raw_value,
+            units=str(parameter["units"]),
+            value=resolve_numeric_expression(raw_value, variables),
+        )
+    return TestMqlResolvedComponent(
+        alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+        component_name=str(spec["component_name"]),
+        submodel=str(spec["submodel"]),
+        label=str(spec["label"]),
+        parameters=parameters,
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_numeric_expression(
+    expression: str,
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float | None:
+    expression = expression.strip()
+    if not expression:
+        return None
+    normalized = expression.replace("^", "**")
+    try:
+        parsed = ast.parse(normalized, mode="eval")
+        value = float(_eval_node(parsed.body, variables))
+    except (SyntaxError, TestMqlExpressionError, ValueError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):
+        return None
+    return value if isfinite(value) else None
+
+
+def _eval_node(node: ast.AST, variables: dict[str, float]) -> float:
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, (int, float)):
+        return float(node.value)
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
+        if node.id not in variables:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unknown variable: {node.id}")
+        return float(variables[node.id])
+    if isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _BINARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported binary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_BINARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.left, variables), _eval_node(node.right, variables)))
+    if isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _UNARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported unary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_UNARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.operand, variables)))
+    raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported expression node: {type(node)}")
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import CONNECTION_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.config import resolve_numeric_expression
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_center_temperature_k: float
+    initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_1_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa: float
+    initial_temperature_2_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0001 geometry and initial states from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0001"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0001":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0001 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0001Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0001 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0002 geometry and center compliance initial state."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0002"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0002":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0002 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _ivar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0002Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_center_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "tctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "pctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0002 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0003 geometry and both compliance initial states."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0003"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0003":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0003 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0003Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_1_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_2_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0003 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL00R geometry from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL00R"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL00R":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL00R line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl00rSpec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL00R parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def _parameter_expressions(block: str, tag_name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter_block in re.findall(
+        rf"<{tag_name}>.*?</{tag_name}>",
+        block,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    ):
+        parameters[_required_text(parameter_block, "VARNAME")] = _required_text(
+            parameter_block,
+            "VALUE",
+        )
+    return parameters
+
+
+def _ivar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<IVAR>.*?</IVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _evar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<EVAR>.*?</EVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _required_numeric(
+    alias: str,
+    name: str,
+    expressions: dict[str, str],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float:
+    if name not in expressions:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing {name!r} on line {alias!r}")
+    value = resolve_numeric_expression(expressions[name], variables)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot resolve {name!r}={expressions[name]!r} on line {alias!r}"
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _required_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str:
+    value = _optional_text(block, tag_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {tag_name}")
+    return value
+
+
+def _optional_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str | None:
+    match = re.search(rf"<{tag_name}>(.*?)</{tag_name}>", block, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    return match.group(1).strip() if match is not None else None
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS = ("PNL0001", "PNL0002", "PNL0003", "PNL00R")
+_LINE_PATTERN_RE = re.compile(r"\(([^()]+)\)\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineConnection:
+    index: int
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    label: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    signal_names: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def has_compliance(self) -> bool:
+        return "C" in self.pattern
+
+    @property
+    def has_resistance(self) -> bool:
+        return "R" in self.pattern
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    lines: tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.lines)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineConnection:
+        for line in self.lines:
+            if line.alias == alias:
+                return line
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]:
+        return tuple(line for line in self.lines if line.submodel == submodel)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(line.submodel for line in self.lines))
+
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(line.alias for line in self.lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_assembly(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    lines = []
+    for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+        if submodel not in TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS:
+            continue
+        data_paths = variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(str(spec["alias"]))
+        signal_names = tuple(path.rsplit("@", 1)[0] for path in data_paths)
+        lines.append(
+            TestMqlLineConnection(
+                index=int(spec["index"]),
+                alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pattern=_line_pattern(str(spec["label"]), submodel),
+                source_component=str(spec["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(spec["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(spec["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(spec["target_port"]),
+                label=str(spec["label"]),
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+                signal_names=signal_names,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineAssembly(lines=tuple(lines))
+
+
+def _line_pattern(label: str, submodel: str) -> str:
+    match = _LINE_PATTERN_RE.search(label)
+    if match is not None:
+        return match.group(1)
+    if submodel == "PNL00R":
+        return "R"
+    return submodel
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.mechanical import (
+    AmesimElasticEndstop,
+    AmesimMassFrictionEndstops,
+    AmesimPistonGeometry,
+    circular_area,
+    mm_to_m,
+)
+from app.simulation.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from app.simulation.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M = 1.0e3
+N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S = 1.0e3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    alias: str
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float
+    zero_displacement_m: float
+    piston_area_m2: float
+    rod_area_m2: float
+    annulus_area_m2: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def geometry(self) -> AmesimPistonGeometry:
+        return AmesimPistonGeometry(
+            piston_diameter_m=self.piston_diameter_m,
+            rod_diameter_m=self.rod_diameter_m,
+            zero_length_m=self.zero_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    mass_kg: float
+    xmin_m: float
+    xmax_m: float
+    min_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    max_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    min_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    max_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    min_penetration_m: float
+    max_penetration_m: float
+    stiction_force_n: float
+    coulomb_friction_n: float
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float
+    stick_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    reset_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    rest_coeff: float
+    stribeck_constant_m_s: float
+    use_friction: bool
+    stop_type: int
+    initial_velocity_m_s: float
+    initial_displacement_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+        return AmesimMassFrictionEndstops(
+            mass_kg=self.mass_kg,
+            lower_limit_m=self.xmin_m,
+            upper_limit_m=self.xmax_m,
+            lower_stiffness_n_per_m=self.min_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            upper_stiffness_n_per_m=self.max_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.min_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.max_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s,
+            coulomb_friction_n=self.coulomb_friction_n,
+            stiction_force_n=self.stiction_force_n,
+            windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    gap_m: float
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    spring_diameter_m: float
+    wire_diameter_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimElasticEndstop:
+        return AmesimElasticEndstop(
+            contact_stiffness_n_per_m=self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            gap0_m=self.gap_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    alias: str
+    port_count: int
+    sum_mode: int
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    t_start_s: float
+    starts: tuple[float, ...]
+    ends: tuple[float, ...]
+    durations_s: tuple[float, ...]
+    stage_count: int
+    is_cyclic: bool
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.stage_count <= 0:
+            return 0.0
+        elapsed = max(time_s - self.t_start_s, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations_s[: self.stage_count]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.is_cyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.stage_count - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.stage_count - 1]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    alias: str
+    signal_alias: str
+    target_mass_alias: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def force_at(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec],
+    ) -> float:
+        return signals[self.signal_alias].output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonSpec]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopSpec]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec]
+    piecewise_signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorSpec]
+    zero_force_sources: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+            + len(self.piecewise_signals)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.pistons,
+                *self.masses,
+                *self.elastic_endstops,
+                *self.mechanical_nodes,
+                *self.piecewise_signals,
+                *self.force_connectors,
+                *self.zero_force_sources,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassState:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    displacement_m: float
+
+    def as_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.velocity_m_s, self.displacement_m]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    port_2_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_2_displacement_m: float
+    port_3_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_3_displacement_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+    states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...]
+    node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]
+    piston_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return 2 * len(self.states)
+
+
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure:
+    def __init__(self, assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly) -> None:
+        self.assembly = assembly
+        self.mass_aliases = tuple(assembly.masses)
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        state: list[float] = []
+        for alias in self.mass_aliases:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[alias]
+            state.extend([spec.initial_velocity_m_s, spec.initial_displacement_m])
+        return state
+
+    def snapshot(self, state_vector: list[float] | None = None) -> TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+        values = self.initial_state_vector() if state_vector is None else list(state_vector)
+        if len(values) != 2 * len(self.mass_aliases):
+            raise ValueError("mechanical mass state vector requires two values per mass")
+        states = tuple(
+            TestMqlMechanicalMassState(
+                alias=alias,
+                velocity_m_s=values[2 * index],
+                displacement_m=values[2 * index + 1],
+            )
+            for index, alias in enumerate(self.mass_aliases)
+        )
+        node_kinematics = self._node_kinematics_by_alias(states)
+        return TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot(
+            states=states,
+            node_kinematics_by_alias=node_kinematics,
+            piston_kinematics_by_alias=self._piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+                states,
+                node_kinematics,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _node_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        front = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_18"]
+        rear = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_19"]
+        return {
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2",
+                velocities_m_s={port: -front.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: -front.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3",
+                velocities_m_s={port: rear.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: rear.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+        node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        rear_node = node_kinematics_by_alias["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"]
+        piston_bindings = (
+            ("pn_brp2_8", "mass_friction_endstops_10", 8),
+            ("pn_brp2_9", "mass_friction_endstops_11", 7),
+            ("pn_brp2_10", "mass_friction_endstops_12", 6),
+            ("pn_brp2_11", "mass_friction_endstops_13", 5),
+            ("pn_brp2_12", "mass_friction_endstops_14", 4),
+            ("pn_brp2_13", "mass_friction_endstops_15", 3),
+            ("pn_brp2_14", "mass_friction_endstops_16", 2),
+            ("pn_brp2_15", "mass_friction_endstops_17", 1),
+        )
+        return {
+            piston_alias: TestMqlPistonKinematics(
+                alias=piston_alias,
+                port_2_velocity_m_s=state_by_alias[mass_alias].velocity_m_s,
+                port_2_displacement_m=state_by_alias[mass_alias].displacement_m,
+                port_3_velocity_m_s=rear_node.velocities_m_s[rear_node_port],
+                port_3_displacement_m=rear_node.displacements_m[rear_node_port],
+            )
+            for piston_alias, mass_alias, rear_node_port in piston_bindings
+        }
+
+    def rhs(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        *,
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        constrained_mass_aliases: set[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        force_by_mass_alias = force_by_mass_alias or {}
+        constrained_mass_aliases = constrained_mass_aliases or set()
+        derivatives: list[float] = []
+        for state in snapshot.states:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[state.alias]
+            mass = spec.endstop()
+            applied_force = force_by_mass_alias.get(state.alias, 0.0)
+            acceleration, velocity = mass.derivatives(
+                velocity_m_s=state.velocity_m_s,
+                displacement_m=state.displacement_m,
+                port_1_force_n=applied_force,
+            )
+            if state.alias in constrained_mass_aliases and _limit_constraint_holds(
+                spec,
+                state,
+                applied_force,
+            ):
+                acceleration = 0.0
+                velocity = 0.0
+            derivatives.extend([acceleration, velocity])
+        return derivatives
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None = None,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    if variable_catalog is None and amesim_results is not None:
+        variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+
+    pistons = {
+        component.alias: _build_piston(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNRP17")
+    }
+    masses = {
+        component.alias: _build_mass(component, variable_catalog, amesim_results)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("MECMAS21")
+    }
+    elastic_endstops = {
+        component.alias: _build_elastic_endstop(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LSTP00A")
+    }
+    mechanical_nodes = {
+        component.alias: _build_mechanical_node(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LMECHN1")
+    }
+    piecewise_signals = {
+        component.alias: _build_piecewise_signal(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("UD00")
+    }
+    force_connectors = {
+        component.alias: _build_force_connector(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("FORC")
+    }
+    zero_force_sources = tuple(component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("F000"))
+    return TestMqlMechanicalAssembly(
+        pistons=pistons,
+        masses=masses,
+        elastic_endstops=elastic_endstops,
+        mechanical_nodes=mechanical_nodes,
+        piecewise_signals=piecewise_signals,
+        force_connectors=force_connectors,
+        zero_force_sources=zero_force_sources,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    geometry = AmesimPistonGeometry(
+        piston_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dp")),
+        rod_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dr")),
+        zero_length_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("x0")),
+    )
+    return TestMqlPistonSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        piston_diameter_m=geometry.piston_diameter_m,
+        rod_diameter_m=geometry.rod_diameter_m,
+        zero_displacement_m=geometry.zero_length_m,
+        piston_area_m2=geometry.piston_area_m2,
+        rod_area_m2=geometry.rod_area_m2,
+        annulus_area_m2=geometry.annulus_area_m2,
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        mass_kg=component.parameter_value("mass"),
+        xmin_m=component.parameter_value("xmin"),
+        xmax_m=component.parameter_value("xmax"),
+        min_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmin")),
+        max_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmax")),
+        min_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmin")),
+        max_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmax")),
+        min_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmin")),
+        max_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmax")),
+        stiction_force_n=component.parameter_value("fstick"),
+        coulomb_friction_n=component.parameter_value("fcoul"),
+        viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rvisc"),
+        windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=component.parameter_value("wind"),
+        stick_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("dvel"),
+        reset_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("restdvel"),
+        rest_coeff=component.parameter_value("restcoeff"),
+        stribeck_constant_m_s=component.parameter_value("astrib"),
+        use_friction=int(component.parameter_value("useFriction")) == 2,
+        stop_type=int(component.parameter_value("stoptype")),
+        initial_velocity_m_s=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"v1@{component.alias}"),
+        initial_displacement_m=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"x1@{component.alias}"),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        gap_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("gap0")),
+        contact_stiffness_n_per_m=component.parameter_value("kcont"),
+        contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rcont"),
+        spring_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("sdiam")),
+        wire_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("wdiam")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        port_count=int(component.parameter_value("v1")),
+        sum_mode=int(component.parameter_value("sum")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _limit_constraint_holds(
+    spec: TestMqlMassEndstopSpec,
+    state: TestMqlMechanicalMassState,
+    applied_force_n: float,
+) -> bool:
+    if abs(state.velocity_m_s) > spec.stick_velocity_threshold_m_s:
+        return False
+    at_lower_limit = state.displacement_m <= spec.xmin_m + spec.min_penetration_m
+    at_upper_limit = state.displacement_m >= spec.xmax_m - spec.max_penetration_m
+    return (at_lower_limit and applied_force_n <= 0.0) or (
+        at_upper_limit and applied_force_n >= 0.0
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piecewise_signal(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    starts = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"start{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    ends = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"end{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    durations = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"t{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    return TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        t_start_s=component.parameter_value("tstart"),
+        starts=starts,
+        ends=ends,
+        durations_s=durations,
+        stage_count=int(component.parameter_value("nstages")),
+        is_cyclic=bool(int(component.parameter_value("iscyclic"))),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    signal_alias_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "piecewiselinear",
+        "forcecon_2": "piecewiselinear_1",
+    }
+    target_mass_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+        "forcecon_2": "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    }
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        signal_alias=signal_alias_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        target_mass_alias=target_mass_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M
+
+
+def n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S
+
+
+def _initial_value(amesim_results: AmesimResults | None, data_path: str) -> float:
+    if amesim_results is None:
+        return 0.0
+    return float(amesim_results.series(data_path)[0])
+
+
+def _data_paths(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if variable_catalog is None:
+        return ()
+    return variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(alias)
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import COMPONENT_SPECS
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``PN3NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1 and
+    3. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1 and 3, matching
+    the ``EXPRESS2`` equations stored in ``test_mql_.cir``.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s + port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+    port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_4_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``P4NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1, 3,
+    and 4. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1, 3, and
+    4, matching the saved AMESim variables for ``pnnode4_*`` instances.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_4_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=(
+                port_1_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_3_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_4_mass_flow_g_s
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_4_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=(
+                port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3 + port_4_volume_cm3
+            ),
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=port_4_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=port_4_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_4_volume_derivative_l_min=port_4_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_4_volume_cm3=port_4_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePortConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    local_node_alias: str
+    local_port: str
+    remote_node_alias: str
+    remote_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    chamber_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    direct_line_alias: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood:
+    node_alias: str
+    primary: TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection
+    port_1: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_3: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_4: TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection
+
+
+def build_test_mql_node3_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode3]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode3(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "PN3NODE2"
+    }
+
+def build_test_mql_node4_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode4]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode4(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "P4NODE2"
+    }
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+    AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+BAR_TO_PA = 1.0e5
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K = 293.15
+DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR = 1.0
+# Matched to PNVO001 event-window mass flow near the 0.04 s opening event.
+TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER = 0.99805
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlStepSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    initial_output: float
+    final_output: float
+    step_time_s: float
+    transition_duration_s: float
+    transition_type: int
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.transition_type != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"unsupported STEP0 transition type {self.transition_type} on {self.alias}"
+            )
+        return self.initial_output if time_s < self.step_time_s else self.final_output
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableOrificeControl:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    step: TestMqlStepSignalSpec
+
+    def opening_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.step.output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    fixed_chambers: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticVolume]
+    variable_chambers: dict[str, AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume]
+    fixed_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifice_controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def variable_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_chambers) + len(self.variable_chambers)
+
+    @property
+    def orifice_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_orifices) + len(self.variable_orifices)
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.chamber_count + self.orifice_count
+
+    @property
+    def variable_orifice_control_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variable_orifice_controls)
+
+    def set_variable_orifice_openings(self, time_s: float) -> None:
+        for alias, control in self.variable_orifice_controls.items():
+            self.variable_orifices[alias].opening = control.opening_at(time_s)
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.fixed_chambers,
+                *self.variable_chambers,
+                *self.fixed_orifices,
+                *self.variable_orifices,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        config.global_parameters["P0"]
+    )
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR
+    )
+    fixed_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH023")
+    }
+    variable_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol0",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH012")
+    }
+    fixed_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=1.0,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNOR001")
+    }
+    variable_orifice_controls = _build_variable_orifice_controls(config)
+    variable_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area0",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=variable_orifice_controls[component.alias].opening_at(0.0),
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    return TestMqlPneumaticAssembly(
+        fixed_chambers=fixed_chambers,
+        variable_chambers=variable_chambers,
+        fixed_orifices=fixed_orifices,
+        variable_orifices=variable_orifices,
+        variable_orifice_controls=variable_orifice_controls,
+        fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_variable_orifice_controls(
+    config: TestMqlConfig,
+) -> dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]:
+    from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+    components_by_alias = {component.alias: component for component in config.components}
+    variable_orifice_aliases = {
+        component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl] = {}
+    for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        if connection["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+            continue
+        source_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        target_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        if target_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = target_alias
+            step_alias = source_alias
+        elif source_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = source_alias
+            step_alias = target_alias
+        else:
+            continue
+        step_component = components_by_alias.get(step_alias)
+        if step_component is None or step_component.submodel != "STEP0":
+            continue
+        controls[orifice_alias] = TestMqlVariableOrificeControl(
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            step=TestMqlStepSignalSpec(
+                alias=step_alias,
+                initial_output=step_component.parameter_value("out0"),
+                final_output=step_component.parameter_value("out1"),
+                step_time_s=step_component.parameter_value("t0"),
+                transition_duration_s=step_component.parameter_value("td"),
+                transition_type=int(step_component.parameter_value("transitionType")),
+            ),
+        )
+    missing = variable_orifice_aliases - controls.keys()
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "missing STEP0 controls for PNVO001 components: "
+            + ", ".join(sorted(missing))
+        )
+    return controls
+
+
+def absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_bar * BAR_TO_PA
+
+
+def pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_pa: float) -> float:
+    return absolute_pressure_pa - AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+def pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar))
+
+
+def _build_chamber(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    volume_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    initial_pressure_pa: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticVolume:
+    if volume_parameter == "cvol0":
+        return AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name=component.alias,
+            dead_volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+            T0=_component_temperature(component),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+            heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+            external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+        )
+    return AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+        name=component.alias,
+        volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+        gas=gas,
+        p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+        T0=_component_temperature(component),
+        heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+        heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+        external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_orifice(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    area_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    opening: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticOrifice:
+    flow_coefficient = component.parameter_value("cq")
+    if component.submodel == "PNVO001":
+        flow_coefficient *= TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER
+    return AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+        name=component.alias,
+        area_mm2=component.parameter_value(area_parameter),
+        flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+        gas=gas,
+        opening=opening,
+    )
+
+
+def _component_temperature(component: TestMqlResolvedComponent) -> float:
+    parameter = component.parameters.get("extemp")
+    if parameter is None or parameter.value is None:
+        return DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K
+    return parameter.value
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic_lines import (
+    AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.line_parameters import (
+    TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0002Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0003Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl00rSpec,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs,
+)
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE = 5.5636e-6
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0001Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0002Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0003Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl00rPipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0001Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            calibrated_linear_conductance=(
+                _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(spec)
+            ),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            T0=spec.initial_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0001Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+) -> float | None:
+    if spec.target_component.startswith("pn_c1_") and _matches_geometry(
+        spec, diameter_mm=20.0, length_m=1.0
+    ):
+        return TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE
+    return None
+
+
+def _matches_geometry(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    *,
+    diameter_mm: float,
+    length_m: float,
+) -> bool:
+    return (
+        abs(spec.diameter_mm - diameter_mm) < 1.0e-12
+        and abs(spec.length_m - length_m) < 1.0e-12
+    )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0002Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            pctr_0=spec.initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            Tctr_0=spec.initial_center_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0002Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0003Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            p1_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa,
+            T1_0=spec.initial_temperature_1_k,
+            p2_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa,
+            T2_0=spec.initial_temperature_2_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0003Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl00rPipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            gas=gas,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl00rAssembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.closure import TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.topology import TestMqlCirTopology
+
+
+def discover_fixed_chamber_segments(
+    topology: TestMqlCirTopology,
+    component_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec, ...]:
+    submodel_by_alias = {
+        str(component["alias"]): str(component["submodel"])
+        for component in component_specs
+    }
+    segments = []
+    for component in component_specs:
+        volume_alias = str(component["alias"])
+        if component["submodel"] != "PNCH023":
+            continue
+
+        orifice_contacts = []
+        for contact in topology.contacts_for(volume_alias):
+            other_alias, other_port = contact.other_endpoint(volume_alias)
+            if submodel_by_alias.get(other_alias) == "PNOR001":
+                orifice_contacts.append(
+                    (
+                        other_alias,
+                        other_port,
+                        contact.port_for(volume_alias),
+                    )
+                )
+        if len(orifice_contacts) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} must contact exactly two PNOR001 orifices; "
+                f"found {len(orifice_contacts)}"
+            )
+
+        sides = [
+            _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                orifice_volume_port=orifice_volume_port,
+                volume_port=volume_port,
+                connection_specs=connection_specs,
+                submodel_by_alias=submodel_by_alias,
+            )
+            for orifice_alias, orifice_volume_port, volume_port in orifice_contacts
+        ]
+        inlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "inlet"]
+        outlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "outlet"]
+        if len(inlet_sides) != 1 or len(outlet_sides) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} requires one inlet and one outlet topology side"
+            )
+        inlet = inlet_sides[0]
+        outlet = outlet_sides[0]
+        segments.append(
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec(
+                name=f"{volume_alias}_segment",
+                inlet_node_alias=inlet["node_alias"],
+                inlet_line_alias=inlet["line_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_alias=inlet["orifice_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_boundary_port=inlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                inlet_orifice_volume_port=inlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                volume_alias=volume_alias,
+                volume_inlet_port=inlet["volume_port"],
+                volume_outlet_port=outlet["volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_alias=outlet["orifice_alias"],
+                outlet_orifice_volume_port=outlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_boundary_port=outlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                outlet_line_alias=outlet["line_alias"],
+                outlet_node_alias=outlet["node_alias"],
+            )
+        )
+    return tuple(segments)
+
+
+def _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    orifice_volume_port: str,
+    volume_port: str,
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    submodel_by_alias: dict[str, str],
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    boundary_connections = []
+    for connection in connection_specs:
+        if (
+            connection["source_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["source_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ) or (
+            connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["target_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ):
+            boundary_connections.append(connection)
+    if len(boundary_connections) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} must have exactly one non-volume boundary connection; "
+            f"found {len(boundary_connections)}"
+        )
+
+    connection = boundary_connections[0]
+    if connection["submodel"] != "PNL0001":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} boundary must use PNL0001, got {connection['submodel']}"
+        )
+    if connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias:
+        role = "inlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["target_port"])
+    else:
+        role = "outlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["source_port"])
+    if submodel_by_alias.get(node_alias) != "PN3NODE2":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} PNL0001 boundary must terminate at PN3NODE2, "
+            f"got {node_alias}"
+        )
+    return {
+        "role": role,
+        "node_alias": node_alias,
+        "line_alias": str(connection["alias"]),
+        "orifice_alias": orifice_alias,
+        "orifice_boundary_port": orifice_boundary_port,
+        "orifice_volume_port": orifice_volume_port,
+        "volume_port": volume_port,
+    }
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""Calibrated component primitives used only by the ``test_mql`` example."""
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import pi
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+M_TO_MM = 1.0e3
+M3_TO_CM3 = 1.0e6
+M3_PER_S_TO_L_PER_MIN = 60_000.0
+
+
+def circular_area(diameter_m: float) -> float:
+    if diameter_m < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("diameter_m must be non-negative.")
+    return pi * diameter_m * diameter_m / 4.0
+
+
+def mm_to_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * MM_TO_M
+
+
+def m_to_mm(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * M_TO_MM
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPistonGeometry:
+    """Geometry relations used by AMESim PNRP17 pneumatic piston variables."""
+
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float = 0.0
+    zero_length_m: float = 0.0
+
+    @property
+    def piston_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return circular_area(self.piston_diameter_m)
+
+    @property
+    def rod_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return circular_area(self.rod_diameter_m)
+
+    @property
+    def annulus_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return self.piston_area_m2 - self.rod_area_m2
+
+    def chamber_length_m(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.zero_length_m + port5_displacement_m - port4_displacement_m
+
+    def chamber_length_mm(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return m_to_mm(self.chamber_length_m(port4_displacement_m, port5_displacement_m))
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return self.annulus_area_m2
+
+    def chamber_volume_m3(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_area_m2 * self.chamber_length_m(
+            port4_displacement_m,
+            port5_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+    def chamber_volume_cm3(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_volume_m3(port4_displacement_m, port5_displacement_m) * M3_TO_CM3
+
+    def chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(self, port4_velocity_m_s: float, port5_velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_area_m2 * (port5_velocity_m_s - port4_velocity_m_s)
+
+    def chamber_volume_rate_l_min(self, port4_velocity_m_s: float, port5_velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(
+            port4_velocity_m_s,
+            port5_velocity_m_s,
+        ) * M3_PER_S_TO_L_PER_MIN
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimElasticEndstop:
+    """Contact force part of AMESim LSTP00A elastic endstop."""
+
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    gap0_m: float = 0.0
+
+    def penetration_m_from_gap_mm(self, gap_mm: float) -> float:
+        return max(-(mm_to_m(gap_mm) - self.gap0_m), 0.0)
+
+    def static_contact_force(self, gap_mm: float) -> float:
+        return self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m * self.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(gap_mm)
+
+    def contact_force(self, gap_mm: float, penetration_velocity_m_s: float = 0.0) -> float:
+        if self.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(gap_mm) <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        damping_force = self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s * penetration_velocity_m_s
+        return max(self.static_contact_force(gap_mm) + damping_force, 0.0)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+    """Parameter and observable helpers for AMESim MECMAS21 translation masses."""
+
+    mass_kg: float
+    lower_limit_m: float
+    upper_limit_m: float
+    lower_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    upper_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    coulomb_friction_n: float = 0.0
+    stiction_force_n: float = 0.0
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float = 0.0
+
+    def lower_penetration_m(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return max(self.lower_limit_m - displacement_m, 0.0)
+
+    def upper_penetration_m(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return max(displacement_m - self.upper_limit_m, 0.0)
+
+    def lower_static_force_magnitude(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.lower_stiffness_n_per_m * self.lower_penetration_m(displacement_m)
+
+    def upper_static_force_magnitude(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.upper_stiffness_n_per_m * self.upper_penetration_m(displacement_m)
+
+    def viscous_friction_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return -self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s
+
+    def windage_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return -self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2 * velocity_m_s * abs(velocity_m_s)
+
+    def dry_friction_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        if velocity_m_s > 0.0:
+            return -self.coulomb_friction_n
+        if velocity_m_s < 0.0:
+            return self.coulomb_friction_n
+        return 0.0
+
+    def limit_contact_force(self, displacement_m: float, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        lower_force = self.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement_m)
+        if lower_force > 0.0:
+            lower_force += max(-self.lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+
+        upper_force = self.upper_static_force_magnitude(displacement_m)
+        if upper_force > 0.0:
+            upper_force += max(self.upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+
+        return lower_force - upper_force
+
+    def derivatives(
+        self,
+        *,
+        velocity_m_s: float,
+        displacement_m: float,
+        port_1_force_n: float = 0.0,
+        port_2_force_n: float = 0.0,
+        external_force_n: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        total_force = (
+            port_1_force_n
+            + port_2_force_n
+            + external_force_n
+            + self.viscous_friction_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.windage_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.dry_friction_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.limit_contact_force(displacement_m, velocity_m_s)
+        )
+        return total_force / self.mass_kg, velocity_m_s
+
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import pi, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortState
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPneumaticGas:
+    """Caloric constants plus Peng-Robinson EOS for AMESim pneumatic components."""
+
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid = HELIUM_PR
+    cp: float = 5193.0
+    cv: float = 3116.0
+
+    @property
+    def gamma(self) -> float:
+        return self.cp / self.cv
+
+    @property
+    def R_gas(self) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.specific_gas_constant
+
+    def density(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.density(pressure, temperature)
+
+    def pressure(self, density: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.pressure_from_density(temperature, density)
+
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.cv * temperature
+
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.cp * temperature
+
+    def specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.cp * (temperature - reference_temperature)
+
+    def reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        specific_enthalpy: float,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        if self.cp <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("cp must be positive.")
+        return reference_temperature + specific_enthalpy / self.cp
+
+    def pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_pressure: float = 101_300.0,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        return (
+            self.specific_reference_enthalpy(temperature, reference_temperature)
+            + self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(pressure, temperature)
+            - self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(
+                reference_pressure,
+                reference_temperature,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def pressure_transport_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_pressure: float = 101_300.0,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Convert AMESim reference enthalpy to the absolute-energy state basis."""
+        return (
+            self.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                pressure,
+                temperature,
+                reference_pressure,
+                reference_temperature,
+            )
+            + self.cp * reference_temperature
+        )
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, specific_internal_energy: float) -> float:
+        if self.cv <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("cv must be positive.")
+        return specific_internal_energy / self.cv
+
+
+HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS = AmesimPneumaticGas()
+
+
+def liters_to_m3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-3
+
+
+def m3_to_cm3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e6
+
+
+def cm3_to_m3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-6
+
+
+def kg_to_g(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e3
+
+
+def mm2_to_m2(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-6
+
+
+def diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm: float) -> float:
+    diameter_m = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+    return pi * diameter_m * diameter_m / 4.0
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticVolume(DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim pneumatic control volume using helium PR pressure closure."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        volume: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("volume must be positive.")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+        if heat_transfer_area < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_area must be non-negative.")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive.")
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.volume = volume
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.heat_transfer_area = heat_transfer_area
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        rho0 = gas.density(p0, T0)
+        m0 = rho0 * volume
+        U0 = m0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_liters(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        volume_liters: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> "AmesimPneumaticVolume":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            volume=liters_to_m3(volume_liters),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def volume_cm3(self) -> float:
+        return m3_to_cm3(self.volume)
+
+    def volume_rate_m3_s(self) -> float:
+        return 0.0
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature_k: float | None = None) -> float:
+        temperature = self.properties().T if temperature_k is None else temperature_k
+        return (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - temperature)
+        )
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return kg_to_g(self.state.m)
+
+    def pressure_gauge_pa(self, reference_pressure_pa: float = 101_300.0) -> float:
+        return self.properties().p - reference_pressure_pa
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("volume mass must stay positive.")
+        T = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(self.state.U / self.state.m)
+        rho = self.state.m / self.volume
+        p = self.gas.pressure(rho, T)
+        u = self.state.U / self.state.m
+        h = self.gas.specific_enthalpy(T)
+        self.port_a.p = p
+        self.port_a.h_outflow = h
+        self.port_b.p = p
+        self.port_b.h_outflow = h
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(p=p, T=T, rho=rho, u=u, h=h)
+
+    def derivatives(self, inlet_h: float, m_flow: float) -> VolumeState:
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=m_flow,
+            U=m_flow * inlet_h + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(),
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_two_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_a_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_a: float,
+        port_b_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_b: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+        volume_rate_m3_s: float | None = None,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_a = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_a_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_a,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_b = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_b_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_b,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_a_m_flow + port_b_m_flow,
+            U=(
+                port_a_m_flow * inlet_h_a
+                + port_b_m_flow * inlet_h_b
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(properties.T)
+                - properties.p * (
+                    self.volume_rate_m3_s()
+                    if volume_rate_m3_s is None
+                    else volume_rate_m3_s
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume(AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+    """PNCH012-style volume with a dead volume plus an external moving volume."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        dead_volume: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        external_volume: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if dead_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("dead_volume must be positive.")
+        if dead_volume + external_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("total volume must be positive.")
+        self.dead_volume = dead_volume
+        self.external_volume = external_volume
+        self.external_volume_rate = 0.0
+        super().__init__(
+            name=name,
+            volume=dead_volume + external_volume,
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_liters(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        dead_volume_liters: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        external_volume_liters: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> "AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            dead_volume=liters_to_m3(dead_volume_liters),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            external_volume=liters_to_m3(external_volume_liters),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def volume_rate_m3_s(self) -> float:
+        return self.external_volume_rate
+
+    def set_external_volume_m3(
+        self,
+        external_volume: float,
+        external_volume_rate_m3_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dead_volume + external_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("total volume must be positive.")
+        self.external_volume = external_volume
+        self.external_volume_rate = external_volume_rate_m3_s
+        self.volume = self.dead_volume + self.external_volume
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticOrifice(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """First-pass PNOR001/PNVO001-style compressible helium orifice.
+
+    This is a calibrated placeholder boundary for the Python port. It preserves
+    AMESim-style area and coefficient inputs, but final parity must be checked
+    against AMESim CSV results before treating it as numerically equivalent.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        area: float,
+        flow_coefficient: float = 1.0,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        if area < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("area must be non-negative.")
+        if flow_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("flow_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.area = area
+        self.flow_coefficient = flow_coefficient
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.opening = opening
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_mm2(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        area_mm2: float,
+        flow_coefficient: float = 1.0,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> "AmesimPneumaticOrifice":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            area=mm2_to_m2(area_mm2),
+            flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=opening,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        opening = min(max(self.opening, 0.0), 1.0)
+        return self.area * opening
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_a: float, p_b: float, upstream_temperature: float) -> float:
+        if p_a == p_b or self.effective_area == 0.0 or self.flow_coefficient == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_a > p_b:
+            return compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_a,
+                downstream_pressure=p_b,
+                upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+                area=self.effective_area,
+                flow_coefficient=self.flow_coefficient,
+                gas=self.gas,
+            )
+        return -compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_b,
+            downstream_pressure=p_a,
+            upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+            area=self.effective_area,
+            flow_coefficient=self.flow_coefficient,
+            gas=self.gas,
+        )
+
+
+def compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+    *,
+    upstream_pressure: float,
+    downstream_pressure: float,
+    upstream_temperature: float,
+    area: float,
+    flow_coefficient: float,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> float:
+    if upstream_pressure <= 0.0 or downstream_pressure < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("pressures must be non-negative and upstream pressure must be positive.")
+    if upstream_temperature <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("upstream_temperature must be positive.")
+    if area < 0.0 or flow_coefficient < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("area and flow_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+    if downstream_pressure >= upstream_pressure or area == 0.0 or flow_coefficient == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+
+    gamma = gas.gamma
+    pressure_ratio = max(downstream_pressure / upstream_pressure, 0.0)
+    critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+    coefficient = flow_coefficient * area * upstream_pressure / sqrt(gas.R_gas * upstream_temperature)
+    if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+        flow_function = sqrt(gamma) * (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+    else:
+        term = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** ((gamma + 1.0) / gamma)
+        flow_function = sqrt((2.0 * gamma / (gamma - 1.0)) * max(term, 0.0))
+    return coefficient * flow_function
@@ -0,0 +1,881 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import log10, pi, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.primitives.pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    compressible_orifice_mass_flow,
+    diameter_mm_to_area_m2,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortState
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+    mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    reynolds_number: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    friction_factor: float
+    pressure_drop_pa: float
+
+
+class _DarcyPipeResistanceMixin:
+    diameter: float
+    length: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    area: float
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop_pa: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_drop_pa <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upper = 1.0e-9
+        while self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            upper,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        ) < pressure_drop_pa:
+            upper *= 10.0
+            if upper > 1.0e3:
+                raise ValueError("unable to bracket pneumatic pipe resistance flow")
+        lower = 0.0
+        for _ in range(48):
+            middle = 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+            if self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+                middle,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            ) < pressure_drop_pa:
+                lower = middle
+            else:
+                upper = middle
+        return 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+
+    def pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        length: float | None = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        downstream_pressure = min(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k
+            if pressure_difference > 0.0
+            else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        resistance_length = self.length if length is None else length
+        if resistance_length <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length must be positive")
+
+        def target_flow(mass_flow_kg_s: float) -> float:
+            reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, upstream_temperature)
+            friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+            flow_coefficient = sqrt(
+                self.diameter / (resistance_length * friction_factor)
+            )
+            return compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=upstream_pressure,
+                downstream_pressure=downstream_pressure,
+                upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+                area=self.area,
+                flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+                gas=self.gas,
+            )
+
+        flow_coefficient = sqrt(self.diameter / (resistance_length * 0.02))
+        magnitude = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=upstream_pressure,
+            downstream_pressure=downstream_pressure,
+            upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+            area=self.area,
+            flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+            gas=self.gas,
+        )
+        for _ in range(12):
+            next_magnitude = target_flow(magnitude)
+            if abs(next_magnitude - magnitude) <= max(1.0e-12, abs(magnitude) * 1.0e-9):
+                magnitude = next_magnitude
+                break
+            magnitude = 0.5 * (magnitude + next_magnitude)
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow_kg_s == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = (
+            friction_factor
+            * (self.length / self.diameter)
+            * density
+            * velocity
+            * velocity
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        return magnitude if mass_flow_kg_s > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _reynolds_number(self, mass_flow_kg_s: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        viscosity = helium_dynamic_viscosity(temperature)
+        return 4.0 * abs(mass_flow_kg_s) / (pi * self.diameter * viscosity)
+
+    def _friction_factor(self, reynolds_number: float) -> float:
+        if reynolds_number <= 0.0:
+            return 64_000_000.0
+        laminar = 64.0 / reynolds_number
+        if reynolds_number <= 2_300.0:
+            return laminar
+        turbulent = 1.0 / (
+            -1.8
+            * log10(
+                (self.relative_roughness / 3.7) ** 1.11
+                + 6.9 / reynolds_number
+            )
+        ) ** 2
+        if reynolds_number >= 4_000.0:
+            return turbulent
+        fraction = (reynolds_number - 2_300.0) / 1_700.0
+        return laminar + fraction * (turbulent - laminar)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """Physical first-pass implementation of AMESim ``PNL0001`` (C-R).
+
+    Port 2 owns the lumped gas storage. Port 1 is connected through a Darcy
+    resistance. Both connection mass flows use the simulation convention:
+    positive values enter the pipe storage.
+
+    AMESim's proprietary ``pn2pipefr`` utility is represented by an
+    optional calibrated linear conductance when a model-specific baseline
+    supports it; otherwise the component falls back to an auditable
+    Darcy-Weisbach law. Both paths preserve the real geometry, state count,
+    mass/energy balance, heat-transfer parameter, and observable diagnostics.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        calibrated_linear_conductance: float | None = None,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if (
+            calibrated_linear_conductance is not None
+            and calibrated_linear_conductance <= 0.0
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("calibrated_linear_conductance must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.calibrated_linear_conductance = calibrated_linear_conductance
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+
+        rho0 = gas.density(p0, T0)
+        mass0 = rho0 * self.volume
+        self.state = VolumeState(
+            m=mass0,
+            U=mass0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(T0),
+        )
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+            self.state.U / self.state.m
+        )
+        density = self.state.m / self.volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        properties = ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=self.state.U / self.state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+        self.port_2.p = pressure
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return self.state.m * 1.0e3
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from port 1 into the port-2 storage in kg/s."""
+        if port_1_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_1_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if port_1_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_1_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        internal = self.properties()
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - internal.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if self.calibrated_linear_conductance is not None:
+            return (
+                self.calibrated_linear_conductance
+                * pressure_difference
+                / sqrt(internal.T)
+            )
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, internal.p)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else internal.T
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        temperature = temperature_k or properties.T
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (properties.rho * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=properties.rho,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop_for_state(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        pressure_pa: float,
+        temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+        density = self.gas.density(pressure_pa, temperature_k)
+        return self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        internal = self.properties()
+        # Default first-pass PNL0001 behavior uses the historical internal-energy
+        # approximation. AMESim-specific transport-enthalpy corrections are kept
+        # behind derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections so they can be
+        # applied only where validated against baseline data.
+        inlet_u_1 = (
+            connected_h_1 / self.gas.gamma
+            if port_1_m_flow > 0.0
+            else internal.u
+        )
+        inlet_u_2 = (
+            connected_h_2 / self.gas.gamma
+            if port_2_m_flow > 0.0
+            else internal.u
+        )
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - internal.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_u_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_u_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        internal = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = connected_h_1 if port_1_m_flow > 0.0 else internal.h
+        inlet_h_2 = connected_h_2 if port_2_m_flow > 0.0 else internal.h
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - internal.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_h_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_h_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0003Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL0003`` (C-R-C) pipe.
+
+    The two pipe-end compliances are represented as equal half-volume gas
+    stores connected by the same auditable Darcy resistance used for PNL0001.
+    Center flow is positive from port 1 storage to port 2 storage.
+    """
+
+    state_size = 4
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p1_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T1_0: float = 293.15,
+        p2_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T2_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.compliance_volume = self.volume / 2.0
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+
+        self.state_1 = self._initial_state(p1_0, T1_0)
+        self.state_2 = self._initial_state(p2_0, T2_0)
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def _initial_state(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> VolumeState:
+        rho = self.gas.density(pressure, temperature)
+        mass = rho * self.compliance_volume
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=mass,
+            U=mass * self.gas.specific_internal_energy(temperature),
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [*self.state_1.as_vector(), *self.state_2.as_vector()]
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 4:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0003 state vector requires four values")
+        self.state_1 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[:2])
+        self.state_2 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[2:])
+
+    def properties_1(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        properties = self._properties(self.state_1)
+        self.port_1.p = properties.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def properties_2(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        properties = self._properties(self.state_2)
+        self.port_2.p = properties.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def _properties(self, state: VolumeState) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(state.U / state.m)
+        density = state.m / self.compliance_volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=state.U / state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return (self.state_1.m + self.state_2.m) * 1.0e3
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(self) -> float:
+        """Return center mass flow from port 1 storage to port 2 storage."""
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        pressure_difference = port_1.p - port_2.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream = port_1 if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=upstream.rho,
+            temperature=upstream.T,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        temperature = temperature_k or (port_1.T if mass_flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else port_2.T)
+        density = port_1.rho if mass_flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else port_2.rho
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        center_flow = self.resistance_mass_flow()
+        heat_flow_each = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - 0.5 * (port_1.T + port_2.T))
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        port_1_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_1_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_1,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_2_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_2,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        port_1_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=-center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_2.h,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_1.h,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        return (
+            VolumeState(
+                m=port_1_m_flow - center_flow,
+                U=(
+                    port_1_m_flow * port_1_external_h
+                    - center_flow * port_1_center_h
+                    + heat_flow_each
+                ),
+            ),
+            VolumeState(
+                m=port_2_m_flow + center_flow,
+                U=(
+                    port_2_m_flow * port_2_external_h
+                    + center_flow * port_2_center_h
+                    + heat_flow_each
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL0002`` (R-C-R) pipe.
+
+    The center compliance owns the gas state. Positive connection mass flows
+    enter that center storage from each external port.
+    """
+
+    state_size = 2
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        pctr_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        Tctr_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+        self._resistance_length = self.length / 2.0
+
+        rho0 = gas.density(pctr_0, Tctr_0)
+        mass0 = rho0 * self.volume
+        self.state = VolumeState(
+            m=mass0,
+            U=mass0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(Tctr_0),
+        )
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+            self.state.U / self.state.m
+        )
+        density = self.state.m / self.volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        properties = ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=self.state.U / self.state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+        self.port_1.p = pressure
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = properties.h
+        self.port_2.p = pressure
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return self.state.m * 1.0e3
+
+    def port_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from an external port into the center storage."""
+        if port_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if port_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        center = self.properties()
+        pressure_difference = port_pressure_pa - center.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_pressure_pa, center.p)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else center.T
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_resistance_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_resistance_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop_pa: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        original_length = self.length
+        self.length = self._resistance_length
+        try:
+            return self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+                pressure_drop_pa,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.length = original_length
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        temperature = temperature_k or properties.T
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (properties.rho * self.area)
+        original_length = self.length
+        self.length = self._resistance_length
+        try:
+            pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+                mass_flow_kg_s,
+                density=properties.rho,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.length = original_length
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        center = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_1_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_1,
+            internal_h=center.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_2_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_2,
+            internal_h=center.h,
+        )
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - center.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_h_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_h_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00rPipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, AlgebraicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL00R`` (R) pipe resistance."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from port 1 to port 2 in kg/s."""
+        if port_1_pressure_pa <= 0.0 or port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port pressures must be positive")
+        if port_1_temperature_k <= 0.0 or port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port temperatures must be positive")
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k
+            if pressure_difference > 0.0
+            else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        pressure_pa: float,
+        temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        density = self.gas.density(pressure_pa, temperature_k)
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature_k)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature_k,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+
+def helium_dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+    """Sutherland approximation centered on the test_mql initial condition."""
+    if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+    reference_temperature = 293.15
+    reference_viscosity = 2.0e-5
+    sutherland_constant = 79.4
+    return (
+        reference_viscosity
+        * (temperature_k / reference_temperature) ** 1.5
+        * (reference_temperature + sutherland_constant)
+        / (temperature_k + sutherland_constant)
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.paths import PROJECT_ROOT, SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.system import (
+    TestMqlRunConfig,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PreparedTestMqlRun:
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig
+    repo_root: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlRunResult:
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig
+    prepared_run: PreparedTestMqlRun
+    system: TestMqlSystem
+    result: TestMqlSimulationResult
+    summary_path: Path
+
+
+def format_test_mql_summary(system: TestMqlSystem) -> str:
+    snapshot = system.snapshot()
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Source archive: {system.archive_path}",
+        f"Components: {snapshot.component_count}",
+        f"Connections: {snapshot.connection_count}",
+        f"Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.continuous_state_count}",
+        f"Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.discrete_state_count}",
+        "Global parameters:",
+    ]
+    for name, value in sorted(snapshot.global_parameters.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {value}")
+    lines.append("Component submodels:")
+    for name, count in sorted(snapshot.submodel_counts.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {count}")
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def _default_run_output_dir() -> Path:
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR / timestamp
+
+
+def prepare_test_mql_run(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> PreparedTestMqlRun:
+    return PreparedTestMqlRun(
+        run_config=run_config or TestMqlRunConfig(),
+        repo_root=PROJECT_ROOT,
+        output_dir=output_dir or _default_run_output_dir(),
+    )
+
+
+def run_prepared_test_mql(prepared_run: PreparedTestMqlRun) -> TestMqlRunResult:
+    system = TestMqlSystem()
+    result = system.simulate(prepared_run.run_config)
+    prepared_run.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    summary_path = prepared_run.output_dir / "test_mql_model_summary.txt"
+    summary_path.write_text(format_test_mql_summary(system), encoding="utf-8")
+    return TestMqlRunResult(
+        run_config=prepared_run.run_config,
+        prepared_run=prepared_run,
+        system=system,
+        result=result,
+        summary_path=summary_path,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlRunResult:
+    return run_prepared_test_mql(
+        prepare_test_mql_run(run_config=run_config, output_dir=output_dir)
+    )
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run = run_test_mql()
+    print(format_test_mql_summary(run.system), end="")
+    print(f"Samples: {len(run.result.t)}")
+    print(f"Output directory: {run.prepared_run.output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.baseline import (
+    TestMqlBaselineRun,
+    run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough,
+)
+from app.simulation.paths import (
+    AMESIM_TEST_MQL_ARCHIVE_PATH,
+    SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselinePathConfig:
+    archive_path: Path = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: AMESIM_TEST_MQL_ARCHIVE_PATH
+    )
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig:
+    paths: TestMqlBaselinePathConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig)
+    execution: TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig)
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_baseline_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR / timestamp
+
+
+def format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run: TestMqlBaselineRun) -> str:
+    return "\n".join(
+        [
+            "Model: test_mql",
+            "Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough",
+            f"Samples: {run.sample_count}",
+            f"Output schema signals: {run.output_schema.signal_count}",
+            f"Compared signals: {run.signal_count}",
+            f"Observation bindings: {run.observation_catalog.binding_count}",
+            f"Max absolute error: {run.comparison.max_abs_error}",
+            f"Max relative error: {run.comparison.max_rel_error}",
+        ]
+    ) + "\n"
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline(config: TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig | None = None):
+    config = config or TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig()
+    run = run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+        config.paths.archive_path,
+        data_paths=config.execution.data_paths,
+    )
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_baseline_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    return run, output_dir
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run, output_dir = run_test_mql_baseline()
+    print(format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run), end="")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.solvers.solver import (
+    SolveIVPConfig as _BaseSolveIVPConfig,
+    integrate_ode,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SolveIVPConfig(_BaseSolveIVPConfig):
+    """Solver defaults used by the calibrated ``test_mql`` example."""
+
+    atol: float = 1e-10
+
+
+__all__ = ["SolveIVPConfig", "integrate_ode"]
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import Component, DynamicComponent
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Connection:
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+
+
+class SimulationNetwork:
+    """Container for components, topology, and state-vector bookkeeping."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.components: dict[str, Component] = {}
+        self.connections: list[Connection] = []
+
+    def add_component(self, component: Component) -> None:
+        if component.name in self.components:
+            raise ValueError(f"Duplicate component name: {component.name}")
+        self.components[component.name] = component
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        source_component: str,
+        source_port: str,
+        target_component: str,
+        target_port: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.append(
+            Connection(
+                source_component=source_component,
+                source_port=source_port,
+                target_component=target_component,
+                target_port=target_port,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def dynamic_components(self) -> list[DynamicComponent]:
+        return [
+            component
+            for component in self.components.values()
+            if isinstance(component, DynamicComponent)
+        ]
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        values: list[float] = []
+        for component in self.dynamic_components():
+            values.extend(component.get_state_vector())
+        return values
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        cursor = 0
+        for component in self.dynamic_components():
+            next_cursor = cursor + component.state_size
+            component.set_state_vector(values[cursor:next_cursor])
+            cursor = next_cursor
+        if cursor != len(values):
+            raise ValueError("State vector length does not match dynamic components.")
+
+    def summary(self) -> str:
+        lines = [f"Network: {self.name}", "Components:"]
+        for name, component in self.components.items():
+            lines.append(f"  - {name}: {component.__class__.__name__}")
+        lines.append("Connections:")
+        for conn in self.connections:
+            lines.append(
+                f"  - {conn.source_component}.{conn.source_port}"
+                f" -> {conn.target_component}.{conn.target_port}"
+            )
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
huojiarong	408b4ecb22	修复机械事件力曲线并对齐气动孔口端口显示	2026-08-20 05:59:04 +00:00
lujingze	e18399c022	整合求解器活动监控与步长回归证据同步远端 PNL0003 诊断和大采样网格能力，语义合并活动感知的 60 秒真停滞判定与旧后端 15 分钟兼容兜底。纳管热路径优化、15 单元运行证据、浏览器与 API 报告，并补充北京时间更新日志和遗留问题。	2026-08-19 16:24:31 +00:00
huojiarong	c19cf77aee	docs: record August 19 updates	2026-08-19 11:35:59 +00:00
huojiarong	eb6ea70e19	feat: extend stall timeout and remove sample cap	2026-08-19 11:34:31 +00:00
huojiarong	27f9f4add8	fix: align PNL0003 Reynolds diagnostic with AMESim	2026-08-19 10:40:57 +00:00
lujingze	60b743dd81	补记当前快照存档与推送结果按北京时间记录 `a8c7338` 的远端存档、验证结果及仍待完成的 production 复跑和托管 workflow 检查。	2026-08-18 15:22:27 +00:00
lujingze	a8c733883c	存档求解器回归基线与当前改动纳管 AMESim 对齐基线、发布锁、回归测试及当前物理门禁调整。更新日志仅记录已完成成果，并注明当前 HEAD 尚待真实 production 复跑与远端 workflow 验证。	2026-08-18 15:20:42 +00:00
huojiarong	53f8601fec	修正动态管与阀门诊断输出	2026-08-18 10:24:29 +00:00
huojiarong	f725f038b6	完善 PNL00R 摩擦模型与八路回归	2026-08-18 09:30:29 +00:00
lujingze	684d28752a	更新八路仿真最新版本文件test-mql-8	2026-08-18 06:44:24 +00:00
lujingze	b435daecf2	完善通用求解器回归与前端交互 - 引入因果坐标内核、热流体恢复和递进长时回归\n- 完善正交连线、线桥、视图保持与结果曲线缩放\n- 补充依赖约束、CI、测试基线和北京时间更新日志	2026-08-18 06:42:07 +00:00
huojiarong	143e8dd309	修复测试资源路径	2026-08-18 00:57:32 +00:00
huojiarong	0fa166c8e5	Fix pneumatic node zero-flow reversal	2026-08-17 09:24:35 +00:00
lujingze	16a7eb2d6c	完成求解器雅可比矩阵首轮优化，增加更新目录，整理了文档文件夹，增加了服务启动脚本	2026-08-17 07:33:31 +00:00
Codex	6bb0591d32	fix: align PNL0001 symbol causality	2026-08-16 11:37:02 +00:00
Codex	cca9d1e883	fix: seed PNVO pipe series pressure	2026-08-16 11:34:35 +00:00
Codex	22b35b2945	perf: retain exact flow caches and compiled targets	2026-08-16 11:21:44 +00:00
Codex	f09dfcf542	fix: bound reported pipe friction diagnostics	2026-08-16 11:03:21 +00:00
ljz	5332a788f3	优化仿真求解性能并修复流量闭合问题（初版）	2026-08-16 17:46:05 +08:00
ljz	57b459bc72	增加可选性能埋点并完成物性效率评估	2026-08-16 17:46:04 +08:00
huojiarong	4e0b9fd8cc	fix: align mechanical dynamic port validation	2026-08-15 12:57:03 +00:00
huojiarong	6a064892e2	优化压力流量求解并达到四路性能门槛	2026-08-15 11:45:22 +00:00
ljz	6572defaa4	完善建模交互、组件图标与系统协议	2026-08-15 17:40:18 +08:00
huojiarong	456c29b3b6	验收四路模型并优化拓扑求解性能	2026-08-12 11:57:42 +00:00
huojiarong	caca32a513	校准第二支路热流体能量与管路摩擦	2026-08-11 12:13:09 +00:00
huojiarong	0f73d5b568	对齐PNL0002上游温度并稳定热流体闭合	2026-08-11 07:12:52 +00:00
huojiarong	6abcc220de	对齐AMESim管阻孔口与储气耦合	2026-08-10 13:07:03 +00:00
ljz	7671418582	统一组件图标布局并完善选择吸附交互	2026-08-06 23:35:50 +08:00
huojiarong	40c72422ff	对齐PNVO近等压层流平滑	2026-08-05 12:59:05 +00:00
huojiarong	e9fc855a1c	修复参数帮助浮层滚动触发	2026-08-05 12:58:08 +00:00
ljz	09778972a6	完善端口标号与MECMAS21动态图标	2026-08-04 12:55:50 +08:00
ljz	df1d676131	完善AMESim可配置参数交互补充气动孔口、动态管路、UD00 与弹性接触组件的离散选项、条件显示和折叠分组。增加目录协议、非法选项和前端参数表交互回归测试，不修改现有求解公式。	2026-08-04 01:27:17 +08:00
ljz	be54070855	完善MECMAS21参数配置与分组交互	2026-08-03 23:51:27 +08:00
ljz	32f21f08ff	优化参数表样式与科学计数法支持	2026-08-03 23:51:27 +08:00
huojiarong	046aa49814	对齐Amesim氦气PR物性与PNVO流量	2026-08-03 15:34:33 +00:00
huojiarong	18d9802f03	优化求解器重试并校正AMESim机械端口	2026-08-03 09:54:46 +00:00
ljz	971e8f2336	初版：实现 AMESim 机械因果化与事件求解初步支持 MECMAS21 刚性质量状态归并、端止事件、恢复系数，以及 LSTP 接触和压力流量显式因果化。已知问题：显式传播仍会重复扫描全网方程，长时刚性仿真性能待优化；自适应积分器遇到越出物理域的试探状态时，尚未实现恢复并缩步重试。	2026-08-03 15:45:48 +08:00
huojiarong	de265cdde6	调整Playwright默认浏览器策略	2026-08-03 07:03:13 +00:00
ljz	cf249d6c0d	优化组件选择交互与视图适配时机	2026-08-03 11:59:24 +08:00
ljz	11093613c5	完善 PNVO001 与 PNRP17 前端图标及端口交互按 AMESim 参考样式重绘孔板与气动活塞图标，调整端口锚点和旋转后的连接方向，并补充组件图标及接触连接回归测试。	2026-08-03 09:49:55 +08:00
huojiarong	1f4027573f	公开PNRP17并接通实时气动机械耦合	2026-08-02 14:51:31 +00:00
ljz	503394f3ed	完善建模交互与结果曲线功能支持元件接口接触吸附、旋转后兼容连接及无连线逻辑边。完善 AMESim 图标显示、参数双栏、结果曲线待定窗口及相关端到端测试。	2026-08-02 17:31:28 +08:00
ljz	410ef535e8	完善AMESim组件界面与仿真求解稳定性	2026-08-02 00:57:48 +08:00
ljz	e7177ab03e	feat: integrate AMESim media models and editor UI	2026-07-31 23:36:58 +08:00
lujingze	3e4f466114	Merge pull request 'merge/model-development-into-main' (#2 ) from merge/model-development-into-main into main Reviewed-on: #2	2026-07-31 09:52:44 +08:00
huojiarong	127ec36a55	Merge model-development into main	2026-07-30 10:53:35 +00:00
huojiarong	e87df789b2	接入 AMESim 机械接触和节点组件	2026-07-30 10:34:29 +00:00
huojiarong	2ddaaeb56a	上传 AMESim 参考资料	2026-07-30 10:15:23 +00:00
huojiarong	3f51a124d6	公开更多 AMESim 组件并接入信号机械闭环	2026-07-30 10:11:08 +00:00
huojiarong	db4bdb4b70	同步仿真框架并接入AMESim气动组件	2026-07-30 03:53:10 +00:00
huojiarong	420bafeb4e	补充test_mql pneumatic_69局部参考RHS候选	2026-07-29 09:23:05 +00:00
huojiarong	e17a952bee	补充test_mql pneumatic_96候选短窗口对比	2026-07-29 09:02:55 +00:00
huojiarong	a8a68f6dd4	添加test_mql pneumatic_96局部参考RHS候选	2026-07-29 08:38:37 +00:00
huojiarong	71da73ef70	补充test_mql pneumatic_96流量反事实诊断	2026-07-29 08:15:36 +00:00
huojiarong	cd2fa800b9	补充test_mql pneumatic_96参考导数反事实诊断	2026-07-29 08:04:30 +00:00
huojiarong	532fdb4e6b	补充test_mql pneumatic_96导数分项诊断	2026-07-29 07:45:39 +00:00
huojiarong	bd7c8c99e9	补充test_mql pneumatic_96入口支路诊断	2026-07-29 07:31:08 +00:00
huojiarong	bf4dc0af3d	补充test_mql PNL0003质量导数链路诊断	2026-07-29 07:09:11 +00:00
huojiarong	200d4593e8	补充test_mql PNL0003压力导数分项诊断	2026-07-29 06:40:42 +00:00
huojiarong	890bf1d483	补充test_mql PNL0003双端温度导数诊断	2026-07-29 06:31:04 +00:00
huojiarong	137a4cf7d6	补充test_mql PNL0003温度导数分项诊断	2026-07-28 10:48:32 +00:00
huojiarong	920ee336e9	补充test_mql PNL0003储气质量诊断	2026-07-28 10:35:14 +00:00
huojiarong	fc46c4272a	补充test_mql PNL0003中心流反算诊断	2026-07-28 10:07:13 +00:00
huojiarong	8b9f229b80	补充test_mql PNL0003温度反事实诊断	2026-07-28 09:37:34 +00:00
huojiarong	918952f130	补充test_mql PNL0003中心焓候选诊断	2026-07-28 09:16:33 +00:00
huojiarong	d67fb251d2	补充test_mql P4节点真实气体焓诊断	2026-07-28 09:00:02 +00:00
huojiarong	e473162d4c	校正test_mql PNVO事件流量系数	2026-07-28 04:16:45 +00:00
huojiarong	8a2d2ae190	修正test_mql PNL0003节点混合焓	2026-07-28 03:33:10 +00:00
huojiarong	7182f929e8	补充test_mql PNL0003储能诊断	2026-07-28 02:49:02 +00:00
huojiarong	021ea63a2b	接入test_mql pneumatic_69传输焓RHS	2026-07-28 02:20:33 +00:00
huojiarong	f8af99ace1	接入test_mql高密度事件窗口诊断	2026-07-27 16:18:20 +00:00
huojiarong	01b606df30	修正test_mql事件窗口插值诊断	2026-07-26 14:48:38 +00:00
huojiarong	331435e78a	补充test_mql PNVO焓流诊断与系数校正	2026-07-24 10:58:10 +00:00
huojiarong	a219cddc0b	修正test_mql节点焓流诊断口径	2026-07-23 08:40:56 +00:00
huojiarong	1602e0dc51	补充pn2pipefr候选流量诊断	2026-07-22 09:50:48 +00:00
huojiarong	84d1675292	接入AMESim help文档与PNVO流量诊断	2026-07-22 08:56:04 +00:00
huojiarong	f0f8f40c7a	接入PNL0001事件窗口RHS诊断	2026-07-22 04:21:38 +00:00
huojiarong	2120901909	修复test_mql事件后积分步长控制	2026-07-22 02:58:59 +00:00
huojiarong	a0855018d5	对齐test_mql保存时刻与PNVO事件边界	2026-07-21 07:56:25 +00:00
huojiarong	7c68caed27	接入test_mql PNVO阶跃控制与流量诊断	2026-07-21 07:28:28 +00:00
huojiarong	65f6d6dd87	更新test_mql迁移状态文档	2026-07-20 10:34:51 +00:00
huojiarong	2c2952cff1	拆解test_mql变容气室RHS	2026-07-20 10:12:07 +00:00
huojiarong	a6e1faa2d8	诊断test_mql总闭包对比端点	2026-07-20 10:04:43 +00:00
huojiarong	3951bc372c	排序test_mql总闭包对比偏差	2026-07-20 09:59:09 +00:00
huojiarong	eaafe5eafc	接入test_mql总闭包对比报告	2026-07-20 09:54:03 +00:00
huojiarong	6953c864c4	导出test_mql总闭包关键序列	2026-07-20 09:45:32 +00:00
huojiarong	958d813300	接入test_mql变容气室机械反馈	2026-07-20 09:37:40 +00:00
huojiarong	d4edf1ccb3	导出test_mql活塞运动学	2026-07-20 09:26:01 +00:00
huojiarong	65cdd2284e	接入test_mql大质量块约束	2026-07-20 09:23:23 +00:00
huojiarong	bb4a71c612	接入test_mql外力信号边界	2026-07-20 09:18:05 +00:00
huojiarong	c8de46fac2	导出test_mql机械节点总力	2026-07-20 09:14:20 +00:00
huojiarong	8782f96baf	补充test_mql机械节点运动学	2026-07-20 09:09:49 +00:00
huojiarong	0035243361	接入test_mql端止动机械力	2026-07-20 09:07:00 +00:00
huojiarong	716a1c572a	组合test_mql 132状态总闭包	2026-07-20 09:01:17 +00:00
huojiarong	3d1de6d5d0	接入test_mql机械质量状态闭包	2026-07-20 08:54:04 +00:00
huojiarong	7cb050d235	抽象test_mql邻域与阻力流量计算	2026-07-20 03:56:50 +00:00
huojiarong	3d572767d2	抽象test_mql双状态孔口线流量计算	2026-07-20 03:43:43 +00:00
huojiarong	be1eec1348	抽象test_mql固定气室段流量计算	2026-07-20 03:38:17 +00:00
huojiarong	cdd17d29c8	抽象test_mql PN3节点平衡组装	2026-07-20 03:31:04 +00:00
huojiarong	a52019c5e9	抽象test_mql P4节点平衡组装	2026-07-20 03:25:12 +00:00
huojiarong	777f943660	抽象test_mql代数元件端口写回	2026-07-20 03:18:24 +00:00
huojiarong	65623fb1dd	复用test_mql输出线闭包逻辑	2026-07-19 10:58:39 +00:00
huojiarong	cf33d445a2	抽象test_mql双状态连接线闭包逻辑	2026-07-19 10:54:11 +00:00
huojiarong	13f37bfd0f	抽象test_mql相邻连接线闭包逻辑	2026-07-19 10:43:13 +00:00
huojiarong	d02dacae0f	抽象test_mql主线气室闭包逻辑	2026-07-19 10:34:38 +00:00
huojiarong	7b9d28c0ee	抽象test_mql固定气室段闭包逻辑	2026-07-19 10:28:05 +00:00
huojiarong	2622bb8c92	补充test_mql pn_node3_8气室闭合断言	2026-07-19 10:17:53 +00:00
huojiarong	dd2efff487	补充test_mql pneumatic_100闭合断言	2026-07-19 10:03:29 +00:00
huojiarong	acee83fe53	接入test_mql pn_node3_10入口平衡	2026-07-19 09:55:25 +00:00
huojiarong	bdbac6fbb5	接入test_mql pn_general_chamber_2出口支路	2026-07-19 09:48:08 +00:00
huojiarong	09fb3a5f72	接入test_mql pneumatic_107远端PN3子网	2026-07-19 09:34:05 +00:00
huojiarong	2afd5eeb11	接入test_mql pn_node3_12主压温支路	2026-07-19 09:22:00 +00:00
huojiarong	4242057bd8	接入test_mql pn_node3_13固定气室支路	2026-07-19 09:10:00 +00:00
huojiarong	492562a517	接入test_mql pneumatic_106远端PN3子网	2026-07-19 08:54:44 +00:00
huojiarong	a1bddfcd98	接入test_mql pn_node3_14固定气室支路	2026-07-19 08:41:41 +00:00
huojiarong	8e1263833b	接入test_mql pneumatic_93直连P4端口	2026-07-19 08:27:14 +00:00
huojiarong	b44bbbd110	接入test_mql pneumatic_94直连P4端口	2026-07-18 09:47:32 +00:00
huojiarong	a09a8c8daf	接入test_mql P4桥接环网管路	2026-07-18 09:38:52 +00:00
huojiarong	8639b42574	接入test_mql pneumatic_105远端PN3子网	2026-07-18 09:24:36 +00:00
huojiarong	f74b414b24	接入test_mql P4环网剩余管路	2026-07-18 09:10:31 +00:00
huojiarong	8c8b4f26e9	接入test_mql PNVO上游PN3子网	2026-07-18 08:56:23 +00:00
huojiarong	62c8aabeab	接入test_mql相邻P4远端主线	2026-07-18 08:35:42 +00:00
huojiarong	95ba5a5e81	接入test_mql相邻P4主压温边界	2026-07-17 10:20:43 +00:00
huojiarong	853ae3043d	复用test_mql P4邻接拓扑装配	2026-07-17 10:10:41 +00:00
huojiarong	43e238034a	补充test_mql P4邻接拓扑解析	2026-07-17 10:05:26 +00:00
huojiarong	8af0a27e4c	接入test_mql P4主线气室	2026-07-17 09:58:59 +00:00
huojiarong	fafce0af87	接入test_mql P4节点局部闭合	2026-07-17 09:51:54 +00:00
huojiarong	a071896834	实现test_mql PNL0002管路动态	2026-07-17 09:38:32 +00:00
huojiarong	7569917924	实现test_mql P4节点代数契约	2026-07-17 09:25:35 +00:00
huojiarong	5c3ad50090	接入test_mql PNVO孔口边界	2026-07-17 09:16:35 +00:00
huojiarong	78013b25c9	接入test_mql PN3节点管路闭合	2026-07-17 09:05:51 +00:00
huojiarong	568be2e632	实现test_mql PNL0003与PNL00R管路	2026-07-17 08:54:38 +00:00
huojiarong	c4c1b35dee	接入test_mql双管路气室与PN3节点	2026-07-17 03:39:14 +00:00
huojiarong	1193b2dcee	实现test_mql PNL0001管路动态	2026-07-17 03:28:36 +00:00
huojiarong	2d33a8f4bc	接入test_mql真实固定气室拓扑	2026-07-17 02:49:06 +00:00
huojiarong	c0f28520b4	补充test_mql气动拓扑候选发现	2026-07-16 09:42:25 +00:00
huojiarong	95ebca89f6	补充test_mql气动支路配置接口	2026-07-16 09:31:12 +00:00
huojiarong	2cea81739e	补充test_mql气动支路仿真入口	2026-07-16 09:22:51 +00:00
huojiarong	314b65872e	接入test_mql真实气动组件	2026-07-16 09:17:10 +00:00
huojiarong	94badfb56f	建立test_mql气动闭合骨架	2026-07-16 09:10:46 +00:00
huojiarong	a1870f2789	补充test_mql管路反号观测输出	2026-07-16 08:54:59 +00:00
huojiarong	0cd4359964	补充test_mql气动反号观测输出	2026-07-16 08:51:59 +00:00
huojiarong	bef9dce55e	补充test_mql机械零力计算输出	2026-07-16 08:44:34 +00:00
huojiarong	3ac83d9f00	补充test_mql质量端止动反号输出	2026-07-16 08:36:36 +00:00
huojiarong	999d840615	补充test_mql变容气室体积计算输出	2026-07-16 08:23:12 +00:00
huojiarong	b3feb5c7e0	补充test_mql活塞几何计算输出	2026-07-16 02:52:26 +00:00
huojiarong	77e2f10cd5	补充test_mql基准透传脚本	2026-07-16 02:46:13 +00:00
huojiarong	d35e85e066	补充test_mql基准透传运行器	2026-07-16 02:41:04 +00:00
huojiarong	6ccbf7eb5e	补充test_mql输出校验对比入口	2026-07-16 02:34:32 +00:00
huojiarong	9eb7d293f7	补充test_mql输出变量契约	2026-07-16 02:27:42 +00:00
huojiarong	143097dc28	补充test_mql统一观测目录	2026-07-16 02:21:49 +00:00
huojiarong	c84a809f77	补齐test_mql机械观测覆盖	2026-07-16 02:15:47 +00:00
huojiarong	f6871aefac	补充test_mql机械观测目录	2026-07-16 02:06:10 +00:00
huojiarong	6f9e7084dd	补充test_mql气室观测目录	2026-07-16 01:59:15 +00:00
huojiarong	7c820cbada	补充test_mql管路观测目录	2026-07-16 01:54:44 +00:00
huojiarong	c7b92f99c6	补充test_mql孔口观测目录	2026-07-16 01:49:19 +00:00
huojiarong	2199f1c11e	修正test_mql气室压力约定	2026-07-15 10:25:50 +00:00
huojiarong	f6dda509a2	补充test_mql质量端止动原语	2026-07-15 10:19:24 +00:00
huojiarong	a63fda313b	校验test_mql机械观测量	2026-07-15 10:08:53 +00:00
huojiarong	6f34ac16bf	补充test_mql机械原语	2026-07-15 10:02:53 +00:00
huojiarong	8f14a3840f	装配test_mql机械组件	2026-07-15 09:56:57 +00:00
huojiarong	03a6db10ad	装配test_mql管路连接	2026-07-15 09:51:02 +00:00
huojiarong	3818b011d5	建立test_mql变量目录	2026-07-15 09:46:51 +00:00
huojiarong	33c8bfae3d	装配test_mql气动元件	2026-07-15 09:43:34 +00:00
huojiarong	1f47171d07	新增test_mql结果对齐工具	2026-07-15 09:40:07 +00:00
huojiarong	796433c275	解析AMESim二进制结果文件	2026-07-15 09:33:34 +00:00
huojiarong	a598fcd5c3	新增test_mql气动组件原语	2026-07-15 09:21:03 +00:00
huojiarong	cdead78977	补充氦气Peng-Robinson物性库	2026-07-15 09:16:11 +00:00
huojiarong	056b71fead	补充test_mql配置解析层	2026-07-15 09:05:53 +00:00
huojiarong	c745fd2a5c	Add test_mql structural Python model	2026-07-15 08:59:59 +00:00
huojiarong	2c38da16b5	Add AMESim test_mql model	2026-07-15 08:33:38 +00:00
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				`"""AMESim pneumatic boundary components."""`
				`@@ -0,0 +1 @@`
				"""Calibrated component primitives used only by the ``test_mql`` example."""