diff --git a/AmesimModels/component-model-authoring-spec-v1(1).md b/AmesimModels/component-model-authoring-spec-v1(1).md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d81dd72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/component-model-authoring-spec-v1(1).md
@@ -0,0 +1,680 @@
+# 组件模型建模规范 v1
+
+状态：已在 `experimental` 临时组件库实施  
+适用对象：人工开发者、代码生成工具和 AI 编程助手  
+配套读取规范：[组件库分类、发现与读取规范 v1](component-library-spec-v1.md)
+
+## 1. 文档目标
+
+本文档规定一个 Python 仿真元件应如何创建、修改、测试和注册。完成后的模型必须
+同时满足四个使用方：
+
+1. 求解器能够实例化模型并调用方程。
+2. System XML 能够根据稳定类型找到模型。
+3. React Flow 能够自动显示图标、端口和参数。
+4. 结果页面能够根据结构化元数据展示变量。
+
+本文档是模型代码的开发合同。若本文档与当前代码行为不一致，应把它视为缺陷：
+先核对实际实现，再在同一次修改中同步代码、测试和文档，禁止让两套规则长期并存。
+
+## 2. 开始前先判断任务类型
+
+### 2.1 新增公开模型
+
+公开模型会出现在前端组件库中，也能被 System XML 创建。必须：
+
+- 放入某个组件库的分类目录。
+- 实现完整模型契约。
+- 加入该库 `library.py` 的 `models` 清单。
+- 添加目录、契约、方程和最小仿真测试。
+
+### 2.2 修改已有公开模型
+
+必须先判断改动是否破坏已有工程：
+
+| 改动 | 版本建议 | 兼容性要求 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| 修复数值实现但不改变契约 | 修订版本 | 旧 XML 和工程继续可用 |
+| 新增有默认值的参数或结果 | 次版本 | 旧工程缺少该字段时必须有迁移或默认值 |
+| 修改界面名称或图标 | 库修订版本 | 不修改机器标识 |
+| 修改方程的物理语义 | 根据影响提高次版本或主版本 | 补充基准和变更说明 |
+| 删除、改名端口或参数 | 主版本 | 必须设计工程和 XML 迁移 |
+| 修改 `MODEL_TYPE` | 视为新模型 | 旧类型必须保留迁移映射 |
+
+### 2.3 新增内部模型
+
+仅供固定算例或研究代码使用、不进入前端目录的模型，不加入 `library.py`。这类模型
+应放在对应 `examples/` 或专用系统目录，不能与公开模型混放后依赖扫描规则排除。
+
+当前示例是
+[`app/simulation/examples/testmodel/dynamic_pipe.py`](../app/simulation/examples/testmodel/dynamic_pipe.py)。
+
+### 2.4 新增物理域
+
+仅新增模型类不足以支持新物理域。除了模型，还必须设计：
+
+- `PortDefinition` 和端口变量。
+- 变量角色与连接规则。
+- 网络兼容性检查。
+- 代数方程和 stream/signal 传播。
+- XML 端口协议。
+- 前端连线兼容规则。
+- 最小闭合系统与求解测试。
+
+没有完成这些基础能力时，不得仅通过修改 `domain` 字符串宣称支持新物理域。
+
+## 3. 开发前必须读取的文件
+
+人工或 AI 在修改模型前，应按顺序读取：
+
+1. 本文档。
+2. 目标库的 `library.py`。
+3. 同分类中物理行为最接近的现有模型。
+4. [`core/base.py`](../app/simulation/core/base.py)。
+5. [`core/ports.py`](../app/simulation/core/ports.py)。
+6. [`core/metadata.py`](../app/simulation/core/metadata.py)。
+7. [`core/catalog.py`](../app/simulation/core/catalog.py)。
+8. [`registry.py`](../app/simulation/registry.py) 中的启动校验。
+9. 与目标模型最接近的测试。
+
+不要只根据文件名、前端图标或旧 XML 猜测模型语义。
+
+## 4. 文件位置和命名
+
+公开模型放在：
+
+```text
+app/simulation/components/<library_id>/<category_id>/<model_module>.py
+```
+
+例如：
+
+```text
+app/simulation/components/experimental/storage/cylinder.py
+app/simulation/components/experimental/flow/orifice.py
+app/simulation/components/experimental/junctions/tee.py
+```
+
+规则：
+
+- 一个公开模型原则上对应一个文件和一个主要模型类。
+- 模块名、`MODEL_TYPE`、端口名和参数名使用稳定机器标识。
+- `MODEL_TYPE` 使用小写 `snake_case`。
+- 参数和结果变量允许保留已有热力学惯例，如 `T0`、`T`、`U`。
+- 中文名称只写入 `label`，不能代替机器标识。
+- 求解器、介质和网络通用逻辑不得复制到模型文件。
+
+## 5. 公开模型完整契约
+
+每个公开模型类必须在自身类体中显式声明：
+
+```python
+MODEL_TYPE = "example_component"
+MODEL_VERSION = "1.0.0"
+PORTS = (...)
+PARAMETERS = (...)
+RESULT_VARIABLES = (...)
+DISPLAY = ...
+```
+
+同时必须实现：
+
+```python
+@classmethod
+def create(
+    cls,
+    *,
+    name: str,
+    medium: IdealGasMedium,
+    parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+) -> Component:
+    ...
+```
+
+注册器要求这些字段直接存在于公开模型类中。不要依赖父类隐式提供
+`MODEL_TYPE`、`MODEL_VERSION`、`PORTS`、`PARAMETERS`、`RESULT_VARIABLES`、
+`DISPLAY` 或 `create()`。
+
+## 6. 基类选择
+
+### 6.1 `AlgebraicComponent`
+
+适用于没有积分状态、由当前端口变量和参数直接决定残差的元件，例如：
+
+- 孔板
+- 阀门
+- 阻性管段
+- 理想三通
+
+至少实现：
+
+- 构造函数和端口注册。
+- `create()`。
+- `pressure_flow_equation_residuals()`。
+- 需要传递 stream 变量时实现 `update_stream_outflows()`。
+
+### 6.2 `ThermodynamicVolumeComponent`
+
+适用于包含质量和能量状态的气体容腔，例如：
+
+- 气瓶
+- 贮箱
+- 有容积的管段
+
+至少实现：
+
+- `get_state_vector()`。
+- `set_state_vector()`。
+- `refresh_thermodynamic_ports()`。
+- `state_derivative_from_ports()`。
+- `pressure_flow_equation_residuals()`。
+
+该基类已经提供标准热力学组件结果：
+
+```text
+m, U, p, T, rho, u, h
+```
+
+除非物理含义不同，不要重新复制这组结果声明。
+
+### 6.3 其他基类
+
+如果现有基类不能表达模型，应先评估是否缺少一种通用组件能力。不要为了一个模型
+直接把专用判断塞入 `SimulationNetwork` 或求解器。
+
+## 7. 端口建模规范
+
+当前气动模型使用：
+
+```python
+PortDefinition.pneumatic(
+    "port_a",
+    nominal_role="bidirectional",
+)
+```
+
+气动端口包含：
+
+| 变量 | 角色 | 连接规则 | SI 单位 |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `p` | `effort` | `equal` | `Pa` |
+| `m_flow` | `flow` | `sumToZero` | `kg/s` |
+| `h_outflow` | `stream` | `streamMix` | `J/kg` |
+
+必须遵守：
+
+- `m_flow > 0` 表示质量流入当前组件。
+- `nominal_role` 只用于界面和默认布局，不限制实际流向。
+- 物理连接是非因果的，连接线端点顺序不代表流向。
+- 所有声明端口必须使用 `register_declared_port()` 创建。
+- `DISPLAY.ports` 必须与 `PORTS` 名称集合完全一致。
+- 分支连接使用三通等连接元件，不能让一个物理端口直接连接多条边。
+
+禁止：
+
+- 在模型内部根据画布左右方向判断流向。
+- 为了前端显示另造一套端口名。
+- 把 `port_a` 固定解释为真实入口、把 `port_b` 固定解释为真实出口。
+- 直接绕过端口状态读写其他组件对象。
+
+## 8. 参数建模规范
+
+所有用户可配置输入必须使用 `ParameterDefinition`：
+
+```python
+ParameterDefinition(
+    name="volume",
+    label="容积",
+    quantity="volume",
+    unit="m3",
+    default=0.1,
+    minimum=0.0,
+    minimum_exclusive=True,
+)
+```
+
+字段含义：
+
+| 字段 | 规则 |
+| --- | --- |
+| `name` | 稳定机器名，同时用于 XML、工程文件和 `create()` |
+| `label` | 前端显示名称，不能为空 |
+| `quantity` | 受控物理量标识 |
+| `unit` | 后端 SI 基准单位 |
+| `default` | 必须能够创建有效模型 |
+| `minimum` / `maximum` | 必须反映方程有效范围 |
+| `minimum_exclusive` | 用于直径、容积等严格大于零的量 |
+
+当前受控单位定义在 `SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY`：
+
+| quantity | SI 单位 |
+| --- | --- |
+| `dimensionless` | 空字符串 |
+| `density` | `kg/m³` |
+| `flow_coefficient` | `kg/(s*Pa^0.5)` |
+| `internal_energy` | `J` |
+| `length` | `m` |
+| `mass` | `kg` |
+| `mass_flow` | `kg/s` |
+| `pressure` | `Pa` |
+| `specific_enthalpy` | `J/kg` |
+| `specific_internal_energy` | `J/kg` |
+| `temperature` | `K` |
+| `volume` | `m3` |
+
+新增物理量时必须先扩展后端受控单位表，再评估前端是否需要单位换算选项。禁止在
+单个模型中私自拼写新的同义 `quantity`。
+
+构造函数必须调用：
+
+```python
+self.set_parameter_values(
+    {
+        "volume": volume,
+        "p0": p0,
+        "T0": T0,
+    }
+)
+```
+
+保存值、方程计算和结果输出都使用 SI。前端显示单位变化不能改变后端参数语义。
+
+## 9. 结果变量规范
+
+### 9.1 组件级结果
+
+组件自身状态或派生量使用 `ResultVariableDefinition`：
+
+```python
+ResultVariableDefinition(
+    name="pressure_drop",
+    label="压降",
+    quantity="pressure",
+    unit="Pa",
+    category="derived",
+    order=10,
+)
+```
+
+声明后必须在 `component_result_values()` 返回同名值：
+
+```python
+def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+    return {
+        "pressure_drop": self.port_a.p - self.port_b.p,
+    }
+```
+
+声明集合和返回键必须一致。
+
+### 9.2 端口结果
+
+端口结果由 `PORTS` 的端口变量自动产生，不要在 `RESULT_VARIABLES` 中重复声明
+`port_a.p`、`port_a.m_flow` 等字段。
+
+### 9.3 禁止暴露的内容
+
+以下内容默认不能作为用户结果：
+
+- 非线性求解器内部未知量索引。
+- 缩放残差和迭代缓存。
+- 仅用于调试的临时中间值。
+- 可以由已有结果稳定推导、但没有明确工程用途的重复字段。
+
+## 10. 显示声明规范
+
+公开模型必须声明 `DISPLAY`：
+
+```python
+DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+    label="示例阻力元件",
+    library_id="experimental",
+    category_id="flow",
+    symbol="generic",
+    ports=(
+        PortDisplaySpec("port_a", "left", order=10),
+        PortDisplaySpec("port_b", "right", order=20),
+    ),
+    order=90,
+)
+```
+
+规则：
+
+- `library_id` 必须等于所属库 ID。
+- `category_id` 必须存在于所属库的 `categories`。
+- `symbol` 是前端图形键，不是模型类型。
+- 未实现专用图标时使用新的稳定键，前端会回退到通用图形。
+- 只有确实需要专用工程图标时才修改前端图标渲染器。
+- `side` 只允许 `left` 或 `right`。
+- 旋转和镜像不能改变端口名或物理语义。
+
+## 11. 标准创建入口
+
+`create()` 是注册器创建模型的唯一入口：
+
+```python
+@classmethod
+def create(
+    cls,
+    *,
+    name: str,
+    medium: IdealGasMedium,
+    parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+) -> ExampleComponent:
+    return cls(
+        name=name,
+        medium=medium,
+        coefficient=parameters["coefficient"],
+    )
+```
+
+注册器会在调用前：
+
+1. 补齐默认参数。
+2. 拒绝未知参数。
+3. 检查有限值和边界。
+
+调用后还会检查：
+
+1. 返回对象类型正确。
+2. 实例 `model_type` 与 `MODEL_TYPE` 一致。
+3. 实际端口与 `PORTS` 完全一致。
+4. 实例保存的参数与规范化参数完全一致。
+
+`create()` 不应重复实现参数默认值和边界校验，也不能静默修改传入参数。
+
+## 12. 方程实现要求
+
+模型方程必须满足：
+
+- 残差形式统一为“期望等式左侧减右侧”。
+- 每条 `EquationResidual` 使用稳定、可定位的 `id`。
+- `variables` 列出该残差实际涉及的端口量或状态。
+- `role` 与方程主要约束的物理角色一致。
+- 对零压差、零流量和反向流动给出有限结果。
+- 必要正则化必须有物理解释，并通过边界测试保护。
+- 不得用画布坐标、连接线方向或组件名称决定方程。
+
+动态模型还必须：
+
+- 状态向量长度稳定。
+- `get_state_vector()` 和 `set_state_vector()` 互为逆操作。
+- 状态导数满足质量和能量守恒约定。
+- 初始化默认值能够产生有限介质状态。
+
+## 13. 可复制的代数模型模板
+
+下面是一个符合当前规范的两端口代数阻力模板。复制后必须根据真实物理模型修改
+类型、参数、方程、名称和测试，不能只改类名就注册。
+
+```python
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class ExampleRestriction(AlgebraicComponent):
+    MODEL_TYPE = "example_restriction"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "1.0.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_a", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_b", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            name="K",
+            label="流量系数",
+            quantity="flow_coefficient",
+            unit="kg/(s*Pa^0.5)",
+            default=1e-5,
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="示例阻力元件",
+        library_id="experimental",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="generic",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_a", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_b", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=90,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, K: float = 1e-5) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"K": K})
+        self.K = K
+        self.port_a = self.register_declared_port("port_a")
+        self.port_b = self.register_declared_port("port_b")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> ExampleRestriction:
+        return cls(name=name, K=parameters["K"])
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure_difference = self.port_a.p - self.port_b.p
+        expected_flow = (
+            self.K
+            * sqrt(abs(pressure_difference))
+            * (1.0 if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -1.0)
+            if pressure_difference != 0.0
+            else 0.0
+        )
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_a.m_flow",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_b.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_a.m_flow + self.port_b.m_flow,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_a.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_b.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_a.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_a.m_flow - expected_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.port_a.h_outflow = connected_h["port_b"]
+        self.port_b.h_outflow = connected_h["port_a"]
+```
+
+真实现有模型可参考：
+
+- 储能元件：
+  [`cylinder.py`](../app/simulation/components/experimental/storage/cylinder.py)
+- 阻性元件：
+  [`orifice.py`](../app/simulation/components/experimental/flow/orifice.py)
+- 多端口连接元件：
+  [`tee.py`](../app/simulation/components/experimental/junctions/tee.py)
+
+## 14. 注册模型
+
+模型文件完成后，只修改所属库的 `library.py`：
+
+```python
+models=(
+    # 已有模型
+    "app.simulation.components.experimental.flow.example_restriction:ExampleRestriction",
+)
+```
+
+禁止：
+
+- 直接修改 `COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY`。
+- 在前端复制参数和端口定义作为正式来源。
+- 递归扫描组件目录自动导入所有 `.py`。
+- 同时注册两个相同 `MODEL_TYPE`。
+- 把测试类、抽象基类或内部算例模型加入公开清单。
+
+## 15. 测试要求
+
+每个公开模型至少添加：
+
+1. 静态契约测试。
+2. 默认参数创建测试。
+3. 参数边界测试。
+4. 端口与显示布局一致性测试。
+5. 关键方程残差测试。
+6. 零流量或反向流动测试。
+7. 目录输出测试。
+8. 最小 XML 编译测试。
+9. 能进入通用求解器的模型，再添加短时仿真测试。
+
+推荐先运行：
+
+```powershell
+.\.venv-win\Scripts\python.exe -m unittest `
+  tests.test_component_registry `
+  tests.test_component_catalog `
+  tests.test_component_metadata
+```
+
+然后运行完整回归：
+
+```powershell
+.\.venv-win\Scripts\python.exe -m unittest discover -s tests
+```
+
+目录契约影响前端时还要运行：
+
+```powershell
+cd frontend
+$env:Path = 'F:\Master\SystemSimulationApp\.tools\node-v24.18.0-win-x64;' + $env:Path
+npm.cmd run build
+```
+
+## 16. 修改已有模型的安全步骤
+
+1. 找到 `MODEL_TYPE` 的所有 XML、工程和测试引用。
+2. 记录修改前的端口、参数、结果和默认行为。
+3. 判断版本级别和是否需要迁移。
+4. 先增加或修改测试，明确预期物理行为。
+5. 修改模型类，不在注册器和前端复制规则。
+6. 检查默认实例和旧参数是否仍能创建。
+7. 检查最小系统是否仍然闭合。
+8. 运行针对性测试和完整回归。
+9. 同步本文档或模型专属说明中的物理假设。
+
+## 17. 人工或 AI 的任务输入卡
+
+为了减少猜测，新增模型前建议先填写：
+
+```text
+模型中文名称：
+MODEL_TYPE：
+所属 library_id：
+所属 category_id：
+物理域：
+模型用途和边界：
+端口列表及含义：
+参数列表、SI 单位、默认值和范围：
+状态变量：
+代数方程或微分方程：
+正流量约定：
+需要显示的组件结果：
+已知参考模型或工程公式：
+最小测试系统：
+允许的近似：
+明确不实现的能力：
+```
+
+如果关键物理信息缺失，AI 应先通过现有模型、测试或用户提供的参考补齐；不能仅凭
+组件名称自行创造方程。
+
+## 18. AI 修改协议
+
+AI 创建或修改模型时必须遵守：
+
+### 修改前
+
+1. 读取第 3 节列出的文件。
+2. 检查工作区已有改动，不能覆盖无关修改。
+3. 明确模型是公开模型还是内部模型。
+4. 明确端口物理域、状态、参数、方程和结果。
+5. 找到最接近的现有模型并沿用代码风格。
+
+### 修改中
+
+1. 将物理契约保存在模型类中。
+2. 只在库清单中登记公开模型。
+3. 不修改集中注册表来加入单个模型。
+4. 不为了让测试通过而放宽全局校验。
+5. 不改变现有模型标识，除非任务明确要求迁移。
+6. 不把前端拖拽方向当作物理流向。
+7. 不把求解器失败简单隐藏为默认结果。
+
+### 修改后
+
+1. 展示涉及的模型、清单和测试文件。
+2. 报告版本变化和兼容性影响。
+3. 运行针对性测试、完整后端测试和必要的前端构建。
+4. 检查 `GET /api/components/catalog` 中的模型、分类、端口和参数。
+5. 告知用户需要重启 FastAPI 才能加载新的 Python 模块。
+6. 未执行的校验必须明确说明原因。
+
+## 19. 常见失败与处理
+
+| 现象 | 常见原因 | 处理 |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| FastAPI 启动时报模型缺少声明 | 字段继承自父类或漏写 | 在公开模型类中显式声明 |
+| 模型未出现在前端 | 未加入 `library.py` 或后端未重启 | 检查清单并重启 FastAPI |
+| 前端显示“内置兜底” | `/api/components/catalog` 不可用 | 检查 8000 端口和接口响应 |
+| 显示端口校验失败 | `DISPLAY.ports` 与 `PORTS` 不一致 | 使用相同端口名和完整集合 |
+| 单位校验失败 | `quantity` 与 SI 单位不匹配 | 使用受控单位表或先扩展规范 |
+| 默认模型无法注册 | 默认参数越界或构造函数未保存参数 | 修复默认值和 `set_parameter_values()` |
+| XML 报不支持模型 | XML `type` 与 `MODEL_TYPE` 不一致 | 修正类型或提供迁移 |
+| 模型可显示但无法仿真 | 只完成目录元数据，方程或物理域求解未实现 | 补齐方程、网络和求解测试 |
+
+## 20. 完成定义
+
+一个模型只有同时满足以下条件才算完成：
+
+- 模型契约完整且启动校验通过。
+- 默认参数和边界有效。
+- 端口、参数和结果具有稳定物理含义。
+- 方程覆盖零流量、正常流动和必要的反向流动。
+- 模型已加入正确库清单。
+- 目录接口能自动输出模型。
+- 前端无需复制参数和端口定义即可使用。
+- XML 能映射到正确模型。
+- 最小系统能够编译；声称可仿真的模型必须产生有限结果。
+- 针对性测试、完整回归和必要的前端构建通过。
+- 文档记录了模型假设、适用范围和已知限制。
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/P4NODE2.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/P4NODE2.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f3aa13
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/P4NODE2.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PN3NODE2.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PN3NODE2.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf5c414
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PN3NODE2.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNCH012.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNCH012.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92170cf
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNCH012.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNL0001.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNL0001.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba4077a
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNL0001.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNL0002.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNL0002.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2ad34b
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNL0002.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNL0003.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNL0003.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc07a9a
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNL0003.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNL00R.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNL00R.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cf7a74
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNL00R.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNOR001.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNOR001.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70a418c
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNOR001.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/PNVO001.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/PNVO001.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c347a0
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/PNVO001.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/03_gas_properties.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/03_gas_properties.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..150a8f3
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/03_gas_properties.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/06_important_rules.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/06_important_rules.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..849e2fa
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/06_important_rules.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/07_review_pneumatic.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/07_review_pneumatic.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d7ec0d
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/07_review_pneumatic.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/08_pipes.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/08_pipes.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b56ec4d
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/08_pipes.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/lib_pneumatic.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/lib_pneumatic.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9662c6
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/pneumatic_library_manual/lib_pneumatic.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..382bb31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.c
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+/* Submodel PNCH012 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mar. oct. 9 14:41:15 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNCH012
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   This submodel represents a pneumatic chamber with a variable volume
+   and pressure dynamics.
+
+   Each port receives a mass flow rate and an enthalpy flow rate as
+   input and gives the pressure and the temperature of the chamber as
+   output. Each port receives also the volume and volume variation as
+   input. The total volume is calculated by summing the four volume
+   inputs and a dead volume which is a parameter of PNCH012.
+
+   The model takes into account heat exchange. It express the variation
+   of internal energy U using the first law of thermodynamics applied to
+   an open system. Therefore, this model should be preferred to the simple
+   polytropic chamber PNCH011.
+
+   The total volume of the chamber is limited to a lower value equal to
+   the dead volume divided by 100.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic chamber in a jack, spool
+   valve or any pneumatic chamber in which the volume can vary.
+
+   This submodel can be directly connected to any pneumatic PCD
+   component or standard pneumatic component.
+
+   The submodels PNGD001, PNGD002, PNGD003, PNGD004 or PNRGD00 should be
+   included in your circuit to define the characteristics of the gas.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS:
+   The dead volume is the volume of the pneumatic fluid when all the input
+   volumes are zero. It is essential that this volume must be greater
+   than zero.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR :
+   2002 FS from PNCH12
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+INDEX OF REVISIONS :
+   2008  OBA - Real gas improvements : the mass and volume were considered as
+         internal state variable, they are now coded as internal basic
+         variable. The mass initialisation was removed as it was linked
+         to the perfect gas formulation.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp : get atmospheric pressure
+   firstc_   : checks if this is the first call to this submodel
+   pn2vol_   : pneumatic chamber with heat exchange
+   stepdn_   : reduce simulation step
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNCH012"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cvol0  dead volume                  [L -> m**3]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   sth    thermal exchange area        [m**2]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There is 1 integer parameter:
+
+   gi gas type index
+*/
+
+void pnch012in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[1], double c[2]
+      , int ic[2], double *temp, double *press, double *dvol1
+      , double *vol1, double *dvol2, double *vol2, double *dvol3
+      , double *vol3, double *dvol4, double *vol4)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double cvol0, kth, sth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+   kth        = rp[1];
+   sth        = rp[2];
+   extemp     = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/* Assign default values to input(s) with default.  */
+
+   *dvol1     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol1      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol2     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol2      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol3     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol3      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *dvol4     =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+   *vol4      =     0.00000000000000e+000;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+   *temp
+   *press
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (cvol0 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nVolume chamber must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (kth < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nthermal exchange coefficient must be positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (sth < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nthermal exchange area must be positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (extemp <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*temp <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature must be strictly positive.\n");
+   }
+
+
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   if(error == 1)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n);
+   }
+   else if(error == 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nFatal error in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n);
+      amefprintf(stderr, "Terminating the program.\n");
+      AmeExit(1);
+   }
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   c[0] = cvol0 / 100;
+
+   /* Set initial value for the test of limited volume :
+      ic[1] = 1 when the chamber volume is limited to cvol0 / 100 else ic[1] = 0*/
+   ic[1] = 0;
+
+   /* set atmospheric pressure */
+   c[1] = pn2getatp_();
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 4 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp      temperature                    [K]               explicit state (derivative `dtemp')
+      2 press     pressure                       [Pa]              explicit state (derivative `dpress')
+      3 dh1       enthalpy flow rate at port 1   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm1       mass flow rate at port 1       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol1     derivative of volume at port 1 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol1      volume at port 1               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 2 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp2      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press2     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh2        enthalpy flow rate at port 2   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm2        mass flow rate at port 2       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol2      derivative of volume at port 2 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol2       volume at port 2               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 3 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp3      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press3     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh3        enthalpy flow rate at port 3   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm3        mass flow rate at port 3       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol3      derivative of volume at port 3 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol3       volume at port 3               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+
+   Port 4 has 6 variables:
+
+      1 temp4      duplicate of temp             
+      2 press4     duplicate of press            
+      3 dh4        enthalpy flow rate at port 4   [J/s -> W]        basic variable input
+      4 dm4        mass flow rate at port 4       [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable input
+      5 dvol4      derivative of volume at port 4 [L/min -> m**3/s] basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+      6 vol4       volume at port 4               [cm**3 -> m**3]   basic variable input with default 0.000000e+000
+*/
+
+/*  There are 2 internal variables.
+
+      1 vol       volume of pneumatic chamber [cm**3 -> m**3] basic variable
+      2 mgas1     mass of gas in chamber      [g -> kg]       basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnch012_(int *n, double *temp, double *dtemp, double *press
+      , double *dpress, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *dvol1
+      , double *vol1, double *dh2, double *dm2, double *dvol2
+      , double *vol2, double *dh3, double *dm3, double *dvol3
+      , double *vol3, double *dh4, double *dm4, double *dvol4
+      , double *vol4, double *vol, double *mgas1, double rp[4]
+      , int ip[1], double c[2], int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double dvol;
+   double sdm, sdh;
+   double dq;
+   double pressa;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double cvol0, kth, sth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   cvol0      = rp[0];
+   kth        = rp[1];
+   sth        = rp[2];
+   extemp     = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol1    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol1     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol2    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol2     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm3      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol3    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol3     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm4      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol4    *= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol4     *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dtemp      = ??;
+   *dpress     = ??;
+   *vol        = ??;
+   *mgas1      = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pressa = *press + c[1];
+
+   /*** sum of the volume variation and volume ***/
+   dvol = *dvol1 + *dvol2 + *dvol3 + *dvol4;
+
+   /*** setup the initial mass of the gaz inside of the chamber ***/
+   *vol = *vol1 + *vol2 + *vol3 + *vol4 + cvol0;
+
+   /*** sum of the flows ***/
+   sdm = *dm1 + *dm2 + *dm3 + *dm4;   /* mass flow */
+   sdh = *dh1 + *dh2 + *dh3 + *dh4;   /* heat flow */
+
+   /*** V, M, T and P can not be lower than zero ***/
+   *vol = llimit_(vol, &c[0], &ic[0]);
+
+   if (ic[0] == -1)
+   {
+      dvol = 0.;
+      if (ic[1] == 0)
+      {
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d chamber volume is limited by cvol0 / 100 = %g cm**3.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *n, c[0]*1E+6);
+         ic[1] = 1;
+      }
+   }
+
+   if (*vol < c[0]/10)
+   {
+      *vol = c[0]/10;
+   }
+
+   if ( (*mgas1 <= 1.0e-10) && (!firstc_()) )
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *mgas1 = 1.0e-10;
+   }
+
+   if (pressa <= 1.0e-10)
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *press = 1.0e-10 - c[1];
+   }
+
+   if (*temp <= 1.0e-10)
+   {
+      /* panic step reduction */
+      stepdn_();
+      *temp = 1.0e-10;
+   }
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   dq = kth*sth*(extemp-*temp);
+
+   pn2vol_(dtemp, dpress, mgas1, temp, &pressa,
+           &sdm, &sdh, vol, &dvol, &dq, &gi);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol1    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol1     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol2    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol2     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm3      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol3    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol3     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *dm4      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dvol4    /= 1.66666666666667e-005;
+   *vol4     /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *vol      /= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   *mgas1    /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ad88a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNCH012.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>33</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_c1</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>2</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>2</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>27</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>dead volume</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cvol0</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+005</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>L</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>28</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>29</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange area</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>sth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+002</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>30</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>31</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>32</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>volume of pneumatic chamber</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>vol</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>33</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in chamber</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas1</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dtemp</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dpress</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>temp4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>press4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>0</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>derivative of volume at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dvol4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>L/min</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>volume at port 4</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>vol4</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>3</IO>
+     <UNITS>cm**3</UNITS>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0</DEF_VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7954a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.c
@@ -0,0 +1,348 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:20:39 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0001 (C-R)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0001 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+              
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+  
+   The temperature and pressure in the volume are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD001 or PNGD002 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 FS from PNL01 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()       : get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()     : polytropic model for chambers
+   pn2vol_()      : heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coeffitient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+#define VOL        5
+#define AREAEX     6
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0001in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7]
+      , int ic[1], double *t2, double *p2)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *t2
+   *p2
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*p2 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 2 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t2 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 2 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] =  M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   c[VOL] = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   c[AREAEX] = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt2')
+      2 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp2')
+      3 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 5 internal variables.
+
+      1 mgas     mass of gas in pipe      [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      2 re       Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      3 cm       mass flow parameter (cm) [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      4 v        mean gas velocity        [m/s]             basic variable
+      5 ff       friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0001_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t1, double *p1
+      , double *t2, double *dt2, double *p2, double *dp2, double *dh2
+      , double *dm2, double *mgas, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double sdh;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double dq;
+   double pa1, pa2, dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *dt2        = ??;
+   *dp2        = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flows through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v,ff,
+              dh1, dm1, &dh2i, &dm2i, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Compute mass variation */
+   dmgas = (*dm2) + dm2i;
+
+   /* sum of enthalpy flows */
+   sdh = (*dh2) + dh2i;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+      /* Compute initial mass of gas inside the pipe */
+      *mgas = (pa2) * c[VOL] / ((*t2) * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt2, dp2, t2, &pa2,
+              &dmgas, mgas, &zero, &c[VOL], &k, &gi);
+   }
+   else  /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq = kth * c[AREAEX] * (extemp - *t2);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt2, dp2, mgas, t2, &pa2,
+              &dmgas, &sdh, &c[VOL], &zero, &dq, &gi);
+   }
+
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05729ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0001.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>22</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>7</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddf695e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.c
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0002 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:35:13 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0002 (R-C-R)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0002 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+ 
+   The temperature and pressure in the middle volume are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+  
+   PNL0002 is basically similar to PNL0001 and PNL0003 differing only in the
+   input and output requirements.
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD01 or PNGD02 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 FS from PNL02 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()       : get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()     : polytropic model for chambers  
+   pn2vol_()      : heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coeffitient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0002"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+#define VOL        5
+#define HALFLE     6
+#define AREAEX     7
+
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0002in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[8]
+      , int ic[1], double *tctr, double *pctr)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *tctr
+   *pctr
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*pctr < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at center of pipe should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*tctr <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at center of pipe should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] = M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   c[VOL] = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Divide the restriction in 2 identical restrictions */
+   c[HALFLE] = 0.5 * le;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   c[AREAEX] = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 7 internal variables.
+
+      1 tctr     temperature at center of pipe [K]               explicit state (derivative `dtctr')
+      2 pctr     pressure at center of pipe    [Pa]              explicit state (derivative `dpctr')
+      3 mgas     mass of gas in pipe           [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      4 re       mean Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      5 cm       mean mass flow parameter      [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      6 v        mean gas velocity             [m/s]             basic variable
+      7 ff       mean friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0002_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t1, double *p1
+      , double *dh2, double *dm2, double *t2, double *p2, double *tctr
+      , double *dtctr, double *pctr, double *dpctr, double *mgas
+      , double *re, double *cm, double *v, double *ff, double rp[6]
+      , int ip[2], double c[8], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double sdh;
+   double dh1i, dm1i;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double ff1, ff2, re1, re2, cm1, cm2;
+   double dq;
+   double pa1, pa2, pactr;
+   double v1, v2;
+   double dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *dtctr      = ??;
+   *dpctr      = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pa1   =   *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2   =   *p2 + c[PATM];
+   pactr = *pctr + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flows through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pactr, tctr, &diam, &rr, &c[HALFLE], &c[AREA], &re1, &v1, &ff1,
+              dh1, dm1, &dh1i, &dm1i, &cm1, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   pn2pipefr_(&pactr, tctr, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &c[HALFLE], &c[AREA], &re2, &v2, &ff2,
+              &dh2i, &dm2i, dh2, dm2, &cm2, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Mean variables */
+   *ff = 0.5 * (ff1 + ff2);
+   *re = 0.5 * (re1 + re2);
+   *cm = 0.5 * (cm1 + cm2);
+   *v  = 0.5 * (fabs(v1) + fabs(v2));
+
+   /* Compute mass variation */
+   dmgas = dm1i + dm2i;
+
+   /* sum of enthalpy flows */
+   sdh = dh1i + dh2i;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+      *mgas = (pactr) * c[VOL] / ((*tctr) * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dtctr, dpctr, tctr, &pactr,
+               &dmgas, mgas, &zero, &c[VOL], &k, &gi);
+   }
+   else /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq = kth * c[AREAEX] * (extemp-*tctr);
+
+      pn2vol_(dtctr, dpctr, mgas, tctr, &pactr,
+              &dmgas, &sdh, &c[VOL], &zero, &dq, &gi);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c89f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0002.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>24</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>8</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>temperature at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>tctr</VARNAME>
+    <VARNAME2>dtctr</VARNAME2>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.931500e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.931500e+02</VALUE>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pressure at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>pctr</VARNAME>
+    <VARNAME2>dpctr</VARNAME2>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.013000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.013000e+00</VALUE>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean mass flow parameter</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67c2eba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.c
@@ -0,0 +1,399 @@
+/* Submodel PNL0003 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   mer. juin 20 14:17:28 2018 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL0003 (C-R-C)
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL0003 is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only compressibility
+   and friction effects taking into account heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The compressibility of the gas is taken into account by using a
+   simple polytropic model or a more complex one taking into account
+   heat exchange. 
+ 
+   The polytropic model is a simplified form of the general internal
+   energy model based on the first law of thermodynamics. The polytropic
+   approach is obtained by representing the thermal exchange phenomena
+   by a polytropic constant k. In that case, the temperature and
+   pressure are no more independent variables.
+ 
+   The reduction of the complexity of the model implies a lack of
+   accuracy. For general studies, you'd better use the heat exchange
+   approach.
+ 
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+ 
+   The temperature and pressure in each two volumes are state variables. 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with compressibility
+   and friction effects, when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity
+   < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+  
+   PNL0003 is basically similar to PNL0001 and PNL0002 differing only in the
+   input and output requirements.
+ 
+   The submodels PNGD01 or PNGD02 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 FS from PNL03 SN.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2getatp_() :  get atmospheric pressure
+   pn2ri_()     :  get perfect gas constant
+   pn2vol1_()   :  polytropic model for chambers
+   pn2vol_()    :  heat exchange model for chambers
+   pn2pipefr_() :  frictional coefficient in pneumatic pipes
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL0003"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR        0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM         3
+#define AREA         4
+#define HALFVOL      5
+#define HALFAREAEX   6
+
+
+#define SPL_FR   0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 6 real parameters:
+
+   diam   diameter of pipe             [mm -> m]
+   le     pipe length                  [m]
+   rr     relative roughness           [null]
+   k      polytropic constant          [null]
+   kth    thermal exchange coefficient [J/m**2/K/s -> W/m**2/K]
+   extemp external temperature         [K]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi   gas type index
+   mode model         
+*/
+
+void pnl0003in_(int *n, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7]
+      , int ic[1], double *t1, double *p1, double *t2, double *p2)
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+   double vol, areaex;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..5]
+   *t1
+   *p1
+   *t2
+   *p2
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (*p1 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 1 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t1 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 1 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*p2 < -GPATMOS)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial pressure at port 2 should be > 0 [barA].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (*t2 <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nInitial temperature at port 2 should be > 0 [K].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+   if (mode == 1)
+   {
+      if (k <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nPolytropic constant should be > 0.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (kth < 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nThermal exchange coefficient should be >= 0 [J/m**2/K/s].\n");
+      }
+
+      if (extemp <= 0.)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nExternal temperature should be > 0 [K].\n");
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (mode < 1 || mode > 2)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nmodel must be in range [1..2].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+   /* set atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] = M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+   /* Compute volume of pipe. */
+   vol = c[AREA] * le;
+
+   /* Divide the volume in 2 identical volumes */
+   c[HALFVOL] = 0.5 * vol;
+
+   /* Compute exchange area of pipe. */
+   areaex = M_PI * diam * le;
+
+   /* Divide the exchange area of pipe in 2 identical areas */
+   c[HALFAREAEX] = 0.5 * areaex;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt1')
+      2 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp1')
+      3 dh1     enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm1     mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           explicit state (derivative `dt2')
+      2 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          explicit state (derivative `dp2')
+      3 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable input
+      4 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 7 internal variables.
+
+      1 dhctr     enthalpy flow at center of pipe [J/s -> W]        basic variable
+      2 dmctr     mass flow at center of pipe     [g/s -> kg/s]     basic variable
+      3 mgas      mass of gas in pipe             [g -> kg]         basic variable
+      4 re        Reynolds number                 [null]            basic variable
+      5 cm        mass flow parameter (cm)        [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      6 v         mean gas velocity               [m/s]             basic variable
+      7 ff        friction factor                 [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl0003_(int *n, double *t1, double *dt1, double *p1, double *dp1
+      , double *dh1, double *dm1, double *t2, double *dt2, double *p2
+      , double *dp2, double *dh2, double *dm2, double *dhctr
+      , double *dmctr, double *mgas, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[6], int ip[2], double c[7], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   static double zero = 0.0;
+   double dh1i, dm1i;
+   double dh2i, dm2i;
+   double sdh1, sdm1;
+   double sdh2, sdm2;
+   double m1, m2;
+   double dq1, dq2;
+   double pa1, pa2;
+   double dmgas;
+   double r;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, mode;
+   double diam, le, rr, k, kth, extemp;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   mode       = ip[1];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   k          = rp[3];
+   kth        = rp[4];
+   extemp     = rp[5];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dt1        = ??;
+   *dp1        = ??;
+   *dt2        = ??;
+   *dp2        = ??;
+   *dhctr      = ??;
+   *dmctr      = ??;
+   *mgas       = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flow through the pipe */
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa1, t1, &pa2, t2, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v, ff,
+              &dh1i, &dm1i, &dh2i, &dm2i, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+   /* Enthalpy flow and mass flow at center of pipe */
+   *dhctr = dh1i;     /* = -dh2i */
+   *dmctr = dm1i;     /* = -dm2i */
+
+   /* Compute the sum of the flows inside each volume */
+   sdm1 = *dm1 + dm1i;
+   sdh1 = *dh1 + dh1i;
+   sdm2 = *dm2 + dm2i;
+   sdh2 = *dh2 + dh2i;
+
+   dmgas = sdm1 + sdm2;
+
+   /*** temperature & pressure variation ***/
+   if (mode == 1) /* Polytropic model. */
+   {
+      r = pn2ri_(&gi);
+
+      /* Current mass in each volume */
+      m1 = pa1 * c[HALFVOL] / (*t1 * r);
+      m2 = pa2 * c[HALFVOL] / (*t2 * r);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt1, dp1, t1, &pa1,
+               &sdm1, &m1, &zero, &c[HALFVOL], &k,&gi);
+
+      pn2vol1_(dt2, dp2, t2, &pa2,
+               &sdm2, &m2, &zero, &c[HALFVOL], &k,&gi);
+   }
+   else /* Heat exchange. */
+   {
+      dq1 = kth * c[HALFAREAEX] * (extemp - *t1);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt1, dp1, &m1, t1, &pa1,
+              &sdm1, &sdh1, &c[HALFVOL], &zero, &dq1, &gi);
+
+      dq2 = kth * c[HALFAREAEX] * (extemp - *t2);
+
+      pn2vol_(dt2, dp2, &m2, t2, &pa2,
+              &sdm2, &sdh2, &c[HALFVOL], &zero, &dq2, &gi);
+   }
+
+   *mgas = m1 + m2;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *dmctr    /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   *mgas     /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45b3ec6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL0003.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="16.0.0 - 68387-65635 2017">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>24</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>7</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>polytropic constant</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>k</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 1)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.35000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-001</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>thermal exchange coefficient</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>kth</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>J/m**2/K/s</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>21</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>external temperature</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>extemp</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>(mode == 2)</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+02</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+003</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>22</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>23</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>model</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mode</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>2</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>2</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>2</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>polytropic</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>with thermal exchange</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>enthalpy flow at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>dhctr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow at center of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>dmctr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>24</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass of gas in pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>mgas</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>g</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt1</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp1</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dt2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>2.93150000000000e+002</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VARNAME2>dp2</VARNAME2>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>1</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+     <MIN_VALUE>-1.01300000000000e+005</MIN_VALUE>
+     <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+012</MAX_VALUE>
+     <DEF_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</DEF_VALUE>
+     <VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</VALUE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bd124c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.c
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+/* Submodel PNL00R skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   ven. 5. ao�t 14:34:41 2016 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNL00R
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DESCRIPTION :
+   PNL00R is a submodel of a pneumatic pipe with only friction effects.
+  
+   Pipe friction is taken into account using a friction factor based on
+   the Reynolds number and the relative roughness.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+USAGE :
+   Use this submodel to simulate a pneumatic pipe with friction effects,
+   when the Mach number is low, ie gas velocity < 0.3 * speed of sound .
+   
+   The submodels PNGD001 or PNGD002 should be included in your circuit to
+   define the characteristics of the gas.
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+PARAMETER SETTINGS : 
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 FS from PNL0R SN
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+REVISIONS :
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LIST OF FUNCTIONS USED :
+   pn2pipefr_()   : frictional coefficient in pneumatic pipes
+   pn2getatp_()   : get atmospheric pressure
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNL00R"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+#define TABFR      0 /* real store 0, 1 & 2 are used by pn2pipefr */
+#define PATM       3
+#define AREA       4
+
+
+#define SPL_FR  0
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 3 real parameters:
+
+   diam diameter of pipe   [mm -> m]
+   le   pipe length        [m]
+   rr   relative roughness [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There is 1 integer parameter:
+
+   gi gas type index
+*/
+
+void pnl00rin_(int *n, double rp[3], int ip[1], double c[5], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double diam, le, rr;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..2]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (diam <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nDiameter of pipe should be > 0 [mm].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (le <= 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPipe length should be > 0 [m].\n");
+   }
+
+   if (rr < 0.0)
+   {
+      error = 2;
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nRelative roughness should be >= 0.\n");
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[0]    *= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+   diam       = rp[0];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   /* Compute the cross-sectional area of pipe. */
+   c[AREA] =  M_PI * (diam) * (diam) / 4.0;
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1     duplicate of dh2             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm1     duplicate of dm2             (sign reversed)
+      3 t1      temperature at port 1        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 p1      pressure at port 1           [Pa] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2     enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2     mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 t2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 p2      pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 4 internal variables.
+
+      1 re     Reynolds number          [null]            basic variable
+      2 cm     mass flow parameter (cm) [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      3 v      mean gas velocity        [m/s]             basic variable
+      4 ff     friction factor          [null]            basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnl00r_(int *n, double *t1, double *p1, double *dh2, double *dm2
+      , double *t2, double *p2, double *re, double *cm, double *v
+      , double *ff, double rp[3], int ip[1], double c[5], int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double pa1, pa2;
+   double dh1loc, dm1loc;
+   int dummyreg;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi;
+   double diam, le, rr;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+
+   diam       = rp[0];
+   le         = rp[1];
+   rr         = rp[2];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *re         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *v          = ??;
+   *ff         = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pa1 = *p1 + c[PATM];
+   pa2 = *p2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* Compute flow through the pipe */
+
+   pn2pipefr_(&pa2, t2, &pa1, t1, &diam, &rr, &le, &c[AREA], re, v, ff,
+              dh2, dm2, &dh1loc, &dm1loc, cm, &c[TABFR], &gi, &ic[SPL_FR], &dummyreg);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48d20b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNL00R.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>18</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>p2port</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>5</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>diameter of pipe</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>diam</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-003</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+007</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>pipe length</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>le</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-006</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+004</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>m</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>relative roughness</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>rr</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1.00000000000000e-05</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-001</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>16</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>Reynolds number</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>re</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mean gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>v</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>friction factor</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>ff</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>t2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>p2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6dd3859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.c
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+/* Submodel PNOR001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   lun. 10. juil. 17:22:57 2017 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNOR001
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+  2002 : Created by FS from PNOR01
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNOR001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+
+/* real stores */
+#define PATM      0
+#define AREA      1
+#define CQ        2
+
+/* integer stores */
+#define DISC_ORIF    0
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cq   flow coefficient (Cq) [null]
+   area orifice area          [mm**2 -> m**2]
+   Cv   flow coefficient (Cv) [null]
+   Kv   flow coefficient (Kv) [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi      gas type index          
+   flowset flow coefficient setting
+*/
+
+void pnor001in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area       = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      if (area < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nOrifice area should be positive.\n");
+      }
+
+      if (cq <= 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient should be strictly positive.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else if (flowset == 2)
+   {
+      if (Cv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient (Cv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Cv);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (Kv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient (Kv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Kv);
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (flowset < 1 || flowset > 3)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nflow coefficient setting must be in range [1..3].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[1]    *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   area       = rp[1];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      c[CQ] = cq;
+      c[AREA] = area;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      /* calculation of equivalent area with Cv or Kv.
+         Default value of cq; the same value will be used in pn2rcqfix. */
+      c[CQ] = 0.72;
+
+      if (flowset == 2)   /* Cv */
+         orif_areafromcv_(&Cv, &c[CQ], &c[AREA]);
+      else
+         orif_areafromkv_(&Kv, &c[CQ], &c[AREA]);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 2 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh1        enthalpy flow rate at port 1 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm1        mass flow rate at port 1     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 temp1      temperature at port 1        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 press1     pressure at port 1           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2        duplicate of dh1             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm2        duplicate of dm1             (sign reversed)
+      3 temp2      temperature at port 2        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 press2     pressure at port 2           [Pa] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 2 internal variables.
+
+      1 cm         mass flow parameter (cm)    [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      2 gasvel     vena contracta gas velocity [m/s]             basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnor001_(int *n, double *dh1, double *dm1, double *temp1
+      , double *press1, double *temp2, double *press2, double *cm
+      , double *gasvel, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[1])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double pressa1, pressa2;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area       = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh1        = ??;
+   *dm1        = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *gasvel     = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressures */
+   pressa1 = *press1 + c[PATM];
+   pressa2 = *press2 + c[PATM];
+
+   /* calculation of the flows */
+   pn2rcqfix_( dh1, dm1, temp1, &pressa1, temp2, &pressa2, &c[AREA], &c[CQ], &gi,
+               cm, gasvel, &ic[DISC_ORIF]);
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm1      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc8d153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNOR001.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>18</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_orifice</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>3</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>1</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cq)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cq</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-010</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>orifice area</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>area</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>17</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Cv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==2</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Kv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Kv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==3</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient setting</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>flowset</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>3</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cq</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Kv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>vena contracta gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gasvel</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 1</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press1</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>0</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.c b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1316872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.c
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+/* Submodel PNVO001 skeleton created by AME Submodel editing utility
+   ven. 6. oct. 11:10:58 2017 */
+
+
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "ameutils.h"
+/* *******************************************************************************
+TITLE : PNVO001
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+DATE OF CREATION / AUTHOR : 
+   2002 : Created by FS from PNVO01
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+SOURCE :
+
+   This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+   information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+   affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+   and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+   Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+   
+   Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+
+******************************************************************************* */
+
+#define _SUBMODELNAME_ "PNVO001"
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Insert Private Code Here. */
+
+/* real stores */
+#define PATM      0
+#define AREAMAX   1
+#define CQ        2
+
+/* integer stores */
+#define DISC_LIMIT   0
+#define DISC_ORIF    1
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Private Code. */
+
+
+/* There are 4 real parameters:
+
+   cq    flow coefficient (Cq)           [null]
+   area0 orifice area at maximum opening [mm**2 -> m**2]
+   Cv    maximum flow coefficient (Cv)   [null]
+   Kv    maximum flow coefficient (Kv)   [null]
+*/
+
+
+/* There are 2 integer parameters:
+
+   gi      gas type index          
+   flowset flow coefficient setting
+*/
+
+void pnvo001in_(int *n, double rp[4], int ip[2], double c[3]
+      , int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop, error;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Initialization Function Declarations Here. */
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Initialization declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area0, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area0      = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+   error = 0;
+
+/*
+   If necessary, check values of the following:
+
+   rp[0..3]
+*/
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Check Statements. */
+
+   pn2_valid_gas_(&gi, &error);
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      if (area0 < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nOrifice area at maximum opening should be positive.\n");
+      }
+
+      if (cq <= 0.0 )
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nFlow coefficient should be strictly positive.\n");
+      }
+   }
+   else if (flowset == 2)
+   {
+      if (Cv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nMaximum flow coefficient (Cv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Cv);
+      }
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      if (Kv < 0.0)
+      {
+         error = 2;
+         amefprintf(stderr, "\nMaximum flow coefficient (Kv) should be positive (value is %g).\n", Kv);
+      }
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Check Statements. */
+
+/*   Integer parameter checking:   */
+
+   if (gi < 1 || gi > 99)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\ngas type index must be in range [1..99].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+   if (flowset < 1 || flowset > 3)
+   {
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nflow coefficient setting must be in range [1..3].\n");
+      error = 2;
+   }
+
+   SUBMODEL_HANDLE_AND_RESET_ERROR(_SUBMODELNAME_, n, error)
+
+/* Common -> SI units conversions. */
+
+   rp[1]    *= 1.00000000000000e-006;
+   area0      = rp[1];
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Initialization Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* get atmospheric pressure */
+   c[PATM] = pn2getatp_();
+
+   if (flowset == 1)
+   {
+      c[CQ] = cq;
+      c[AREAMAX] = area0;
+   }
+   else
+   {
+      /* calculation of equivalent maximal area with Cv or Kv.
+         Default value of cq; the same value will be used in pn2rcqfix. */
+      c[CQ] = 0.72;
+
+      if (flowset == 2)   /* Cv */
+         orif_areafromcv_(&Cv, &c[CQ], &c[AREAMAX]);
+      else
+         orif_areafromkv_(&Kv, &c[CQ], &c[AREAMAX]);
+   }
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Initialization Executable Statements. */
+}
+
+/*  There are 3 ports.
+
+   Port 1 has 1 variable:
+
+      1 res     input signal [null] basic variable input
+
+   Port 2 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh2        enthalpy flow rate at port 2 [J/s -> W]    basic variable output
+      2 dm2        mass flow rate at port 2     [g/s -> kg/s] basic variable output
+      3 temp2      temperature at port 2        [K]           basic variable input
+      4 press2     pressure at port 2           [Pa]          basic variable input
+
+   Port 3 has 4 variables:
+
+      1 dh3        duplicate of dh2             (sign reversed)
+      2 dm3        duplicate of dm2             (sign reversed)
+      3 temp3      temperature at port 3        [K]  basic variable input
+      4 press3     pressure at port 3           [Pa] basic variable input
+*/
+
+/*  There are 3 internal variables.
+
+      1 xv         fractional opening          [null]            basic variable
+      2 cm         mass flow parameter (cm)    [(kg*K/J)**(1/2)] basic variable
+      3 gasvel     vena contracta gas velocity [m/s]             basic variable
+*/
+
+void pnvo001_(int *n, double *res, double *dh2, double *dm2
+      , double *temp2, double *press2, double *temp3, double *press3
+      , double *xv, double *cm, double *gasvel, double rp[4]
+      , int ip[2], double c[3], int ic[2])
+
+{
+   int loop;
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Extra Calculation Function Declarations Here. */
+   double marea;   /* modulated area */
+   double pressa2, pressa3;
+   static double zero = 0.0, one = 1.0;
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Extra Calculation declarations. */
+   int gi, flowset;
+   double cq, area0, Cv, Kv;
+
+   gi         = ip[0];
+   flowset    = ip[1];
+
+   cq         = rp[0];
+   area0      = rp[1];
+   Cv         = rp[2];
+   Kv         = rp[3];
+   loop = 0;
+
+/*
+   Set all submodel outputs below:
+
+   *dh2        = ??;
+   *dm2        = ??;
+   *xv         = ??;
+   *cm         = ??;
+   *gasvel     = ??;
+*/
+
+
+
+/* >>>>>>>>>>>>Calculation Function Executable Statements. */
+
+   /* set absolute pressure */
+   pressa2 = *press2 + c[PATM];
+   pressa3 = *press3 + c[PATM];
+
+   *xv = dlimit_(res, &zero, &one, &ic[DISC_LIMIT]);
+
+   /* limitation of the modulated area */
+   marea = *xv * c[AREAMAX];
+
+   /*** calculation of the flows ***/
+   pn2rcqfix_( dh2, dm2, temp2, &pressa2, temp3, &pressa3, &marea, &c[CQ], &gi,
+               cm, gasvel, &ic[DISC_ORIF] );
+
+/* <<<<<<<<<<<<End of Calculation Executable Statements. */
+
+/* SI -> Common units conversions. */
+
+   *dm2      /= 1.00000000000000e-003;
+}
+
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.spe b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.spe
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d81a91c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/PNVO001.spe
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE SPE>
+<SPE DOC_VERSION="2" AME_VERSION="14.0.0 -  42489-40361 2015">
+
+ <SUBMODEL>
+  <SUB_TYPE>0</SUB_TYPE>
+  <SUB_ID_MAX>20</SUB_ID_MAX>
+  <DEFAULT_ICON>pn_morifice</DEFAULT_ICON>
+  <SUB_LABEL>modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)</SUB_LABEL>
+  <SUB_UNIT>0</SUB_UNIT>
+  <R_STORES_NUMBER>3</R_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <I_STORES_NUMBER>2</I_STORES_NUMBER>
+  <OUTPUT_TYPE>1</OUTPUT_TYPE>
+  <RPARAMS_LIST>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>12</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient (Cq)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cq</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>7.20000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1.00000000000000e-010</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+000</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>13</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>orifice area at maximum opening</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>area0</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==1</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e+00</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+006</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>mm**2</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>18</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>maximum flow coefficient (Cv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Cv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==2</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>5.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+   <RPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>19</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>maximum flow coefficient (Kv)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>Kv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>flowset==3</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>4.00000000000000e-01</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>0.00000000000000e+000</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>1.00000000000000e+030</MAX_VALUE>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </RPARAM>
+  </RPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IPARAMS_LIST>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>14</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>gas type index</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gi</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>99</MAX_VALUE>
+   </IPARAM>
+   <IPARAM>
+    <SUB_ID>15</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>flow coefficient setting</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>flowset</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <DEF_VALUE>1</DEF_VALUE>
+    <VALUE>1</VALUE>
+    <MIN_VALUE>1</MIN_VALUE>
+    <MAX_VALUE>3</MAX_VALUE>
+    <ENUM_LIST>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cq</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Cv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+     <ENUM>
+      <ENUM_STRING>Kv</ENUM_STRING>
+     </ENUM>
+    </ENUM_LIST>
+   </IPARAM>
+  </IPARAMS_LIST>
+  <IVARS_LIST>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>20</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>fractional opening</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>xv</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>10</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>mass flow parameter (cm)</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>cm</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>(kg*K/J)**(1/2)</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+   <IVAR>
+    <SUB_ID>11</SUB_ID>
+    <TITLE>vena contracta gas velocity</TITLE>
+    <VARNAME>gasvel</VARNAME>
+    <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+    <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+    <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+    <UNITS>m/s</UNITS>
+   </IVAR>
+  </IVARS_LIST>
+  <EVARS_LIST>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>1</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>input signal</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>res</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>null</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>2</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>enthalpy flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dh2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>J/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>3</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>mass flow rate at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>dm2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>2</IO>
+     <UNITS>g/s</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>4</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>5</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 2</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press2</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+   <PORT>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>6</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dh3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>0</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>7</SUB_ID>
+     <VARNAME>dm3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>4</TYPE>
+     <PRIMARY_PORT>1</PRIMARY_PORT>
+     <PRIMARY_VAR>1</PRIMARY_VAR>
+     <DUP_TYPE>1</DUP_TYPE>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>8</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>temperature at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>temp3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>K</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+    <EVAR>
+     <SUB_ID>9</SUB_ID>
+     <TITLE>pressure at port 3</TITLE>
+     <VARNAME>press3</VARNAME>
+     <VISIBILITY>True</VISIBILITY>
+     <TYPE>0</TYPE>
+     <DIMENSION>1</DIMENSION>
+     <IO>1</IO>
+     <UNITS>Pa</UNITS>
+    </EVAR>
+   </PORT>
+  </EVARS_LIST>
+  <SUBIDS_RESET>0</SUBIDS_RESET>
+ </SUBMODEL>
+</SPE>
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/source/pn_public.h b/AmesimModels/help/source/pn_public.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15feacf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/help/source/pn_public.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1439 @@
+/******************************************************************************
+* This material contains trade secrets or otherwise confidential
+* information owned by Siemens Industry Software Inc. or its
+* affiliates (collectively, "Siemens"), or its licensors. Access to
+* and use of this information is strictly limited as set forth in the
+* Customer's applicable agreements with Siemens.
+* 
+* Unpublished work. Copyright 2023 Siemens
+******************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef PN_PUBLIC_H
+#define PN_PUBLIC_H
+
+/**************************************************************************/
+/*                                                                        */
+/*        Generic Macros for the PNEUMATIC LIBRARY                      */
+/*                                                                        */
+/**************************************************************************/
+
+#define PN_SUBMODEL_WARNING(submodelInstance) \
+   amefprintf(stderr, "\nWarning in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *submodelInstance);
+   
+#define PN_SUBMODEL_ERROR(submodelInstance) \
+   amefprintf(stderr, "\nFatal error in %s instance %d.\n", _SUBMODELNAME_, *submodelInstance); \
+   amefprintf(stderr, "Terminating the program.\n"); \
+   AmeExit(1);
+
+   /* Stores structures name */
+#define PN_STORESDEF2(x, y) x ## y
+#define PN_STORESDEF(x, y) PN_STORESDEF2(x, y)
+#define PN_SUBMODEL_IC_DEF PN_STORESDEF(PNSUBMODEL, _IC_DEF_)
+#define PN_SUBMODEL_C_DEF  PN_STORESDEF(PNSUBMODEL, _C_DEF_ )
+#define PN_SUBMODEL_PS_DEF PN_STORESDEF(PNSUBMODEL, _PS_DEF_)
+
+#define PN_NAMECHECK2(submodel, submodelname) \
+   if (strcmp(submodelname, #submodel) != 0)\
+   {\
+      amefprintf(stderr, "\nPlease update \"PNSUBMODEL\" variable in %s code.\n", __FILE__);\
+      PN_SUBMODEL_WARNING(n);\
+   }
+#define PN_NAMECHECK(submodel, submodelname) PN_NAMECHECK2(submodel, submodelname)
+
+/**************************************************************************/
+/*                                                                        */
+/*        Prototypes for the PNEUMATIC  LIBRARY                           */
+/*                                                                        */
+/**************************************************************************/
+
+extern void pn2vol2_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *sdh,
+   double *vvolt,
+   double *volt,
+   double *kth,
+   double *sth,
+   double *extemp,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+
+/**************************************************************************/
+/*                                                                        */
+/*        Prototypes for the NEW PNEUMATIC  LIBRARY                       */
+/*                                                                        */
+/**************************************************************************/
+
+/**************************** pn2atmos.c ******************************/
+
+extern void pn2setatp_
+(
+   double *patmos
+);
+
+extern double pn2getatp_();
+
+/**************************** pn2lambda.c ******************************/
+
+extern int pn2setlambda_
+(
+   double *lbda
+);
+
+/**************************** pn2gasprops.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2CreateMixtureProp3_
+(
+   double *YiSpecies,
+   int *giSpecies,
+   int *nspec,
+   int *gi,
+   char *submodelName,
+   int *submodelInstance
+);
+
+extern int pn2_valid_gas_(int *index, int *error);
+
+extern void pn2checkpt_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2cmpti_
+(
+   double *pr,
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2cppti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2cvpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2gpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2gspti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2hpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2spti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2lampti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2mupti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2nupti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2pcpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2rhopti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2cspti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2zpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double pn2ri_
+(
+   int *index
+);
+
+/*! pn2IsEosPerfect_: returns 1 if gas EoS is perfect. 0 otherwise */
+extern int pn2IsEosPerfect_
+(
+   int *index
+);
+
+/**************************** pn2geta1b1.c **************************/
+
+extern double pn2geta1b1_
+(
+   double *delta,
+   double *rc,
+   double *hdia,
+   double *A1,
+   double *B1
+);
+
+/**************************** pn2orif_zeta.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2orif_zeta_
+(
+   double *pa1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *pa2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *area,
+   double *diam,
+   int *n12,
+   int *n21,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dmh1,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void pn2handledisc_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *p2,
+   int *handle_disc,
+   int *use_hyst,
+   double *hyst,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+/**************************** pn2pipes.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2pipefr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *cm,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pn2pipifr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dm1dot,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *c,
+   int *reg,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+extern void pn2pipefrber_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *v,
+   double *re,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2rcqfix.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2rcqfix_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2rcqnor.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2rcqnor_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *b,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2rcqper.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2rcqper_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2rtabprops.c **************************/
+
+extern int pn2readeos_
+(
+    char *fileName,
+    double **eosValues
+);
+
+extern int pn2readcphs_
+(
+    char *fileName,
+    double **cphsValues
+);
+
+extern int pn2readmu_
+(
+    char *fileName,
+    double **muValues
+);
+
+extern int pn2readlambda_
+(
+    char *fileName,
+    double **lambdaValues
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2init.c **************************/
+#define _PNGD00_RP_NUMBER_ 8
+#define _PNGD00_IP_NUMBER_ 4
+#define _PNGD00_TP_NUMBER_ 5
+#define _PNGD00_C_NUMBER_ 0
+#define _PNGD00_IC_NUMBER_ 1
+int preinit_pngd00_
+(
+    int *n,
+    double *rp, 
+    int *ip, 
+    char *tp[5],
+    double *c,
+    int *ic
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pnturb.c **************************/
+
+extern double pnturbdmctable_
+(
+   int *index, double *ratio, double *Nc, double *ratiolimit, int *disc
+);
+
+extern double pnturbpower_
+(
+   double *pressup, double *tempup, double *dhturbin, double *dhturbout,
+   double *dmturb, double *ratio, double *eff, int *gi
+);
+
+extern double pnTurbineBackflowPower_(
+   double *pressDownBf,
+   double *tempDownBf,
+   double *pressUpBf,
+   double *tempUpBf,
+   double *BFarea,
+   double *cqbf,
+   int *gi,
+   double *dhTurbOut,
+   double *dhTurbIn,
+   double *dmc,
+   double *eff,
+   double *dmTurb,
+   int *reg1
+);
+
+extern double pnTurbineTorque_
+(
+   double *w, double *Pmec
+);
+
+/**************************** pn2vol1.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2vol1_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *vvolt,
+   double *volt,
+   double *k,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2vol2.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2vol2_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *sdh,
+   double *vvolt,
+   double *volt,
+   double *kth,
+   double *sth,
+   double *extemp,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+
+/**************************** pn2vol.c **************************/
+
+extern void pn2vol_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *sdh,
+   double *volt,
+   double *dvol,
+   double *dq,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+
+/************************** pnvalvearea.c ****************************/
+
+/*! pnbuttvalvearea_: computes the cross-sectional area of a butterfly valve */
+extern void pnbuttvalvearea_
+(
+   double *phi,
+   double *d,
+   double *D,
+   double *area
+);
+
+/*! pngatevalvearea_: computes the cross-sectional area of a gate valve */
+extern void pngatevalvearea_
+(
+   double *x,
+   double *d,
+   double *D,
+   double *area
+);
+
+
+/**************************************************************************/
+/*                                                                        */
+/*        Prototypes for the THERMAL-PNEUMATIC LIBRARY                    */
+/*                                                                        */
+/**************************************************************************/
+
+/**************************** tpzconv.c **************************/
+
+extern double tpzconv_
+(
+   double *le,
+   double *diam,
+   double *alpha
+);
+
+/**************************** tpzdiff.c **************************/
+
+extern double tpzdiff_
+(
+   double *area1,
+   double *area2,
+   double *alpha
+);
+
+/** Special heat exchanges **/
+extern void pn_Nu_extconv_free_plate_
+(
+   double *Pr,
+   double *Ra,
+   double *beta,
+   double *tFluid,
+   double *tPlate,
+   double *cdim_factor,
+   double *Nu
+);
+
+extern void pn_Nu_extconv_forced_plate_
+(
+   double *Pr,
+   double *Re,
+   double *Nu
+);
+
+extern void pn_Nu_extconv_free_cyl_
+(
+   double *Pr,
+   double *Ra,
+   double *Nu
+);
+
+extern void pn_Nu_extconv_forced_cyl_
+(
+   double *Pr,
+   double *Re,
+   double *Nu
+);
+
+
+/* Obsolete utilities */
+extern double pngeta1b1_
+(
+   double *delta, double *rc, double *hdia,
+   double *A1, double *B1
+);
+
+extern double pngetcm_
+(
+   double *pr
+);
+
+extern double pngetcp_();
+
+extern double pngetcv_();
+
+extern double pngetg_();
+
+extern double pngetlcm_
+(
+   double *lambda,
+   double *pr
+);
+
+extern double pngetmu_();
+
+extern double pngetpc_();
+
+extern double pngetr_();
+
+extern double pngetrho_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp
+);
+
+extern double pnjetforc_
+(
+   double *dm,
+   double *v,
+   double *teta
+);
+
+extern double pnsmooth_
+(
+   double *f1,
+   double *f2,
+   double *x,
+   double *x1,
+   double *x2
+);
+
+extern void pnchkgas_();
+
+extern void pnpipefr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *c,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void pnpipifr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dm1dot,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *c,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void pnrcqfix2_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pnrcqfix_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   double *cm,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pnrcqnor2_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *b,
+   double *c,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pnrcqnor_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *b,
+   double *c,
+   double *cm,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pnrcqper2_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pnrcqper_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   double *cm,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void pnsetcpv2_
+(
+   double *cp,
+   double *cv,
+   double *mu
+);
+
+extern void pnsetcpv_
+(
+   double *cp,
+   double *cv
+);
+
+extern void pnsetgas2_
+(
+   double *cp,
+   double *cv,
+   double *g,
+   double *r,
+   double *mu
+);
+
+extern void pnsetgas_
+(
+   double *cp,
+   double *cv,
+   double *g,
+   double *r
+);
+
+extern void pnvol_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *sdh,
+   double *vvolt,
+   double *volt,
+   double *k,
+   double *kth,
+   double *sth,
+   double *extemp,
+   int *mode
+);
+
+extern void pnvol1_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *vvolt,
+   double *volt,
+   double *k
+);
+
+extern void pnvol2_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *sdh,
+   double *vvolt,
+   double *volt,
+   double *kth,
+   double *sth,
+   double *extemp
+);
+
+extern void pn2CreateMixtureProp_
+(
+   double *lrp,
+   int *lip
+);
+
+extern void pn2CreateMixtureProp2_
+(
+   double *YiSpecies,
+   int *giSpecies,
+   double *pRefA,
+   int *nspec,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+extern void pn2CreateGasProp_
+(
+   int index
+);
+
+extern void pn2RegisterPerfectGasProp_
+(
+   double cp,
+   double cv,
+   double mu,
+   double lam,
+   int index
+);
+
+extern void pn2RegisterRealGasProp_
+(
+   char *tp0, double *rp1, double *rp2, 
+   double *rp3, int *eosind, int *index
+);
+
+extern void pn2RegisterGenericGasProp_
+(
+#ifndef _NO_PROTO
+    double *eosValues,
+    double *cphsValues,
+    double *muValues,
+    double *lambdaValues,
+    char *gasName,
+    int *index,
+    char *submodelName,
+    int *submodelInstance
+#endif
+);
+
+extern void pn2RegisterGasProp_
+(
+   double *rp,
+   char *tp,
+   int index
+);
+
+extern int pn2SetGasAsPerfectAt_(
+   double *pressA,
+   double *tempK,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern void pn2checkgas_(int *index);
+
+extern double pn2orift_
+(
+   double *pa,
+   double *ta,
+   double *pb,
+   double *tb,
+   double *area,
+   double *hdia,
+   double *coefab,
+   double *coefba,
+   double *lamcab,
+   double *lamcba,
+   int *fi,
+   int *ic
+);
+
+extern int pn2rtabprops_
+(
+   char *name,
+   double *xvalues,
+   int *num
+);
+
+extern double pnturbbfpower_
+(
+   double *pressup, double *tempup, double *pressdown, double *tempdown,
+   double *dhturbin, double *dhturbout, double *dmc, double *eff, double *dmturb,
+   double *BFarea, double *cqbf, int *gi, int *reg1
+);
+
+
+extern double pnturbtorque_
+(
+   double *w, double *Pmec
+);
+
+extern void pn2seteosuserd_(int index);
+
+extern void tp2setatp_
+(
+   double *patmos
+);
+
+extern double tp2getatp_();
+
+extern void tp2setlambda_
+(
+   double *lbda
+);
+
+extern void tp2RegisterPerfectGasProp_
+(
+   double cp,
+   double cv,
+   double mu,
+   double lam,
+   int index
+);
+
+extern void tp2RegisterRealGasProp_
+(
+   char *tp0, double *rp1, double *rp2, 
+   double *rp3, int *eosind, int *index
+);
+
+extern void tp3RegisterPerfectGasProp_
+(
+   double cp,
+   double cv,
+   double mu,
+   double lam,
+   double tmin,
+   double tmax,
+   int index
+);
+
+extern void RegisterTpGasProp_
+(
+   double *rp,
+   char *tp,
+   int index
+);
+
+extern void tp2CreateMixtureProp_
+(
+   double *lrp,
+   int *lip
+);
+
+extern void tpcheckgas_
+(
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern void tpcheckpt_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpcmpti_
+(
+   double *pr,
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpcppti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpcvpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpgpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpgspti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tphpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tplampti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpalphapti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpcspti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpmupti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpnupti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tppcpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tprhopti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpri_
+(
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern void tpsetuserd_
+(
+   int index
+);
+
+extern double tpzpti_
+(
+   double *p,
+   double *temp,
+   int *index
+);
+
+extern double tpgeta1b1_
+(
+   double *delta,
+   double *rc,
+   double *hdia,
+   double *A1,
+   double *B1
+);
+
+extern double tporift_
+(
+   double *pa,
+   double *ta,
+   double *pb,
+   double *tb,
+   double *area,
+   double *hdia,
+   double *coefab,
+   double *coefba,
+   double *lamcab,
+   double *lamcba,
+   int *fi,
+   int *ic
+);
+
+extern void tp2pipefr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *cm,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void tp2pipifr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dm1dot,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *c,
+   int *reg,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+extern void tp2pipefrber_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *v,
+   double *re,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void tp2rcqfix_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cqmax,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void tp2rcqnor_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *b,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+
+extern void tp2rcqper_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void tppipefr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *cm,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg1,
+   int *reg2
+);
+
+extern void tppipifr_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *re,
+   double *v,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dm1dot,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *c,
+   int *reg,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+extern void tppipefrber_
+(
+   double *p1,
+   double *t1,
+   double *p2,
+   double *t2,
+   double *diam,
+   double *rr,
+   double *l,
+   double *area,
+   double *v,
+   double *re,
+   double *ff,
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *dh2,
+   double *dm2,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void tprcqfix_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void tprcqnor_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *b,
+   double *c,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern void tprcqper_
+(
+   double *dh1,
+   double *dm1,
+   double *temp1,
+   double *press1,
+   double *temp2,
+   double *press2,
+   double *area,
+   double *cq,
+   int *gi,
+   double *cm,
+   double *gasvel,
+   int *reg
+);
+
+extern int tprtabprops_
+(
+   char *name,
+   double *xvalues,
+   int *num
+);
+
+extern double tpsmooth_
+(
+   double *f1,
+   double *f2,
+   double *x,
+   double *x1,
+   double *x2
+);
+
+extern void tpvol_
+(
+   double *dtemp,
+   double *dpress,
+   double *mgas,
+   double *temp,
+   double *press,
+   double *sdm,
+   double *sdh,
+   double *volt,
+   double *dvol,
+   double *dq,
+   int *gi
+);
+
+#endif /* PN_PUBLIC_H */
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2pipefr_.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2pipefr_.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45f264d
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2pipefr_.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2rcqfix_.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2rcqfix_.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ca95ef
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2rcqfix_.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bace2b0
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol1.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol1.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3b00a5
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol1.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol2_.pdf b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol2_.pdf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c541eb
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/help/utilities/pn2vol2_.pdf differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame b/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..53419b0
Binary files /dev/null and b/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame differ
diff --git a/AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md b/AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ba836e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# test_mql
+
+本目录记录 AMESim 模型 `test_mql.ame` 向 `PythonModels` 迁移时使用的源模型信息、结果对齐约定和当前进度。
+
+## 目标
+
+迁移目标不是复制 AMESim `.results` 中的观测值，而是建立真实的 Python 仿真链路：
+
+`组件方程 -> SimulationNetwork/系统装配 -> closure -> snapshot/端口写回 -> RHS -> solver -> reporting/comparison`
+
+Python 输出只有通过 AMESim baseline 对比后才能作为数值一致性依据。duplicate、反号或派生观测可以用于验证端口方向，但不能替代组件方程和网络闭合。
+
+## 模型与源数据
+
+- AMESim 源模型：`AmesimModels/test_mql.ame`
+- Python 系统类：`PythonModels.systems.test_mql.TestMqlSystem`
+- 结构运行入口：`PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql.py`
+- 132 状态比较入口：`PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py`
+- AMESim 组件数：117
+- LINE 连接数：84
+- 连续状态数：132
+- 离散状态数：24
+- 全局参数：`D1=20`、`D2=20`、`D3=14`、`P0=153`、`Pdq=1`、`V=15`、`cf=0.45`
+
+`.ame` 文件是 tar 包，迁移和校验主要使用其中的：
+
+- `test_mql_.cir`：组件、连接、参数表达式和生成代码线索。
+- `test_mql_.param` / `test_mql_.data`：参数和结果配套数据。
+- `test_mql_.modelinfo` / `test_mql_.sim`：状态数和仿真设置。
+- `test_mql_.var` / `test_mql_.results`：AMESim `Data_Path` 目录和 baseline 时序。
+
+当前结果解析器可读取 1002 个时间点和 1116 个保存变量，无需先转换成 CSV。
+
+## 当前实现
+
+当前已经完成：
+
+- AMESim 组件、LINE 连接、直接组件接触、全局参数和变量目录解析。
+- 氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性；内部使用绝对压力，AMESim `press` 按相对 `101300 Pa` 的表压输出。
+- `PNCH023 / PNCH012 / PNOR001 / PNVO001` 气动组件。
+- `PNL0001 / PNL0002 / PNL0003 / PNL00R` 管路动态或阻性关系。
+- `PN3NODE2 / P4NODE2` 代数节点、真实邻接拓扑、canonical flow 和端口写回。
+- `PNRP17 / MECMAS21 / LSTP00A / LMECHN1 / UD00 / FORC` 当前工况可确认的机械行为。
+- 112 个气动状态和 20 个机械状态组成的 132 状态总闭包。
+- 活塞运动学、变容气室机械反馈、气动力、外力、端止动和质量约束耦合。
+- 关键 `Data_Path` 序列导出、schema validation、AMESim 插值 comparison、误差排序、端点诊断和变容气室 RHS 拆解。
+
+主要实现位置：
+
+- `PythonModels/systems/test_mql.py`
+- `PythonModels/systems/test_mql_closure.py`
+- `PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic.py`
+- `PythonModels/systems/test_mql_mechanical.py`
+- `PythonModels/systems/test_mql_lines.py`
+- `PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic.py`
+- `PythonModels/components/amesim_mechanical.py`
+- `PythonModels/reporting/amesim_results.py`
+- `PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py`
+- `PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py`
+
+## 当前对比结果
+
+默认 comparison 已从区间内插值的 `t=1e-5 s` 改为与 AMESim
+首个保存时刻精确对齐的 `t=0.01 s`，当前比较 13 个关键信号，并
+新增 `xv@pn_morifice_1`、`dm2@pn_morifice_1` 的结构化 PNVO 诊断。
+
+事件前 `t=0.01 s` 对比：
+
+- `press@pn_c1_8`：Python `-1286.601221 Pa`，AMESim
+  `-1288.253185 Pa`，绝对误差约 `1.651964 Pa`。
+- `dm1@pneumatic_69`：Python `-0.002485112 g/s`，AMESim
+  `-0.002054255 g/s`；换算后的 canonical 流量绝对误差约
+  `4.30857e-7 kg/s`。
+- `xv@pn_morifice_1` 和 `dm2@pn_morifice_1` 在两侧均为 0，确认
+  STEP0 事件前 PNVO 保持关闭。
+- `vol1@pn_brp2_8` 绝对误差约 `8.76e-5`，机械位移、速度和加速度
+  仍保持较小误差；当前较明显的累计差异集中在 PNL0001 流量和
+  PNCH012 压力/能量链路。
+
+新增 `--pnvo-event-boundary` 诊断：先积分到 `0.04 s` 的左极限，
+再按 STEP0 的右连续语义在事件时刻读取开度和流量。结果为：
+
+- `xv@pn_morifice_1`：Python/AMESim 均为 `1`。
+- `dm2@pn_morifice_1`：Python `502.945005 g/s`，AMESim
+  `497.823823 g/s`，绝对误差约 `5.121182 g/s`，相对约 `1.03%`。
+- `press@pn_c1_8` 绝对误差约 `55.4815 Pa`；
+  `dm1@pneumatic_69` 绝对误差约 `0.00281880 g/s`。
+
+这说明 PNVO 开启瞬间的开度语义和主流量量级已经对齐，但事件前
+累积压力/支路流量仍有偏差。常规积分直接跨越事件到 `0.05 s` 时，
+当前进程会被系统终止，尚未形成可信的事件后结果；不能据此声明
+完整 `0.04 -> 0.05 s` 窗口已经可运行。
+
+## 下一步
+
+1. 优先定位 `0 -> 0.04 s` 累积的 `pneumatic_69` 流量与
+   `pn_c1_8` 压力偏差，区分 PNL0001 阻力和 PNCH012 能量方程。
+2. 采用显式事件分段或针对事件后的局部数值策略，解决跨越
+   `t=0.04 s` 后积分进程被终止的问题，再验证 `t=0.05 s` 保存点。
+3. 保留 `press@pn_c1_8`、`dm1@pneumatic_69`、PNVO `xv/dm2`
+   和 chamber RHS breakdown 作为同一条诊断链。
+4. 在完整开启窗口稳定后，再判断是否需要校准 PNVO 流量系数。
+
+`pn_c1_8` 的直接主线是 `pneumatic_69`；`pneumatic_96`
+属于另一条固定气室支路，不是该诊断对象。
+
+## 运行与验证
+
+运行默认短时域 comparison：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m PythonModels.scripts.run_test_mql_full_state_comparison
+```
+
+运行 PNVO 事件边界诊断：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m PythonModels.scripts.run_test_mql_full_state_comparison --pnvo-event-boundary
+```
+
+运行相关测试：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m unittest tests.test_run_test_mql_full_state_comparison tests.test_test_mql_pnl0001_segment
+```
+
+运行全量测试：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m unittest discover -s tests -t .
+```
+
+## 对齐约定
+
+- 组件 alias 和输出名优先保持 AMESim 原名及 `Data_Path`。
+- `PortState.m_flow > 0` 表示流入当前组件。
+- closure 先定义 canonical flow，再按各组件端口方向写回 `m_flow`。
+- AMESim 管路质量流量通常以 `g/s` 保存，Python 内部统一使用 `kg/s`。
+- CSV 是人工检查和交换格式，不是读取 AMESim baseline 的前置条件。
+- 未完成真实 Python 输出对比前，不使用“与 AMESim 完全一致”之类结论。
diff --git a/PythonModels/.gitignore b/PythonModels/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a60b85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
diff --git a/PythonModels/README.md b/PythonModels/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6152293
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+# PythonModels
+
+`PythonModels` 用于承接 Modelica 和 AMESim 模型的 Python 平台移植。
+
+目标不是逐行翻译源模型，而是建立可运行、可测试、可导出，并能与 OpenModelica 或 AMESim baseline 对比的 Python 仿真框架。
+
+当前包含两条模型线：`Testmodel` 已有可运行的 ODE 近似和 OpenModelica 对比能力；`test_mql` 已形成 132 状态气动机械总闭包，正在按 AMESim baseline 做数值校准。
+
+## 当前目录
+
+- `core/`: 通用基础设施
+  包含组件基类、状态与端口数据结构、介质模型、网络装配、积分入口。
+- `components/`: 元件级 Python 实现
+  包含 `Cylinder`、`Tank`、`Pipe`、`Orifice`、`Tee`，以及 AMESim 气动和机械组件原语。
+- `systems/`: 系统级装配与闭合
+  包含旧 `TestModelSystem`，以及当前主线 `TestMqlSystem` 的配置、拓扑、closure、snapshot、端口写回和 RHS。
+- `reporting/`: 结果导出与对比
+  承接 OpenModelica 对比，以及 AMESim 结果读取、`Data_Path` schema validation、comparison 和诊断报告。
+- `scripts/`: 运行脚本
+  包含 `run_testmodel.py`、`run_test_mql.py` 和 `run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py`。
+- `baselines/`: 提交进仓库的稳定基线
+  当前承接 Python 主变量基线和 Python 对 Modelica 的误差摘要基线。
+- `runs/`: 每次实际运行的默认输出目录
+  当前脚本默认会在这里创建带时间戳的子目录，用来放这次运行生成的产物。
+
+当前关键文件：
+
+- `core/medium.py`: 温度相关的理想气体近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `core/peng_robinson.py`: `test_mql` 使用的氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性
+- `core/network.py`: `SimulationNetwork`，负责组件注册、连接拓扑和状态向量拼装
+- `core/solver.py`: `integrate_ode()`，优先走 `SciPy solve_ivp`，缺依赖时回退到内置 RK4，并支持 `t_start == t_stop` 的零时长返回
+- `components/pipe.py`: 单阻容管道近似，入口压降 + 出口直连内容腔
+- `components/tee.py`: 三通的最小 stream 混合 helper
+- `systems/testmodel.py`: `Testmodel` 的系统装配壳与外部运行入口
+- `systems/testmodel_closure.py`: `Testmodel` 当前专用的闭合、初始化投影、分支求解与端口回写
+- `systems/test_mql.py`: `test_mql` 系统装配、132 状态总闭包和关键输出映射
+- `systems/test_mql_closure.py`: `test_mql` 气动网络 closure、snapshot、流量计算和端口写回
+- `reporting/testmodel_outputs.py`: `Testmodel` 的 CSV/SVG/对比摘要导出
+- `scripts/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py`: `test_mql` 短时域 AMESim comparison 和诊断入口
+- `scripts/run_testmodel.py`: 基线运行与程序化执行入口
+- `tests/test_pythonmodels_regression.py`: 当前 Python 基线回归测试
+
+## 当前阶段进度
+
+这一阶段原先有 4 件重点工作，现在的状态如下：
+
+1. `mytee1` 的 stream/焓传播语义：已完成当前阶段收紧
+   现在如果只有一条支路发生倒流，下游来流焓统一按 `tank.h` 处理，不再临时借另一条支路的焓来凑。
+2. 下游初始化/约束处理：已完成当前阶段收口
+   之前是“直接改对象状态再开始积分”，现在已经收成显式的 `consistent_initial_state_vector()` 初始化入口。当前这一步会在不改下游总质量、总内能的前提下，把几段直接相连的体积拉回同一个连接压力。
+3. 自动校验：已完成当前阶段首版
+   已经补了标准库 `unittest` 回归测试，先把初始化投影是否守恒、是否污染原始状态，以及 4 个主变量的提交基线锁住。
+4. 更严格介质模型：已完成当前阶段首版
+   已经从固定 `cp/cv` 的理想气体近似，推进到随温度变化的空气近似，并接上了内能反解和初始化求根。
+
+如果只看结果，可以把这一阶段理解成：
+
+- 连接器语义：首轮收紧已完成
+- 初始化入口：首轮收口已完成
+- 基线验证：首轮保护已完成
+- 介质精化：首轮近似已完成
+
+## 当前阶段收口
+
+上一轮 `N0-N3` 已全部完成首版，当前可以简单理解为：
+
+1. `N0`：系统层里最明显的流向/焓判断已经继续下沉到组件 helper。
+2. `N1`：模型参数和运行参数已经收口到配置对象。
+3. `N2`：运行接口已经分成“准备请求”和“执行请求”两层。
+4. `N3`：结果导出和命令行报告格式化已经统一收口到 `reporting/`。
+
+这一轮结束后，项目已经不缺“能不能跑”的能力，下一步更重要的是把后续开发最容易卡住的地方先处理掉。
+
+## 本次推送更新
+
+本次推送已经把上一轮建议里的 `M2-M5` 推进到下面这个状态：
+
+1. `M2`：已完成当前阶段首版
+   - 已把 `Testmodel` 的专用闭合、初始化投影、分支入口流量求解、下游支路出口流量闭合、端口状态回写，从 `systems/testmodel.py` 拆到新的 `systems/testmodel_closure.py`
+   - `TestModelSystem` 现在主要承担组件装配、网络注册和对闭合器的委托，不再继续堆积系统级手写细节
+
+2. `M3`：已完成当前阶段首版
+   - 已给两条支路入口流量固定点求解、下游公共压力投影补了显式诊断
+   - 诊断内容至少包含 `converged / iterations / residual`
+   - 已支持严格模式；内部求解不收敛时可以直接抛错，而不是静默返回最后一个近似值
+   - `run_testmodel()` 的结构化结果和 `testmodel_run_report.txt` 已能带出最后一次内部闭合求解诊断
+
+3. `M4`：已完成当前阶段首版
+   - 自动测试已不再只盯最终主变量结果
+   - 现在已经覆盖：
+     - 改支路参数后，初始支路入口流量是否按预期变化
+     - 更偏激配置下，初始化和内部闭合是否仍然收敛
+     - 有无 Modelica 参考两种运行路径下，程序接口与产物行为是否一致
+
+4. `M5`：已启动
+   - 当前已经明确选择优先走“更容易扩展”的方向，而不是先追求更贴近 Modelica
+   - 已完成第一步：把闭合器内部原来大量写死的 `upper/lower` 双支路逻辑，收成可复用的 `BranchClosureComponents / BranchClosureState` 结构
+   - 当前已继续推进到 `G1-G5` 的首轮兼容层改造：`snapshot` 已提供通用分支集合，系统层结果生成已拆成“通用键生成 + 旧键别名派生”两层，报告层已开始优先消费通用分支键，旧导出列名仍通过兼容映射保留，兼容测试已显式保护分支顺序和旧导出语义
+
+## 下一阶段接手建议
+
+如果继续往前推进，建议按下面顺序做，而不是再零散补功能：
+
+1. `G1`：已完成当前阶段首轮兼容接入
+   - `TestModelSnapshot` 已新增 `branches` 集合
+   - 每个分支当前至少带 `name / pipe / inlet_flow / outlet_flow / inlet_h / inlet_flow_diagnostics`
+   - `pipe_upper / pipe_lower / branch_inlet_flows / branch_outlet_flows` 目前仍保留为兼容属性，供旧调用方继续使用
+
+2. `G2`：已完成当前阶段首轮内部迁移
+   - `evaluate_solution()` 已改成从 `snapshot.branches` 读取数据，再通过显式分支名映射写回当前旧列名
+   - `rhs()` 里的分支导数计算已改成通过通用 helper 按分支循环生成，再按当前状态向量顺序拼回
+   - 当前外部导出列名仍保持兼容：
+     - `mypipe.p`
+     - `mypipe1.p`
+     - `branch_upper.in/out`
+     - `branch_lower.in/out`
+
+3. `G3`：已完成当前阶段首轮兼容测试
+   - 当前测试已经显式保护：
+     - `branches` 顺序是否稳定
+     - `snapshot` 新字段和兼容字段是否一致
+     - 旧导出列名是否仍映射到正确分支语义
+     - 参数变化后 `upper/lower` 的名字和顺序是否不会被打乱
+
+4. `G4`：已完成当前阶段首轮兼容拆层
+   - `evaluate_solution()` 现在会同时产出：
+     - 通用分支键：`branch.<branch_name>.p/in/out`
+     - 旧兼容键：`mypipe.p`、`mypipe1.p`、`branch_upper.*`、`branch_lower.*`
+   - 报告层当前已开始优先读取通用分支键，旧键只作为兼容后备
+   - 当前已经把“内部统一表达”和“旧接口兼容导出”拆成两层，但还没有把所有报告/导出逻辑都迁干净
+
+5. `G5`：已完成当前阶段首轮兼容收口
+   - `evaluate_solution()` 当前会先生成通用分支键，再统一派生旧兼容键
+   - 报告层当前已支持“通用键优先、旧键兼容后备”
+   - 当前已经把系统层和 reporting 层的主要旧专名读取入口收口到少量 helper 上，后续继续迁移不会再到处散改
+
+6. `P1`：下一阶段建议从这里接手
+   当前更合适的下一步，不是继续深挖内核通用化，而是切回结果导向主线：
+   - 定义一份稳定的外部输入参数 schema
+   - 明确这些结构化参数如何映射到 `TestModelConfig / TestModelRunConfig`
+   - 建立“结构化参数 -> 仿真执行 -> 结果产物/摘要”的稳定接口
+   这样可以直接服务后续文档解析、网页入口和报告生成，而不是继续在 `Testmodel` 内部做边际收益越来越低的抽象整理
+
+7. `P2`：在 `P1` 完成后，再推进文档解析或报告生成链路
+   更现实的顺序应是：
+   - 先把结构化输入跑通
+   - 再把结果摘要/产物组织成更接近最终产品的输出包
+   - 最后再接 Word 解析或页面入口
+
+如果后续继续推进，这个 README 也要一起更新，不要长期保留已经失效的路线描述。
+
+## 当前实现了什么
+
+当前代码已经实现：
+
+1. `m`、`U` 作为动态元件主状态，`p`、`T`、`rho`、`u`、`h` 作为派生量。
+2. `Cylinder`、`Tank`、`Pipe` 的刚性绝热容腔近似。
+3. `Orifice` 的压差开方流量关系。
+4. `Tee` 的简化混合焓处理。
+5. `Testmodel` 的系统级拓扑映射和一版可运行的 `rhs(t, x)`。
+6. 基于 `solve_ivp` 的积分入口，以及 SciPy 不可用时的 RK4 回退。
+7. 温度相关空气近似介质，包括 `cp(T)`、`h(T)`、`u(T)` 以及 `u -> T` 反解。
+8. 显式一致初值入口 `consistent_initial_state_vector()`，以及可迭代初始化器 `initialize_consistent_state()`。
+9. Python 主变量结果导出：
+   `mytank.p`、`mytank.T`、`mycylinder.p`、`mycylinder.T`
+10. 贮箱温度曲线导出：
+   `testmodel_tank_temperature.csv`
+   `testmodel_tank_temperature.svg`
+11. 基于 `ModelicaModels/Simulation/Testmodel_res.csv` 的逐时刻对比与误差摘要导出。
+12. 基于 `unittest` 的自动回归测试，当前已覆盖初始化守恒、主变量基线、运行接口、内部闭合诊断、通用分支兼容层、通用结果键与旧键别名一致性，以及部分中间闭合过程行为。
+
+当前没有实现：
+
+- 通用 DAE 初始化器
+- `Modelica.Media.Air.SimpleAir` 的严格复刻
+- 面向任意拓扑的通用 connector/stream 求解器
+
+## 当前怎么运行
+
+最小运行方式：
+
+```bash
+python3 -m PythonModels.scripts.run_testmodel
+```
+
+如果要改模型参数或运行参数，建议直接改配置对象，而不是改源码里的默认值。例如：
+
+```python
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.scripts.run_testmodel import (
+    TestModelRunConfig,
+    TestModelSamplingConfig,
+    run_testmodel,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.testmodel import (
+    BranchConfig,
+    CylinderConfig,
+    OrificeConfig,
+    PipeConfig,
+    TankConfig,
+    TestModelConfig,
+)
+
+run_config = TestModelRunConfig(
+    model=TestModelConfig(
+        cylinder=CylinderConfig(p0=30e6),
+        upper_branch=BranchConfig(
+            orifice=OrificeConfig(K=8e-6),
+            pipe=PipeConfig(length=6.0, diameter=0.03),
+        ),
+        tank=TankConfig(volume=0.12),
+    ),
+    solver=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=10.0, method="BDF"),
+    sampling=TestModelSamplingConfig(step=0.05),
+)
+
+result = run_testmodel(run_config=run_config)
+```
+
+如果调用方想先确认“这次运行最后到底会用哪些路径、哪些采样点”，可以先准备请求，再执行：
+
+```python
+from PythonModels.scripts.run_testmodel import (
+    prepare_testmodel_run,
+    run_prepared_testmodel,
+    TestModelRunConfig,
+)
+
+prepared = prepare_testmodel_run(run_config=TestModelRunConfig())
+print(prepared.output_dir)
+print(prepared.t_eval)
+
+result = run_prepared_testmodel(prepared)
+print(result.artifacts.primary_csv_path)
+print(result.used_modelica_reference)
+```
+
+当前脚本会：
+
+1. 构建 `TestModelSystem`
+2. 打印原始初值向量与约束一致后的初值向量
+3. 运行 `0 s -> 20 s` 的仿真，默认采样间隔 `0.1 s`
+4. 将结果写入 `PythonModels/runs/` 下本次运行专属的时间戳目录
+5. 若存在 `ModelicaModels/Simulation/Testmodel_res.csv`，自动生成 Python 与 OpenModelica 对比结果
+
+当前脚本默认不会再把运行结果直接写到提交基线目录，而是会在 `PythonModels/runs/` 下创建一个带时间戳的子目录，例如：
+
+- `PythonModels/runs/testmodel_20260512_103000_123456/`
+
+该目录里通常会包含：
+
+- `testmodel_primary_series.csv`
+- `testmodel_tank_temperature.csv`
+- `testmodel_tank_temperature.svg`
+- `testmodel_run_report.txt`
+- `testmodel_modelica_comparison.csv`
+- `testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt`
+
+## 基线结果
+
+当前基线对比摘要来自：
+[testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt](baselines/testmodel/testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt)
+
+当前四个主变量的最大误差为：
+
+- `mytank.p`: `max_abs_error = 134.960857 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.006798%`
+- `mytank.T`: `max_abs_error = 0.035507 K`, `max_rel_error = 0.009016%`
+- `mycylinder.p`: `max_abs_error = 1391.986349 Pa`, `max_rel_error = 0.009447%`
+- `mycylinder.T`: `max_abs_error = 0.009069 K`, `max_rel_error = 0.003870%`
+
+这说明在当前基线工况下，Python 版主变量已经能较好贴近 OpenModelica 结果。
+
+## AMESim test_mql 当前进度
+
+`test_mql` 是从 `AmesimModels/test_mql.ame` 新增迁移的 AMESim 模型，当前只在独立路径下推进，不修改旧 `testmodel`。新增命名保持 AMESim 原始别名和 `Data_Path`，方便后续逐变量对齐。
+
+当前已经完成：
+
+- 解析 117 个组件、84 条 LINE 连接、直接组件接触、全局参数、仿真设置以及 AMESim 变量目录。
+- 直接读取 `.ame` 包内 `test_mql_.var` 和 `test_mql_.results`；baseline 包含 1002 个时间点和 1116 个保存变量。
+- 使用氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性，内部统一使用绝对压力，对外按 AMESim 表压和原始单位输出。
+- 实现 `PNCH023 / PNCH012 / PNOR001 / PNVO001`，以及 `PNL0001 / PNL0002 / PNL0003 / PNL00R` 管路和 `PN3NODE2 / P4NODE2` 节点语义。
+- 完成气动真实拓扑装配、canonical flow、端口写回、snapshot 和 112 状态气动 RHS。
+- 实现 `PNRP17 / MECMAS21 / LSTP00A / LMECHN1 / UD00 / FORC` 当前工况可确认的机械行为，并形成 20 状态机械闭包。
+- 将气动和机械部分组合成 132 状态总闭包，接入活塞体积反馈、气动力、外力、端止动和质量约束，可通过现有 solver 短时积分。
+- 建立关键 `Data_Path` 序列导出、output schema、validation、AMESim 插值比较、误差排序、端点诊断和 PNCH012 RHS 项拆解。
+
+当前确认的关键细节：
+
+- `PNRP17` 活塞腔体积使用环形有效面积 `piston_area - rod_area`。
+- `LSTP00A` 的 `gap` 观测单位是 mm，计算接触力前必须转换为 m。
+- `PNCH023` 固定气室初始压力来自 `P0=153 bar` 的绝对压力；AMESim `press` 输出为相对 `101300 Pa` 的表压。
+- `PNCH012` 变容腔初始压力对齐 AMESim 的 `1 bar` 绝对压力，`vol` 输出单位为 cm3，且末端体积等于基础死容积加对应活塞 `vol1`。
+- `MECMAS21` 的 `x1dup / v1dup / acc1dup` 是第二机械端口观测，相对 `x1 / v1 / acc1` 为反号，不是重复同值。
+- 本算例中 `MECMAS21` 的 `Fmin / Fmax / Fvisc / Ffric` 在 AMESim 结果里为零；当前只把这一工况能验证的部分写入测试，没有硬猜未激活碰撞/摩擦状态机。
+
+当前默认 `0 -> 1e-5 s` comparison 已定位最大偏差为 `press@pn_c1_8`：初值对齐，但末值绝对误差约 `9.22849 Pa`。RHS 拆解显示边界体积功约 `0.026 W`，端口焓流约 `32722 W`，因此当前首要工作是比较 Python 的 `p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow` 与 AMESim 的 `dm1@pneumatic_69`，检查单位、符号、PNL0001 阻力和 `pnnode4_16` 节点平衡。
+
+当前还不能宣称 `test_mql` 的 Python 时域仿真已经和 AMESim 全局一致。完整说明、运行命令和下一步校准路径见 `AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md`。
+
+## Testmodel 当前架构判断
+
+如果按“组件正确 -> 网络闭合 -> 积分可跑 -> 结果对齐 -> 去近似”来看，当前大致处于：
+
+- 组件级：已完成首版
+- 系统闭合：已完成首版
+- 积分入口：已完成首版
+- 基线结果对齐：已具备初步能力
+- 去近似：仍在进行中
+
+所以当前最准确的说法不是“已完成移植”，而是：
+
+`Testmodel` 已有一版可运行、可导出、可对比的 Python 近似实现。
+
+## Testmodel 已知限制
+
+当前最主要的限制可以直接理解成下面几条：
+
+- 介质模型已从常 `cp/cv` 推进到温度相关空气近似，但仍不是 `Modelica.Media.Air.SimpleAir` 的严格复刻。
+- 系统整体仍是 ODE 化近似，不是原始 Modelica DAE 的直接复现。
+- `mytee1 -> mytank` 这一段虽然已经去掉早期的“虚拟出口导通系数”，改成了基于压力一致性的下游能量闭合，但本质上仍是工程近似。
+- 当前 `Tee` 的 stream 语义只覆盖了当前 `Testmodel` 需要的最小集合，还不是通用的 `inStream/actualStream` 框架。
+- 当前一致初值仍是 ODE 入口处的约束投影，不等同于真正的 DAE 初始化求解。
+- 当前自动校验主要锁的是 Python 提交基线，还不是稳定的 Modelica 阈值回归。
+- 当前闭合器、系统层和 reporting 层虽然已经开始做“双支路结构化”，但对外结果序列、报告字段和部分导出命名仍然保留 `Testmodel` 专名兼容层，还没有完全转成通用表达。
+- 当前内核已经足够支撑下一阶段“结构化参数 -> 仿真执行 -> 产物输出”的链路开发，但还没有现成的 Word 参数解析入口和正式报告生成链路。
+
+所以，当前版本适合：
+
+- 架构验证
+- 组件接口验证
+- 基线工况对比
+- 结果导出与误差定位
+
+但当前版本还不适合：
+
+- 直接宣称与 OpenModelica 严格等价
+- 作为最终工程结论的唯一依据
+- 直接扩展到更复杂拓扑而不补通用连接器语义
+
+## Testmodel 文件级现状
+
+按代码现状逐项看：
+
+- `core/base.py`: 正常
+  只提供最小抽象层，没有明显冗余。
+- `core/ports.py`: 正常
+  `PortState` 目前只保留 `p`、`m_flow`、`h_outflow` 三个必要字段。
+- `core/state.py`: 正常
+  `VolumeState` 只负责 `[m, U]` 状态打包。
+- `core/network.py`: 正常
+  负责状态向量拼装和连接摘要，不参与物理求解。
+- `core/solver.py`: 正常
+  已支持 SciPy、RK4 回退和零时长仿真。
+- `components/*.py`: 正常
+  都是当前一版近似模型，没有发现与 README 明显冲突的“未记录能力”。
+- `systems/testmodel.py`: 是当前最重要的技术债集中区
+  这里承载了下游流向切换、焓混合、压力投影等近似逻辑，后续演进应主要落在这里。
+- `scripts/run_testmodel.py`: 正常
+  已不是“最小打印脚本”，而是当前结果导出和对比入口。
+- `baselines/`: 是当前稳定基线，不应该随着日常运行频繁改动。
+- `runs/`: 是当前默认运行产物目录，不是手写源代码，也不应该当作提交基线使用。
+
+## Testmodel 当前主技术债
+
+目前最主要的技术债，可以直接理解成下面 4 件事：
+
+1. 当前初始化虽然已经引入迭代诊断，但本质上仍是 ODE 入口近似，不是真正的 DAE 初始化器。
+2. `systems/testmodel.py` 还是承载了太多系统级闭合和初始化逻辑，只是主要端口的手写 stream 方向判断已经搬到组件 helper 里了，装配参数本身已经基本收口到配置对象。
+3. 自动校验现在主要锁的是 Python 这一版自己的基线，还不是稳定的 Modelica 阈值回归。
+4. 当前空气物性已经完成首轮基线校准，但还不是 `SimpleAir` 的严格复刻。以后如果换工况，或者拿到更多 Modelica 原始结果，参数大概率还要继续调。
diff --git a/PythonModels/__init__.py b/PythonModels/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a392a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""Python port scaffold for the Modelica-based pressurization system."""
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/baselines/testmodel/testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt b/PythonModels/baselines/testmodel/testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8835bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/baselines/testmodel/testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+mytank.p: max_abs_error=134.960858, max_rel_error=0.006798%
+mytank.T: max_abs_error=0.035507, max_rel_error=0.009016%
+mycylinder.p: max_abs_error=1391.986349, max_rel_error=0.009447%
+mycylinder.T: max_abs_error=0.009069, max_rel_error=0.003870%
diff --git a/PythonModels/baselines/testmodel/testmodel_primary_series.csv b/PythonModels/baselines/testmodel/testmodel_primary_series.csv
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f908440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/baselines/testmodel/testmodel_primary_series.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+time_s,mytank.p,mytank.T,mycylinder.p,mycylinder.T
+0.0,99999.9999998181,299.9999999994543,35000000.0,300.0
+0.1,113767.94796194455,310.9637987101763,34857995.191961475,299.65190130981887
+0.2,127490.75529043324,320.1741038867186,34716455.97160761,299.3039342009557
+0.30000000000000004,141168.22832317703,327.9540327439692,34575384.336400226,298.9561065982938
+0.4,154800.2272891848,334.6028385113769,34434781.727959625,298.60842486666263
+0.5,168386.6833862148,340.3440160419025,34294648.85592305,298.26089368263627
+0.6000000000000001,181927.56886228317,345.34597934661645,34154986.006528884,297.9135169662631
+0.7000000000000001,195422.8867284584,349.7379443903134,34015793.14872051,297.5662980942661
+0.8,208872.67226727083,353.62071952544704,33877069.91858829,297.2192381374397
+0.9,222277.06297793236,357.0742683513725,33738814.897943415,296.8723276411647
+1.0,235635.98150118813,360.16219760966084,33601028.88468161,296.5255848498291
+1.1,248949.42783703818,362.9362624751423,33463711.878802836,296.1790180498007
+1.2000000000000002,262217.75812283135,365.43943715392686,33326860.20704978,295.8325994898035
+1.3,275440.80324992316,367.7064864598734,33190475.613635924,295.48635453607636
+1.4000000000000001,288618.55460473493,369.766650344722,33054558.187403098,295.14029246566224
+1.5,301751.3171281971,371.6448887937757,32919104.783141974,294.79439468638526
+1.6,314839.14341954247,373.36206261131525,32784114.858335685,294.44866485903736
+1.7000000000000002,327882.06907680153,374.93594217338176,32649588.04582047,294.10310819940065
+1.8,340880.20077679906,376.3818124575356,32515523.2453146,293.7577259967503
+1.9000000000000001,353833.6270518691,377.7128659999238,32381919.54368144,293.41251959012544
+2.0,366742.42291137256,378.94054912194076,32248776.16726251,293.06749036423287
+2.1,379606.6730674497,380.0748368029417,32116092.24232331,292.72263968200787
+2.2,392426.50707225554,381.12448095768656,31983866.432642274,292.37796667994184
+2.3000000000000003,405202.0671563814,382.0971825271288,31852097.271230437,292.03346983037886
+2.4000000000000004,417933.4155500976,382.9997115435689,31720784.11623488,291.6891515780112
+2.5,430620.6510589185,383.838081019396,31589925.948559783,291.3450125479824
+2.6,443263.883710829,384.61764092425494,31459521.633358993,291.0010529534012
+2.7,455863.2542884696,385.3431706778388,31329569.71857793,290.6572718762472
+2.8000000000000003,468418.84583467664,386.0189391423481,31200069.34769955,290.31367046787994
+2.9000000000000004,480930.76401047717,386.64878296917834,31071019.430919208,289.9702490545257
+3.0,493399.1147767602,387.2361564731079,30942418.8753394,289.627007973335
+3.1,505824.0120818939,387.7841699997202,30814266.50567852,289.283948167411
+3.2,518205.5585633492,388.29565044444143,30686561.263317347,288.9410696919777
+3.3000000000000003,530543.860941083,388.7731587646163,30559302.04752924,288.5983729053581
+3.4000000000000004,542839.025935053,389.21902406251183,30432487.75758757,288.2558581528899
+3.5,555091.1532282452,389.63535331051384,30306117.365346134,287.9135275289302
+3.6,567300.3523937837,390.0240928732544,30180189.74065028,287.5713806480376
+3.7,579466.730902255,390.3870196149787,30054703.77503127,287.2294176336731
+3.8000000000000003,591590.3951155862,390.7257605811333,29929658.371455234,286.88763887333175
+3.9000000000000004,603671.4513957056,391.0418105423231,29805052.432888325,286.5460447413264
+4.0,615710.0061045411,391.3365451815722,29680884.862296656,286.20463559857706
+4.1000000000000005,627706.1656040212,391.61123273483645,29557154.562646367,285.8634117923989
+4.2,639660.0356829006,391.86704273384044,29433860.4428154,285.5223738511199
+4.3,651571.716232906,392.1050410519721,29311001.472504564,285.1815242995298
+4.4,663441.3179459961,392.32624321858174,29188576.510019373,284.840861980108
+4.5,675268.9468771729,392.53157932311984,29066584.46149164,284.5003872946073
+4.6000000000000005,687054.7090814385,392.72191331429804,28945024.2330532,284.16010063101663
+4.7,698798.7106137947,392.8980487868277,28823894.730835862,283.8200023633402
+4.800000000000001,710501.057529244,393.06073417111315,28703194.86097143,283.48009285137505
+4.9,722161.8558827877,393.21066739655134,28582923.529591747,283.1403724404863
+5.0,733781.2088290841,393.3484951327475,28463079.672743235,282.8008422184954
+5.1000000000000005,745359.2175579917,393.47481852250473,28343662.24673756,282.4615037792963
+5.2,756895.9922909128,393.5902150621596,28224670.114733644,282.1223563449153
+5.300000000000001,768391.6386869826,393.6952183545109,28106102.186946325,281.78340031124986
+5.4,779846.2624053361,393.7903288312906,27987957.373590477,281.44463605959197
+5.5,791259.96910511,393.8760162992802,27870234.58488091,281.10606395639473
+5.6000000000000005,802632.8644454395,393.9527222554955,27752932.731032487,280.76768435303745
+5.7,813965.0540854601,394.02086199551263,27636050.72226007,280.4294975855874
+5.800000000000001,825256.6344365194,394.08081904264304,27519587.564161647,280.0915054160418
+5.9,836507.7093909897,394.13296077650165,27403542.18517475,279.75370843660113
+6.0,847718.3891245491,394.17763867488134,27287913.44892988,279.4161062418491
+6.1000000000000005,858888.7786008355,394.2151805066602,27172700.272815377,279.0786992215644
+6.2,870018.9827834871,394.2458959595685,27057901.57421954,278.7414877501898
+6.300000000000001,881109.1066361419,394.27007787647636,26943516.2705307,278.40447218658807
+6.4,892159.2551224378,394.2880033916485,26829543.279137183,278.0676528737956
+6.5,903169.5332060129,394.2999349762812,26715981.5174273,277.73103013877227
+6.6000000000000005,914139.9829839376,394.30609016406663,26602830.551205155,277.3946116451124
+6.7,925070.7482002805,394.30672506364067,26490088.897871558,277.0583932025842
+6.800000000000001,935961.9434794089,394.30206871636136,26377755.375172496,276.7223739769823
+6.9,946813.6729747849,394.2923336718555,26265828.9088526,276.3865543393284
+7.0,957626.040839869,394.2777219546483,26154308.424656466,276.05093464451556
+7.1000000000000005,968399.1512281233,394.2584257130283,26043192.84832872,275.7155152310525
+7.2,979133.1082930088,394.23462782052076,25932481.10561397,275.3802964208052
+7.300000000000001,989828.0161879869,394.2065024339623,25822172.12225682,275.04527851873627
+7.4,1000483.9790665191,394.17421551178546,25712264.824001882,274.71046181264023
+7.5,1011101.1010820667,394.13792529578427,25602758.136593778,274.3758465728772
+7.6000000000000005,1021679.4863880915,394.09778275932865,25493650.985777102,274.04143305210266
+7.7,1032219.239138054,394.0539320247227,25384942.297296483,273.707221484995
+7.800000000000001,1042720.4634854163,394.0065107521557,25276630.996896524,273.37321208797937
+7.9,1053183.2635836392,393.95565050247825,25168716.01032184,273.0394050589494
+8.0,1063607.7435861847,393.9014770758345,25061196.263317037,272.705800576985
+8.1,1073994.0076465139,393.8441108280058,24954070.681626726,272.3723988020679
+8.200000000000001,1084342.0075784405,393.78360959211744,24847339.76225091,272.03921728278755
+8.3,1094651.950514763,393.7201237653114,24741001.368788917,271.7062444960846
+8.4,1104923.9566483083,393.65376548392067,24635054.261552785,271.3734787513138
+8.5,1115158.1282653515,393.5846357175065,24529497.385545585,271.0409203804046
+8.6,1125354.567652169,393.5128313057523,24424329.685770374,270.7085696976142
+8.700000000000001,1135513.3770950353,393.43844517133164,24319550.10723021,270.37642699925055
+8.8,1145634.6588802272,393.3615665197664,24215157.594928175,270.0444925633909
+8.9,1155718.5152940191,393.2822810271899,24111151.093867306,269.712766649598
+9.0,1165765.0486226876,393.2006710168648,24007529.54905069,269.3812494986329
+9.1,1175774.361152508,393.11681562522904,23904291.90548136,269.04994133216485
+9.200000000000001,1185746.555169756,393.03079095819226,23801437.108162407,268.7188423524781
+9.3,1195681.732960707,392.94267023834027,23698964.10209688,268.3879527421748
+9.4,1205579.9968116365,392.8525239436615,23596871.83228785,268.05727266387584
+9.5,1215441.4490088206,392.7604199383583,23495159.243738372,267.72680225991735
+9.600000000000001,1225266.1918385345,392.66642359626576,23393825.281451505,267.39654165204473
+9.700000000000001,1235054.3275870536,392.57059791736026,23292868.89043032,267.0664909411029
+9.8,1244805.7424247153,392.47293675670085,23192291.244732097,266.7366751290975
+9.9,1254520.6963966596,392.3735487251935,23092089.662209835,266.40707625875064
+10.0,1264199.3049931854,392.2724947546991,22992262.951678198,266.07769289844276
+10.100000000000001,1273841.6679760527,392.1698289153906,22892810.0841785,265.74852540655036
+10.200000000000001,1283447.8851070204,392.0656034102887,22793730.030752078,265.41957412301247
+10.3,1293018.0561478487,391.9598686580462,22695021.76244025,265.0908393690368
+10.4,1302552.2808602974,391.8526733713811,22596684.250284337,264.76232144680336
+10.5,1312050.6590061258,391.7440646314241,22498716.465325654,264.4340206391643
+10.600000000000001,1321513.290347094,391.63408795822716,22401117.37860553,264.10593720934105
+10.700000000000001,1330940.2746449616,391.5227873776613,22303885.961165283,263.7780714006174
+10.8,1340331.711661488,391.41020548491883,22207021.184046242,263.4504234360302
+10.9,1349687.7011584332,391.29638350481804,22110522.01828973,263.1229935180553
+11.0,1359008.342897557,391.18136134909884,22014387.434937052,262.79578182829164
+11.100000000000001,1368293.7366406189,391.0651776708804,21918616.405029543,262.4687885271409
+11.200000000000001,1377543.9821493784,390.9478699164463,21823207.89960853,262.1420137534841
+11.3,1386759.1791855951,390.82947437450605,21728160.88971532,261.81545762435434
+11.4,1395939.2416852904,390.70997702085253,21633476.26302751,261.4891421257888
+11.5,1405084.4058089943,390.5894488404711,21539151.583747786,261.1630514204039
+11.600000000000001,1414194.7727817593,390.46792355037144,21445185.807824824,260.83718544108797
+11.700000000000001,1423270.4378832965,390.3454323238288,21351577.952528503,260.5115448028764
+11.8,1432311.4962235806,390.22200536933536,21258327.036879413,260.1861301247683
+11.9,1441318.042742851,390.0976719679259,21165432.0816488,259.86094202976824
+12.0,1450290.1722116095,389.97246050877925,21072892.1093586,259.5359811449295
+12.100000000000001,1459227.9792306225,389.84639852319333,20980706.14428146,259.2112481013979
+12.200000000000001,1468131.5582309205,389.71951271701596,20888873.212440677,258.88674353445447
+12.3,1477001.0034737969,389.59182900161403,20797392.34161027,258.5624680835606
+12.4,1485836.4090508097,389.46337252345796,20706262.561314918,258.23842239240224
+12.5,1494637.8688837802,389.3341676923915,20615482.902829994,257.9146071089349
+12.600000000000001,1503405.4767247946,389.20423820865625,20525052.399181567,257.5910228854296
+12.700000000000001,1512139.3261562001,389.07360708873284,20434970.085146382,257.26767037851835
+12.8,1520839.5105906113,388.94229669006046,20345234.997251876,256.9445502492407
+12.9,1529506.1233409408,388.81032876227204,20255846.173053782,256.62166315000906
+13.0,1538139.2687433015,388.67772882293264,20166802.53641284,256.2990076411302
+13.100000000000001,1546739.030251722,388.5445136335602,20078103.22657088,255.97658615427704
+13.200000000000001,1555305.5007360894,388.4107031827765,19989747.285653118,255.65439933992917
+13.3,1563838.7729005008,388.27631690939495,19901733.757494725,255.332447852161
+13.4,1572338.9392832702,388.14137372147235,19814061.687640797,255.0107323486784
+13.5,1580806.0922569225,388.0058920145713,19726730.123346385,254.68925349085504
+13.600000000000001,1589240.3240281995,387.86988968927403,19639738.113576483,254.36801194376957
+13.700000000000001,1597641.7266380545,387.73338416798015,19553084.709006038,254.04700837624307
+13.8,1606010.3919616563,387.59639241102605,19466768.962019928,253.72624346087662
+13.9,1614346.4117083861,387.458930932153,19380789.926712975,253.40571787408948
+14.0,1622649.8774218408,387.32101581335974,19295146.658889957,253.0854322961577
+14.100000000000001,1630920.8804798292,387.18266271916264,19209838.21606559,252.76538741125262
+14.200000000000001,1639159.5120943757,387.0438869102949,19124863.657464534,252.4455839074805
+14.3,1647365.8633117182,386.90470325686863,19040222.0440214,252.12602247692183
+14.4,1655540.0250123062,386.76512625102305,18955912.438380726,251.8067038156715
+14.5,1663682.087910807,386.6251700190859,18871933.904897016,251.48762862387906
+14.600000000000001,1671792.1425560997,386.4848483332645,18788285.509634707,251.16879760578948
+14.700000000000001,1679870.2793312764,386.3441746228917,18704966.320368182,250.85021146978437
+14.8,1687916.588453644,386.2031619852454,18621975.406581767,250.5318709284234
+14.9,1695931.1599747243,386.06182319595837,18539311.83946974,250.21377669848638
+15.0,1703914.0837802505,385.920170719039,18456974.691936314,249.8959295010154
+15.100000000000001,1711865.4494154856,385.77821670970445,18374963.040397402,249.57833006564294
+15.200000000000001,1719785.3379250832,385.6359727064743,18293276.048945524,249.26097933285033
+15.3,1727673.8459201432,385.4934505781353,18211912.721118417,248.94387786218365
+15.4,1735531.0625176337,385.3506616315768,18130872.137749474,248.6270263958575
+15.5,1743357.0766656764,385.2076169067951,18050153.381413613,248.31042568075102
+15.600000000000001,1751151.9771435438,385.06432718490083,17969755.53642727,247.99407646845765
+15.700000000000001,1758915.8525616606,384.9208029958382,17889677.688848406,247.67797951533504
+15.8,1766648.7913616048,384.77705462583015,17809918.926476505,247.36213558255577
+15.9,1774350.881816107,384.63309212455715,17730478.33885257,247.04654543615806
+16.0,1782022.2120290494,384.4889253120841,17651355.017259125,246.73120984709743
+16.1,1789662.8699354655,384.3445637855432,17572548.05472022,246.41612959129878
+16.2,1797272.9433015438,384.2000169255848,17494056.546001427,246.10130544970855
+16.3,1804852.5197246224,384.05529390260284,17415879.58760983,245.78673820834797
+16.400000000000002,1812401.6866331936,383.9104036827472,17338016.277794052,245.47242865836654
+16.5,1819920.5312869006,383.76535503372884,17260465.716544226,245.15837759609565
+16.6,1827409.1407765402,383.6201565304272,17183227.005592,244.84458582310356
+16.7,1834867.6020240602,383.47481656030743,17106299.24841057,244.53105414625009
+16.8,1842296.0017825624,383.32934332865534,17029681.550214626,244.2177833777421
+16.900000000000002,1849694.4266362996,383.1837448636361,16953373.017960392,243.9047743351897
+17.0,1857062.9630006768,383.03802902118434,16877372.76034562,243.59202784166294
+17.1,1864401.697122252,382.8922034897328,16801679.887809563,243.27954472574828
+17.2,1871710.7150787353,382.7462757947841,16726293.512533028,242.96732582160686
+17.3,1878990.1030524147,382.60025337999576,16651212.745618157,242.65537190477806
+17.400000000000002,1886239.954455942,382.4541455990818,16576436.623591991,242.343682012199
+17.5,1893460.3482686526,382.3079576538116,16501964.331849081,242.03225853722532
+17.6,1900651.3699906773,382.16169648335216,16427794.988527464,241.72110231102408
+17.7,1907813.104956132,382.0153688850827,16353927.713477474,241.41021416968596
+17.8,1914945.6383331183,381.86898151834066,16280361.628261749,241.09959495427398
+17.900000000000002,1922049.0551237254,381.7225409080495,16207095.856155202,240.78924551087363
+18.0,1929123.4401640275,381.57605344823065,16134129.522145053,240.47916669064318
+18.1,1936168.8781240864,381.4295254054061,16061461.752930798,240.16935934986387
+18.2,1943185.4535079484,381.28296292189384,15989091.67692425,239.8598243499916
+18.3,1950173.2506536485,381.1363720190009,15917018.424249483,239.55056255770802
+18.400000000000002,1957132.3537332045,380.98975860011734,15845241.126742886,239.24157484497272
+18.5,1964062.8467526236,380.84312845371574,15773758.917953137,238.93286208907583
+18.6,1970964.8135518986,380.6964872562572,15702570.933141202,238.6244251726908
+18.7,1977838.3378050062,380.54984057500997,15631676.309280336,238.31626498392774
+18.8,1984683.5030199126,380.4031938707821,15561074.185056096,238.00838241638746
+18.900000000000002,1991500.3925385692,380.25655250057133,15490763.700866321,237.7007783692156
+19.0,1998289.0895369116,380.10992172013556,15420743.998821149,237.39345374715774
+19.1,2005049.677024864,379.96330668648653,15351014.222743012,237.08640946061425
+19.200000000000003,2011782.237846337,379.81671246030885,15281573.518166626,236.77964642569634
+19.3,2018486.8546792252,379.67014400830794,15212421.032339014,236.47316556428217
+19.400000000000002,2025163.610035411,379.5236062054879,15143555.914219463,236.16696780407335
+19.5,2031812.5863479478,379.3771038539995,15074977.31358037,235.861054060844
+19.6,2038433.8680519294,379.2306420805889,15006684.359544702,235.55542481191287
+19.700000000000003,2045027.536485746,379.084225365391,14938676.213175347,235.25008113730536
+19.8,2051593.6739729291,378.9378583245209,14870952.025374293,234.9450238874766
+19.900000000000002,2058132.3627231135,378.79154550141357,14803510.948218277,234.64025390703284
+20.0,2064643.6848320398,378.64529136859073,14736352.134958768,234.33577203462033
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/__init__.py b/PythonModels/components/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8e493c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""Component implementations for the Python system model."""
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/amesim_mechanical.py b/PythonModels/components/amesim_mechanical.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f3c4a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/amesim_mechanical.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import pi
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+M_TO_MM = 1.0e3
+M3_TO_CM3 = 1.0e6
+M3_PER_S_TO_L_PER_MIN = 60_000.0
+
+
+def circular_area(diameter_m: float) -> float:
+    if diameter_m < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("diameter_m must be non-negative.")
+    return pi * diameter_m * diameter_m / 4.0
+
+
+def mm_to_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * MM_TO_M
+
+
+def m_to_mm(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * M_TO_MM
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPistonGeometry:
+    """Geometry relations used by AMESim PNRP17 pneumatic piston variables."""
+
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float = 0.0
+    zero_length_m: float = 0.0
+
+    @property
+    def piston_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return circular_area(self.piston_diameter_m)
+
+    @property
+    def rod_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return circular_area(self.rod_diameter_m)
+
+    @property
+    def annulus_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return self.piston_area_m2 - self.rod_area_m2
+
+    def chamber_length_m(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.zero_length_m + port5_displacement_m - port4_displacement_m
+
+    def chamber_length_mm(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return m_to_mm(self.chamber_length_m(port4_displacement_m, port5_displacement_m))
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_area_m2(self) -> float:
+        return self.annulus_area_m2
+
+    def chamber_volume_m3(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_area_m2 * self.chamber_length_m(
+            port4_displacement_m,
+            port5_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+    def chamber_volume_cm3(self, port4_displacement_m: float, port5_displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_volume_m3(port4_displacement_m, port5_displacement_m) * M3_TO_CM3
+
+    def chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(self, port4_velocity_m_s: float, port5_velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_area_m2 * (port5_velocity_m_s - port4_velocity_m_s)
+
+    def chamber_volume_rate_l_min(self, port4_velocity_m_s: float, port5_velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(
+            port4_velocity_m_s,
+            port5_velocity_m_s,
+        ) * M3_PER_S_TO_L_PER_MIN
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimElasticEndstop:
+    """Contact force part of AMESim LSTP00A elastic endstop."""
+
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    gap0_m: float = 0.0
+
+    def penetration_m_from_gap_mm(self, gap_mm: float) -> float:
+        return max(-(mm_to_m(gap_mm) - self.gap0_m), 0.0)
+
+    def static_contact_force(self, gap_mm: float) -> float:
+        return self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m * self.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(gap_mm)
+
+    def contact_force(self, gap_mm: float, penetration_velocity_m_s: float = 0.0) -> float:
+        if self.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(gap_mm) <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        damping_force = self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s * penetration_velocity_m_s
+        return max(self.static_contact_force(gap_mm) + damping_force, 0.0)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+    """Parameter and observable helpers for AMESim MECMAS21 translation masses."""
+
+    mass_kg: float
+    lower_limit_m: float
+    upper_limit_m: float
+    lower_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    upper_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float = 0.0
+    coulomb_friction_n: float = 0.0
+    stiction_force_n: float = 0.0
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float = 0.0
+
+    def lower_penetration_m(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return max(self.lower_limit_m - displacement_m, 0.0)
+
+    def upper_penetration_m(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return max(displacement_m - self.upper_limit_m, 0.0)
+
+    def lower_static_force_magnitude(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.lower_stiffness_n_per_m * self.lower_penetration_m(displacement_m)
+
+    def upper_static_force_magnitude(self, displacement_m: float) -> float:
+        return self.upper_stiffness_n_per_m * self.upper_penetration_m(displacement_m)
+
+    def viscous_friction_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return -self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s
+
+    def windage_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        return -self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2 * velocity_m_s * abs(velocity_m_s)
+
+    def dry_friction_force(self, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        if velocity_m_s > 0.0:
+            return -self.coulomb_friction_n
+        if velocity_m_s < 0.0:
+            return self.coulomb_friction_n
+        return 0.0
+
+    def limit_contact_force(self, displacement_m: float, velocity_m_s: float) -> float:
+        lower_force = self.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement_m)
+        if lower_force > 0.0:
+            lower_force += max(-self.lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+
+        upper_force = self.upper_static_force_magnitude(displacement_m)
+        if upper_force > 0.0:
+            upper_force += max(self.upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s * velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+
+        return lower_force - upper_force
+
+    def derivatives(
+        self,
+        *,
+        velocity_m_s: float,
+        displacement_m: float,
+        port_1_force_n: float = 0.0,
+        port_2_force_n: float = 0.0,
+        external_force_n: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        total_force = (
+            port_1_force_n
+            + port_2_force_n
+            + external_force_n
+            + self.viscous_friction_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.windage_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.dry_friction_force(velocity_m_s)
+            + self.limit_contact_force(displacement_m, velocity_m_s)
+        )
+        return total_force / self.mass_kg, velocity_m_s
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic.py b/PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d705c0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import pi, sqrt
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPneumaticGas:
+    """Caloric constants plus Peng-Robinson EOS for AMESim pneumatic components."""
+
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid = HELIUM_PR
+    cp: float = 5193.0
+    cv: float = 3116.0
+
+    @property
+    def gamma(self) -> float:
+        return self.cp / self.cv
+
+    @property
+    def R_gas(self) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.specific_gas_constant
+
+    def density(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.density(pressure, temperature)
+
+    def pressure(self, density: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.fluid.pressure_from_density(temperature, density)
+
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.cv * temperature
+
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.cp * temperature
+
+    def specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.cp * (temperature - reference_temperature)
+
+    def reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        specific_enthalpy: float,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        if self.cp <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("cp must be positive.")
+        return reference_temperature + specific_enthalpy / self.cp
+
+    def pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_pressure: float = 101_300.0,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        return (
+            self.specific_reference_enthalpy(temperature, reference_temperature)
+            + self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(pressure, temperature)
+            - self.fluid.residual_specific_enthalpy(
+                reference_pressure,
+                reference_temperature,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def pressure_transport_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        reference_pressure: float = 101_300.0,
+        reference_temperature: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Convert AMESim reference enthalpy to the absolute-energy state basis."""
+        return (
+            self.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                pressure,
+                temperature,
+                reference_pressure,
+                reference_temperature,
+            )
+            + self.cp * reference_temperature
+        )
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, specific_internal_energy: float) -> float:
+        if self.cv <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("cv must be positive.")
+        return specific_internal_energy / self.cv
+
+
+HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS = AmesimPneumaticGas()
+
+
+def liters_to_m3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-3
+
+
+def m3_to_cm3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e6
+
+
+def cm3_to_m3(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-6
+
+
+def kg_to_g(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e3
+
+
+def mm2_to_m2(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * 1.0e-6
+
+
+def diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm: float) -> float:
+    diameter_m = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+    return pi * diameter_m * diameter_m / 4.0
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticVolume(DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim pneumatic control volume using helium PR pressure closure."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        volume: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("volume must be positive.")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+        if heat_transfer_area < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_area must be non-negative.")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive.")
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.volume = volume
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.heat_transfer_area = heat_transfer_area
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        rho0 = gas.density(p0, T0)
+        m0 = rho0 * volume
+        U0 = m0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_liters(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        volume_liters: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> "AmesimPneumaticVolume":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            volume=liters_to_m3(volume_liters),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def volume_cm3(self) -> float:
+        return m3_to_cm3(self.volume)
+
+    def volume_rate_m3_s(self) -> float:
+        return 0.0
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature_k: float | None = None) -> float:
+        temperature = self.properties().T if temperature_k is None else temperature_k
+        return (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - temperature)
+        )
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return kg_to_g(self.state.m)
+
+    def pressure_gauge_pa(self, reference_pressure_pa: float = 101_300.0) -> float:
+        return self.properties().p - reference_pressure_pa
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("volume mass must stay positive.")
+        T = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(self.state.U / self.state.m)
+        rho = self.state.m / self.volume
+        p = self.gas.pressure(rho, T)
+        u = self.state.U / self.state.m
+        h = self.gas.specific_enthalpy(T)
+        self.port_a.p = p
+        self.port_a.h_outflow = h
+        self.port_b.p = p
+        self.port_b.h_outflow = h
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(p=p, T=T, rho=rho, u=u, h=h)
+
+    def derivatives(self, inlet_h: float, m_flow: float) -> VolumeState:
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=m_flow,
+            U=m_flow * inlet_h + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(),
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_two_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_a_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_a: float,
+        port_b_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_b: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+        volume_rate_m3_s: float | None = None,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_a = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_a_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_a,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_b = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_b_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_b,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_a_m_flow + port_b_m_flow,
+            U=(
+                port_a_m_flow * inlet_h_a
+                + port_b_m_flow * inlet_h_b
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(properties.T)
+                - properties.p * (
+                    self.volume_rate_m3_s()
+                    if volume_rate_m3_s is None
+                    else volume_rate_m3_s
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume(AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+    """PNCH012-style volume with a dead volume plus an external moving volume."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        dead_volume: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        external_volume: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if dead_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("dead_volume must be positive.")
+        if dead_volume + external_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("total volume must be positive.")
+        self.dead_volume = dead_volume
+        self.external_volume = external_volume
+        self.external_volume_rate = 0.0
+        super().__init__(
+            name=name,
+            volume=dead_volume + external_volume,
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_liters(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        dead_volume_liters: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        external_volume_liters: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        heat_transfer_area: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> "AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            dead_volume=liters_to_m3(dead_volume_liters),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=p0,
+            T0=T0,
+            external_volume=liters_to_m3(external_volume_liters),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            heat_transfer_area=heat_transfer_area,
+            external_temperature_k=external_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def volume_rate_m3_s(self) -> float:
+        return self.external_volume_rate
+
+    def set_external_volume_m3(
+        self,
+        external_volume: float,
+        external_volume_rate_m3_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        if self.dead_volume + external_volume <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("total volume must be positive.")
+        self.external_volume = external_volume
+        self.external_volume_rate = external_volume_rate_m3_s
+        self.volume = self.dead_volume + self.external_volume
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticOrifice(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """First-pass PNOR001/PNVO001-style compressible helium orifice.
+
+    This is a calibrated placeholder boundary for the Python port. It preserves
+    AMESim-style area and coefficient inputs, but final parity must be checked
+    against AMESim CSV results before treating it as numerically equivalent.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        area: float,
+        flow_coefficient: float = 1.0,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        if area < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("area must be non-negative.")
+        if flow_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("flow_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.area = area
+        self.flow_coefficient = flow_coefficient
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.opening = opening
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_mm2(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        area_mm2: float,
+        flow_coefficient: float = 1.0,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> "AmesimPneumaticOrifice":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            area=mm2_to_m2(area_mm2),
+            flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=opening,
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        opening = min(max(self.opening, 0.0), 1.0)
+        return self.area * opening
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_a: float, p_b: float, upstream_temperature: float) -> float:
+        if p_a == p_b or self.effective_area == 0.0 or self.flow_coefficient == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_a > p_b:
+            return compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_a,
+                downstream_pressure=p_b,
+                upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+                area=self.effective_area,
+                flow_coefficient=self.flow_coefficient,
+                gas=self.gas,
+            )
+        return -compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_b,
+            downstream_pressure=p_a,
+            upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+            area=self.effective_area,
+            flow_coefficient=self.flow_coefficient,
+            gas=self.gas,
+        )
+
+
+def compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+    *,
+    upstream_pressure: float,
+    downstream_pressure: float,
+    upstream_temperature: float,
+    area: float,
+    flow_coefficient: float,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> float:
+    if upstream_pressure <= 0.0 or downstream_pressure < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("pressures must be non-negative and upstream pressure must be positive.")
+    if upstream_temperature <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("upstream_temperature must be positive.")
+    if area < 0.0 or flow_coefficient < 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("area and flow_coefficient must be non-negative.")
+    if downstream_pressure >= upstream_pressure or area == 0.0 or flow_coefficient == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+
+    gamma = gas.gamma
+    pressure_ratio = max(downstream_pressure / upstream_pressure, 0.0)
+    critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+    coefficient = flow_coefficient * area * upstream_pressure / sqrt(gas.R_gas * upstream_temperature)
+    if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+        flow_function = sqrt(gamma) * (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+    else:
+        term = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** ((gamma + 1.0) / gamma)
+        flow_function = sqrt((2.0 * gamma / (gamma - 1.0)) * max(term, 0.0))
+    return coefficient * flow_function
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic_line.py b/PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic_line.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7810d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/amesim_pneumatic_line.py
@@ -0,0 +1,881 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import log10, pi, sqrt
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    compressible_orifice_mass_flow,
+    diameter_mm_to_area_m2,
+)
+from PythonModels.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+    mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    reynolds_number: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    friction_factor: float
+    pressure_drop_pa: float
+
+
+class _DarcyPipeResistanceMixin:
+    diameter: float
+    length: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    area: float
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop_pa: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_drop_pa <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upper = 1.0e-9
+        while self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            upper,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        ) < pressure_drop_pa:
+            upper *= 10.0
+            if upper > 1.0e3:
+                raise ValueError("unable to bracket pneumatic pipe resistance flow")
+        lower = 0.0
+        for _ in range(48):
+            middle = 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+            if self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+                middle,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            ) < pressure_drop_pa:
+                lower = middle
+            else:
+                upper = middle
+        return 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+
+    def pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        length: float | None = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        downstream_pressure = min(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k
+            if pressure_difference > 0.0
+            else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        resistance_length = self.length if length is None else length
+        if resistance_length <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length must be positive")
+
+        def target_flow(mass_flow_kg_s: float) -> float:
+            reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, upstream_temperature)
+            friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+            flow_coefficient = sqrt(
+                self.diameter / (resistance_length * friction_factor)
+            )
+            return compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=upstream_pressure,
+                downstream_pressure=downstream_pressure,
+                upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+                area=self.area,
+                flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+                gas=self.gas,
+            )
+
+        flow_coefficient = sqrt(self.diameter / (resistance_length * 0.02))
+        magnitude = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=upstream_pressure,
+            downstream_pressure=downstream_pressure,
+            upstream_temperature=upstream_temperature,
+            area=self.area,
+            flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+            gas=self.gas,
+        )
+        for _ in range(12):
+            next_magnitude = target_flow(magnitude)
+            if abs(next_magnitude - magnitude) <= max(1.0e-12, abs(magnitude) * 1.0e-9):
+                magnitude = next_magnitude
+                break
+            magnitude = 0.5 * (magnitude + next_magnitude)
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow_kg_s == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = (
+            friction_factor
+            * (self.length / self.diameter)
+            * density
+            * velocity
+            * velocity
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        return magnitude if mass_flow_kg_s > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _reynolds_number(self, mass_flow_kg_s: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        viscosity = helium_dynamic_viscosity(temperature)
+        return 4.0 * abs(mass_flow_kg_s) / (pi * self.diameter * viscosity)
+
+    def _friction_factor(self, reynolds_number: float) -> float:
+        if reynolds_number <= 0.0:
+            return 64_000_000.0
+        laminar = 64.0 / reynolds_number
+        if reynolds_number <= 2_300.0:
+            return laminar
+        turbulent = 1.0 / (
+            -1.8
+            * log10(
+                (self.relative_roughness / 3.7) ** 1.11
+                + 6.9 / reynolds_number
+            )
+        ) ** 2
+        if reynolds_number >= 4_000.0:
+            return turbulent
+        fraction = (reynolds_number - 2_300.0) / 1_700.0
+        return laminar + fraction * (turbulent - laminar)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """Physical first-pass implementation of AMESim ``PNL0001`` (C-R).
+
+    Port 2 owns the lumped gas storage. Port 1 is connected through a Darcy
+    resistance. Both connection mass flows use the PythonModels convention:
+    positive values enter the pipe storage.
+
+    AMESim's proprietary ``pn2pipefr`` utility is represented by an
+    optional calibrated linear conductance when a model-specific baseline
+    supports it; otherwise the component falls back to an auditable
+    Darcy-Weisbach law. Both paths preserve the real geometry, state count,
+    mass/energy balance, heat-transfer parameter, and observable diagnostics.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        calibrated_linear_conductance: float | None = None,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if (
+            calibrated_linear_conductance is not None
+            and calibrated_linear_conductance <= 0.0
+        ):
+            raise ValueError("calibrated_linear_conductance must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.calibrated_linear_conductance = calibrated_linear_conductance
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+
+        rho0 = gas.density(p0, T0)
+        mass0 = rho0 * self.volume
+        self.state = VolumeState(
+            m=mass0,
+            U=mass0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(T0),
+        )
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+            self.state.U / self.state.m
+        )
+        density = self.state.m / self.volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        properties = ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=self.state.U / self.state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+        self.port_2.p = pressure
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return self.state.m * 1.0e3
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from port 1 into the port-2 storage in kg/s."""
+        if port_1_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_1_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if port_1_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_1_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        internal = self.properties()
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - internal.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if self.calibrated_linear_conductance is not None:
+            return (
+                self.calibrated_linear_conductance
+                * pressure_difference
+                / sqrt(internal.T)
+            )
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, internal.p)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else internal.T
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        temperature = temperature_k or properties.T
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (properties.rho * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=properties.rho,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop_for_state(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        pressure_pa: float,
+        temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+        density = self.gas.density(pressure_pa, temperature_k)
+        return self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        internal = self.properties()
+        # Default first-pass PNL0001 behavior uses the historical internal-energy
+        # approximation. AMESim-specific transport-enthalpy corrections are kept
+        # behind derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections so they can be
+        # applied only where validated against baseline data.
+        inlet_u_1 = (
+            connected_h_1 / self.gas.gamma
+            if port_1_m_flow > 0.0
+            else internal.u
+        )
+        inlet_u_2 = (
+            connected_h_2 / self.gas.gamma
+            if port_2_m_flow > 0.0
+            else internal.u
+        )
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - internal.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_u_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_u_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        internal = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = connected_h_1 if port_1_m_flow > 0.0 else internal.h
+        inlet_h_2 = connected_h_2 if port_2_m_flow > 0.0 else internal.h
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - internal.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_h_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_h_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0003Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL0003`` (C-R-C) pipe.
+
+    The two pipe-end compliances are represented as equal half-volume gas
+    stores connected by the same auditable Darcy resistance used for PNL0001.
+    Center flow is positive from port 1 storage to port 2 storage.
+    """
+
+    state_size = 4
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        p1_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T1_0: float = 293.15,
+        p2_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        T2_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.compliance_volume = self.volume / 2.0
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+
+        self.state_1 = self._initial_state(p1_0, T1_0)
+        self.state_2 = self._initial_state(p2_0, T2_0)
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def _initial_state(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> VolumeState:
+        rho = self.gas.density(pressure, temperature)
+        mass = rho * self.compliance_volume
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=mass,
+            U=mass * self.gas.specific_internal_energy(temperature),
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [*self.state_1.as_vector(), *self.state_2.as_vector()]
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 4:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0003 state vector requires four values")
+        self.state_1 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[:2])
+        self.state_2 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[2:])
+
+    def properties_1(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        properties = self._properties(self.state_1)
+        self.port_1.p = properties.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def properties_2(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        properties = self._properties(self.state_2)
+        self.port_2.p = properties.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def _properties(self, state: VolumeState) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(state.U / state.m)
+        density = state.m / self.compliance_volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=state.U / state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return (self.state_1.m + self.state_2.m) * 1.0e3
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(self) -> float:
+        """Return center mass flow from port 1 storage to port 2 storage."""
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        pressure_difference = port_1.p - port_2.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream = port_1 if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=upstream.rho,
+            temperature=upstream.T,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        temperature = temperature_k or (port_1.T if mass_flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else port_2.T)
+        density = port_1.rho if mass_flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else port_2.rho
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        center_flow = self.resistance_mass_flow()
+        heat_flow_each = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - 0.5 * (port_1.T + port_2.T))
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        port_1_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_1_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_1,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_2_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_2,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        port_1_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=-center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_2.h,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_1.h,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        return (
+            VolumeState(
+                m=port_1_m_flow - center_flow,
+                U=(
+                    port_1_m_flow * port_1_external_h
+                    - center_flow * port_1_center_h
+                    + heat_flow_each
+                ),
+            ),
+            VolumeState(
+                m=port_2_m_flow + center_flow,
+                U=(
+                    port_2_m_flow * port_2_external_h
+                    + center_flow * port_2_center_h
+                    + heat_flow_each
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002Pipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, DynamicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL0002`` (R-C-R) pipe.
+
+    The center compliance owns the gas state. Positive connection mass flows
+    enter that center storage from each external port.
+    """
+
+    state_size = 2
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        polytropic_constant: float = 1.35,
+        heat_transfer_coefficient: float = 0.0,
+        external_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        pctr_0: float = 101_325.0,
+        Tctr_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+        if polytropic_constant <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("polytropic_constant must be positive")
+        if heat_transfer_coefficient < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("heat_transfer_coefficient must be non-negative")
+        if external_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("external_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.polytropic_constant = polytropic_constant
+        self.heat_transfer_coefficient = heat_transfer_coefficient
+        self.external_temperature = external_temperature_k
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.volume = self.area * self.length
+        self.heat_transfer_area = pi * self.diameter * self.length
+        self._resistance_length = self.length / 2.0
+
+        rho0 = gas.density(pctr_0, Tctr_0)
+        mass0 = rho0 * self.volume
+        self.state = VolumeState(
+            m=mass0,
+            U=mass0 * gas.specific_internal_energy(Tctr_0),
+        )
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.state.m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("pipe mass must stay positive")
+        temperature = self.gas.temperature_from_internal_energy(
+            self.state.U / self.state.m
+        )
+        density = self.state.m / self.volume
+        pressure = self.gas.pressure(density, temperature)
+        properties = ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=pressure,
+            T=temperature,
+            rho=density,
+            u=self.state.U / self.state.m,
+            h=self.gas.specific_enthalpy(temperature),
+        )
+        self.port_1.p = pressure
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = properties.h
+        self.port_2.p = pressure
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = properties.h
+        return properties
+
+    def gas_mass_g(self) -> float:
+        return self.state.m * 1.0e3
+
+    def port_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from an external port into the center storage."""
+        if port_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        if port_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_temperature_k must be positive")
+
+        center = self.properties()
+        pressure_difference = port_pressure_pa - center.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_pressure_pa, center.p)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else center.T
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_resistance_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_resistance_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop_pa: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        original_length = self.length
+        self.length = self._resistance_length
+        try:
+            return self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+                pressure_drop_pa,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.length = original_length
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        temperature_k: float | None = None,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        properties = self.properties()
+        temperature = temperature_k or properties.T
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (properties.rho * self.area)
+        original_length = self.length
+        self.length = self._resistance_length
+        try:
+            pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+                mass_flow_kg_s,
+                density=properties.rho,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            )
+        finally:
+            self.length = original_length
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_1: float,
+        port_2_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_2: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        center = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_1_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_1,
+            internal_h=center.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_2_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h_2,
+            internal_h=center.h,
+        )
+        heat_flow = (
+            self.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * self.heat_transfer_area
+            * (self.external_temperature - center.T)
+        )
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=port_1_m_flow + port_2_m_flow,
+            U=port_1_m_flow * inlet_h_1 + port_2_m_flow * inlet_h_2 + heat_flow,
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00rPipe(_DarcyPipeResistanceMixin, AlgebraicComponent):
+    """First-pass AMESim ``PNL00R`` (R) pipe resistance."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        diameter_mm: float,
+        length_m: float,
+        relative_roughness: float,
+        gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    ) -> None:
+        if diameter_mm <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("diameter_mm must be positive")
+        if length_m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("length_m must be positive")
+        if relative_roughness < 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("relative_roughness must be non-negative")
+
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.diameter = diameter_mm * 1.0e-3
+        self.length = length_m
+        self.relative_roughness = relative_roughness
+        self.gas = gas
+        self.area = diameter_mm_to_area_m2(diameter_mm)
+        self.port_1 = PortState()
+        self.port_2 = PortState()
+
+    def mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return mass flow from port 1 to port 2 in kg/s."""
+        if port_1_pressure_pa <= 0.0 or port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port pressures must be positive")
+        if port_1_temperature_k <= 0.0 or port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port temperatures must be positive")
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = max(port_1_pressure_pa, port_2_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k
+            if pressure_difference > 0.0
+            else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        density = self.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def diagnostics(
+        self,
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        pressure_pa: float,
+        temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics:
+        density = self.gas.density(pressure_pa, temperature_k)
+        reynolds = self._reynolds_number(mass_flow_kg_s, temperature_k)
+        friction_factor = self._friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow_kg_s / (density * self.area)
+        pressure_drop = self._darcy_pressure_drop(
+            mass_flow_kg_s,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature_k,
+        )
+        return AmesimPnl0001Diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_kg_s,
+            reynolds_number=reynolds,
+            gas_velocity_m_s=velocity,
+            friction_factor=friction_factor,
+            pressure_drop_pa=pressure_drop,
+        )
+
+
+def helium_dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+    """Sutherland approximation centered on the test_mql initial condition."""
+    if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+    reference_temperature = 293.15
+    reference_viscosity = 2.0e-5
+    sutherland_constant = 79.4
+    return (
+        reference_viscosity
+        * (temperature_k / reference_temperature) ** 1.5
+        * (reference_temperature + sutherland_constant)
+        / (temperature_k + sutherland_constant)
+    )
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/cylinder.py b/PythonModels/components/cylinder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..066fb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/cylinder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import DynamicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.medium import IdealGasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+class Cylinder(DynamicComponent):
+    """Python port of ModelicaModels.Mycylinder."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        V: float = 0.01,
+        p0: float = 35e6,
+        T0: float = 300.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.V = V
+        m0 = p0 * V / (medium.R_gas * T0)
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.V)
+        self.port_b.p = props.p
+        self.port_b.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def derivatives_from_connection(
+        self,
+        *,
+        connected_h: float,
+        port_m_flow: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        inlet_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        return self.derivatives(inlet_h, port_m_flow)
+
+    def derivatives(self, inlet_h: float, m_flow: float) -> VolumeState:
+        return VolumeState(m=m_flow, U=m_flow * inlet_h)
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/orifice.py b/PythonModels/components/orifice.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9da6282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/orifice.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from math import sqrt
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+
+
+class Orifice(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Python port of ModelicaModels.Myorifice."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, opening: float = 1.0, K: float = 1e-7) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.opening = opening
+        self.K = K
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    @property
+    def K_eff(self) -> float:
+        return self.K * max(self.opening, 0.001)
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_a: float, p_b: float) -> float:
+        dp = p_a - p_b
+        if dp == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.K_eff * sqrt(abs(dp)) * (1.0 if dp > 0.0 else -1.0)
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/pipe.py b/PythonModels/components/pipe.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fb9fe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/pipe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import DynamicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.medium import IdealGasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+class Pipe(DynamicComponent):
+    """Python port of ModelicaModels.Mypipe."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        L: float = 5.0,
+        D: float = 0.02,
+        lambda_darcy: float = 0.02,
+        p0: float = 1e5,
+        T0: float = 300.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.L = L
+        self.D = D
+        self.lambda_darcy = lambda_darcy
+        self.area = 3.141592653589793 * D * D / 4.0
+        self.V = self.area * L
+        m0 = p0 * self.V / (medium.R_gas * T0)
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+        self.port_b = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.V)
+        self.port_b.p = props.p
+        self.port_a.h_outflow = props.h
+        self.port_b.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def inlet_pressure(self, m_flow_a: float, rho: float, core_pressure: float) -> float:
+        resistance = self.lambda_darcy * (self.L / self.D)
+        dynamic_term = m_flow_a * abs(m_flow_a) / (2.0 * rho * self.area * self.area)
+        return core_pressure + resistance * dynamic_term
+
+    def port_a_inlet_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_a_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_a_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+
+    def port_b_inlet_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_b_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_b_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+
+    def connection_inlet_enthalpies(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_a_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_a: float,
+        port_b_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_b: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        return (
+            self.port_a_inlet_enthalpy(
+                port_a_m_flow=port_a_m_flow,
+                connected_h=connected_h_a,
+                internal_h=internal_h,
+            ),
+            self.port_b_inlet_enthalpy(
+                port_b_m_flow=port_b_m_flow,
+                connected_h=connected_h_b,
+                internal_h=internal_h,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def derivatives_from_connections(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_a_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_a: float,
+        port_b_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h_b: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        inlet_h_a, inlet_h_b = self.connection_inlet_enthalpies(
+            port_a_m_flow=port_a_m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=connected_h_a,
+            port_b_m_flow=port_b_m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=connected_h_b,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        return self.derivatives(
+            inlet_h_a=inlet_h_a,
+            inlet_h_b=inlet_h_b,
+            m_flow_a=port_a_m_flow,
+            m_flow_b=port_b_m_flow,
+        )
+
+    def derivatives(
+        self,
+        inlet_h_a: float,
+        inlet_h_b: float,
+        m_flow_a: float,
+        m_flow_b: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        dm_dt = m_flow_a + m_flow_b
+        dU_dt = m_flow_a * inlet_h_a + m_flow_b * inlet_h_b
+        return VolumeState(m=dm_dt, U=dU_dt)
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/tank.py b/PythonModels/components/tank.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f51d69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/tank.py
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import DynamicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.medium import IdealGasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+class Tank(DynamicComponent):
+    """Python port of ModelicaModels.Mytank."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        V: float = 0.1,
+        p0: float = 1e5,
+        T0: float = 300.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.V = V
+        m0 = p0 * V / (medium.R_gas * T0)
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        self.port_a = PortState()
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.V)
+        self.port_a.p = props.p
+        self.port_a.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def derivatives_from_connection(
+        self,
+        *,
+        connected_h: float,
+        port_m_flow: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        inlet_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+        return self.derivatives(inlet_h, port_m_flow)
+
+    def derivatives(self, inlet_h: float, m_flow: float) -> VolumeState:
+        return VolumeState(m=m_flow, U=m_flow * inlet_h)
diff --git a/PythonModels/components/tee.py b/PythonModels/components/tee.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6602435
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/components/tee.py
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+
+
+class Tee(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Python port of ModelicaModels.Mytee."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.port_in = PortState()
+        self.port_out1 = PortState()
+        self.port_out2 = PortState()
+
+    def mixed_inlet_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        branch1_m_flow: float,
+        branch1_h: float,
+        branch2_m_flow: float,
+        branch2_h: float,
+        fallback_h: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> float:
+        positive_1 = max(branch1_m_flow, 0.0)
+        positive_2 = max(branch2_m_flow, 0.0)
+        total = positive_1 + positive_2
+        if total <= 1e-9:
+            return fallback_h
+        return (positive_1 * branch1_h + positive_2 * branch2_h) / total
+
+    def inlet_stream_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        branch1_m_flow: float,
+        branch1_h: float,
+        branch2_m_flow: float,
+        branch2_h: float,
+        fallback_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Approximate `inStream(port_in.h_outflow)` for the current tee topology."""
+
+        return self.mixed_inlet_enthalpy(
+            branch1_m_flow,
+            branch1_h,
+            branch2_m_flow,
+            branch2_h,
+            fallback_h=fallback_h,
+        )
+
+    def branch_actual_stream_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        branch_m_flow: float,
+        branch_h: float,
+        inlet_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Approximate `actualStream(branch.h_outflow)` for a tee branch port."""
+
+        return inlet_h if branch_m_flow > 0.0 else branch_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _solve_linear_2x2(
+        a11: float,
+        a12: float,
+        a21: float,
+        a22: float,
+        b1: float,
+        b2: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float] | None:
+        determinant = a11 * a22 - a12 * a21
+        if abs(determinant) <= 1e-12:
+            return None
+        x1 = (b1 * a22 - b2 * a12) / determinant
+        x2 = (a11 * b2 - a21 * b1) / determinant
+        return x1, x2
+
+    def solve_branch_outlet_flows_from_energy_balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        ratio_branch1: float,
+        ratio_branch2: float,
+        inlet_h_branch1: float,
+        inlet_h_branch2: float,
+        branch1_h: float,
+        branch2_h: float,
+        inlet_h: float,
+        q_in_branch1: float,
+        q_in_branch2: float,
+        tolerance: float = 1e-12,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        """Solve branch outlet flows for the current three-port downstream tee use-case."""
+
+        rhs_branch1 = q_in_branch1 * inlet_h_branch1
+        rhs_branch2 = q_in_branch2 * inlet_h_branch2
+
+        def solve_both_forward() -> tuple[float, float] | None:
+            return self._solve_linear_2x2(
+                (1.0 + ratio_branch1) * branch1_h,
+                ratio_branch1 * branch2_h,
+                ratio_branch2 * branch1_h,
+                (1.0 + ratio_branch2) * branch2_h,
+                rhs_branch1,
+                rhs_branch2,
+            )
+
+        def solve_one_reverse(
+            *,
+            branch1_reverse: bool,
+        ) -> tuple[float, float] | None:
+            if branch1_reverse:
+                return self._solve_linear_2x2(
+                    inlet_h * (1.0 + ratio_branch1),
+                    ratio_branch1 * inlet_h,
+                    ratio_branch2 * inlet_h,
+                    branch2_h + ratio_branch2 * inlet_h,
+                    rhs_branch1,
+                    rhs_branch2,
+                )
+
+            return self._solve_linear_2x2(
+                branch1_h + ratio_branch1 * inlet_h,
+                ratio_branch1 * inlet_h,
+                ratio_branch2 * inlet_h,
+                inlet_h * (1.0 + ratio_branch2),
+                rhs_branch1,
+                rhs_branch2,
+            )
+
+        def solve_both_reverse() -> tuple[float, float] | None:
+            return self._solve_linear_2x2(
+                inlet_h * (1.0 + ratio_branch1),
+                ratio_branch1 * inlet_h,
+                ratio_branch2 * inlet_h,
+                inlet_h * (1.0 + ratio_branch2),
+                rhs_branch1,
+                rhs_branch2,
+            )
+
+        candidate_solvers = (
+            (
+                solve_both_forward,
+                lambda q1, q2: q1 >= -tolerance and q2 >= -tolerance,
+            ),
+            (
+                lambda: solve_one_reverse(branch1_reverse=True),
+                lambda q1, q2: q1 < -tolerance and q2 >= -tolerance and q1 + q2 > tolerance,
+            ),
+            (
+                lambda: solve_one_reverse(branch1_reverse=True),
+                lambda q1, q2: q1 < -tolerance and q2 >= -tolerance and q1 + q2 <= tolerance,
+            ),
+            (
+                lambda: solve_one_reverse(branch1_reverse=False),
+                lambda q1, q2: q2 < -tolerance and q1 >= -tolerance and q1 + q2 > tolerance,
+            ),
+            (
+                lambda: solve_one_reverse(branch1_reverse=False),
+                lambda q1, q2: q2 < -tolerance and q1 >= -tolerance and q1 + q2 <= tolerance,
+            ),
+            (
+                solve_both_reverse,
+                lambda q1, q2: q1 < -tolerance and q2 < -tolerance,
+            ),
+        )
+
+        for solver, predicate in candidate_solvers:
+            candidate = solver()
+            if candidate is None:
+                continue
+            q_out_branch1, q_out_branch2 = candidate
+            if predicate(q_out_branch1, q_out_branch2):
+                return q_out_branch1, q_out_branch2
+
+        return solve_both_forward() or (0.0, 0.0)
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/__init__.py b/PythonModels/core/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae12d41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""Core abstractions for the Python system model."""
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/base.py b/PythonModels/core/base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bac666e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+
+class Component(ABC):
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+
+class DynamicComponent(Component):
+    state_size = 2
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def actual_stream_enthalpy(
+        port_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Approximate `actualStream(port.h_outflow)` for a mixed control volume port."""
+
+        return connected_h if port_m_flow > 0.0 else internal_h
+
+    def connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        port_m_flow: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+        internal_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        """Resolve the enthalpy convected into this control volume through one port."""
+
+        return self.actual_stream_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class AlgebraicComponent(Component):
+    """Stateless element described by algebraic constraints only."""
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/medium.py b/PythonModels/core/medium.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3410590
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/medium.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ThermodynamicProperties:
+    p: float
+    T: float
+    rho: float
+    u: float
+    h: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class IdealGasMedium:
+    """Temperature-dependent ideal-gas air approximation.
+
+    This is still not a strict clone of `Modelica.Media.Air.SimpleAir`.
+    The small linear `cp(T)` term is kept configurable for calibration, but the
+    current default is calibrated against the committed Testmodel baseline and
+    therefore falls back to the constant-heat-capacity limit.
+    """
+
+    name: str = "SimpleAirApprox"
+    R_gas: float = 287.0
+    cp_ref: float = 1005.0
+    T_ref: float = 300.0
+    cp_slope: float = 0.0
+
+    @property
+    def cv(self) -> float:
+        return self.cv_at_temperature(self.T_ref)
+
+    @property
+    def gamma(self) -> float:
+        return self.cp_at_temperature(self.T_ref) / self.cv
+
+    def cp_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.cp_ref + self.cp_slope * (T - self.T_ref)
+
+    def cv_at_temperature(self, T: float) -> float:
+        return self.cp_at_temperature(T) - self.R_gas
+
+    def density(self, p: float, T: float) -> float:
+        return p / (self.R_gas * T)
+
+    def specific_internal_energy(self, T: float) -> float:
+        delta_T = T - self.T_ref
+        return (
+            self.cv * self.T_ref
+            + self.cv * delta_T
+            + 0.5 * self.cp_slope * delta_T * delta_T
+        )
+
+    def specific_enthalpy(self, T: float) -> float:
+        delta_T = T - self.T_ref
+        return (
+            self.cp_ref * self.T_ref
+            + self.cp_ref * delta_T
+            + 0.5 * self.cp_slope * delta_T * delta_T
+        )
+
+    def temperature_from_internal_energy(self, u: float) -> float:
+        reference_internal_energy = self.cv * self.T_ref
+        delta_u = u - reference_internal_energy
+
+        if abs(self.cp_slope) <= 1e-15:
+            return self.T_ref + delta_u / self.cv
+
+        a = 0.5 * self.cp_slope
+        b = self.cv
+        c = -delta_u
+        discriminant = max(b * b - 4.0 * a * c, 0.0)
+        positive_root = (-b + discriminant**0.5) / (2.0 * a)
+        negative_root = (-b - discriminant**0.5) / (2.0 * a)
+        delta_T = positive_root if abs(positive_root) <= abs(negative_root) else negative_root
+        return self.T_ref + delta_T
+
+    def temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(self, m: float, U: float) -> float:
+        if m <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Mass must stay positive when recovering temperature.")
+        return self.temperature_from_internal_energy(U / m)
+
+    def pressure(self, m: float, T: float, V: float) -> float:
+        if V <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Volume must stay positive.")
+        return m * self.R_gas * T / V
+
+    def properties_from_mU(self, m: float, U: float, V: float) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        T = self.temperature_from_mass_internal_energy(m, U)
+        p = self.pressure(m, T, V)
+        rho = m / V
+        u = U / m
+        h = self.specific_enthalpy(T)
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(p=p, T=T, rho=rho, u=u, h=h)
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/network.py b/PythonModels/core/network.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e912867
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/network.py
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import Component, DynamicComponent
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Connection:
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+
+
+class SimulationNetwork:
+    """Container for components, topology, and state-vector bookkeeping."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+        self.components: dict[str, Component] = {}
+        self.connections: list[Connection] = []
+
+    def add_component(self, component: Component) -> None:
+        if component.name in self.components:
+            raise ValueError(f"Duplicate component name: {component.name}")
+        self.components[component.name] = component
+
+    def connect(
+        self,
+        source_component: str,
+        source_port: str,
+        target_component: str,
+        target_port: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.connections.append(
+            Connection(
+                source_component=source_component,
+                source_port=source_port,
+                target_component=target_component,
+                target_port=target_port,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def dynamic_components(self) -> list[DynamicComponent]:
+        return [
+            component
+            for component in self.components.values()
+            if isinstance(component, DynamicComponent)
+        ]
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        values: list[float] = []
+        for component in self.dynamic_components():
+            values.extend(component.get_state_vector())
+        return values
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        cursor = 0
+        for component in self.dynamic_components():
+            next_cursor = cursor + component.state_size
+            component.set_state_vector(values[cursor:next_cursor])
+            cursor = next_cursor
+        if cursor != len(values):
+            raise ValueError("State vector length does not match dynamic components.")
+
+    def summary(self) -> str:
+        lines = [f"Network: {self.name}", "Components:"]
+        for name, component in self.components.items():
+            lines.append(f"  - {name}: {component.__class__.__name__}")
+        lines.append("Connections:")
+        for conn in self.connections:
+            lines.append(
+                f"  - {conn.source_component}.{conn.source_port}"
+                f" -> {conn.target_component}.{conn.target_port}"
+            )
+        return "\n".join(lines)
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/peng_robinson.py b/PythonModels/core/peng_robinson.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f822189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/peng_robinson.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import acos, cos, isfinite, log, pi, sqrt
+
+UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT = 8.31446261815324
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PengRobinsonFluid:
+    """Pure-fluid Peng-Robinson equation-of-state helper.
+
+    The class covers the equation-of-state layer plus the enthalpy departure
+    needed to compare AMESim pneumatic ``pn2hpti`` reference enthalpy flows.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    molar_mass: float
+    critical_temperature: float
+    critical_pressure: float
+    acentric_factor: float
+
+    @property
+    def specific_gas_constant(self) -> float:
+        return UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / self.molar_mass
+
+    @property
+    def a_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            0.45724
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            / self.critical_pressure
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def b_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return 0.07780 * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * self.critical_temperature / self.critical_pressure
+
+    @property
+    def kappa(self) -> float:
+        omega = self.acentric_factor
+        return 0.37464 + 1.54226 * omega - 0.26992 * omega * omega
+
+    def alpha(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        return (1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt(reduced_temperature))) ** 2.0
+
+    def alpha_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        sqrt_reduced_temperature = sqrt(reduced_temperature)
+        alpha_base = 1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        return -(
+            alpha_base
+            * self.kappa
+            / (self.critical_temperature * sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        )
+
+    def attractive_parameter(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha(temperature)
+
+    def attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+
+    def pressure_from_molar_volume(self, temperature: float, molar_volume: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if molar_volume <= self.b_parameter:
+            raise ValueError("Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter.")
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        repulsive = UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / (molar_volume - b)
+        attractive = a_alpha / (molar_volume * (molar_volume + b) + b * (molar_volume - b))
+        return repulsive - attractive
+
+    def pressure_from_density(self, temperature: float, density: float) -> float:
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        return self.pressure_from_molar_volume(temperature, self.molar_mass / density)
+
+    def reduced_parameters(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        A = a_alpha * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * temperature)
+        B = b * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature)
+        return A, B
+
+    def compressibility_roots(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        A, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        coefficients = (
+            -(1.0 - B),
+            A - 3.0 * B * B - 2.0 * B,
+            -(A * B - B * B - B * B * B),
+        )
+        roots = _real_cubic_roots(*coefficients)
+        physical_roots = tuple(sorted(root for root in roots if root > B and isfinite(root)))
+        if not physical_roots:
+            raise ValueError("Peng-Robinson cubic produced no physical compressibility root.")
+        return physical_roots
+
+    def compressibility_factor(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        roots = self.compressibility_roots(pressure, temperature)
+        if phase == "vapor":
+            return roots[-1]
+        if phase == "liquid":
+            return roots[0]
+        if phase == "stable-single-root":
+            return roots[-1]
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported phase selector: {phase!r}")
+
+    def molar_volume(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        return z * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / pressure
+
+    def density(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.molar_mass / self.molar_volume(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+
+    def residual_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return Peng-Robinson enthalpy departure from ideal gas, J/kg."""
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        _, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        attractive = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        d_attractive_d_temperature = (
+            self.attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+        )
+        log_argument = (z + (1.0 + sqrt(2.0)) * B) / (
+            z + (1.0 - sqrt(2.0)) * B
+        )
+        residual_molar_enthalpy = (
+            UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * (z - 1.0)
+            + (
+                temperature * d_attractive_d_temperature
+                - attractive
+            )
+            * log(log_argument)
+            / (2.0 * sqrt(2.0) * b)
+        )
+        return residual_molar_enthalpy / self.molar_mass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_temperature(temperature: float) -> None:
+        if temperature <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive.")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_pressure_temperature(cls, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> None:
+        if pressure <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Pressure must be positive.")
+        cls._validate_temperature(temperature)
+
+HELIUM_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="helium",
+    molar_mass=0.004002602,
+    critical_temperature=5.1953,
+    critical_pressure=227_460.0,
+    acentric_factor=-0.385,
+)
+
+NITROGEN_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="nitrogen",
+    molar_mass=0.0280134,
+    critical_temperature=126.192,
+    critical_pressure=3.3958e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0372,
+)
+
+AIR_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="air",
+    molar_mass=0.02896513,
+    critical_temperature=132.5306,
+    critical_pressure=3.786e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0335,
+)
+
+
+def _real_cubic_roots(a: float, b: float, c: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    """Return real roots for x**3 + a*x**2 + b*x + c = 0."""
+
+    depressed_p = b - a * a / 3.0
+    depressed_q = 2.0 * a * a * a / 27.0 - a * b / 3.0 + c
+    discriminant = (depressed_q / 2.0) ** 2.0 + (depressed_p / 3.0) ** 3.0
+    offset = -a / 3.0
+    tolerance = 1e-14
+
+    if discriminant > tolerance:
+        sqrt_discriminant = sqrt(discriminant)
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 + sqrt_discriminant)
+        v = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 - sqrt_discriminant)
+        return (u + v + offset,)
+
+    if abs(discriminant) <= tolerance:
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0)
+        return tuple(sorted({2.0 * u + offset, -u + offset}))
+
+    if depressed_p >= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected cubic state with three real roots and non-negative p.")
+    radius = 2.0 * sqrt(-depressed_p / 3.0)
+    argument = (3.0 * depressed_q / (2.0 * depressed_p)) * sqrt(-3.0 / depressed_p)
+    argument = max(-1.0, min(1.0, argument))
+    theta = acos(argument) / 3.0
+    roots = [
+        radius * cos(theta - 2.0 * pi * index / 3.0) + offset
+        for index in range(3)
+    ]
+    return tuple(sorted(roots))
+
+
+def _real_cube_root(value: float) -> float:
+    if value == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    return (1.0 if value > 0.0 else -1.0) * abs(value) ** (1.0 / 3.0)
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/ports.py b/PythonModels/core/ports.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d340db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/ports.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PortState:
+    """Python-side analogue of a Modelica fluid port."""
+
+    p: float = 0.0
+    m_flow: float = 0.0
+    h_outflow: float = 0.0
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/solver.py b/PythonModels/core/solver.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..681886c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/solver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable, Literal
+
+
+CancellationCheck = Callable[[], bool]
+AcceptedStepCallback = Callable[[float], None]
+IntegrationStatus = Literal["completed", "cancelled", "failed"]
+
+
+class _IntegrationCancelled(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SolveIVPConfig:
+    t_start: float = 0.0
+    t_stop: float = 20.0
+    method: str = "BDF"
+    rtol: float = 1e-6
+    atol: float = 1e-10
+    max_step: float = 1e-3
+    first_step: float | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ODESolution:
+    t: list[float]
+    y: list[list[float]]
+    success: bool
+    message: str
+    status: IntegrationStatus = "completed"
+    error: Exception | None = None
+
+
+def _vector_add(a: list[float], b: list[float], scale: float = 1.0) -> list[float]:
+    return [x + scale * y for x, y in zip(a, b)]
+
+
+def _append_solution_sample(
+    times: list[float],
+    states: list[list[float]],
+    time: float,
+    state: list[float],
+) -> None:
+    if times and time <= times[-1] + 1e-12:
+        return
+    times.append(float(time))
+    for index, value in enumerate(state):
+        states[index].append(float(value))
+
+
+def _runge_kutta_4(
+    rhs: Callable[[float, list[float]], list[float]],
+    initial_state: list[float],
+    config: SolveIVPConfig,
+    t_eval: list[float] | None,
+    cancel_check: CancellationCheck | None = None,
+    accepted_step_callback: AcceptedStepCallback | None = None,
+) -> ODESolution:
+    if t_eval is None:
+        point_count = max(
+            2,
+            int((config.t_stop - config.t_start) / max(config.max_step, 1e-6)) + 1,
+        )
+        step = (config.t_stop - config.t_start) / (point_count - 1)
+        t_eval = [config.t_start + index * step for index in range(point_count)]
+
+    state = list(initial_state)
+    states = [[value] for value in state]
+    times = [float(t_eval[0])]
+    current_time = float(t_eval[0])
+    status: IntegrationStatus = "completed"
+    message = "Integrated with built-in RK4 fallback because SciPy is unavailable."
+    error: Exception | None = None
+
+    try:
+        for target_time in t_eval[1:]:
+            while current_time < target_time - 1e-15:
+                if cancel_check is not None and cancel_check():
+                    raise _IntegrationCancelled
+                dt = min(config.max_step, target_time - current_time)
+                k1 = rhs(current_time, state)
+                k2 = rhs(current_time + 0.5 * dt, _vector_add(state, k1, 0.5 * dt))
+                k3 = rhs(current_time + 0.5 * dt, _vector_add(state, k2, 0.5 * dt))
+                k4 = rhs(current_time + dt, _vector_add(state, k3, dt))
+                state = [
+                    value + (dt / 6.0) * (a + 2.0 * b + 2.0 * c + d)
+                    for value, a, b, c, d in zip(state, k1, k2, k3, k4)
+                ]
+                current_time += dt
+                if accepted_step_callback is not None:
+                    accepted_step_callback(current_time)
+
+            _append_solution_sample(times, states, target_time, state)
+    except _IntegrationCancelled:
+        status = "cancelled"
+        message = "Simulation was stopped before reaching the requested end time."
+        _append_solution_sample(times, states, current_time, state)
+    except Exception as exc:
+        status = "failed"
+        message = str(exc)
+        error = exc
+        _append_solution_sample(times, states, current_time, state)
+
+    return ODESolution(
+        t=times,
+        y=states,
+        success=status == "completed",
+        message=message,
+        status=status,
+        error=error,
+    )
+
+
+def _integrate_scipy_stepwise(
+    rhs: Callable[[float, list[float]], list[float]],
+    initial_state: list[float],
+    config: SolveIVPConfig,
+    t_eval: list[float] | None,
+    cancel_check: CancellationCheck,
+    accepted_step_callback: AcceptedStepCallback | None,
+) -> ODESolution:
+    import numpy as np
+    from scipy.integrate import BDF, DOP853, LSODA, RK23, RK45, Radau
+
+    solver_types = {
+        "BDF": BDF,
+        "DOP853": DOP853,
+        "LSODA": LSODA,
+        "RK23": RK23,
+        "RK45": RK45,
+        "Radau": Radau,
+    }
+    solver_type = solver_types.get(config.method)
+    if solver_type is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported integration method: {config.method}")
+
+    times = [float(config.t_start)]
+    states = [[float(value)] for value in initial_state]
+    last_accepted_time = float(config.t_start)
+    last_accepted_state = [float(value) for value in initial_state]
+    sample_times = list(t_eval or [])
+    sample_index = 0
+    while (
+        sample_index < len(sample_times)
+        and sample_times[sample_index] <= config.t_start + 1e-12
+    ):
+        sample_index += 1
+
+    def cancellable_rhs(time, state):
+        if cancel_check():
+            raise _IntegrationCancelled
+        return rhs(float(time), [float(value) for value in state])
+
+    if cancel_check():
+        return ODESolution(
+            t=times,
+            y=states,
+            success=False,
+            message="Simulation was stopped before integration started.",
+            status="cancelled",
+        )
+
+    solver_options = {
+        "rtol": config.rtol,
+        "atol": config.atol,
+        "max_step": config.max_step,
+    }
+    if config.first_step is not None:
+        solver_options["first_step"] = config.first_step
+
+    try:
+        solver = solver_type(
+            cancellable_rhs,
+            config.t_start,
+            np.asarray(initial_state, dtype=float),
+            config.t_stop,
+            **solver_options,
+        )
+    except _IntegrationCancelled:
+        return ODESolution(
+            t=times,
+            y=states,
+            success=False,
+            message="Simulation was stopped before integration started.",
+            status="cancelled",
+        )
+    except Exception as exc:
+        return ODESolution(
+            t=times,
+            y=states,
+            success=False,
+            message=str(exc),
+            status="failed",
+            error=exc,
+        )
+
+    status: IntegrationStatus = "completed"
+    message = "The solver successfully reached the end of the integration interval."
+    error: Exception | None = None
+
+    while solver.status == "running":
+        if cancel_check():
+            status = "cancelled"
+            message = "Simulation was stopped before reaching the requested end time."
+            break
+        try:
+            step_message = solver.step()
+        except _IntegrationCancelled:
+            status = "cancelled"
+            message = "Simulation was stopped before reaching the requested end time."
+            break
+        except Exception as exc:
+            status = "failed"
+            message = str(exc)
+            error = exc
+            break
+
+        if solver.status == "failed":
+            status = "failed"
+            message = str(step_message or "Integration step failed.")
+            break
+
+        last_accepted_time = float(solver.t)
+        last_accepted_state = [float(value) for value in solver.y]
+        if sample_times:
+            dense_output = solver.dense_output()
+            while (
+                sample_index < len(sample_times)
+                and sample_times[sample_index] <= last_accepted_time + 1e-12
+            ):
+                sample_time = float(sample_times[sample_index])
+                sample_state = [float(value) for value in dense_output(sample_time)]
+                _append_solution_sample(times, states, sample_time, sample_state)
+                sample_index += 1
+        else:
+            _append_solution_sample(
+                times,
+                states,
+                last_accepted_time,
+                last_accepted_state,
+            )
+        if accepted_step_callback is not None:
+            accepted_step_callback(last_accepted_time)
+
+    if status != "completed":
+        _append_solution_sample(
+            times,
+            states,
+            last_accepted_time,
+            last_accepted_state,
+        )
+
+    return ODESolution(
+        t=times,
+        y=states,
+        success=status == "completed",
+        message=message,
+        status=status,
+        error=error,
+    )
+
+
+def integrate_ode(
+    rhs: Callable[[float, list[float]], list[float]],
+    initial_state: list[float],
+    config: SolveIVPConfig,
+    t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    cancel_check: CancellationCheck | None = None,
+    accepted_step_callback: AcceptedStepCallback | None = None,
+):
+    """Thin wrapper around scipy.integrate.solve_ivp with a pure-Python fallback."""
+
+    if abs(config.t_stop - config.t_start) <= 1e-15:
+        return ODESolution(
+            t=[float(config.t_start)],
+            y=[[value] for value in initial_state],
+            success=True,
+            message="Skipped integration because t_start equals t_stop.",
+        )
+
+    try:
+        from scipy.integrate import solve_ivp
+    except ImportError:
+        return _runge_kutta_4(
+            rhs,
+            initial_state,
+            config,
+            t_eval,
+            cancel_check,
+            accepted_step_callback,
+        )
+
+    if cancel_check is not None:
+        return _integrate_scipy_stepwise(
+            rhs,
+            initial_state,
+            config,
+            t_eval,
+            cancel_check,
+            accepted_step_callback,
+        )
+
+    solve_options = {
+        "fun": rhs,
+        "t_span": (config.t_start, config.t_stop),
+        "y0": initial_state,
+        "method": config.method,
+        "rtol": config.rtol,
+        "atol": config.atol,
+        "max_step": config.max_step,
+        "t_eval": t_eval,
+    }
+    if config.first_step is not None:
+        solve_options["first_step"] = config.first_step
+    return solve_ivp(**solve_options)
diff --git a/PythonModels/core/state.py b/PythonModels/core/state.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4cf3b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/core/state.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+
+@dataclass
+class VolumeState:
+    """Primary dynamic state for rigid adiabatic control volumes."""
+
+    m: float
+    U: float
+
+    def as_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.m, self.U]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_vector(cls, values: list[float]) -> "VolumeState":
+        if len(values) != 2:
+            raise ValueError("VolumeState requires exactly two values: [m, U].")
+        return cls(m=values[0], U=values[1])
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/__init__.py b/PythonModels/reporting/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ca6880
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+from PythonModels.reporting.testmodel_outputs import (
+    COMPARISON_KEYS,
+    MODELICA_COMPARISON_COLUMNS,
+    PRIMARY_KEYS,
+    TestModelArtifacts,
+    export_testmodel_artifacts,
+    format_testmodel_run_report,
+    load_modelica_series,
+    write_testmodel_run_report,
+    write_modelica_comparison,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "COMPARISON_KEYS",
+    "MODELICA_COMPARISON_COLUMNS",
+    "PRIMARY_KEYS",
+    "TestModelArtifacts",
+    "export_testmodel_artifacts",
+    "format_testmodel_run_report",
+    "load_modelica_series",
+    "write_testmodel_run_report",
+    "write_modelica_comparison",
+]
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/amesim_results.py b/PythonModels/reporting/amesim_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..449b839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/amesim_results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import struct
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+class AmesimResultsError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when AMESim result files cannot be parsed consistently."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimVariable:
+    index: int
+    label: str
+    data_path: str | None
+    param_id: int | None
+    hidden: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimResults:
+    times: tuple[float, ...]
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...]
+    saved_variable_indices: tuple[int, ...]
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]
+    final_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    @property
+    def point_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.times)
+
+    @property
+    def saved_variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.saved_variable_indices)
+
+    def series(self, data_path: str) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return self.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+    def final_value(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return self.final_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+
+_DATA_PATH_RE = re.compile(r"Data_Path=(\S+)")
+_PARAM_ID_RE = re.compile(r"Param_Id=(\d+)")
+
+
+def load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    time_stop_s: float | None = None,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    return load_amesim_results_from_archive(
+        archive_path=archive_path,
+        var_member=None,
+        results_member=None,
+        time_stop_s=time_stop_s,
+    )
+
+
+def load_amesim_results_from_archive(
+    *,
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    var_member: str | None,
+    results_member: str | None,
+    time_stop_s: float | None = None,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        var_member, results_member = _resolve_result_members(
+            archive,
+            var_member=var_member,
+            results_member=results_member,
+        )
+        var_file = archive.extractfile(var_member)
+        results_file = archive.extractfile(results_member)
+        if var_file is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(f"Missing AMESim variable member: {var_member}")
+        if results_file is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(f"Missing AMESim results member: {results_member}")
+        var_lines = var_file.read().decode("latin1").splitlines()
+        variables = tuple(
+            _parse_variable_line(index, line) for index, line in enumerate(var_lines)
+        )
+        if time_stop_s is not None:
+            return _parse_amesim_results_window(
+                results_file,
+                variables,
+                time_stop_s=time_stop_s,
+            )
+        results_data = results_file.read()
+    return parse_amesim_results_bytes(results_data, variables)
+
+
+def _resolve_result_members(
+    archive: tarfile.TarFile,
+    *,
+    var_member: str | None,
+    results_member: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    member_names = set(archive.getnames())
+    if var_member is not None or results_member is not None:
+        if var_member is None or results_member is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(
+                "var_member and results_member must either both be set or both be omitted."
+            )
+        return var_member, results_member
+
+    preferred = ("test_mql_.var", "test_mql_.results")
+    if preferred[0] in member_names and preferred[1] in member_names:
+        return preferred
+
+    pairs = sorted(
+        (name, f"{name[:-4]}.results")
+        for name in member_names
+        if name.endswith(".var") and f"{name[:-4]}.results" in member_names
+    )
+    if len(pairs) != 1:
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "Unable to identify a unique AMESim .var/.results member pair."
+        )
+    return pairs[0]
+
+
+def _parse_amesim_results_window(
+    results_file,
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...],
+    *,
+    time_stop_s: float,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    header = results_file.read(8)
+    if len(header) < 8:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results data is too small.")
+    point_count, encoded_saved_variable_count = struct.unpack("<2i", header)
+    saved_variable_count = abs(encoded_saved_variable_count)
+    if point_count <= 0 or saved_variable_count <= 0:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("Invalid AMESim results header.")
+
+    mapping_data = results_file.read(saved_variable_count * 4)
+    if len(mapping_data) != saved_variable_count * 4:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results variable mapping is truncated.")
+    saved_variable_indices = struct.unpack(
+        f"<{saved_variable_count}i",
+        mapping_data,
+    )
+    if any(index < 0 or index >= len(variables) for index in saved_variable_indices):
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "AMESim results variable mapping references unknown .var rows."
+        )
+
+    row_length = 1 + saved_variable_count
+    row_byte_count = row_length * 8
+    times: list[float] = []
+    series_lists: dict[str, list[float]] = {}
+    saved_paths: list[tuple[int, str]] = []
+    for column, variable_index in enumerate(saved_variable_indices, start=1):
+        data_path = variables[variable_index].data_path
+        if data_path is None:
+            continue
+        series_lists[data_path] = []
+        saved_paths.append((column, data_path))
+
+    for _row_index in range(point_count):
+        row = results_file.read(row_byte_count)
+        if len(row) != row_byte_count:
+            raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results matrix is truncated.")
+        time_s = struct.unpack_from("<d", row, 0)[0]
+        times.append(time_s)
+        for column, data_path in saved_paths:
+            series_lists[data_path].append(
+                struct.unpack_from("<d", row, column * 8)[0]
+            )
+        # Keep one real sample after the requested stop so endpoint finite
+        # differences do not silently fall back to a backward-only slope.
+        if time_s > time_stop_s + 1.0e-12:
+            break
+
+    return AmesimResults(
+        times=tuple(times),
+        variables=variables,
+        saved_variable_indices=tuple(saved_variable_indices),
+        series_by_data_path={
+            data_path: tuple(values) for data_path, values in series_lists.items()
+        },
+        final_values_by_data_path={},
+    )
+
+
+def parse_amesim_results_bytes(
+    results_data: bytes,
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...],
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    if len(results_data) < 8:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results data is too small.")
+    point_count, encoded_saved_variable_count = struct.unpack_from("<2i", results_data, 0)
+    saved_variable_count = abs(encoded_saved_variable_count)
+    if point_count <= 0 or saved_variable_count <= 0:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("Invalid AMESim results header.")
+
+    mapping_offset = 8
+    mapping_size = saved_variable_count * 4
+    data_offset = mapping_offset + mapping_size
+    saved_variable_indices = struct.unpack_from(
+        f"<{saved_variable_count}i",
+        results_data,
+        mapping_offset,
+    )
+    if any(index < 0 or index >= len(variables) for index in saved_variable_indices):
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "AMESim results variable mapping references unknown .var rows."
+        )
+
+    row_length = 1 + saved_variable_count
+    main_value_count = point_count * row_length
+    main_byte_count = main_value_count * 8
+    main_end = data_offset + main_byte_count
+    if main_end > len(results_data):
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results matrix is truncated.")
+
+    main_values = struct.unpack_from(f"<{main_value_count}d", results_data, data_offset)
+    times = tuple(main_values[row * row_length] for row in range(point_count))
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for column, variable_index in enumerate(saved_variable_indices, start=1):
+        variable = variables[variable_index]
+        if variable.data_path is None:
+            continue
+        series_by_data_path[variable.data_path] = tuple(
+            main_values[row * row_length + column]
+            for row in range(point_count)
+        )
+
+    final_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float] = {}
+    trailing_bytes = len(results_data) - main_end
+    expected_final_bytes = (1 + len(variables)) * 8
+    if trailing_bytes >= expected_final_bytes:
+        final_values = struct.unpack_from(f"<{1 + len(variables)}d", results_data, main_end)
+        for variable, value in zip(variables, final_values[1:]):
+            if variable.data_path is not None:
+                final_values_by_data_path[variable.data_path] = value
+
+    return AmesimResults(
+        times=times,
+        variables=variables,
+        saved_variable_indices=tuple(saved_variable_indices),
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        final_values_by_data_path=final_values_by_data_path,
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_variable_line(index: int, line: str) -> AmesimVariable:
+    data_path_match = _DATA_PATH_RE.search(line)
+    param_id_match = _PARAM_ID_RE.search(line)
+    label = line
+    if data_path_match is not None:
+        label = line[: data_path_match.start()].strip()
+    return AmesimVariable(
+        index=index,
+        label=label,
+        data_path=data_path_match.group(1) if data_path_match else None,
+        param_id=int(param_id_match.group(1)) if param_id_match else None,
+        hidden="HIDDEN" in line,
+    )
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd60209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberObservation:
+    time: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    temperature_k: float
+    gas_mass_g: float
+    volume_cm3: float | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pressure_path: str
+    temperature_path: str
+    gas_mass_path: str
+    pressure_duplicate_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    temperature_duplicate_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    volume_path: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_variable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.volume_path is not None
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlChamberObservation:
+        return TestMqlChamberObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            pressure_pa=results.series(self.pressure_path)[index],
+            temperature_k=results.series(self.temperature_path)[index],
+            gas_mass_g=results.series(self.gas_mass_path)[index],
+            volume_cm3=(
+                results.series(self.volume_path)[index]
+                if self.volume_path is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlChamberBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNCH023")
+
+    @property
+    def variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNCH012")
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlChamberBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    assembly = assembly or build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    chamber_aliases = {
+        **{alias: "PNCH023" for alias in assembly.fixed_chambers},
+        **{alias: "PNCH012" for alias in assembly.variable_chambers},
+    }
+    bindings = []
+    for alias, submodel in chamber_aliases.items():
+        variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == alias
+        )
+        pressure = _primary_observable(variables, "press", expected_units="Pa")
+        temperature = _primary_observable(variables, "temp", expected_units="K")
+        gas_mass = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            "mgas1" if submodel == "PNCH012" else "mgas",
+            expected_units="g",
+        )
+        volume = _optional_path(variables, "vol", expected_units="cm**3")
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlChamberBinding(
+                alias=alias,
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pressure_path=pressure.data_path,
+                temperature_path=temperature.data_path,
+                gas_mass_path=gas_mass,
+                pressure_duplicate_paths=_duplicate_paths(variables, "press", expected_units="Pa"),
+                temperature_duplicate_paths=_duplicate_paths(variables, "temp", expected_units="K"),
+                volume_path=volume,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog(
+        bindings=tuple(sorted(bindings, key=lambda binding: binding.alias))
+    )
+
+
+def _primary_observable(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name == signal_prefix
+        and "duplicate" not in variable.label
+    )
+    variable = _single(matches, f"primary {signal_prefix}")
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable
+
+
+def _duplicate_paths(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and variable.signal_name != signal_prefix
+        and "duplicate" in variable.label
+    )
+    for variable in matches:
+        _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return tuple(variable.data_path for variable in matches)
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _optional_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> str | None:
+    matches = tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name)
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    variable = _single(matches, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d65cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from bisect import bisect_left
+import csv
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+
+
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS = (
+    "temp3@pn_c1_8",
+    "press3@pn_c1_8",
+    "vvol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComparisonMetric:
+    data_path: str
+    sample_count: int
+    max_abs_error: float
+    mean_abs_error: float
+    max_rel_error: float
+    final_abs_error: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    metrics: tuple[TestMqlComparisonMetric, ...]
+
+    def metric(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlComparisonMetric:
+        for metric in self.metrics:
+            if metric.data_path == data_path:
+                return metric
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    @property
+    def max_abs_error(self) -> float:
+        return max((metric.max_abs_error for metric in self.metrics), default=0.0)
+
+    @property
+    def max_rel_error(self) -> float:
+        return max((metric.max_rel_error for metric in self.metrics), default=0.0)
+
+
+class TestMqlComparisonError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when Python and AMESim series cannot be aligned."""
+
+
+def compare_test_mql_series(
+    *,
+    python_times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    relative_floor: float = 1.0e-12,
+) -> TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    _validate_time_axis(python_times)
+    selected_paths = _select_data_paths(python_series_by_data_path, amesim_results, data_paths)
+    metrics = []
+    for data_path in selected_paths:
+        python_values = tuple(float(value) for value in python_series_by_data_path[data_path])
+        if len(python_values) != len(python_times):
+            raise TestMqlComparisonError(
+                f"Python series length mismatch for {data_path!r}: "
+                f"{len(python_values)} values for {len(python_times)} time samples."
+            )
+        amesim_values = amesim_results.series(data_path)
+        abs_errors = []
+        rel_errors = []
+        for time_value, python_value in zip(python_times, python_values):
+            amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(amesim_results.times, amesim_values, time_value)
+            abs_error = abs(python_value - amesim_value)
+            abs_errors.append(abs_error)
+            rel_errors.append(abs_error / max(abs(amesim_value), relative_floor))
+        final_amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            float(python_times[-1]),
+        )
+        metrics.append(
+            TestMqlComparisonMetric(
+                data_path=data_path,
+                sample_count=len(python_times),
+                max_abs_error=max(abs_errors, default=0.0),
+                mean_abs_error=sum(abs_errors) / max(len(abs_errors), 1),
+                max_rel_error=max(rel_errors, default=0.0),
+                final_abs_error=abs(python_values[-1] - final_amesim_value),
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlComparisonResult(metrics=tuple(metrics))
+
+
+def write_test_mql_amesim_baseline_csv(
+    output_dir: Path,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] = DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS,
+) -> Path:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_baseline.csv"
+    _validate_amesim_data_paths(amesim_results, data_paths)
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        writer.writerow(["time_s", *data_paths])
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(amesim_results.times):
+            writer.writerow(
+                [time_value, *(amesim_results.series(data_path)[index] for data_path in data_paths)]
+            )
+    return csv_path
+
+
+def write_test_mql_comparison_csv(
+    *,
+    output_dir: Path,
+    python_times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Path, Path, TestMqlComparisonResult]:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    selected_paths = _select_data_paths(python_series_by_data_path, amesim_results, data_paths)
+    comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+        python_times=python_times,
+        python_series_by_data_path=python_series_by_data_path,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison.csv"
+    summary_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison_summary.txt"
+
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        header = ["time_s"]
+        for data_path in selected_paths:
+            header.extend(
+                [
+                    f"python.{data_path}",
+                    f"amesim.{data_path}",
+                    f"abs_error.{data_path}",
+                    f"rel_error.{data_path}",
+                ]
+            )
+        writer.writerow(header)
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(python_times):
+            row = [time_value]
+            for data_path in selected_paths:
+                python_value = float(python_series_by_data_path[data_path][index])
+                amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(
+                    amesim_results.times,
+                    amesim_results.series(data_path),
+                    float(time_value),
+                )
+                abs_error = abs(python_value - amesim_value)
+                rel_error = abs_error / max(abs(amesim_value), 1.0e-12)
+                row.extend([python_value, amesim_value, abs_error, rel_error])
+            writer.writerow(row)
+
+    summary_lines = [
+        (
+            f"{metric.data_path}: samples={metric.sample_count}, "
+            f"max_abs_error={metric.max_abs_error:.12g}, "
+            f"mean_abs_error={metric.mean_abs_error:.12g}, "
+            f"max_rel_error={metric.max_rel_error:.12%}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={metric.final_abs_error:.12g}"
+        )
+        for metric in comparison.metrics
+    ]
+    summary_path.write_text("\n".join(summary_lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    return csv_path, summary_path, comparison
+
+
+def interpolate_series_value(
+    time_values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    target_time: float,
+) -> float:
+    if len(time_values) != len(values):
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("time and value series lengths differ.")
+    if not time_values:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("cannot interpolate an empty series.")
+    if target_time <= time_values[0]:
+        return float(values[0])
+    if target_time >= time_values[-1]:
+        return float(values[-1])
+
+    right_index = bisect_left(time_values, target_time)
+    if right_index < len(time_values) and abs(time_values[right_index] - target_time) <= 1.0e-12:
+        return float(values[right_index])
+
+    left_index = right_index - 1
+    left_time = float(time_values[left_index])
+    right_time = float(time_values[right_index])
+    fraction = (target_time - left_time) / (right_time - left_time)
+    return float(values[left_index]) + fraction * (float(values[right_index]) - float(values[left_index]))
+
+
+def _select_data_paths(
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if data_paths is None:
+        data_paths = tuple(
+            data_path
+            for data_path in python_series_by_data_path
+            if data_path in amesim_results.series_by_data_path
+        )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths)
+    if not selected_paths:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("no common Data_Path values are available for comparison.")
+    missing_python = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in python_series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_python:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError(f"Python series missing Data_Path values: {missing_python}")
+    _validate_amesim_data_paths(amesim_results, selected_paths)
+    return selected_paths
+
+
+def _validate_amesim_data_paths(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str],
+) -> None:
+    missing_amesim = [data_path for data_path in data_paths if data_path not in amesim_results.series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_amesim:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError(f"AMESim results missing Data_Path values: {missing_amesim}")
+
+
+def _validate_time_axis(time_values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float]) -> None:
+    if not time_values:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("Python time axis is empty.")
+    previous = float(time_values[0])
+    for value in time_values[1:]:
+        value = float(value)
+        if value < previous:
+            raise TestMqlComparisonError("Python time axis must be monotonically increasing.")
+        previous = value
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a85c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_lines import (
+    TestMqlLineAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_line_assembly,
+)
+
+
+G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S = 1.0e-3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservation:
+    time: float
+    mass_flows_kg_s: dict[str, float]
+    enthalpy_flows_w: dict[str, float]
+    pressures_pa: dict[str, float]
+    temperatures_k: dict[str, float]
+    gas_mass_g: float | None
+    reynolds_number: float
+    mass_flow_parameter: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    friction_factor: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    mass_flow_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    enthalpy_flow_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    pressure_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    temperature_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    gas_mass_path: str | None
+    reynolds_path: str
+    mass_flow_parameter_path: str
+    gas_velocity_path: str
+    friction_factor_path: str
+
+    def mass_flow_kg_s_series(
+        self,
+        results: AmesimResults,
+        data_path: str | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        path = data_path or self.mass_flow_paths[0]
+        if path not in self.mass_flow_paths:
+            raise KeyError(path)
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(path))
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlLineObservation:
+        return TestMqlLineObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            mass_flows_kg_s={
+                path: results.series(path)[index] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S
+                for path in self.mass_flow_paths
+            },
+            enthalpy_flows_w={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.enthalpy_flow_paths
+            },
+            pressures_pa={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.pressure_paths
+            },
+            temperatures_k={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.temperature_paths
+            },
+            gas_mass_g=(
+                results.series(self.gas_mass_path)[index]
+                if self.gas_mass_path is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+            reynolds_number=results.series(self.reynolds_path)[index],
+            mass_flow_parameter=results.series(self.mass_flow_parameter_path)[index],
+            gas_velocity_m_s=results.series(self.gas_velocity_path)[index],
+            friction_factor=results.series(self.friction_factor_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlLineObservationBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.bindings)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineObservationBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineObservationBinding, ...]:
+        return tuple(binding for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    line_assembly: TestMqlLineAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    line_assembly = line_assembly or build_test_mql_line_assembly(results, variable_catalog)
+    bindings = []
+    for line in line_assembly.lines:
+        variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == line.alias
+        )
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlLineObservationBinding(
+                alias=line.alias,
+                submodel=line.submodel,
+                pattern=line.pattern,
+                mass_flow_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "dm", expected_units="g/s"),
+                enthalpy_flow_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "dh", expected_units="J/s"),
+                pressure_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "p", expected_units="Pa"),
+                temperature_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "t", expected_units="K"),
+                gas_mass_path=_optional_path(variables, "mgas", expected_units="g"),
+                reynolds_path=_required_path(variables, "re", expected_units=None),
+                mass_flow_parameter_path=_required_path(
+                    variables,
+                    "cm",
+                    expected_units="(kg*K/J)**(1/2)",
+                ),
+                gas_velocity_path=_required_path(variables, "v", expected_units="m/s"),
+                friction_factor_path=_required_path(variables, "ff", expected_units=None),
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineObservationCatalog(bindings=tuple(bindings))
+
+
+def _paths_with_prefix(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(prefix)
+    )
+    for variable in matches:
+        _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return tuple(variable.data_path for variable in matches)
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single_signal(variables, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _optional_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str | None:
+    matches = tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name)
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    variable = _single(matches, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    return _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str | None) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..645be29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonObservation:
+    time: float
+    chamber_volume_cm3: float
+    chamber_volume_rate_l_min: float
+    chamber_length_mm: float
+    force_port_2_n: float
+    force_port_3_n: float
+    displacement_port_2_m: float
+    velocity_port_2_m_s: float
+    displacement_port_3_m: float
+    velocity_port_3_m_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopObservation:
+    time: float
+    displacement_m: float
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    acceleration_m_s2: float
+    lower_contact_force_n: float
+    upper_contact_force_n: float
+    viscous_friction_force_n: float
+    dry_friction_force_n: float
+    stick_flag: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+    duplicate_force_n: float
+    gap_mm: float
+    stiffness_n_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceSourceObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation:
+    time: float
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+    total_force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    volume_path: str
+    volume_rate_path: str
+    length_path: str
+    force_port_2_path: str
+    force_port_3_path: str
+    displacement_port_2_path: str
+    velocity_port_2_path: str
+    displacement_port_3_path: str
+    velocity_port_3_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlPistonObservation:
+        return TestMqlPistonObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            chamber_volume_cm3=results.series(self.volume_path)[index],
+            chamber_volume_rate_l_min=results.series(self.volume_rate_path)[index],
+            chamber_length_mm=results.series(self.length_path)[index],
+            force_port_2_n=results.series(self.force_port_2_path)[index],
+            force_port_3_n=results.series(self.force_port_3_path)[index],
+            displacement_port_2_m=results.series(self.displacement_port_2_path)[index],
+            velocity_port_2_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_port_2_path)[index],
+            displacement_port_3_m=results.series(self.displacement_port_3_path)[index],
+            velocity_port_3_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_port_3_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    displacement_path: str
+    velocity_path: str
+    acceleration_path: str
+    displacement_duplicate_path: str
+    velocity_duplicate_path: str
+    acceleration_duplicate_path: str
+    lower_contact_force_path: str
+    upper_contact_force_path: str
+    viscous_friction_force_path: str
+    dry_friction_force_path: str
+    stick_flag_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlMassEndstopObservation:
+        return TestMqlMassEndstopObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            displacement_m=results.series(self.displacement_path)[index],
+            velocity_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_path)[index],
+            acceleration_m_s2=results.series(self.acceleration_path)[index],
+            lower_contact_force_n=results.series(self.lower_contact_force_path)[index],
+            upper_contact_force_n=results.series(self.upper_contact_force_path)[index],
+            viscous_friction_force_n=results.series(self.viscous_friction_force_path)[index],
+            dry_friction_force_n=results.series(self.dry_friction_force_path)[index],
+            stick_flag=results.series(self.stick_flag_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+    duplicate_force_path: str
+    gap_path: str
+    stiffness_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation:
+        return TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+            duplicate_force_n=results.series(self.duplicate_force_path)[index],
+            gap_mm=results.series(self.gap_path)[index],
+            stiffness_n_m=results.series(self.stiffness_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlForceSourceObservation:
+        return TestMqlForceSourceObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlForceConnectorObservation:
+        return TestMqlForceConnectorObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_paths_by_port: dict[int, str]
+    displacement_paths_by_port: dict[int, str]
+    total_force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation:
+        return TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            velocities_m_s={
+                port: results.series(path)[index]
+                for port, path in self.velocity_paths_by_port.items()
+            },
+            displacements_m={
+                port: results.series(path)[index]
+                for port, path in self.displacement_paths_by_port.items()
+            },
+            total_force_n=results.series(self.total_force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonObservationBinding]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding]
+    zero_force_sources: dict[str, TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding]
+
+    @property
+    def binding_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    mechanical_assembly = mechanical_assembly or build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    return TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog(
+        pistons={
+            alias: _build_piston_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.pistons
+        },
+        masses={
+            alias: _build_mass_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.masses
+        },
+        elastic_endstops={
+            alias: _build_elastic_endstop_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.elastic_endstops
+        },
+        zero_force_sources={
+            alias: _build_zero_force_source_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources
+        },
+        force_connectors={
+            alias: _build_force_connector_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.force_connectors
+        },
+        mechanical_nodes={
+            alias: _build_mechanical_node_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.mechanical_nodes
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlPistonObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlPistonObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        volume_path=_required_path(variables, "vol1", expected_units="cm**3"),
+        volume_rate_path=_required_path(variables, "vvol1", expected_units="L/min"),
+        length_path=_required_path(variables, "length", expected_units="mm"),
+        force_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "f2", expected_units="N"),
+        force_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "f3", expected_units="N"),
+        displacement_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "x5", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "v5", expected_units="m/s"),
+        displacement_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "x4", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "v4", expected_units="m/s"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        displacement_path=_required_path(variables, "x1", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_path=_required_path(variables, "v1", expected_units="m/s"),
+        acceleration_path=_required_path(variables, "acc1", expected_units="m/s/s"),
+        displacement_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "x1dup", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "v1dup", expected_units="m/s"),
+        acceleration_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "acc1dup", expected_units="m/s/s"),
+        lower_contact_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fmin", expected_units="N"),
+        upper_contact_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fmax", expected_units="N"),
+        viscous_friction_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fvisc", expected_units="N"),
+        dry_friction_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Ffric", expected_units="N"),
+        stick_flag_path=_required_path(variables, "stick", expected_units=None),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "f1", expected_units="N"),
+        duplicate_force_path=_required_path(variables, "f2", expected_units="N"),
+        gap_path=_required_path(variables, "gap", expected_units="mm"),
+        stiffness_path=_required_path(variables, "kval", expected_units="N/m"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_zero_force_source_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "fzero", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "force", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    velocity_paths_by_port = {}
+    displacement_paths_by_port = {}
+    for port in range(1, 9):
+        velocity_paths_by_port[port] = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            f"p{port}__vt",
+            expected_units="m/s",
+        )
+        displacement_paths_by_port[port] = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            f"p{port}__xt",
+            expected_units="m",
+        )
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        velocity_paths_by_port=velocity_paths_by_port,
+        displacement_paths_by_port=displacement_paths_by_port,
+        total_force_path=_required_path(variables, "tforce", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _owner_variables(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...]:
+    return tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+        if variable.owner_alias == alias
+    )
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str | None) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_observations.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe48070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_chamber_observations import (
+    TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_line_observations import (
+    TestMqlLineObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_mechanical_observations import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_orifice_observations import (
+    TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog
+    chambers: TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog
+    orifices: TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog
+    lines: TestMqlLineObservationCatalog
+    mechanical: TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog
+
+    @property
+    def binding_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.chambers.bindings)
+            + len(self.orifices.bindings)
+            + self.lines.line_count
+            + self.mechanical.binding_count
+        )
+
+    def data_paths_by_domain(self) -> dict[str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+        return {
+            "chambers": _sorted_unique(_chamber_data_paths(self.chambers)),
+            "orifices": _sorted_unique(_orifice_data_paths(self.orifices)),
+            "lines": _sorted_unique(_line_data_paths(self.lines)),
+            "mechanical": _sorted_unique(_mechanical_data_paths(self.mechanical)),
+        }
+
+    def data_paths(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        paths = []
+        for domain_paths in self.data_paths_by_domain().values():
+            paths.extend(domain_paths)
+        return _sorted_unique(paths)
+
+    def baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        self,
+        results: AmesimResults,
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else self.data_paths()
+        _validate_observed_paths(self, selected_paths)
+        return {data_path: results.series(data_path) for data_path in selected_paths}
+
+
+def build_test_mql_observation_catalog(results: AmesimResults) -> TestMqlObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    return TestMqlObservationCatalog(
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        chambers=build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        orifices=build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        lines=build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        mechanical=build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _chamber_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.pressure_path,
+                binding.temperature_path,
+                binding.gas_mass_path,
+                *binding.pressure_duplicate_paths,
+                *binding.temperature_duplicate_paths,
+            ]
+        )
+        if binding.volume_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.volume_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _orifice_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.primary_mass_flow_path,
+                binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path,
+                binding.reversed_mass_flow_path,
+                binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path,
+                binding.mass_flow_parameter_path,
+                binding.gas_velocity_path,
+            ]
+        )
+        if binding.opening_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.opening_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _line_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlLineObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(binding.mass_flow_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.pressure_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.temperature_paths)
+        if binding.gas_mass_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.gas_mass_path)
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.reynolds_path,
+                binding.mass_flow_parameter_path,
+                binding.gas_velocity_path,
+                binding.friction_factor_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _mechanical_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.pistons.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.volume_path,
+                binding.volume_rate_path,
+                binding.length_path,
+                binding.force_port_2_path,
+                binding.force_port_3_path,
+                binding.displacement_port_2_path,
+                binding.velocity_port_2_path,
+                binding.displacement_port_3_path,
+                binding.velocity_port_3_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.masses.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.displacement_path,
+                binding.velocity_path,
+                binding.acceleration_path,
+                binding.displacement_duplicate_path,
+                binding.velocity_duplicate_path,
+                binding.acceleration_duplicate_path,
+                binding.lower_contact_force_path,
+                binding.upper_contact_force_path,
+                binding.viscous_friction_force_path,
+                binding.dry_friction_force_path,
+                binding.stick_flag_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.elastic_endstops.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.force_path,
+                binding.duplicate_force_path,
+                binding.gap_path,
+                binding.stiffness_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.zero_force_sources.values():
+        paths.append(binding.force_path)
+    for binding in catalog.force_connectors.values():
+        paths.append(binding.force_path)
+    for binding in catalog.mechanical_nodes.values():
+        paths.extend(binding.velocity_paths_by_port.values())
+        paths.extend(binding.displacement_paths_by_port.values())
+        paths.append(binding.total_force_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _validate_observed_paths(
+    catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...],
+) -> None:
+    observed_paths = set(catalog.data_paths())
+    missing = [data_path for data_path in data_paths if data_path not in observed_paths]
+    if missing:
+        raise KeyError(f"Data_Path values are not in the test_mql observation catalog: {missing}")
+
+
+def _sorted_unique(data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str]) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    return tuple(sorted(set(data_paths)))
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..defe414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S = 1.0e-3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeObservation:
+    time: float
+    mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    mass_flow_parameter: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    opening: float
+    effective_area_m2: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    nominal_area_m2: float
+    flow_coefficient: float
+    primary_mass_flow_path: str
+    primary_enthalpy_flow_path: str
+    reversed_mass_flow_path: str
+    reversed_enthalpy_flow_path: str
+    mass_flow_parameter_path: str
+    gas_velocity_path: str
+    opening_path: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_variable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.opening_path is not None
+
+    def opening_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        if self.opening_path is None:
+            return tuple(1.0 for _ in results.times)
+        return tuple(results.series(self.opening_path))
+
+    def mass_flow_kg_s_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(self.primary_mass_flow_path))
+
+    def reversed_mass_flow_kg_s_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(self.reversed_mass_flow_path))
+
+    def effective_area_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(self.nominal_area_m2 * max(opening, 0.0) for opening in self.opening_series(results))
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlOrificeObservation:
+        opening = self.opening_series(results)[index]
+        return TestMqlOrificeObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            mass_flow_kg_s=results.series(self.primary_mass_flow_path)[index] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+            enthalpy_flow_w=results.series(self.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)[index],
+            mass_flow_parameter=results.series(self.mass_flow_parameter_path)[index],
+            gas_velocity_m_s=results.series(self.gas_velocity_path)[index],
+            opening=opening,
+            effective_area_m2=self.nominal_area_m2 * max(opening, 0.0),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlOrificeBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNOR001")
+
+    @property
+    def variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNVO001")
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlOrificeBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    assembly = assembly or build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    bindings = []
+    for alias, orifice in {
+        **assembly.fixed_orifices,
+        **assembly.variable_orifices,
+    }.items():
+        owner_variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == alias
+        )
+        primary_mass_flow = _find_primary(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dm")
+        primary_enthalpy_flow = _find_primary(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dh")
+        reversed_mass_flow = _find_reversed(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dm")
+        reversed_enthalpy_flow = _find_reversed(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dh")
+        mass_flow_parameter = _find_by_signal(owner_variables, "cm")
+        gas_velocity = _find_by_signal(owner_variables, "gasvel")
+        opening = _find_optional_by_signal(owner_variables, "xv")
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlOrificeBinding(
+                alias=alias,
+                submodel=primary_mass_flow.submodel,
+                nominal_area_m2=orifice.area,
+                flow_coefficient=orifice.flow_coefficient,
+                primary_mass_flow_path=primary_mass_flow.data_path,
+                primary_enthalpy_flow_path=primary_enthalpy_flow.data_path,
+                reversed_mass_flow_path=reversed_mass_flow.data_path,
+                reversed_enthalpy_flow_path=reversed_enthalpy_flow.data_path,
+                mass_flow_parameter_path=mass_flow_parameter.data_path,
+                gas_velocity_path=gas_velocity.data_path,
+                opening_path=opening.data_path if opening is not None else None,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog(
+        bindings=tuple(sorted(bindings, key=lambda binding: binding.alias))
+    )
+
+
+def _find_primary(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    *,
+    signal_prefix: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = [
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and "sign reversed duplicate" not in variable.label
+    ]
+    return _single(matches, f"primary {signal_prefix}")
+
+
+def _find_reversed(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    *,
+    signal_prefix: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = [
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and "sign reversed duplicate" in variable.label
+    ]
+    return _single(matches, f"reversed {signal_prefix}")
+
+
+def _find_by_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    return _single(
+        [variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name],
+        signal_name,
+    )
+
+
+def _find_optional_by_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding | None:
+    matches = [variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name]
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    return _single(matches, signal_name)
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: list[TestMqlVariableBinding],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a5661c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import TestMqlVariableBinding
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOutputSignal:
+    data_path: str
+    domain: str
+    owner_alias: str
+    owner_kind: str
+    submodel: str
+    signal_name: str
+    units: str | None
+    amesim_index: int
+    saved: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOutputSchema:
+    signals: tuple[TestMqlOutputSignal, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.signals)
+
+    def by_data_path(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlOutputSignal:
+        for signal in self.signals:
+            if signal.data_path == data_path:
+                return signal
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    def data_paths(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(signal.data_path for signal in self.signals)
+
+    def data_paths_by_domain(self, domain: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(signal.data_path for signal in self.signals if signal.domain == domain)
+
+    def counts_by_domain(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.domain for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.submodel for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_owner_kind(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.owner_kind for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_units(self) -> dict[str | None, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.units for signal in self.signals))
+
+
+def build_test_mql_output_schema(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlOutputSchema:
+    observation_catalog = observation_catalog or build_test_mql_observation_catalog(results)
+    domain_by_data_path = _domain_by_data_path(observation_catalog)
+    signals = []
+    for data_path in sorted(domain_by_data_path):
+        variable = observation_catalog.variable_catalog.by_data_path(data_path)
+        signals.append(_signal_from_variable(variable, domain_by_data_path[data_path]))
+    return TestMqlOutputSchema(signals=tuple(signals))
+
+
+def _domain_by_data_path(
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    domain_by_data_path = {}
+    for domain, data_paths in observation_catalog.data_paths_by_domain().items():
+        for data_path in data_paths:
+            if data_path in domain_by_data_path:
+                raise ValueError(f"Data_Path {data_path!r} is assigned to multiple domains.")
+            domain_by_data_path[data_path] = domain
+    return domain_by_data_path
+
+
+def _signal_from_variable(
+    variable: TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    domain: str,
+) -> TestMqlOutputSignal:
+    return TestMqlOutputSignal(
+        data_path=variable.data_path,
+        domain=domain,
+        owner_alias=variable.owner_alias,
+        owner_kind=variable.owner_kind,
+        submodel=variable.submodel,
+        signal_name=variable.signal_name,
+        units=variable.units,
+        amesim_index=variable.index,
+        saved=variable.saved,
+    )
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39333e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import (
+    TestMqlComparisonResult,
+    compare_test_mql_series,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import TestMqlOutputSchema
+
+
+class TestMqlOutputValidationError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when a Python test_mql output does not satisfy the AMESim output contract."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlValidatedOutput:
+    times: tuple[float, ...]
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def series(self, data_path: str) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        if data_path not in self.series_by_data_path:
+            raise KeyError(data_path)
+        return self.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+
+def validate_test_mql_output(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool = False,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool = False,
+) -> TestMqlValidatedOutput:
+    validated_times = _validate_time_axis(times)
+    selected_paths = _select_paths(
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=schema,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        allow_extra_paths=allow_extra_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=require_all_schema_paths,
+    )
+    validated_series = {
+        data_path: _validate_series(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            values=series_by_data_path[data_path],
+            expected_count=len(validated_times),
+        )
+        for data_path in selected_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlValidatedOutput(
+        times=validated_times,
+        series_by_data_path=validated_series,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+
+
+def compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool = False,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool = False,
+    relative_floor: float = 1.0e-12,
+) -> TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    validated = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=times,
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=schema,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        allow_extra_paths=allow_extra_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=require_all_schema_paths,
+    )
+    return compare_test_mql_series(
+        python_times=validated.times,
+        python_series_by_data_path=validated.series_by_data_path,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=validated.data_paths,
+        relative_floor=relative_floor,
+    )
+
+
+def _validate_time_axis(times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float]) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    if not times:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("Python time axis is empty.")
+    validated = tuple(_finite_float("time", value) for value in times)
+    previous = validated[0]
+    for value in validated[1:]:
+        if value < previous:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("Python time axis must be monotonically increasing.")
+        previous = value
+    return validated
+
+
+def _select_paths(
+    *,
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    schema_paths = set(schema.data_paths())
+    provided_paths = set(series_by_data_path)
+    if not allow_extra_paths:
+        extra_paths = sorted(provided_paths - schema_paths)
+        if extra_paths:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+                f"Python output contains Data_Path values outside test_mql schema: {extra_paths}"
+            )
+    if require_all_schema_paths:
+        missing_schema_paths = sorted(schema_paths - provided_paths)
+        if missing_schema_paths:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+                f"Python output is missing required test_mql schema Data_Path values: {missing_schema_paths}"
+            )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else tuple(sorted(provided_paths & schema_paths))
+    if not selected_paths:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("no test_mql schema Data_Path values are available.")
+    unknown_selected = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in schema_paths]
+    if unknown_selected:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Requested Data_Path values are outside test_mql schema: {unknown_selected}"
+        )
+    missing_selected = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_selected:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Python output is missing selected Data_Path values: {missing_selected}"
+        )
+    return selected_paths
+
+
+def _validate_series(
+    *,
+    data_path: str,
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    expected_count: int,
+) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    if len(values) != expected_count:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Python series length mismatch for {data_path!r}: "
+            f"{len(values)} values for {expected_count} time samples."
+        )
+    return tuple(_finite_float(data_path, value) for value in values)
+
+
+def _finite_float(label: str, value: float) -> float:
+    try:
+        numeric_value = float(value)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(f"{label!r} contains a non-numeric value: {value!r}") from exc
+    if not isfinite(numeric_value):
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(f"{label!r} contains a non-finite value: {value!r}")
+    return numeric_value
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_variables.py b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_variables.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c453928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/test_mql_variables.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, AmesimVariable
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import COMPONENT_SPECS, CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+_UNIT_RE = re.compile(r"\[([^\]]+)\]\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    index: int
+    data_path: str
+    signal_name: str
+    owner_alias: str
+    owner_kind: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    units: str | None
+    saved: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableCatalog:
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def data_path_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variables)
+
+    @property
+    def saved_data_path_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for variable in self.variables if variable.saved)
+
+    def by_data_path(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+        for variable in self.variables:
+            if variable.data_path == data_path:
+                return variable
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(variable.submodel for variable in self.variables))
+
+    def counts_by_owner_kind(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(variable.owner_kind for variable in self.variables))
+
+    def data_paths_for_owner(self, owner_alias: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            variable.data_path
+            for variable in self.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == owner_alias
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results: AmesimResults) -> TestMqlVariableCatalog:
+    owner_map = _build_owner_map()
+    saved_indices = set(amesim_results.saved_variable_indices)
+    bindings = []
+    for variable in amesim_results.variables:
+        if variable.data_path is None:
+            continue
+        signal_name, owner_alias = split_data_path(variable.data_path)
+        owner_kind, submodel = owner_map[owner_alias]
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlVariableBinding(
+                index=variable.index,
+                data_path=variable.data_path,
+                signal_name=signal_name,
+                owner_alias=owner_alias,
+                owner_kind=owner_kind,
+                submodel=submodel,
+                label=variable.label,
+                units=_extract_units(variable),
+                saved=variable.index in saved_indices,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlVariableCatalog(variables=tuple(bindings))
+
+
+def split_data_path(data_path: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    if "@" not in data_path:
+        raise ValueError(f"AMESim Data_Path does not contain an owner alias: {data_path!r}")
+    signal_name, owner_alias = data_path.rsplit("@", 1)
+    if not signal_name or not owner_alias:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid AMESim Data_Path: {data_path!r}")
+    return signal_name, owner_alias
+
+
+def _build_owner_map() -> dict[str, tuple[str, str]]:
+    owner_map = {
+        str(spec["alias"]): ("component", str(spec["submodel"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+    }
+    owner_map.update(
+        {
+            str(spec["alias"]): ("connection", str(spec["submodel"]))
+            for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        }
+    )
+    return owner_map
+
+
+def _extract_units(variable: AmesimVariable) -> str | None:
+    match = _UNIT_RE.search(variable.label)
+    if match is None:
+        return None
+    return match.group(1)
diff --git a/PythonModels/reporting/testmodel_outputs.py b/PythonModels/reporting/testmodel_outputs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9338b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/reporting/testmodel_outputs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,393 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from bisect import bisect_left
+import csv
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+
+PRIMARY_KEYS = (
+    "mytank.p",
+    "mytank.T",
+    "mycylinder.p",
+    "mycylinder.T",
+)
+
+MODELICA_COMPARISON_COLUMNS = {
+    "mytank.p": "mytank.p",
+    "mytank.T": "mytank.T",
+    "mycylinder.p": "mycylinder.p",
+    "mycylinder.T": "mycylinder.T",
+    "branch.upper_branch.p": "mypipe.p",
+    "branch.upper_branch.in": "myorifice.port_a.m_flow",
+    "branch.upper_branch.out": "mytee1.port_out2.m_flow",
+    "branch.lower_branch.p": "mypipe1.p",
+    "branch.lower_branch.in": "myorifice1.port_a.m_flow",
+    "branch.lower_branch.out": "mytee1.port_out1.m_flow",
+}
+
+COMPARISON_KEYS = tuple(MODELICA_COMPARISON_COLUMNS.keys())
+
+
+def _branch_series_values(
+    series: dict[str, list[float]],
+    branch_name: str,
+    legacy_key: str,
+) -> list[float]:
+    generic_key = f"branch.{branch_name}.{legacy_key.split('.')[-1]}"
+    if generic_key in series:
+        return series[generic_key]
+    return series[legacy_key]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelArtifacts:
+    primary_csv_path: Path
+    temperature_csv_path: Path
+    temperature_svg_path: Path
+    run_report_path: Path
+    comparison_csv_path: Path | None = None
+    comparison_summary_path: Path | None = None
+
+
+def format_testmodel_run_report(
+    *,
+    network_summary: str,
+    initialization: Any,
+    raw_initial_state: tuple[float, ...],
+    consistent_initial_state: tuple[float, ...],
+    solution: Any,
+    series: dict[str, list[float]],
+    solve_diagnostics: Any,
+    artifacts: TestModelArtifacts,
+    comparison_summary: dict[str, tuple[float, float]] | None,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        network_summary,
+        "",
+        f"Initialization converged: {initialization.converged}",
+        f"Initialization iterations: {initialization.iterations}",
+        f"Initialization max state delta: {initialization.max_state_delta:.6e}",
+        f"Initialization max flow delta: {initialization.max_flow_delta:.6e}",
+        f"Initialization max enthalpy delta: {initialization.max_enthalpy_delta:.6e}",
+        (
+            "Initialization downstream pressure spread: "
+            f"{initialization.downstream_pressure_spread:.6e}"
+        ),
+        "",
+        "Raw initial state vector:",
+        str(list(raw_initial_state)),
+        "",
+        "Constraint-consistent initial state vector:",
+        str(list(consistent_initial_state)),
+        "",
+        f"Solver success: {solution.success}",
+        f"Solver message: {solution.message}",
+        f"Final time: {solution.t[-1]:.2f} s",
+        f"Final tank pressure: {series['mytank.p'][-1]:.3f} Pa",
+        f"Final tank temperature: {series['mytank.T'][-1]:.3f} K",
+        f"Final cylinder pressure: {series['mycylinder.p'][-1]:.3f} Pa",
+        (
+            "Final branch inflow: "
+            f"{_branch_series_values(series, 'upper_branch', 'branch_upper.in')[-1] + _branch_series_values(series, 'lower_branch', 'branch_lower.in')[-1]:.6f} kg/s"
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    if solve_diagnostics is not None:
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "",
+                "Final closure solve diagnostics:",
+                (
+                    "Upper branch inlet solve: "
+                    f"converged={solve_diagnostics.upper_branch_inlet.converged}, "
+                    f"iterations={solve_diagnostics.upper_branch_inlet.iterations}, "
+                    f"residual={solve_diagnostics.upper_branch_inlet.residual:.6e}"
+                ),
+                (
+                    "Lower branch inlet solve: "
+                    f"converged={solve_diagnostics.lower_branch_inlet.converged}, "
+                    f"iterations={solve_diagnostics.lower_branch_inlet.iterations}, "
+                    f"residual={solve_diagnostics.lower_branch_inlet.residual:.6e}"
+                ),
+            ]
+        )
+        if solve_diagnostics.downstream_pressure_projection is not None:
+            lines.append(
+                "Downstream pressure projection: "
+                f"converged={solve_diagnostics.downstream_pressure_projection.converged}, "
+                f"iterations={solve_diagnostics.downstream_pressure_projection.iterations}, "
+                f"residual={solve_diagnostics.downstream_pressure_projection.residual:.6e}"
+            )
+
+    lines.extend(
+        [
+        f"Primary series CSV: {artifacts.primary_csv_path}",
+        f"Temperature CSV: {artifacts.temperature_csv_path}",
+        f"Temperature plot: {artifacts.temperature_svg_path}",
+        f"Run report TXT: {artifacts.run_report_path}",
+        ]
+    )
+
+    if (
+        artifacts.comparison_csv_path is not None
+        and artifacts.comparison_summary_path is not None
+    ):
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"Modelica comparison CSV: {artifacts.comparison_csv_path}",
+                f"Modelica comparison summary: {artifacts.comparison_summary_path}",
+            ]
+        )
+        if comparison_summary is not None:
+            for key, (max_abs_error, max_rel_error) in comparison_summary.items():
+                lines.append(
+                    f"{key} max abs error: {max_abs_error:.6f}, "
+                    f"max rel error: {max_rel_error:.6%}"
+                )
+
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def write_testmodel_run_report(output_dir: Path, report_text: str) -> Path:
+    report_path = output_dir / "testmodel_run_report.txt"
+    report_path.write_text(report_text, encoding="utf-8")
+    return report_path
+
+
+def _write_primary_series_csv(output_dir: Path, series: dict[str, list[float]]) -> Path:
+    csv_path = output_dir / "testmodel_primary_series.csv"
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        writer.writerow(["time_s", *PRIMARY_KEYS])
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(series["time"]):
+            writer.writerow([time_value, *(series[key][index] for key in PRIMARY_KEYS)])
+    return csv_path
+
+
+def _write_temperature_csv(output_dir: Path, time_values: list[float], temperatures: list[float]) -> Path:
+    csv_path = output_dir / "testmodel_tank_temperature.csv"
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        writer.writerow(["time_s", "mytank_T_K"])
+        writer.writerows(zip(time_values, temperatures))
+    return csv_path
+
+
+def _write_temperature_svg(output_dir: Path, time_values: list[float], temperatures: list[float]) -> Path:
+    svg_path = output_dir / "testmodel_tank_temperature.svg"
+
+    width = 900
+    height = 520
+    left = 90
+    right = 40
+    top = 60
+    bottom = 70
+    plot_width = width - left - right
+    plot_height = height - top - bottom
+
+    min_time = min(time_values)
+    max_time = max(time_values)
+    min_temp = min(temperatures)
+    max_temp = max(temperatures)
+    temp_padding = max(1.0, (max_temp - min_temp) * 0.08)
+    min_temp -= temp_padding
+    max_temp += temp_padding
+
+    def scale_x(value: float) -> float:
+        return left + (value - min_time) / max(max_time - min_time, 1e-12) * plot_width
+
+    def scale_y(value: float) -> float:
+        return top + (max_temp - value) / max(max_temp - min_temp, 1e-12) * plot_height
+
+    points = " ".join(
+        f"{scale_x(time_value):.2f},{scale_y(temperature):.2f}"
+        for time_value, temperature in zip(time_values, temperatures)
+    )
+
+    x_ticks = 5
+    y_ticks = 5
+    x_tick_markup = []
+    y_tick_markup = []
+
+    for index in range(x_ticks + 1):
+        fraction = index / x_ticks
+        time_value = min_time + fraction * (max_time - min_time)
+        x = left + fraction * plot_width
+        x_tick_markup.append(
+            f'<line x1="{x:.2f}" y1="{top}" x2="{x:.2f}" y2="{top + plot_height}" '
+            'stroke="#d9e2ec" stroke-width="1" />'
+        )
+        x_tick_markup.append(
+            f'<text x="{x:.2f}" y="{height - 30}" text-anchor="middle" '
+            'font-size="14" fill="#102a43">'
+            f"{time_value:.1f}</text>"
+        )
+
+    for index in range(y_ticks + 1):
+        fraction = index / y_ticks
+        temp_value = min_temp + fraction * (max_temp - min_temp)
+        y = top + plot_height - fraction * plot_height
+        y_tick_markup.append(
+            f'<line x1="{left}" y1="{y:.2f}" x2="{left + plot_width}" y2="{y:.2f}" '
+            'stroke="#d9e2ec" stroke-width="1" />'
+        )
+        y_tick_markup.append(
+            f'<text x="{left - 12}" y="{y + 5:.2f}" text-anchor="end" '
+            'font-size="14" fill="#102a43">'
+            f"{temp_value:.1f}</text>"
+        )
+
+    svg_content = f"""<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="{width}" height="{height}" viewBox="0 0 {width} {height}">
+  <rect width="{width}" height="{height}" fill="#f7fafc" rx="18" ry="18" />
+  <text x="{width / 2:.0f}" y="32" text-anchor="middle" font-size="24" fill="#102a43">Python Testmodel Tank Temperature</text>
+  <text x="{width / 2:.0f}" y="{height - 8}" text-anchor="middle" font-size="16" fill="#486581">Time (s)</text>
+  <text x="26" y="{height / 2:.0f}" text-anchor="middle" font-size="16" fill="#486581" transform="rotate(-90 26 {height / 2:.0f})">Temperature (K)</text>
+  <rect x="{left}" y="{top}" width="{plot_width}" height="{plot_height}" fill="#ffffff" stroke="#bcccdc" stroke-width="1.5" />
+  {''.join(x_tick_markup)}
+  {''.join(y_tick_markup)}
+  <polyline fill="none" stroke="#d64545" stroke-width="3" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-linecap="round" points="{points}" />
+</svg>
+"""
+    svg_path.write_text(svg_content, encoding="utf-8")
+    return svg_path
+
+
+def load_modelica_series(csv_path: Path, variable_names: tuple[str, ...]) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+    series = {"time": []}
+    for variable_name in variable_names:
+        series[variable_name] = []
+
+    with csv_path.open("r", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        reader = csv.DictReader(handle)
+        available_variable_names = tuple(
+            variable_name
+            for variable_name in variable_names
+            if MODELICA_COMPARISON_COLUMNS.get(variable_name, variable_name) in (reader.fieldnames or ())
+        )
+        for row in reader:
+            series["time"].append(float(row["time"]))
+            for variable_name in available_variable_names:
+                modelica_column = MODELICA_COMPARISON_COLUMNS.get(variable_name, variable_name)
+                series[variable_name].append(float(row[modelica_column]))
+
+    return series
+
+
+def _interpolate_series_value(time_values: list[float], values: list[float], target_time: float) -> float:
+    if target_time <= time_values[0]:
+        return values[0]
+    if target_time >= time_values[-1]:
+        return values[-1]
+
+    right_index = bisect_left(time_values, target_time)
+    if right_index < len(time_values) and abs(time_values[right_index] - target_time) <= 1e-12:
+        return values[right_index]
+
+    left_index = right_index - 1
+    left_time = time_values[left_index]
+    right_time = time_values[right_index]
+    fraction = (target_time - left_time) / (right_time - left_time)
+    return values[left_index] + fraction * (values[right_index] - values[left_index])
+
+
+def write_modelica_comparison(
+    output_dir: Path,
+    python_series: dict[str, list[float]],
+    modelica_series: dict[str, list[float]],
+) -> tuple[Path, Path, dict[str, tuple[float, float]]]:
+    comparison_csv_path = output_dir / "testmodel_modelica_comparison.csv"
+    summary_path = output_dir / "testmodel_modelica_comparison_summary.txt"
+    summary: dict[str, tuple[float, float]] = {}
+
+    with comparison_csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        header = ["time_s"]
+        comparison_keys = tuple(
+            key
+            for key in COMPARISON_KEYS
+            if key in python_series and key in modelica_series and modelica_series[key]
+        )
+        for key in comparison_keys:
+            header.extend(
+                [
+                    f"python.{key}",
+                    f"modelica.{key}",
+                    f"abs_error.{key}",
+                    f"rel_error.{key}",
+                ]
+            )
+        writer.writerow(header)
+
+        max_abs_errors = {key: 0.0 for key in comparison_keys}
+        max_rel_errors = {key: 0.0 for key in comparison_keys}
+
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(python_series["time"]):
+            row = [time_value]
+            for key in comparison_keys:
+                python_value = python_series[key][index]
+                modelica_value = _interpolate_series_value(
+                    modelica_series["time"],
+                    modelica_series[key],
+                    time_value,
+                )
+                abs_error = abs(python_value - modelica_value)
+                rel_error = abs_error / max(abs(modelica_value), 1e-9)
+                max_abs_errors[key] = max(max_abs_errors[key], abs_error)
+                max_rel_errors[key] = max(max_rel_errors[key], rel_error)
+                row.extend([python_value, modelica_value, abs_error, rel_error])
+            writer.writerow(row)
+
+    summary_lines = []
+    for key in comparison_keys:
+        summary[key] = (max_abs_errors[key], max_rel_errors[key])
+        summary_lines.append(
+            f"{key}: max_abs_error={max_abs_errors[key]:.6f}, "
+            f"max_rel_error={max_rel_errors[key]:.6%}"
+        )
+    summary_path.write_text("\n".join(summary_lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    return comparison_csv_path, summary_path, summary
+
+
+def export_testmodel_artifacts(
+    *,
+    output_dir: Path,
+    series: dict[str, list[float]],
+    modelica_series: dict[str, list[float]] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[TestModelArtifacts, dict[str, tuple[float, float]] | None]:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    primary_csv_path = _write_primary_series_csv(output_dir, series)
+    temperature_csv_path = _write_temperature_csv(
+        output_dir,
+        series["time"],
+        series["mytank.T"],
+    )
+    temperature_svg_path = _write_temperature_svg(
+        output_dir,
+        series["time"],
+        series["mytank.T"],
+    )
+
+    comparison_csv_path = None
+    comparison_summary_path = None
+    comparison_summary = None
+    if modelica_series is not None:
+        (
+            comparison_csv_path,
+            comparison_summary_path,
+            comparison_summary,
+        ) = write_modelica_comparison(output_dir, series, modelica_series)
+
+    return (
+        TestModelArtifacts(
+            primary_csv_path=primary_csv_path,
+            temperature_csv_path=temperature_csv_path,
+            temperature_svg_path=temperature_svg_path,
+            run_report_path=output_dir / "testmodel_run_report.txt",
+            comparison_csv_path=comparison_csv_path,
+            comparison_summary_path=comparison_summary_path,
+        ),
+        comparison_summary,
+    )
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_085526_745726/test_mql_model_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_085526_745726/test_mql_model_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad5ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_085526_745726/test_mql_model_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Source archive: /home/huojr/projects/SystemSimulationApp/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame
+Components: 117
+Connections: 84
+Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: 132
+Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: 24
+Global parameters:
+  - D1: 20
+  - D2: 20
+  - D3: 14
+  - P0: 153
+  - Pdq: 1
+  - V: 15
+  - cf: 0.45
+Component submodels:
+  - F000: 16
+  - FORC: 2
+  - LMECHN1: 2
+  - LSTP00A: 8
+  - MECMAS21: 10
+  - P4NODE2: 8
+  - PN3NODE2: 8
+  - PNCH012: 8
+  - PNCH023: 4
+  - PNGD00: 1
+  - PNOR001: 8
+  - PNPL01: 16
+  - PNRP17: 8
+  - PNVO001: 8
+  - STEP0: 8
+  - UD00: 2
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_085712_158379/test_mql_model_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_085712_158379/test_mql_model_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad5ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_085712_158379/test_mql_model_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Source archive: /home/huojr/projects/SystemSimulationApp/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame
+Components: 117
+Connections: 84
+Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: 132
+Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: 24
+Global parameters:
+  - D1: 20
+  - D2: 20
+  - D3: 14
+  - P0: 153
+  - Pdq: 1
+  - V: 15
+  - cf: 0.45
+Component submodels:
+  - F000: 16
+  - FORC: 2
+  - LMECHN1: 2
+  - LSTP00A: 8
+  - MECMAS21: 10
+  - P4NODE2: 8
+  - PN3NODE2: 8
+  - PNCH012: 8
+  - PNCH023: 4
+  - PNGD00: 1
+  - PNOR001: 8
+  - PNPL01: 16
+  - PNRP17: 8
+  - PNVO001: 8
+  - STEP0: 8
+  - UD00: 2
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_091524_614886/test_mql_model_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_091524_614886/test_mql_model_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad5ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260715_091524_614886/test_mql_model_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Source archive: /home/huojr/projects/SystemSimulationApp/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame
+Components: 117
+Connections: 84
+Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: 132
+Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: 24
+Global parameters:
+  - D1: 20
+  - D2: 20
+  - D3: 14
+  - P0: 153
+  - Pdq: 1
+  - V: 15
+  - cf: 0.45
+Component submodels:
+  - F000: 16
+  - FORC: 2
+  - LMECHN1: 2
+  - LSTP00A: 8
+  - MECMAS21: 10
+  - P4NODE2: 8
+  - PN3NODE2: 8
+  - PNCH012: 8
+  - PNCH023: 4
+  - PNGD00: 1
+  - PNOR001: 8
+  - PNPL01: 16
+  - PNRP17: 8
+  - PNVO001: 8
+  - STEP0: 8
+  - UD00: 2
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260720_084308_403642/test_mql_model_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260720_084308_403642/test_mql_model_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad5ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260720_084308_403642/test_mql_model_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Source archive: /home/huojr/projects/SystemSimulationApp/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame
+Components: 117
+Connections: 84
+Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: 132
+Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: 24
+Global parameters:
+  - D1: 20
+  - D2: 20
+  - D3: 14
+  - P0: 153
+  - Pdq: 1
+  - V: 15
+  - cf: 0.45
+Component submodels:
+  - F000: 16
+  - FORC: 2
+  - LMECHN1: 2
+  - LSTP00A: 8
+  - MECMAS21: 10
+  - P4NODE2: 8
+  - PN3NODE2: 8
+  - PNCH012: 8
+  - PNCH023: 4
+  - PNGD00: 1
+  - PNOR001: 8
+  - PNPL01: 16
+  - PNRP17: 8
+  - PNVO001: 8
+  - STEP0: 8
+  - UD00: 2
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260720_085120_858664/test_mql_model_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260720_085120_858664/test_mql_model_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ad5ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_20260720_085120_858664/test_mql_model_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Source archive: /home/huojr/projects/SystemSimulationApp/AmesimModels/test_mql.ame
+Components: 117
+Connections: 84
+Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: 132
+Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: 24
+Global parameters:
+  - D1: 20
+  - D2: 20
+  - D3: 14
+  - P0: 153
+  - Pdq: 1
+  - V: 15
+  - cf: 0.45
+Component submodels:
+  - F000: 16
+  - FORC: 2
+  - LMECHN1: 2
+  - LSTP00A: 8
+  - MECMAS21: 10
+  - P4NODE2: 8
+  - PN3NODE2: 8
+  - PNCH012: 8
+  - PNCH023: 4
+  - PNGD00: 1
+  - PNOR001: 8
+  - PNPL01: 16
+  - PNRP17: 8
+  - PNVO001: 8
+  - STEP0: 8
+  - UD00: 2
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_baseline_20260716_024434_287016/test_mql_baseline_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_baseline_20260716_024434_287016/test_mql_baseline_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48fb2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_baseline_20260716_024434_287016/test_mql_baseline_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough
+Samples: 1002
+Output schema signals: 858
+Compared signals: 858
+Observation bindings: 114
+Max absolute error: 0.0
+Max relative error: 0.0
diff --git a/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_baseline_20260720_084318_747036/test_mql_baseline_summary.txt b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_baseline_20260720_084318_747036/test_mql_baseline_summary.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48fb2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/runs/test_mql_baseline_20260720_084318_747036/test_mql_baseline_summary.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Model: test_mql
+Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough
+Samples: 1002
+Output schema signals: 858
+Compared signals: 858
+Observation bindings: 114
+Max absolute error: 0.0
+Max relative error: 0.0
diff --git a/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql.py b/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fd7977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlRunConfig, TestMqlSystem
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPathConfig:
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlScriptConfig:
+    run: TestMqlRunConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlRunConfig)
+    paths: TestMqlPathConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlPathConfig)
+    execution: TestMqlExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlExecutionConfig)
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def format_test_mql_summary(system: TestMqlSystem) -> str:
+    snapshot = system.snapshot()
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Source archive: {system.archive_path}",
+        f"Components: {snapshot.component_count}",
+        f"Connections: {snapshot.connection_count}",
+        f"Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.continuous_state_count}",
+        f"Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.discrete_state_count}",
+        "Global parameters:",
+    ]
+    for name, value in sorted(snapshot.global_parameters.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {value}")
+    lines.append("Component submodels:")
+    for name, count in sorted(snapshot.submodel_counts.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {count}")
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def run_test_mql(config: TestMqlScriptConfig | None = None):
+    config = config or TestMqlScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem()
+    result = system.simulate(config.run)
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_model_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_summary(system),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    return system, result, output_dir
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    system, result, output_dir = run_test_mql()
+    print(format_test_mql_summary(system), end="")
+    print(f"Samples: {len(result.t)}")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_baseline.py b/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_baseline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb37505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_baseline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_baseline import (
+    TestMqlBaselineRun,
+    run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselinePathConfig:
+    archive_path: Path = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+    )
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig:
+    paths: TestMqlBaselinePathConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig)
+    execution: TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig)
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_baseline_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run: TestMqlBaselineRun) -> str:
+    return "\n".join(
+        [
+            "Model: test_mql",
+            "Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough",
+            f"Samples: {run.sample_count}",
+            f"Output schema signals: {run.output_schema.signal_count}",
+            f"Compared signals: {run.signal_count}",
+            f"Observation bindings: {run.observation_catalog.binding_count}",
+            f"Max absolute error: {run.comparison.max_abs_error}",
+            f"Max relative error: {run.comparison.max_rel_error}",
+        ]
+    ) + "\n"
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline(config: TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig | None = None):
+    config = config or TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig()
+    run = run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+        config.paths.archive_path,
+        data_paths=config.execution.data_paths,
+    )
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_baseline_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    return run, output_dir
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run, output_dir = run_test_mql_baseline()
+    print(format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run), end="")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py b/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b3c8d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/scripts/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4620 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+from bisect import bisect_left
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from math import nextafter, sqrt
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import AmesimPneumaticGas
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import (
+    TestMqlComparisonResult,
+    interpolate_series_value,
+    write_test_mql_comparison_csv,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import (
+    TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+    TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+DEFAULT_FULL_STATE_COMPARISON_DATA_PATHS = (
+    "press@pn_c1_8",
+    "vol@pn_c1_8",
+    "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "vvol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "x1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+    "v1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+    "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+    "x1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    "v1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+    "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+    "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateSignalDiagnostic:
+    data_path: str
+    initial_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    initial_python_value: float
+    initial_amesim_value: float
+    initial_abs_error: float
+    final_python_value: float
+    final_amesim_value: float
+    final_abs_error: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateFlowDiagnostic:
+    data_path: str
+    initial_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    initial_python_dm1_g_s: float
+    initial_amesim_dm1_g_s: float
+    initial_python_canonical_kg_s: float
+    initial_amesim_canonical_kg_s: float
+    initial_canonical_abs_error_kg_s: float
+    final_python_dm1_g_s: float
+    final_amesim_dm1_g_s: float
+    final_python_canonical_kg_s: float
+    final_amesim_canonical_kg_s: float
+    final_canonical_abs_error_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStatePnvoDiagnostic:
+    alias: str
+    initial_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    initial_python_opening: float
+    initial_amesim_opening: float
+    final_python_opening: float
+    final_amesim_opening: float
+    initial_python_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    initial_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    final_python_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun:
+    system: TestMqlSystem
+    closure: object
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    result: TestMqlSimulationResult
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+    def metrics_by_max_abs_error(self):
+        return tuple(
+            sorted(
+                self.comparison.metrics,
+                key=lambda metric: metric.max_abs_error,
+                reverse=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def largest_abs_error_metric(self):
+        metrics = self.metrics_by_max_abs_error()
+        return metrics[0] if metrics else None
+
+    def signal_diagnostic(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlFullStateSignalDiagnostic:
+        times = self.output.times
+        python_values = self.output.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+        amesim_values = self.amesim_results.series(data_path)
+        initial_time = float(times[0])
+        final_time = float(times[-1])
+        initial_python = float(python_values[0])
+        final_python = float(python_values[-1])
+        initial_amesim = interpolate_series_value(
+            self.amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            initial_time,
+        )
+        final_amesim = interpolate_series_value(
+            self.amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            final_time,
+        )
+        return TestMqlFullStateSignalDiagnostic(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            initial_time_s=initial_time,
+            final_time_s=final_time,
+            initial_python_value=initial_python,
+            initial_amesim_value=initial_amesim,
+            initial_abs_error=abs(initial_python - initial_amesim),
+            final_python_value=final_python,
+            final_amesim_value=final_amesim,
+            final_abs_error=abs(final_python - final_amesim),
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_mass_flow_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        data_path: str = "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStateFlowDiagnostic:
+        diagnostic = self.signal_diagnostic(data_path)
+        initial_python_canonical = -diagnostic.initial_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        initial_amesim_canonical = -diagnostic.initial_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_python_canonical = -diagnostic.final_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_amesim_canonical = -diagnostic.final_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        return TestMqlFullStateFlowDiagnostic(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            initial_time_s=diagnostic.initial_time_s,
+            final_time_s=diagnostic.final_time_s,
+            initial_python_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.initial_python_value,
+            initial_amesim_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.initial_amesim_value,
+            initial_python_canonical_kg_s=initial_python_canonical,
+            initial_amesim_canonical_kg_s=initial_amesim_canonical,
+            initial_canonical_abs_error_kg_s=abs(
+                initial_python_canonical - initial_amesim_canonical
+            ),
+            final_python_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.final_python_value,
+            final_amesim_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.final_amesim_value,
+            final_python_canonical_kg_s=final_python_canonical,
+            final_amesim_canonical_kg_s=final_amesim_canonical,
+            final_canonical_abs_error_kg_s=abs(
+                final_python_canonical - final_amesim_canonical
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def pnvo_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStatePnvoDiagnostic:
+        opening = self.signal_diagnostic(f"xv@{alias}")
+        mass_flow = self.signal_diagnostic(f"dm2@{alias}")
+        initial_python_mass_flow = mass_flow.initial_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        initial_amesim_mass_flow = mass_flow.initial_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_python_mass_flow = mass_flow.final_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_amesim_mass_flow = mass_flow.final_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        return TestMqlFullStatePnvoDiagnostic(
+            alias=alias,
+            initial_time_s=opening.initial_time_s,
+            final_time_s=opening.final_time_s,
+            initial_python_opening=opening.initial_python_value,
+            initial_amesim_opening=opening.initial_amesim_value,
+            final_python_opening=opening.final_python_value,
+            final_amesim_opening=opening.final_amesim_value,
+            initial_python_mass_flow_kg_s=initial_python_mass_flow,
+            initial_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s=initial_amesim_mass_flow,
+            final_python_mass_flow_kg_s=final_python_mass_flow,
+            final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s=final_amesim_mass_flow,
+            final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s=abs(
+                final_python_mass_flow - final_amesim_mass_flow
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def diagnostics_by_final_abs_error(self):
+        return tuple(
+            sorted(
+                (
+                    self.signal_diagnostic(data_path)
+                    for data_path in self.output.data_paths
+                ),
+                key=lambda diagnostic: diagnostic.final_abs_error,
+                reverse=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def largest_final_abs_error_diagnostic(self):
+        diagnostics = self.diagnostics_by_final_abs_error()
+        return diagnostics[0] if diagnostics else None
+
+    def chamber_rhs_diagnostic(self, chamber_alias: str, sample_index: int = -1):
+        state_vector = [row[sample_index] for row in self.result.y]
+        return self.closure.variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            state_vector=state_vector,
+            time_s=float(self.result.t[sample_index]),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    event_time_s: float
+    integration_stop_time_s: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    def abs_error(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return abs(
+            self.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+            - self.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic:
+    t_start: float
+    t_stop: float
+    method: str
+    rtol: float
+    atol: float
+    max_step: float
+    rhs_evaluations: int
+    success: bool
+    message: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_cm: float
+    amesim_dm1_g_s: float
+    amesim_mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s: float
+    amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_pressure_drop_pa: float
+    current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa: float
+    pressure_drop_multiplier: float
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s: float
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio: float
+    amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa: float
+    python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa: float
+    python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_cm: float
+    amesim_dm2_g_s: float
+    amesim_opening: float
+    amesim_gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    python_opening: float
+    python_flow_coefficient: float
+    python_effective_area_m2: float
+    python_line_pressure_pa: float
+    python_boundary_pressure_pa: float
+    python_upstream_pressure_pa: float
+    python_upstream_temperature_k: float
+    python_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    python_cm: float
+    python_to_amesim_cm_ratio: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w: float
+    python_current_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_direct_enthalpy_port_1_flow_w: float
+    python_direct_enthalpy_port_2_flow_w: float
+    python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    reference_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w: float
+    amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s: float
+    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w: float
+    python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w: float
+    python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w: float
+    python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s: float
+    python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic:
+    node_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    upstream_line_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s: float
+    python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g: float
+    python_port_1_mass_g: float
+    python_port_2_mass_g: float
+    python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g: float
+    python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g: float
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s: float
+    python_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w: float
+    amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w: float
+    python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_temperature_k: float
+    python_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_pa: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic:
+    chamber_alias: str
+    piston_alias: str
+    line_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s: float
+    amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s: float
+    amesim_heat_flow_w: float
+    amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s: float
+    python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    python_current_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    reference_temperature_k: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    orifice_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_line_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_line_mass_g: float
+    amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s: float
+    amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s: float
+    amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_chamber_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_node_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_node_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s: float
+    amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s: float
+    python_line_pressure_pa: float
+    python_line_temperature_k: float
+    python_line_mass_g: float
+    python_line_pressure_error_pa: float
+    python_line_temperature_error_k: float
+    python_line_mass_error_g: float
+    python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    python_chamber_temperature_k: float
+    python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_chamber_pressure_error_pa: float
+    python_chamber_temperature_error_k: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic:
+    time_s: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_sample_left_time_s: float
+    amesim_sample_right_time_s: float
+    pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics: tuple[TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic, ...] = field(
+        default_factory=tuple
+    )
+    pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnl0003_energy_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+
+    @property
+    def amesim_values_are_interpolated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.amesim_sample_left_time_s != self.amesim_sample_right_time_s
+
+    def abs_error(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return abs(
+            self.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+            - self.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    event_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    segment_diagnostics: tuple[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic, ...]
+    sample_diagnostics: tuple[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic, ...]
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    def abs_error(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return abs(
+            self.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+            - self.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison:
+    time_s: float
+    metric_name: str
+    default_abs_error: float
+    candidate_abs_error: float
+
+    @property
+    def abs_error_delta(self) -> float:
+        return self.candidate_abs_error - self.default_abs_error
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    event_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    default_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic
+    candidate_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic
+    metric_comparisons: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison, ...
+    ]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig:
+    archive_path: Path = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+        / "AmesimModels"
+        / "test_mql.ame"
+    )
+    amesim_results_archive_path: Path | None = None
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def resolved_amesim_results_archive_path(self) -> Path:
+        return self.amesim_results_archive_path or self.archive_path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+    write_comparison_csv: bool = True
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | None = DEFAULT_FULL_STATE_COMPARISON_DATA_PATHS
+    solver: SolveIVPConfig = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-2, max_step=1.0e-3)
+    )
+    t_eval: tuple[float, ...] | None = (0.0, 1.0e-2)
+    inlet_node_pressure_pa: float = 15.31e6
+    resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float = 15.29e6
+    inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15
+    resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15
+    use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False
+    use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig:
+    paths: TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig = field(
+        default_factory=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig
+    )
+    execution: TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig = field(
+        default_factory=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig
+    )
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_full_state_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun, Path]:
+    config = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem(archive_path=config.paths.archive_path)
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+        config.paths.resolved_amesim_results_archive_path,
+        time_stop_s=config.execution.solver.t_stop,
+    )
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(amesim_results)
+    selected_paths = config.execution.data_paths
+    spec = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+    result = system.simulate_full_state_series_from_spec(
+        spec,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa=config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        inlet_node_temperature_k=config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        config=config.execution.solver,
+        t_eval=list(config.execution.t_eval) if config.execution.t_eval is not None else None,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    closure = system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+        spec,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa=config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        inlet_node_temperature_k=config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+    )
+    series_by_data_path = {
+        data_path: result.series[data_path]
+        for data_path in result.series
+        if data_path != "time"
+    }
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=result.t,
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    run = TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun(
+        system=system,
+        closure=closure,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        result=result,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary or config.execution.write_comparison_csv:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(run),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    if config.execution.write_comparison_csv:
+        write_test_mql_comparison_csv(
+            output_dir=output_dir,
+            python_times=output.times,
+            python_series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+            amesim_results=amesim_results,
+            data_paths=output.data_paths,
+        )
+    return run, output_dir
+
+
+def run_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_diagnostic(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+) -> TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic:
+    config = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem(archive_path=config.paths.archive_path)
+    control = system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifice_controls[orifice_alias]
+    event_time_s = control.step.step_time_s
+    integration_stop_time_s = nextafter(event_time_s, 0.0)
+    solver_template = config.execution.solver
+    solver = SolveIVPConfig(
+        t_start=solver_template.t_start,
+        t_stop=integration_stop_time_s,
+        method=solver_template.method,
+        rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+        atol=solver_template.atol,
+        max_step=solver_template.max_step,
+    )
+    spec = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+    closure_kwargs = {
+        "inlet_node_pressure_pa": config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        "resistance_boundary_pressure_pa": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        "inlet_node_temperature_k": config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        "resistance_boundary_temperature_k": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+    }
+    solution = system.simulate_full_state_from_spec(
+        spec,
+        config=solver,
+        t_eval=[solver.t_start, integration_stop_time_s],
+        **closure_kwargs,
+    )
+    state_vector = [row[-1] for row in solution.y]
+    closure = system.full_state_closure_from_spec(spec, **closure_kwargs)
+    data_paths = (
+        "press@pn_c1_8",
+        "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+        f"xv@{orifice_alias}",
+        f"dm2@{orifice_alias}",
+    )
+    python_values = closure.data_path_values(
+        time_s=event_time_s,
+        state_vector=state_vector,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+    )
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+        config.paths.resolved_amesim_results_archive_path,
+        time_stop_s=event_time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_values = {
+        data_path: interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            event_time_s,
+        )
+        for data_path in data_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        event_time_s=event_time_s,
+        integration_stop_time_s=integration_stop_time_s,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        python_values_by_data_path=python_values,
+        amesim_values_by_data_path=amesim_values,
+    )
+
+
+def format_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_summary(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Mode: PNVO event boundary diagnostic ({diagnostic.orifice_alias})",
+        f"Event time: {diagnostic.event_time_s}",
+        f"Integrated left limit: {diagnostic.integration_stop_time_s}",
+        "Observation side: right-continuous STEP0 opening",
+    ]
+    for data_path in diagnostic.data_paths:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {data_path}: "
+            f"python={diagnostic.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"amesim={diagnostic.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"abs_error={diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}"
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def _pnl0001_pressure_loss_calibration_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float],
+    line_alias: str,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_69" or chamber_alias != "pn_c1_8":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0001 pressure-loss diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_cm = amesim_value(f"cm@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dm1_g_s = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa = amesim_value(f"p2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa = amesim_value(f"press@{chamber_alias}")
+    amesim_line_temperature_k = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_temperature_k = amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s = abs(amesim_dm1_g_s) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_pressure_drop_pa = abs(
+        amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa - amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa
+    )
+    current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa = abs(
+        line.darcy_pressure_drop_for_state(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s,
+            pressure_pa=(
+                amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+            ),
+            temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+        )
+    )
+    if current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa > 0.0:
+        pressure_drop_multiplier = (
+            amesim_pressure_drop_pa / current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa
+        )
+    else:
+        pressure_drop_multiplier = (
+            float("inf") if amesim_pressure_drop_pa > 0.0 else 1.0
+        )
+    candidate_port1_to_port2_kg_s = line.pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        port_1_pressure_pa=(
+            amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        ),
+        port_1_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature_k,
+        port_2_pressure_pa=(
+            amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        ),
+        port_2_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+    )
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s = -candidate_port1_to_port2_kg_s * 1.0e3
+    if amesim_dm1_g_s != 0.0:
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio = (
+            candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s / amesim_dm1_g_s
+        )
+    else:
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio = (
+            float("inf") if candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s != 0.0 else 1.0
+        )
+    amesim_linear_conductance = _pnl0001_linear_conductance(
+        dm1_g_s=amesim_dm1_g_s,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+        pressure_drop_pa=amesim_pressure_drop_pa,
+    )
+    python_pressure_drop_pa = abs(
+        python_values_by_data_path[f"p2@{line_alias}"]
+        - python_values_by_data_path[f"press@{chamber_alias}"]
+    )
+    python_linear_conductance = _pnl0001_linear_conductance(
+        dm1_g_s=python_values_by_data_path[f"dm1@{line_alias}"],
+        temperature_k=python_values_by_data_path[f"t2@{line_alias}"],
+        pressure_drop_pa=python_pressure_drop_pa,
+    )
+    if amesim_linear_conductance > 0.0:
+        conductance_ratio = python_linear_conductance / amesim_linear_conductance
+    else:
+        conductance_ratio = (
+            float("inf") if python_linear_conductance > 0.0 else 1.0
+        )
+    return TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_cm=amesim_cm,
+        amesim_dm1_g_s=amesim_dm1_g_s,
+        amesim_mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s=mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s,
+        amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa=amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa,
+        amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa,
+        amesim_line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+        amesim_pressure_drop_pa=amesim_pressure_drop_pa,
+        current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa=current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa,
+        pressure_drop_multiplier=pressure_drop_multiplier,
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s=candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s,
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio=(
+            candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio
+        ),
+        amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa=(
+            amesim_linear_conductance
+        ),
+        python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa=(
+            python_linear_conductance
+        ),
+        python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio=conductance_ratio,
+    )
+
+
+def _pnl0001_linear_conductance(
+    *,
+    dm1_g_s: float,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    pressure_drop_pa: float,
+) -> float:
+    if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+    if pressure_drop_pa <= 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    return abs(dm1_g_s) * 1.0e-3 * sqrt(temperature_k) / pressure_drop_pa
+
+
+def _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    mass_kg: float,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float,
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+    heat_flow_w: float,
+    reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+) -> float:
+    reference_offset_flow_w = (
+        gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - gas.cv * temperature_k
+    ) * mass_derivative_kg_s
+    return (
+        enthalpy_flow_w + reference_offset_flow_w + heat_flow_w
+    ) / (mass_kg * gas.cv)
+
+
+def _series_finite_difference_at(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    time_s: float,
+) -> float:
+    if len(times) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("times and values must have equal length")
+    if len(times) < 2:
+        raise ValueError("at least two samples are required")
+    index = min(range(len(times)), key=lambda idx: abs(times[idx] - time_s))
+    if index == 0:
+        left = 0
+        right = 1
+    elif index == len(times) - 1:
+        left = len(times) - 2
+        right = len(times) - 1
+    else:
+        left = index - 1
+        right = index + 1
+    dt = times[right] - times[left]
+    if dt == 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("finite difference time interval must be non-zero")
+    return (values[right] - values[left]) / dt
+
+
+def _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    time_s: float,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    if len(times) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("times and values must have equal length")
+    if len(times) < 2:
+        raise ValueError("at least two samples are required")
+    index = min(range(len(times)), key=lambda idx: abs(times[idx] - time_s))
+    left = max(index - 1, 0)
+    right = min(index + 1, len(times) - 1)
+    backward_dt = times[index] - times[left]
+    forward_dt = times[right] - times[index]
+    if backward_dt == 0.0:
+        backward = (values[right] - values[index]) / forward_dt
+    else:
+        backward = (values[index] - values[left]) / backward_dt
+    if forward_dt == 0.0:
+        forward = (values[index] - values[left]) / backward_dt
+    else:
+        forward = (values[right] - values[index]) / forward_dt
+    return backward, forward
+
+
+def _series_sample_bracket(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    time_s: float,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    if not times:
+        raise ValueError("at least one sample time is required")
+    index = bisect_left(times, time_s)
+    tolerance = 1.0e-12 * max(1.0, abs(time_s))
+    for candidate_index in (index - 1, index):
+        if 0 <= candidate_index < len(times):
+            candidate_time = times[candidate_index]
+            if abs(candidate_time - time_s) <= tolerance:
+                return candidate_time, candidate_time
+    if index <= 0:
+        return times[0], times[0]
+    if index >= len(times):
+        return times[-1], times[-1]
+    return times[index - 1], times[index]
+
+
+def _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    reference_temperature_k: float,
+    flow_kg_s: float,
+    node_temperature_k: float,
+    connected_temperature_k: float,
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+) -> float:
+    stream_temperature_k = (
+        node_temperature_k if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_temperature_k
+    )
+    reference_h = gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        stream_temperature_k,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    return port_mass_flow_kg_s * reference_h
+
+
+def _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    reference_temperature_k: float,
+    flow_kg_s: float,
+    node_pressure_pa: float,
+    node_temperature_k: float,
+    connected_pressure_pa: float,
+    connected_temperature_k: float,
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+) -> float:
+    stream_pressure_pa = node_pressure_pa if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_pressure_pa
+    stream_temperature_k = (
+        node_temperature_k if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_temperature_k
+    )
+    reference_h = gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        stream_pressure_pa,
+        stream_temperature_k,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    return port_mass_flow_kg_s * reference_h
+
+
+def _pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    rhs_diagnostic: TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic,
+    line_alias: str,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    node_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_69" or chamber_alias != "pn_c1_8":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0001 energy diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+    if node_alias != "pnnode4_16":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0001 node diagnostic: {node_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    line_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    chamber_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value(f"dh1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dm1 = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_node_dh2 = amesim_value(f"dh2@{node_alias}")
+    amesim_node_dm2 = amesim_value(f"dm2@{node_alias}")
+    direct_port_1 = rhs_diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s * (
+        chamber_properties.h
+        if rhs_diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s > 0.0
+        else line_properties.h
+    )
+    direct_port_2 = rhs_diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s * line_properties.h
+    direct_energy_derivative = (
+        direct_port_1 + direct_port_2 + rhs_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w
+    )
+    p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s = (
+        snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    if abs(p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+        p4_node_port_2_connected_h = line_properties.h
+    else:
+        p4_node_port_2_connected_h = (
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+            / p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s
+        )
+    p4_node_port_2_inlet_h = (
+        p4_node_port_2_connected_h
+        if rhs_diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s > 0.0
+        else line_properties.h
+    )
+    p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_energy_derivative = (
+        rhs_diagnostic.port_1_energy_flow_w
+        + rhs_diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s * p4_node_port_2_inlet_h
+        + rhs_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w
+    )
+    p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp = (
+        p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_energy_derivative
+        - line_properties.u * rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s
+    ) / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def reference_h(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+        return line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+            temperature_k,
+            reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    amesim_stream_temperature = (
+        amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+        if amesim_dm1 >= 0.0
+        else amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    )
+    reference_enthalpy_estimate = (
+        amesim_dm1 * 1.0e-3 * reference_h(amesim_stream_temperature)
+    )
+    python_dm1_kg_s = -rhs_diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s
+    python_port_1_stream_temperature_k = (
+        line_properties.T if python_dm1_kg_s >= 0.0 else chamber_properties.T
+    )
+    python_reference_port_1 = python_dm1_kg_s * reference_h(
+        python_port_1_stream_temperature_k
+    )
+    python_reference_node_port_2 = sum(
+        (
+            _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                gas=line.gas,
+                reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_line.T,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                gas=line.gas,
+                reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.T,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+            ),
+            _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                gas=line.gas,
+                reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T,
+                connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    python_reference_sum = python_reference_port_1 + python_reference_node_port_2
+
+    amesim_mgas_kg = amesim_value(f"mgas@{line_alias}") * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_line_temperature = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_mass_derivative = (amesim_node_dm2 - amesim_dm1) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_heat_flow = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * (line.external_temperature - amesim_line_temperature)
+    )
+    current_line_dtemp = (
+        rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w
+        - line_properties.u * rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s
+    ) / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+    amesim_line_dtemp_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"t2@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s = -amesim_dm1
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i = -reference_enthalpy_estimate
+    candidate_storage_sdh = amesim_node_dh2 + candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mgas_kg,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_mass_derivative,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=candidate_storage_sdh,
+        heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+    )
+    amesim_node_plus_dh1_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mgas_kg,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_mass_derivative,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_node_dh2 + amesim_dh1,
+        heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+    )
+    amesim_node_minus_dh1_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mgas_kg,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_mass_derivative,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_node_dh2 - amesim_dh1,
+        heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+    )
+    python_reference_node_minus_dh1_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=line.state.m,
+        temperature_k=line_properties.T,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_node_port_2 - python_reference_port_1,
+        heat_flow_w=rhs_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w,
+    )
+    return TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        node_alias=node_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm1,
+        amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_node_dh2,
+        amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_node_dm2,
+        amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w=amesim_dh1 + amesim_node_dh2,
+        python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w=rhs_diagnostic.port_1_energy_flow_w,
+        python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w=rhs_diagnostic.port_2_energy_flow_w,
+        python_current_energy_derivative_w=rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+        python_direct_enthalpy_port_1_flow_w=direct_port_1,
+        python_direct_enthalpy_port_2_flow_w=direct_port_2,
+        python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w=direct_energy_derivative,
+        python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w=(
+            direct_energy_derivative - rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg=p4_node_port_2_connected_h,
+        python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k=(
+            p4_node_port_2_connected_h / line.gas.cp
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg=(
+            p4_node_port_2_connected_h - line_properties.h
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp
+        ),
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w=reference_enthalpy_estimate,
+        amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            reference_enthalpy_estimate - amesim_dh1
+        ),
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s=candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s,
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w=candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i,
+        amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=candidate_storage_sdh,
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s=candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp,
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s=(
+            candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp - amesim_line_dtemp_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_port_1,
+        python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_node_port_2,
+        python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w=python_reference_sum,
+        python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w=(
+            python_reference_port_1 - amesim_dh1
+        ),
+        python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w=(
+            python_reference_node_port_2 - amesim_node_dh2
+        ),
+        python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w=(
+            python_reference_sum - (amesim_dh1 + amesim_node_dh2)
+        ),
+        python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s=current_line_dtemp,
+        amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_line_dtemp_fd,
+        amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s=amesim_node_plus_dh1_dtemp,
+        amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s=amesim_node_minus_dh1_dtemp,
+        python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s=(
+            python_reference_node_minus_dh1_dtemp
+        ),
+    )
+
+def _p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    node_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic:
+    if node_alias != "pnnode4_16":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported P4 node enthalpy diagnostic: {node_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    balance = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy = amesim_value("dh1@pneumatic_83")
+    amesim_port_1_mass = amesim_value("dm1@pneumatic_83")
+    amesim_port_3_enthalpy = amesim_value("dh2@pneumatic_95")
+    amesim_port_3_mass = amesim_value("dm2@pneumatic_95")
+    amesim_port_4_enthalpy = amesim_value("dh2@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_port_4_mass = amesim_value("dm2@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy = amesim_value(f"dh2@{node_alias}")
+    amesim_port_2_mass = amesim_value(f"dm2@{node_alias}")
+
+    reference_port_1 = _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+    )
+    reference_port_3 = _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+    )
+    reference_port_4 = _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+    )
+    reference_port_2 = reference_port_1 + reference_port_3 + reference_port_4
+    real_gas_reference_port_1 = _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_line.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+    )
+    real_gas_reference_port_3 = _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+    )
+    real_gas_reference_port_4 = _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+    )
+    real_gas_reference_port_2 = (
+        real_gas_reference_port_1
+        + real_gas_reference_port_3
+        + real_gas_reference_port_4
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic(
+        node_alias=node_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_1_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_1_mass,
+        amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_3_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_3_mass,
+        amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_4_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_4_mass,
+        amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_2_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_2_mass,
+        python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_4_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_4_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_1,
+        python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_3,
+        python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_4,
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_2,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_1,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_3,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_4,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_2,
+        python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w - amesim_port_2_enthalpy
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            reference_port_2 - amesim_port_2_enthalpy
+        ),
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            real_gas_reference_port_2 - amesim_port_2_enthalpy
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    upstream_line_alias: str,
+    downstream_node_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic:
+    if orifice_alias != "pn_morifice_1":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO upstream diagnostic: {orifice_alias}")
+    if upstream_line_alias != "pneumatic_87":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO upstream line diagnostic: {upstream_line_alias}")
+    if downstream_node_alias != "pnnode4_16":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO downstream node diagnostic: {downstream_node_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line
+    flow_kg_s = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_orifice_dh2 = amesim_value(f"dh2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_orifice_dm2 = amesim_value(f"dm2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_line_t2 = amesim_value(f"t2@{upstream_line_alias}")
+    if amesim_orifice_dm2 >= 0.0:
+        amesim_stream_temperature = amesim_line_t2
+        amesim_stream_pressure = (
+            amesim_value(f"p2@{upstream_line_alias}")
+            + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        )
+    else:
+        amesim_stream_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp1@{downstream_node_alias}")
+        amesim_stream_pressure = (
+            amesim_value(f"press1@{downstream_node_alias}")
+            + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        )
+    amesim_dm2_kg_s = amesim_orifice_dm2 * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_reference_dh2 = amesim_dm2_kg_s * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        amesim_stream_temperature,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    amesim_real_gas_reference_dh2 = (
+        amesim_dm2_kg_s
+        * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+            amesim_stream_pressure,
+            amesim_stream_temperature,
+            reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+            reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+    )
+    if abs(amesim_orifice_dm2) <= 1.0e-12:
+        amesim_implied_temperature = amesim_stream_temperature
+    else:
+        amesim_implied_temperature = line.gas.reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(
+            amesim_orifice_dh2 / (amesim_orifice_dm2 * 1.0e-3),
+            reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    python_stream_properties = (
+        snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2
+        if flow_kg_s >= 0.0
+        else snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    )
+    python_current_dh2 = flow_kg_s * python_stream_properties.h
+    python_reference_dh2 = flow_kg_s * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        python_stream_properties.T,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_real_gas_reference_dh2 = flow_kg_s * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        python_stream_properties.p,
+        python_stream_properties.T,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        upstream_line_alias=upstream_line_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_orifice_dh2,
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_orifice_dm2,
+        amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_value(
+            f"dh3@{orifice_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_value(
+            f"dm3@{orifice_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_value(
+            f"dhctr@{upstream_line_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_value(
+            f"dmctr@{upstream_line_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k=amesim_line_t2,
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa=amesim_stream_pressure,
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k=(
+            amesim_implied_temperature
+        ),
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k=(
+            amesim_implied_temperature - amesim_line_t2
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_reference_dh2,
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            amesim_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+            amesim_real_gas_reference_dh2
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            amesim_real_gas_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s=flow_kg_s,
+        python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k=(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T
+        ),
+        python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa=python_stream_properties.p,
+        python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_current_dh2,
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_dh2,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+            python_real_gas_reference_dh2
+        ),
+        python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_current_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_real_gas_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    mass_kg: float,
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float,
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+    heat_flow_w: float,
+    reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+) -> float:
+    reference_offset_flow_w = (
+        gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - gas.cv * temperature_k
+    ) * mass_derivative_kg_s
+    return (enthalpy_flow_w + reference_offset_flow_w + heat_flow_w) / (
+        mass_kg * gas.cv
+    )
+
+
+def _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    port_m_flow: float,
+    connected_pressure_pa: float,
+    connected_temperature_k: float,
+    internal_pressure_pa: float,
+    internal_temperature_k: float,
+    reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+) -> float:
+    if port_m_flow > 0.0:
+        pressure = connected_pressure_pa
+        temperature = connected_temperature_k
+    else:
+        pressure = internal_pressure_pa
+        temperature = internal_temperature_k
+    return port_m_flow * gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        pressure,
+        temperature,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+
+def _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    density_kg_m3: float,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    density_derivative_kg_m3_s: float,
+    temperature_derivative_k_s: float,
+) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
+    density_step = max(abs(density_kg_m3) * 1.0e-6, 1.0e-9)
+    if density_kg_m3 <= density_step:
+        density_step = density_kg_m3 * 0.5
+    temperature_step = max(abs(temperature_k) * 1.0e-6, 1.0e-4)
+    dp_drho = (
+        gas.pressure(density_kg_m3 + density_step, temperature_k)
+        - gas.pressure(density_kg_m3 - density_step, temperature_k)
+    ) / (2.0 * density_step)
+    dp_dtemp = (
+        gas.pressure(density_kg_m3, temperature_k + temperature_step)
+        - gas.pressure(density_kg_m3, temperature_k - temperature_step)
+    ) / (2.0 * temperature_step)
+    mass_component = dp_drho * density_derivative_kg_m3_s
+    temperature_component = dp_dtemp * temperature_derivative_k_s
+    return mass_component, temperature_component, mass_component + temperature_component
+
+
+def _pnl0003_energy_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    line_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_87":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0003 energy diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line
+    port_1 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1
+    port_2 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2
+    connected_port_2 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    center_flow = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow
+    port_1_flow = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+    port_2_flow = -snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+    pn3_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s = (
+        snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    if abs(pn3_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+        port_1_connected_h = port_1.h
+    else:
+        port_1_connected_h = (
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+            / pn3_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s
+        )
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_t1 = amesim_value(f"t1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_t2 = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_p1 = amesim_value(f"p1@{line_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    amesim_p2 = amesim_value(f"p2@{line_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    amesim_dm1 = amesim_value("dm2@pn_node3_8")
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value("dh2@pn_node3_8")
+    python_node_dm1 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_1_mass_flow_g_s
+    python_node_dm3 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_3_mass_flow_g_s
+    python_node_dm2_sum = python_node_dm1 + python_node_dm3
+    python_node_to_line_dm = -python_node_dm2_sum
+    amesim_dm2 = amesim_value("dm3@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_dh2 = amesim_value("dh3@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_dmctr = amesim_value(f"dmctr@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dhctr = amesim_value(f"dhctr@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_sdm1_kg_s = (amesim_dm1 + amesim_dmctr) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_sdm2_kg_s = (amesim_dm2 - amesim_dmctr) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_sdh1 = amesim_dh1 + amesim_dhctr
+    amesim_sdh2 = amesim_dh2 - amesim_dhctr
+    amesim_mgas_series = amesim_results.series(f"mgas@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_mgas_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward,
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward,
+    ) = _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_mgas_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative = (
+        amesim_sdm1_kg_s + amesim_sdm2_kg_s
+    ) * 1.0e3
+    python_center_mass_flow_g_s = center_flow * 1.0e3
+    amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s = -amesim_dmctr
+    amesim_center_mass_flow_python_sign_kg_s = (
+        amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s = amesim_dmctr
+    amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s = -amesim_dmctr
+    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s = port_1_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s = -center_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s = (
+        python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s
+        + python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+    )
+    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s = port_2_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s = center_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s = (
+        python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s
+        + python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+    )
+
+    def current_darcy_center_flow_for_state(
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = (
+            port_1_pressure_pa if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2_pressure_pa
+        )
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        upstream_density = line.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = line._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=upstream_density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    amesim_state_darcy_center_flow = current_darcy_center_flow_for_state(
+        amesim_p1,
+        amesim_t1,
+        amesim_p2,
+        amesim_t2,
+    )
+    amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_flow = line.pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        port_1_pressure_pa=amesim_p1,
+        port_1_temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        port_2_pressure_pa=amesim_p2,
+        port_2_temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+    )
+    amesim_center_real_port_1 = (
+        -amesim_center_mass_flow_python_sign_kg_s
+        * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+            amesim_p1,
+            amesim_t1,
+            reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+            reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+    )
+    amesim_mass_1 = line.gas.density(amesim_p1, amesim_t1) * line.compliance_volume
+    amesim_mass_2 = line.gas.density(amesim_p2, amesim_t2) * line.compliance_volume
+    heat_flow_1 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - amesim_t1)
+    )
+    heat_flow_2 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - amesim_t2)
+    )
+    amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_1 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mass_1,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_sdm1_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_sdh1,
+        heat_flow_w=heat_flow_1,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_2 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mass_2,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_sdm2_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_sdh2,
+        heat_flow_w=heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    amesim_t1_series = amesim_results.series(f"t1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_t2_series = amesim_results.series(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_fd_dtemp_1 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_t1_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_fd_dtemp_2 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_t2_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_backward_dtemp_1, amesim_forward_dtemp_1 = (
+        _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+            times=amesim_results.times,
+            values=amesim_t1_series,
+            time_s=time_s,
+        )
+    )
+    amesim_backward_dtemp_2, amesim_forward_dtemp_2 = (
+        _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+            times=amesim_results.times,
+            values=amesim_t2_series,
+            time_s=time_s,
+        )
+    )
+    amesim_p1_series = amesim_results.series(f"p1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_p2_series = amesim_results.series(f"p2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_fd_dpressure_1 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_p1_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_fd_dpressure_2 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_p2_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_dpressure_1_mass,
+        amesim_dpressure_1_temperature,
+        amesim_dpressure_1_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=amesim_mass_1 / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_sdm1_kg_s / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_1,
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_dpressure_2_mass,
+        amesim_dpressure_2_temperature,
+        amesim_dpressure_2_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=amesim_mass_2 / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_sdm2_kg_s / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_2,
+    )
+
+    current_derivative_1, current_derivative_2 = line.derivatives_from_connections(
+        port_1_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+        connected_h_1=port_1_connected_h,
+        port_2_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+        connected_h_2=connected_port_2.h,
+    )
+    python_current_dtemp_1 = (
+        current_derivative_1.U - port_1.u * current_derivative_1.m
+    ) / (line.state_1.m * line.gas.cv)
+    python_current_dtemp_2 = (
+        current_derivative_2.U - port_2.u * current_derivative_2.m
+    ) / (line.state_2.m * line.gas.cv)
+    (
+        python_dpressure_1_mass,
+        python_dpressure_1_temperature,
+        python_dpressure_1_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state_1.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=current_derivative_1.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp_1,
+    )
+    (
+        python_dpressure_2_mass,
+        python_dpressure_2_temperature,
+        python_dpressure_2_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state_2.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=current_derivative_2.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp_2,
+    )
+
+    python_center_dh_1 = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=-center_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_dh_2 = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=center_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    if port_1_flow > 0.0:
+        python_port_1_dh = port_1_flow * (
+            port_1_connected_h - line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k
+        )
+    else:
+        python_port_1_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            gas=line.gas,
+            port_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+            connected_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+            internal_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+            internal_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+            reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+    python_port_2_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=connected_port_2.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=connected_port_2.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_ideal_port_1 = -center_flow * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_1.T,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_ideal_port_2 = -center_flow * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_2.T,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_real_port_1 = -center_flow * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_1.p,
+        port_1.T,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_real_port_2 = -center_flow * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_2.p,
+        port_2.T,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    python_heat_flow_1 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - port_1.T)
+    )
+    python_heat_flow_2 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - port_2.T)
+    )
+    python_ref_dtemp_1 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_1.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=port_1_flow - center_flow,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_1_dh + python_center_dh_1,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_1,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_ref_dtemp_2 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=port_2_flow + center_flow,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_2_dh + python_center_dh_2,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    def dtemp_component(flow_w: float, mass_kg: float) -> float:
+        return flow_w / (mass_kg * line.gas.cv)
+
+    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * amesim_t1
+    ) * amesim_sdm1_kg_s
+    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * amesim_t2
+    ) * amesim_sdm2_kg_s
+    python_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * port_1.T
+    ) * (port_1_flow - center_flow)
+    python_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * port_2.T
+    ) * (port_2_flow + center_flow)
+    amesim_port_1_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_dhctr,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        heat_flow_1,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_dh2,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        -amesim_dhctr,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        heat_flow_2,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    python_port_1_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_1_dh,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_1_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_center_dh_1,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_heat_flow_1,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_2_dh,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_center_dh_2,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_heat_flow_2,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+
+    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_kg_s = (
+        amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    amesim_external_flow_kg_s = amesim_dm2 * 1.0e-3
+    python_dtemp_2_amesim_center = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=port_2_flow + amesim_center_flow_python_sign_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_2_dh - amesim_dhctr,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_dtemp_2_amesim_external = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_external_flow_kg_s + center_flow,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh2 + python_center_dh_2,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_dtemp_2_amesim_external_center = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=(
+            amesim_external_flow_kg_s + amesim_center_flow_python_sign_kg_s
+        ),
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh2 - amesim_dhctr,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_pa=amesim_p1,
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_pa=amesim_p2,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm1,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dmctr,
+        amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dhctr,
+        amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm2,
+        amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh2,
+        amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=amesim_sdm1_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=amesim_sdh1,
+        amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=amesim_sdm2_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=amesim_sdh2,
+        python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=python_node_dm1,
+        python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=python_node_dm3,
+        python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=python_node_to_line_dm,
+        python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_node_to_line_dm - amesim_dm1
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g=amesim_mass_1 * 1.0e3,
+        amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g=amesim_mass_2 * 1.0e3,
+        python_port_1_mass_g=line.state_1.m * 1.0e3,
+        python_port_2_mass_g=line.state_2.m * 1.0e3,
+        python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g=(
+            line.state_1.m * 1.0e3 - amesim_mass_1 * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g=(
+            line.state_2.m * 1.0e3 - amesim_mass_2 * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd,
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward
+        ),
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward
+        ),
+        amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative
+        ),
+        amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative - amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s=(
+            amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s=(
+            python_center_mass_flow_g_s - amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        python_center_mass_flow_g_s=python_center_mass_flow_g_s,
+        amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s=python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s - amesim_dm1
+        ),
+        python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+            - amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s - amesim_sdm1_kg_s * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s=python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s - amesim_dm2
+        ),
+        python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+            - amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s - amesim_sdm2_kg_s * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_darcy_center_flow * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_darcy_center_flow * 1.0e3
+            - amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_flow * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_flow * 1.0e3
+            - amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w=amesim_center_real_port_1,
+        amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w=(
+            amesim_center_real_port_1 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w=python_center_ideal_port_1,
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w=(
+            python_center_ideal_port_1 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w=python_center_ideal_port_2,
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w=(
+            python_center_ideal_port_2 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w=python_center_real_port_1,
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w=(
+            python_center_real_port_1 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w=python_center_real_port_2,
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w=(
+            python_center_real_port_2 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s=(
+            current_derivative_1.m + current_derivative_2.m
+        ),
+        python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_1_dh,
+        python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w=python_center_dh_1,
+        python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=(
+            python_port_1_dh + python_center_dh_1
+        ),
+        python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_port_1_dh + python_center_dh_1 - amesim_sdh1
+        ),
+        python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_2_dh,
+        python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w=python_center_dh_2,
+        python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=(
+            python_port_2_dh + python_center_dh_2
+        ),
+        python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_port_2_dh + python_center_dh_2 - amesim_sdh2
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component,
+        python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_1_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_1_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component,
+        amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component,
+        python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_2_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_2_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s=amesim_backward_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s=amesim_forward_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s=amesim_backward_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s=amesim_forward_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s=amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s=amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s=(
+            amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_1 - amesim_fd_dtemp_1
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s=(
+            amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_2 - amesim_fd_dtemp_2
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=amesim_fd_dpressure_1,
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=amesim_fd_dpressure_2,
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_1_mass
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_1_temperature
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=amesim_dpressure_1_sum,
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_1_sum - amesim_fd_dpressure_1
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_2_mass
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_2_temperature
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=amesim_dpressure_2_sum,
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_2_sum - amesim_fd_dpressure_2
+        ),
+        python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_1_mass
+        ),
+        python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_1_temperature
+        ),
+        python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=python_dpressure_1_sum,
+        python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_2_mass
+        ),
+        python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_2_temperature
+        ),
+        python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=python_dpressure_2_sum,
+        python_port_1_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        python_port_2_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        python_port_1_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+        python_port_2_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s=current_derivative_1.m,
+        python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s=current_derivative_2.m,
+        python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s=python_current_dtemp_1,
+        python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s=python_current_dtemp_2,
+        python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s=python_ref_dtemp_1,
+        python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s=python_ref_dtemp_2,
+        python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            python_dtemp_2_amesim_center
+        ),
+        python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            python_dtemp_2_amesim_external
+        ),
+        python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            python_dtemp_2_amesim_external_center
+        ),
+        python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k=port_2.T - amesim_t2,
+    )
+
+
+def _pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    line_alias: str,
+    node_alias: str,
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_96":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported inlet line diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+    if node_alias != "pn_node3_8" or orifice_alias != "pn_orifice_18":
+        raise KeyError(
+            f"Unsupported inlet path diagnostic: {node_alias}/{orifice_alias}"
+        )
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.inlet_line
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_line_pressure = (
+        amesim_value(f"p2@{line_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_line_temperature = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_line_mass = amesim_value(f"mgas@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_line_mass_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"mgas@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_line_to_node_flow = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_orifice_to_line_flow = amesim_value(f"dm2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_storage_from_ports = (
+        amesim_orifice_to_line_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+    )
+    amesim_chamber_pressure = (
+        amesim_value(f"press@{chamber_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_chamber_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    amesim_node_pressure = (
+        amesim_value(f"press1@{node_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_node_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp1@{node_alias}")
+
+    python_line_to_node_flow = -snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_orifice_to_line_flow = -snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_storage_derivative = (
+        snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow - snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+    ) * 1.0e3
+
+    orifice = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.inlet_orifice
+
+    def node_to_line_flow_from_states(
+        *,
+        node_pressure_pa: float,
+        node_temperature_k: float,
+        line_pressure_pa: float,
+        line_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = node_pressure_pa - line_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if line.calibrated_linear_conductance is not None:
+            return (
+                line.calibrated_linear_conductance
+                * pressure_difference
+                / sqrt(line_temperature_k)
+            )
+        upstream_pressure = max(node_pressure_pa, line_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            node_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else line_temperature_k
+        )
+        density = line.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = line._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        *,
+        node_pressure_pa: float,
+        node_temperature_k: float,
+        line_pressure_pa: float,
+        line_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return -1.0e3 * node_to_line_flow_from_states(
+            node_pressure_pa=node_pressure_pa,
+            node_temperature_k=node_temperature_k,
+            line_pressure_pa=line_pressure_pa,
+            line_temperature_k=line_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        *,
+        line_pressure_pa: float,
+        line_temperature_k: float,
+        chamber_pressure_pa: float,
+        chamber_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            line_temperature_k
+            if line_pressure_pa >= chamber_pressure_pa
+            else chamber_temperature_k
+        )
+        line_to_chamber = orifice.mass_flow(
+            line_pressure_pa,
+            chamber_pressure_pa,
+            upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return -1.0e3 * line_to_chamber
+
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_flow = line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        node_pressure_pa=amesim_node_pressure,
+        node_temperature_k=amesim_node_temperature,
+        line_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        line_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+    )
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_flow = line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_node.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_node.T,
+        line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+    )
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow = line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        node_pressure_pa=amesim_node_pressure,
+        node_temperature_k=amesim_node_temperature,
+        line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+    )
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_flow = orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        chamber_pressure_pa=snapshot.chamber.p,
+        chamber_temperature_k=snapshot.chamber.T,
+    )
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_flow = orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        line_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        line_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        chamber_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_pressure,
+        chamber_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature,
+    )
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow = (
+        orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+            line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+            line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+            chamber_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_pressure,
+            chamber_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature,
+        )
+    )
+    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states = (
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow
+        - python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow
+    )
+
+    amesim_line_temperature_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"t2@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_line_pressure_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"p2@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value(f"dh1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dh2 = amesim_value(f"dh2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_line_mass_kg = amesim_line_mass * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_storage_kg_s = amesim_storage_from_ports * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+    amesim_mass_offset_flow = (
+        line.gas.cp * amesim_reference_temperature_k
+        - line.gas.cv * amesim_line_temperature
+    ) * amesim_storage_kg_s
+
+    def amesim_dtemp_component(flow_w: float) -> float:
+        return flow_w / (amesim_line_mass_kg * line.gas.cv)
+
+    amesim_port_1_dtemp = amesim_dtemp_component(-amesim_dh1)
+    amesim_port_2_dtemp = amesim_dtemp_component(amesim_dh2)
+    amesim_mass_offset_dtemp = amesim_dtemp_component(amesim_mass_offset_flow)
+    amesim_reference_dtemp_sum = (
+        amesim_port_1_dtemp + amesim_port_2_dtemp + amesim_mass_offset_dtemp
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_pressure_mass_component,
+        amesim_pressure_temperature_component,
+        amesim_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=amesim_line_mass_kg / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_storage_kg_s / line.volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=amesim_line_temperature_fd,
+    )
+
+    python_port_1_flow = snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+    python_port_2_flow = -snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+    python_heat_flow = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * (line.external_temperature - snapshot.inlet_line.T)
+    )
+    python_port_1_u = (
+        snapshot.inlet_node.h / line.gas.gamma
+        if python_port_1_flow > 0.0
+        else snapshot.inlet_line.u
+    )
+    python_port_2_u = (
+        snapshot.chamber.h / line.gas.gamma
+        if python_port_2_flow > 0.0
+        else snapshot.inlet_line.u
+    )
+
+    def python_current_dtemp_component(
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        inlet_u_j_kg: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return (
+            mass_flow_kg_s
+            * (inlet_u_j_kg - snapshot.inlet_line.u)
+            / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+        )
+
+    python_port_1_dtemp = python_current_dtemp_component(
+        mass_flow_kg_s=python_port_1_flow,
+        inlet_u_j_kg=python_port_1_u,
+    )
+    python_port_2_dtemp = python_current_dtemp_component(
+        mass_flow_kg_s=python_port_2_flow,
+        inlet_u_j_kg=python_port_2_u,
+    )
+    python_heat_dtemp = python_heat_flow / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+    python_current_dtemp = (
+        python_port_1_dtemp + python_port_2_dtemp + python_heat_dtemp
+    )
+    python_density_derivative = (
+        (snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow - snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow)
+        / line.volume
+    )
+    (
+        python_pressure_mass_component,
+        python_pressure_temperature_component,
+        python_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state.m / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=python_density_derivative,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp,
+    )
+
+    python_reference_port_1_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=python_port_1_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_node.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_node.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=amesim_reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_reference_port_2_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=python_port_2_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.chamber.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.chamber.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=amesim_reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_reference_mass_offset_flow = (
+        line.gas.cp * amesim_reference_temperature_k
+        - line.gas.cv * snapshot.inlet_line.T
+    ) * (python_port_1_flow + python_port_2_flow)
+
+    def python_reference_dtemp_component(flow_w: float) -> float:
+        return flow_w / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+
+    python_reference_port_1_dtemp = python_reference_dtemp_component(
+        python_reference_port_1_dh
+    )
+    python_reference_port_2_dtemp = python_reference_dtemp_component(
+        python_reference_port_2_dh
+    )
+    python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp = python_reference_dtemp_component(
+        python_reference_mass_offset_flow
+    )
+    python_reference_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_port_1_dtemp
+        + python_reference_port_2_dtemp
+        + python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp
+        + python_heat_dtemp
+    )
+    (
+        python_reference_pressure_mass_component,
+        python_reference_pressure_temperature_component,
+        python_reference_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state.m / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=python_density_derivative,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_reference_dtemp,
+    )
+
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_flow = (
+        line.gas.cp * amesim_reference_temperature_k
+        - line.gas.cv * snapshot.inlet_line.T
+    ) * amesim_storage_kg_s
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_dtemp_component(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_flow
+        )
+    )
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_port_1_dtemp
+        + python_reference_port_2_dtemp
+        + python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp
+        + python_heat_dtemp
+    )
+    use_reference_rhs = bool(
+        getattr(closure.pneumatic_closure, "use_inlet_line_reference_rhs", False)
+    )
+    python_active_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_dtemp if use_reference_rhs else python_current_dtemp
+    )
+    (
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_mass_component,
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_temperature_component,
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state.m / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_storage_kg_s / line.volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp,
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        node_alias=node_alias,
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        amesim_line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        amesim_line_mass_g=amesim_line_mass,
+        amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=amesim_line_mass_fd,
+        amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_line_to_node_flow,
+        amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_orifice_to_line_flow,
+        amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s=amesim_storage_from_ports,
+        amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=(
+            amesim_storage_from_ports - amesim_line_mass_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_chamber_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_pressure,
+        amesim_chamber_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature,
+        amesim_node_pressure_pa=amesim_node_pressure,
+        amesim_node_temperature_k=amesim_node_temperature,
+        amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_line_temperature_fd,
+        amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=amesim_line_pressure_fd,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_1_dtemp,
+        amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_2_dtemp,
+        amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_mass_offset_dtemp,
+        amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s=(
+            amesim_reference_dtemp_sum
+        ),
+        amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s=(
+            amesim_reference_dtemp_sum - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=amesim_pressure_eos_sum,
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=(
+            amesim_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_line_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        python_line_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        python_line_mass_g=line.state.m * 1.0e3,
+        python_line_pressure_error_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p - amesim_line_pressure,
+        python_line_temperature_error_k=(
+            snapshot.inlet_line.T - amesim_line_temperature
+        ),
+        python_line_mass_error_g=line.state.m * 1.0e3 - amesim_line_mass,
+        python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s=python_line_to_node_flow,
+        python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=python_orifice_to_line_flow,
+        python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_flow - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=python_storage_derivative,
+        python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_storage_derivative - amesim_storage_from_ports
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_line_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_flow - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_flow - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow
+            - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_storage_amesim_boundary_states
+        ),
+        python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_storage_amesim_boundary_states - amesim_storage_from_ports
+        ),
+        python_chamber_pressure_pa=snapshot.chamber.p,
+        python_chamber_temperature_k=snapshot.chamber.T,
+        python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp,
+        python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_1_dtemp,
+        python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_2_dtemp,
+        python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=python_heat_dtemp,
+        python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_current_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=python_pressure_eos_sum,
+        python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            python_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_port_1_dh,
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_port_2_dh,
+        python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_port_1_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_port_2_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_reference_dtemp,
+        python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_reference_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_eos_sum
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_eos_sum
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_active_dtemp,
+        python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_active_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_eos_sum
+            if use_reference_rhs
+            else python_pressure_eos_sum
+        ),
+        python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            (python_reference_pressure_eos_sum if use_reference_rhs else python_pressure_eos_sum)
+            - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_chamber_pressure_error_pa=(
+            snapshot.chamber.p - amesim_chamber_pressure
+        ),
+        python_chamber_temperature_error_k=(
+            snapshot.chamber.T - amesim_chamber_temperature
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    rhs_diagnostic: TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    piston_alias: str,
+    line_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic:
+    if chamber_alias != "pn_c1_8" or piston_alias != "pn_brp2_8":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNCH012 energy diagnostic: {chamber_alias}")
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_69":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNCH012 line diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    chamber = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+    chamber_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value(f"dh1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dm1_g_s = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_pressure_abs = (
+        amesim_value(f"press@{chamber_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_mgas_kg = amesim_value(f"mgas1@{chamber_alias}") * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_mass_derivative_fd_g_s = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"mgas1@{chamber_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_temperature_derivative_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"temp@{chamber_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_volume_rate_fd = (
+        _series_finite_difference_at(
+            times=amesim_results.times,
+            values=amesim_results.series(f"vol@{chamber_alias}"),
+            time_s=time_s,
+        )
+        * 1.0e-6
+    )
+    amesim_piston_volume_rate = amesim_value(f"vvol1@{piston_alias}") * (1.0 / 60000.0)
+    amesim_heat_flow = (
+        chamber.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * chamber.heat_transfer_area
+        * (chamber.external_temperature - amesim_chamber_temperature)
+    )
+
+    def reference_pn2vol_dtemp(volume_rate_m3_s: float) -> float:
+        mass_flow_kg_s = amesim_dm1_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        reference_offset_flow_w = (
+            chamber.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k
+            - chamber.gas.cv * amesim_chamber_temperature
+        ) * mass_flow_kg_s
+        return (
+            amesim_dh1
+            + reference_offset_flow_w
+            + amesim_heat_flow
+            - amesim_chamber_pressure_abs * volume_rate_m3_s
+        ) / (amesim_mgas_kg * chamber.gas.cv)
+
+    dtemp_from_fd_volume = reference_pn2vol_dtemp(amesim_volume_rate_fd)
+    dtemp_from_piston_volume = reference_pn2vol_dtemp(amesim_piston_volume_rate)
+    python_current_dtemp = (
+        rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w
+        - chamber_properties.u * rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s
+    ) / (chamber.state.m * chamber.gas.cv)
+
+    return TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic(
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        piston_alias=piston_alias,
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm1_g_s,
+        amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=amesim_mass_derivative_fd_g_s,
+        amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=(
+            amesim_dm1_g_s - amesim_mass_derivative_fd_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_temperature_derivative_fd,
+        amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s=amesim_volume_rate_fd,
+        amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s=amesim_piston_volume_rate,
+        amesim_heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+        amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w=(
+            -amesim_chamber_pressure_abs * amesim_volume_rate_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s=dtemp_from_fd_volume,
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s=(
+            dtemp_from_fd_volume - amesim_temperature_derivative_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s=dtemp_from_piston_volume,
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s=(
+            dtemp_from_piston_volume - amesim_temperature_derivative_fd
+        ),
+        python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s=rhs_diagnostic.port_a_mass_flow_kg_s,
+        python_current_energy_derivative_w=rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+        python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+def _pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic:
+    if orifice_alias != "pn_morifice_1":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO flow parameter diagnostic: {orifice_alias}")
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    orifice = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice
+    if orifice.name != orifice_alias:
+        raise KeyError(f"Unexpected PNVO diagnostic orifice: {orifice.name}")
+    line_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2
+    boundary_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    upstream_properties = (
+        line_properties if line_properties.p >= boundary_properties.p else boundary_properties
+    )
+    python_mass_flow_kg_s = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow
+    denominator = (
+        orifice.flow_coefficient * orifice.effective_area * upstream_properties.p
+    )
+    python_cm = (
+        abs(python_mass_flow_kg_s) * sqrt(upstream_properties.T) / denominator
+        if denominator > 0.0 and upstream_properties.T > 0.0
+        else 0.0
+    )
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_cm = amesim_value(f"cm@{orifice_alias}")
+    cm_ratio = python_cm / amesim_cm if amesim_cm != 0.0 else 0.0
+    return TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_cm=amesim_cm,
+        amesim_dm2_g_s=amesim_value(f"dm2@{orifice_alias}"),
+        amesim_opening=amesim_value(f"xv@{orifice_alias}"),
+        amesim_gas_velocity_m_s=amesim_value(f"gasvel@{orifice_alias}"),
+        python_opening=orifice.opening,
+        python_flow_coefficient=orifice.flow_coefficient,
+        python_effective_area_m2=orifice.effective_area,
+        python_line_pressure_pa=line_properties.p,
+        python_boundary_pressure_pa=boundary_properties.p,
+        python_upstream_pressure_pa=upstream_properties.p,
+        python_upstream_temperature_k=upstream_properties.T,
+        python_mass_flow_kg_s=python_mass_flow_kg_s,
+        python_cm=python_cm,
+        python_to_amesim_cm_ratio=cm_ratio,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+    final_time_s: float = 0.05,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic:
+    config = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem(archive_path=config.paths.archive_path)
+    control = system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifice_controls[orifice_alias]
+    event_time_s = control.step.step_time_s
+    if final_time_s <= event_time_s:
+        raise ValueError("final_time_s must be greater than the PNVO event time")
+    spec = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+    closure_kwargs = {
+        "inlet_node_pressure_pa": config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        "resistance_boundary_pressure_pa": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        "inlet_node_temperature_k": config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        "resistance_boundary_temperature_k": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+    }
+    closure = system.full_state_closure_from_spec(spec, **closure_kwargs)
+    state_vector = closure.initial_state_vector()
+    solver_template = config.execution.solver
+    segment_templates = (
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=solver_template.t_start,
+            t_stop=nextafter(event_time_s, 0.0),
+            method=solver_template.method,
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=solver_template.max_step,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=event_time_s,
+            t_stop=0.040001,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-7,
+            first_step=1.0e-10,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.040001,
+            t_stop=0.04001,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-6,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.04001,
+            t_stop=0.0401,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.0401,
+            t_stop=0.041,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.041,
+            t_stop=0.048,
+            method="BDF",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.048,
+            t_stop=0.05,
+            method="BDF",
+            rtol=1.0e-5,
+            atol=1.0e-8,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+    )
+    segments = tuple(
+        replace(segment, t_stop=min(segment.t_stop, final_time_s))
+        for segment in segment_templates
+        if segment.t_start < final_time_s
+    )
+    data_paths = (
+        "press@pn_c1_8",
+        "temp@pn_c1_8",
+        "vol@pn_c1_8",
+        "mgas1@pn_c1_8",
+        "p2@pneumatic_69",
+        "t2@pneumatic_69",
+        "mgas@pneumatic_69",
+        "re@pneumatic_69",
+        "v@pneumatic_69",
+        "ff@pneumatic_69",
+        "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+        f"xv@{orifice_alias}",
+        f"dm2@{orifice_alias}",
+    )
+    sample_times = tuple(
+        sorted(
+            {
+                sample_time
+                for sample_time in (
+                    nextafter(event_time_s, 0.0),
+                    0.0401,
+                    0.0402,
+                    0.041,
+                    0.042,
+                    0.045,
+                    0.048,
+                    final_time_s,
+                )
+                if sample_time <= final_time_s
+            }
+        )
+    )
+    state_vector_by_sample_time: dict[float, list[float]] = {}
+    segment_diagnostics: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic] = []
+    for segment in segments:
+        rhs_evaluations = 0
+        segment_sample_times = tuple(
+            sample_time
+            for sample_time in sample_times
+            if segment.t_start <= sample_time <= segment.t_stop
+        )
+        t_eval = tuple(
+            sorted({segment.t_start, segment.t_stop, *segment_sample_times})
+        )
+
+        def rhs(time_s, values):
+            nonlocal rhs_evaluations
+            rhs_evaluations += 1
+            return closure.rhs_at(time_s, values)
+
+        solution = integrate_ode(
+            rhs=rhs,
+            initial_state=state_vector,
+            config=segment,
+            t_eval=list(t_eval),
+        )
+        segment_diagnostics.append(
+            TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic(
+                t_start=segment.t_start,
+                t_stop=segment.t_stop,
+                method=segment.method,
+                rtol=segment.rtol,
+                atol=segment.atol,
+                max_step=segment.max_step,
+                rhs_evaluations=rhs_evaluations,
+                success=bool(solution.success),
+                message=str(solution.message),
+            )
+        )
+        for sample_time in segment_sample_times:
+            if sample_time in solution.t:
+                sample_index = list(solution.t).index(sample_time)
+                state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time] = [
+                    row[sample_index] for row in solution.y
+                ]
+        state_vector = [row[-1] for row in solution.y]
+        if not solution.success:
+            break
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+        config.paths.resolved_amesim_results_archive_path,
+        time_stop_s=final_time_s,
+    )
+    sample_diagnostics = []
+    for sample_time in sample_times:
+        if sample_time not in state_vector_by_sample_time:
+            continue
+        python_sample_values = closure.data_path_values(
+            time_s=sample_time,
+            state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+        )
+        amesim_sample_values = {
+            data_path: interpolate_series_value(
+                amesim_results.times,
+                amesim_results.series(data_path),
+                sample_time,
+            )
+            for data_path in data_paths
+        }
+        pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics = (
+            closure.pnl0001_line_rhs_diagnostic(
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics = (
+            _pnl0001_pressure_loss_calibration_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                python_values_by_data_path=python_sample_values,
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics = (
+            _pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics = (
+            _pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                rhs_diagnostic=pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics[0],
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics = (
+            _p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics = (
+            _pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                upstream_line_alias="pneumatic_87",
+                downstream_node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnl0003_energy_diagnostics = (
+            _pnl0003_energy_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                line_alias="pneumatic_87",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics = (
+            _pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                line_alias="pneumatic_96",
+                node_alias="pn_node3_8",
+                orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+                chamber_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnch012_rhs_diagnostics = (
+            closure.variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics = (
+            _pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                rhs_diagnostic=pnch012_rhs_diagnostics[0],
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                piston_alias="pn_brp2_8",
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            amesim_sample_left_time_s,
+            amesim_sample_right_time_s,
+        ) = _series_sample_bracket(times=amesim_results.times, time_s=sample_time)
+        sample_diagnostics.append(
+            TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic(
+                time_s=sample_time,
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+                python_values_by_data_path=python_sample_values,
+                amesim_values_by_data_path=amesim_sample_values,
+                amesim_sample_left_time_s=amesim_sample_left_time_s,
+                amesim_sample_right_time_s=amesim_sample_right_time_s,
+                pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics=pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics,
+                pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics=pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics,
+                pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics=pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics,
+                pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics=pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics,
+                p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics=(
+                    p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics
+                ),
+                pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics=(
+                    pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics
+                ),
+                pnl0003_energy_diagnostics=pnl0003_energy_diagnostics,
+                pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics=(
+                    pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics
+                ),
+                pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics=(
+                    pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    python_values = closure.data_path_values(
+        time_s=final_time_s,
+        state_vector=state_vector,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+    )
+    amesim_values = {
+        data_path: interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            final_time_s,
+        )
+        for data_path in data_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        event_time_s=event_time_s,
+        final_time_s=final_time_s,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        segment_diagnostics=tuple(segment_diagnostics),
+        sample_diagnostics=tuple(sample_diagnostics),
+        python_values_by_data_path=python_values,
+        amesim_values_by_data_path=amesim_values,
+    )
+
+
+
+def _event_window_config_with_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None,
+    *,
+    enabled: bool,
+) -> TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig:
+    base = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    return replace(
+        base,
+        execution=replace(
+            base.execution,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=enabled,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pnvo_event_window_sample_by_time(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+) -> dict[float, TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic]:
+    return {sample.time_s: sample for sample in diagnostic.sample_diagnostics}
+
+
+def _append_metric_comparison(
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison],
+    *,
+    time_s: float,
+    metric_name: str,
+    default_abs_error: float,
+    candidate_abs_error: float,
+) -> None:
+    comparisons.append(
+        TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison(
+            time_s=time_s,
+            metric_name=metric_name,
+            default_abs_error=default_abs_error,
+            candidate_abs_error=candidate_abs_error,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _append_pneumatic_96_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison],
+    *,
+    time_s: float,
+    default_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+    candidate_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+) -> None:
+    if (
+        not default_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics
+        or not candidate_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics
+    ):
+        return
+    default_line = default_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics[0]
+    candidate_line = candidate_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics[0]
+    for metric_name, default_value, candidate_value in (
+        (
+            "p96:p2_abs_error_pa",
+            default_line.python_line_pressure_error_pa,
+            candidate_line.python_line_pressure_error_pa,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:t2_abs_error_k",
+            default_line.python_line_temperature_error_k,
+            candidate_line.python_line_temperature_error_k,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:storage_dm_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:active_dT_abs_error_k_s",
+            default_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s,
+            candidate_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:active_dP_abs_error_pa_s",
+            default_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s,
+            candidate_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s,
+        ),
+    ):
+        _append_metric_comparison(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=time_s,
+            metric_name=metric_name,
+            default_abs_error=abs(default_value),
+            candidate_abs_error=abs(candidate_value),
+        )
+
+
+def _append_pneumatic_87_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison],
+    *,
+    time_s: float,
+    default_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+    candidate_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+) -> None:
+    if (
+        not default_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics
+        or not candidate_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics
+    ):
+        return
+    default_line = default_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics[0]
+    candidate_line = candidate_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics[0]
+    for metric_name, default_value, candidate_value in (
+        (
+            "p87:node_to_line_dm_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:center_dm_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:sdm1_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:sdm2_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:t2_abs_error_k",
+            default_line.python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k,
+            candidate_line.python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k,
+        ),
+    ):
+        _append_metric_comparison(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=time_s,
+            metric_name=metric_name,
+            default_abs_error=abs(default_value),
+            candidate_abs_error=abs(candidate_value),
+        )
+
+
+def _pnvo_event_window_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+    default_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+    candidate_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison, ...]:
+    candidate_samples = _pnvo_event_window_sample_by_time(candidate_diagnostic)
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison] = []
+    for default_sample in default_diagnostic.sample_diagnostics:
+        candidate_sample = candidate_samples.get(default_sample.time_s)
+        if candidate_sample is None:
+            continue
+        for data_path in default_sample.data_paths:
+            _append_metric_comparison(
+                comparisons,
+                time_s=default_sample.time_s,
+                metric_name=f"path:{data_path}",
+                default_abs_error=default_sample.abs_error(data_path),
+                candidate_abs_error=candidate_sample.abs_error(data_path),
+            )
+        _append_pneumatic_96_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=default_sample.time_s,
+            default_sample=default_sample,
+            candidate_sample=candidate_sample,
+        )
+        _append_pneumatic_87_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=default_sample.time_s,
+            default_sample=default_sample,
+            candidate_sample=candidate_sample,
+        )
+    return tuple(comparisons)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+    final_time_s: float = 0.041,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic:
+    default_diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+        _event_window_config_with_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs(
+            config,
+            enabled=False,
+        ),
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        final_time_s=final_time_s,
+    )
+    candidate_diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+        _event_window_config_with_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs(
+            config,
+            enabled=True,
+        ),
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        final_time_s=final_time_s,
+    )
+    return TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        event_time_s=default_diagnostic.event_time_s,
+        final_time_s=default_diagnostic.final_time_s,
+        default_diagnostic=default_diagnostic,
+        candidate_diagnostic=candidate_diagnostic,
+        metric_comparisons=_pnvo_event_window_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+            default_diagnostic,
+            candidate_diagnostic,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_summary(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Mode: PNVO event window diagnostic ({diagnostic.orifice_alias})",
+        f"Event time: {diagnostic.event_time_s}",
+        f"Final time: {diagnostic.final_time_s}",
+        "Segments:",
+    ]
+    for segment in diagnostic.segment_diagnostics:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {segment.t_start} -> {segment.t_stop}: "
+            f"method={segment.method}, rtol={segment.rtol}, "
+            f"atol={segment.atol}, max_step={segment.max_step}, "
+            f"rhs={segment.rhs_evaluations}, success={segment.success}"
+        )
+    if diagnostic.sample_diagnostics:
+        lines.append("Sample comparisons:")
+        for sample in diagnostic.sample_diagnostics:
+            if sample.amesim_values_are_interpolated:
+                amesim_sample_source = (
+                    "linear-interpolation@"
+                    f"{sample.amesim_sample_left_time_s}"
+                    f"..{sample.amesim_sample_right_time_s}"
+                )
+            else:
+                amesim_sample_source = f"exact@{sample.amesim_sample_left_time_s}"
+            lines.append(
+                f"  t={sample.time_s} (amesim={amesim_sample_source})"
+            )
+            for data_path in sample.data_paths:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - {data_path}: "
+                    f"python={sample.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+                    f"amesim={sample.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+                    f"abs_error={sample.abs_error(data_path)}"
+                )
+            for rhs in sample.pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - rhs@{rhs.line_alias}: "
+                    f"chamber_to_line={rhs.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"node_to_line={rhs.node_to_line_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"dm_dt={rhs.mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"dU_dt={rhs.energy_derivative_w}"
+                )
+            for pressure_loss in sample.pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pressure_loss@{pressure_loss.line_alias}: "
+                    f"cm={pressure_loss.amesim_cm}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={pressure_loss.amesim_dm1_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dp={pressure_loss.amesim_pressure_drop_pa}, "
+                    f"darcy_dp={pressure_loss.current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa}, "
+                    f"dp_multiplier={pressure_loss.pressure_drop_multiplier}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_ratio="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio}, "
+                    f"amesim_linear_k="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa}, "
+                    f"python_linear_k="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa}, "
+                    f"linear_k_ratio="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio}"
+                )
+            for flow_parameter in sample.pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - flow_parameter@{flow_parameter.orifice_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_cm={flow_parameter.amesim_cm}, "
+                    f"python_cm={flow_parameter.python_cm}, "
+                    f"cm_ratio={flow_parameter.python_to_amesim_cm_ratio}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm2={flow_parameter.amesim_dm2_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_m={flow_parameter.python_mass_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"opening={flow_parameter.python_opening}, "
+                    f"effective_area={flow_parameter.python_effective_area_m2}, "
+                    f"upstream_p={flow_parameter.python_upstream_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"upstream_t={flow_parameter.python_upstream_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_gasvel={flow_parameter.amesim_gas_velocity_m_s}"
+                )
+            for pnvo_enthalpy in sample.pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pnvo_upstream_enthalpy@{pnvo_enthalpy.orifice_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dh3="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm3="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_dhctr="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_dmctr="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_t2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_p2_abs="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_implied_t2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_implied_t2_delta="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_real_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_real_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_flow="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_t2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_line_p2_abs="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_current_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_current_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}"
+                )
+            for inlet_line in sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - inlet_line@{inlet_line.line_alias}: "
+                    f"node={inlet_line.node_alias}, "
+                    f"orifice={inlet_line.orifice_alias}, "
+                    f"chamber={inlet_line.chamber_alias}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_abs={inlet_line.amesim_line_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_t2={inlet_line.amesim_line_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_mgas={inlet_line.amesim_line_mass_g}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dmgas={inlet_line.amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_to_node_dm1={inlet_line.amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_orifice_to_line_dm2={inlet_line.amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dm_ports={inlet_line.amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dm_residual={inlet_line.amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_chamber_p_abs={inlet_line.amesim_chamber_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_chamber_t={inlet_line.amesim_chamber_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_p2_abs={inlet_line.python_line_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_t2={inlet_line.python_line_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_mgas={inlet_line.python_line_mass_g}, "
+                    f"python_p2_error={inlet_line.python_line_pressure_error_pa}, "
+                    f"python_t2_error={inlet_line.python_line_temperature_error_k}, "
+                    f"python_mgas_error={inlet_line.python_line_mass_error_g}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_dm={inlet_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_dm_error={inlet_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_p_abs={inlet_line.amesim_node_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_t={inlet_line.amesim_node_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_line_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_dm={inlet_line.python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_dm_error={inlet_line.python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_p_abs={inlet_line.python_chamber_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_t={inlet_line.python_chamber_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT={inlet_line.amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT_p1_h={inlet_line.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT_p2_h={inlet_line.amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT_m_offset={inlet_line.amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dT_sum={inlet_line.amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dT_residual={inlet_line.amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT={inlet_line.python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_p1={inlet_line.python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_p2={inlet_line.python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_heat={inlet_line.python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_error={inlet_line.python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dP={inlet_line.amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_m={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_T={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_sum={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_residual={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_m={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_T={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_error={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh1={inlet_line.python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh2={inlet_line.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_p1={inlet_line.python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_p2={inlet_line.python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_m_offset={inlet_line.python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT={inlet_line.python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_error={inlet_line.python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_m={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_T={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_error={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dT_m_offset={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dT={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dT_error={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_m={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_T={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_error={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dT={inlet_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dT_error={inlet_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dP_error={inlet_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_p_error={inlet_line.python_chamber_pressure_error_pa}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_t_error={inlet_line.python_chamber_temperature_error_k}"
+                )
+            for pnl0003_energy in sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pnl0003_energy@{pnl0003_energy.line_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_t1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_t2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_p1_abs={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_abs={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dh1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dmctr={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dhctr={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dh2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdh1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdh2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_node_dm1={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_node_dm3={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_node_to_line_dm={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_node_to_line_dm_error={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_m1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g}, "
+                    f"amesim_m2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g}, "
+                    f"python_m1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_g}, "
+                    f"python_m2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_g}, "
+                    f"python_m1_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g}, "
+                    f"python_m2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_back_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fwd_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dmgas_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dmctr_py_sign={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_center_dm={pnl0003_energy.python_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_center_dm_error={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm1_center={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm2_center={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_ext={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_ext_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_center={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_center_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_ext={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_ext_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_center={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_center_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_darcy_center_dm="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_darcy_center_dm_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_dm="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_dm_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_center_real_p1="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_center_real_p1_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p1="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p1_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p2_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p1="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p1_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p2_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_dmgas_dt={pnl0003_energy.python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ext1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ctr1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh1_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ext2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ctr2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_heat={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_heat={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_heat={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_heat={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_back_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fwd_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_back_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fwd_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT1_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT2_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dP1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dP2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_m={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_T={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_sum={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_m={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_T={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_sum={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP1_m={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP1_T={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP1_sum={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP2_m={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP2_T={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP2_sum={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_t1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_t2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_p1_abs={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_p2_abs={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_dm1_dt={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_dm2_dt={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dT1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dT2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_center_dT2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_ext_dT2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_ext_ctr_dT2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_t2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k}"
+                )
+            for energy_flow in sample.pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - energy_flow@{energy_flow.line_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_dh1={energy_flow.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={energy_flow.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_dh2={energy_flow.amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_dm2={energy_flow.amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_observed_sdh="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_port1_u="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_port2_u="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_dU_dt={energy_flow.python_current_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"direct_h_dU_dt="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"direct_minus_current="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_dh2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_dm2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_h2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_t2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_h2_delta="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_counterfactual_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"href_t={energy_flow.reference_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"ref_dh1_est="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"ref_dh1_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"candidate_dm2i="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s}, "
+                    f"candidate_dh2i="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w}, "
+                    f"candidate_storage_sdh="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_dT_residual="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_node_dh2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh1_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_node_dh2_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol2_dT_node_plus_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol2_dT_node_minus_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_pn2vol2_dT_node_minus_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s}"
+                )
+            for p4_node in sample.p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - p4_node_enthalpy@{p4_node.node_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_p1_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p1_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_p3_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p3_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_p4_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p4_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p1_dh={p4_node.python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p1_dm={p4_node.python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p3_dh={p4_node.python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p3_dm={p4_node.python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p4_dh={p4_node.python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p4_dm={p4_node.python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p2_dh={p4_node.python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p2_dm={p4_node.python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p1_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p3_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p4_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p2_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p1_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p3_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p4_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p2_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p2_dh_error="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p2_dh_error="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p2_dh_error="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}"
+                )
+            for chamber_energy in sample.pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pnch012_energy@{chamber_energy.chamber_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_dh1={chamber_energy.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={chamber_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dmgas="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dmgas_residual="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_piston_dvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dq={chamber_energy.amesim_heat_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_boundary_work_fd="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_fdvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_fdvol_residual="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_pistonvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_pistonvol_residual="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_port_a_dm="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_dU_dt="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.python_current_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"href_t={chamber_energy.reference_temperature_k}"
+                )
+    lines.append("Final comparison:")
+    for data_path in diagnostic.data_paths:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {data_path}: "
+            f"python={diagnostic.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"amesim={diagnostic.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"abs_error={diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}"
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+
+def format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison_summary(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Mode: PNVO event window candidate comparison ({diagnostic.orifice_alias})",
+        f"Event time: {diagnostic.event_time_s}",
+        f"Final time: {diagnostic.final_time_s}",
+        "Default RHS: current pneumatic_96 internal-energy RHS",
+        "Candidate RHS: pneumatic_96 reference-enthalpy/mass-offset RHS",
+        "Metric comparisons: negative delta means the candidate reduced error",
+    ]
+    for comparison in diagnostic.metric_comparisons:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  t={comparison.time_s} - {comparison.metric_name}: "
+            f"default_abs_error={comparison.default_abs_error}, "
+            f"candidate_abs_error={comparison.candidate_abs_error}, "
+            f"delta={comparison.abs_error_delta}"
+        )
+    lines.append("Final comparison:")
+    for data_path in diagnostic.default_diagnostic.data_paths:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {data_path}: "
+            f"default_abs_error={diagnostic.default_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}, "
+            f"candidate_abs_error={diagnostic.candidate_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}, "
+            f"delta="
+            f"{diagnostic.candidate_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path) - diagnostic.default_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}"
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(
+    run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        "Mode: Python 132 full-state closure comparison",
+        f"Samples: {run.sample_count}",
+        f"Compared signals: {run.signal_count}",
+        f"Output schema signals: {run.output_schema.signal_count}",
+        f"AMESim first saved interval: "
+        f"{run.amesim_results.times[1] - run.amesim_results.times[0]}",
+        f"Final time aligns with AMESim sample: "
+        f"{_matches_amesim_sample(run, run.output.times[-1])}",
+        f"Max absolute error: {run.comparison.max_abs_error}",
+        f"Max relative error: {run.comparison.max_rel_error}",
+    ]
+    largest_metric = run.largest_abs_error_metric
+    if largest_metric is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "Largest absolute error: "
+            f"{largest_metric.data_path}={largest_metric.max_abs_error}"
+        )
+    largest_diagnostic = run.largest_final_abs_error_diagnostic
+    if largest_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "Largest final endpoint error: "
+            f"{largest_diagnostic.data_path}={largest_diagnostic.final_abs_error}"
+        )
+    lines.append("Metrics by max absolute error:")
+    for metric in run.metrics_by_max_abs_error():
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {metric.data_path}: max_abs_error={metric.max_abs_error}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={metric.final_abs_error}"
+        )
+    lines.append("Endpoint diagnostics by final absolute error:")
+    for diagnostic in run.diagnostics_by_final_abs_error():
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {diagnostic.data_path}: "
+            f"initial_python={diagnostic.initial_python_value}, "
+            f"initial_amesim={diagnostic.initial_amesim_value}, "
+            f"final_python={diagnostic.final_python_value}, "
+            f"final_amesim={diagnostic.final_amesim_value}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={diagnostic.final_abs_error}"
+        )
+    flow_diagnostic = _pneumatic_69_flow_diagnostic(run)
+    if flow_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "PNL0001 canonical mass-flow diagnostic: "
+            f"{flow_diagnostic.data_path}"
+        )
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "  - convention=Python chamber-to-line flow "
+                "equals -AMESim dm1 * 1e-3",
+                f"  - initial_python_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.initial_python_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - initial_amesim_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.initial_amesim_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_python_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.final_python_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_amesim_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.final_amesim_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_abs_error_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.final_canonical_abs_error_kg_s}",
+            ]
+        )
+    pnvo_diagnostic = _pn_morifice_1_diagnostic(run)
+    if pnvo_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(f"PNVO diagnostic: {pnvo_diagnostic.alias}")
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"  - initial_python_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.initial_python_opening}",
+                f"  - initial_amesim_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.initial_amesim_opening}",
+                f"  - final_python_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_python_opening}",
+                f"  - final_amesim_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_amesim_opening}",
+                f"  - final_python_mass_flow_kg_s="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_python_mass_flow_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s}",
+            ]
+        )
+    chamber_diagnostic = _largest_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(run)
+    if chamber_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "Largest endpoint chamber RHS breakdown: "
+            f"{chamber_diagnostic.chamber_alias}"
+        )
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"  - piston_alias={chamber_diagnostic.piston_alias}",
+                f"  - pressure_pa={chamber_diagnostic.chamber_pressure_pa}",
+                f"  - volume_m3={chamber_diagnostic.chamber_volume_m3}",
+                f"  - volume_rate_m3_s={chamber_diagnostic.chamber_volume_rate_m3_s}",
+                f"  - mass_derivative_kg_s={chamber_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s}",
+                f"  - port_a_energy_flow_w={chamber_diagnostic.port_a_energy_flow_w}",
+                f"  - boundary_work_w={chamber_diagnostic.boundary_work_w}",
+                f"  - thermal_energy_flow_w="
+                f"{chamber_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w}",
+                f"  - energy_derivative_w={chamber_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w}",
+            ]
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def _matches_amesim_sample(
+    run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> bool:
+    return any(
+        abs(float(sample_time) - float(time_s)) <= 1.0e-12
+        for sample_time in run.amesim_results.times
+    )
+
+
+def _pneumatic_69_flow_diagnostic(run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun):
+    try:
+        return run.pnl0001_mass_flow_diagnostic()
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _pn_morifice_1_diagnostic(run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun):
+    try:
+        return run.pnvo_diagnostic()
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _largest_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun):
+    diagnostic = run.largest_final_abs_error_diagnostic
+    if diagnostic is None or "@" not in diagnostic.data_path:
+        return None
+    _signal, alias = diagnostic.data_path.split("@", 1)
+    try:
+        return run.chamber_rhs_diagnostic(alias)
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-boundary",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="compare the STEP0 left-state/right-opening boundary at t=0.04 s",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-window",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="run the segmented PNVO opening window through the t=0.05 s save point",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-window-candidate-comparison",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="compare the PNVO event window with and without the pneumatic_96 RHS candidate",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-window-final-time",
+        type=float,
+        help="override PNVO event window final time; candidate comparison defaults to 0.041 s",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--amesim-results-archive",
+        type=Path,
+        help="read AMESim observations from a separate .ame results package",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pneumatic-96-reference-rhs",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enable the local reference/mass-offset RHS candidate for pneumatic_96",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pneumatic-69-reference-rhs",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enable the local reference/mass-offset RHS candidate for pneumatic_69",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    config = None
+    if (
+        args.amesim_results_archive is not None
+        or args.pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        or args.pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+    ):
+        config = TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig(
+            paths=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig(
+                amesim_results_archive_path=args.amesim_results_archive,
+            ),
+            execution=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig(
+                use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=args.pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+                use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=args.pneumatic_69_reference_rhs,
+            ),
+        )
+    if args.pnvo_event_boundary:
+        diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_diagnostic(config)
+        print(format_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_summary(diagnostic), end="")
+        return
+    if args.pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison:
+        diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison(
+            config,
+            final_time_s=args.pnvo_event_window_final_time or 0.041,
+        )
+        print(
+            format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison_summary(
+                diagnostic
+            ),
+            end="",
+        )
+        return
+    if args.pnvo_event_window:
+        if args.pnvo_event_window_final_time is None:
+            diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(config)
+        else:
+            diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+                config,
+                final_time_s=args.pnvo_event_window_final_time,
+            )
+        print(format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_summary(diagnostic), end="")
+        return
+
+    run, output_dir = run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(config)
+    print(format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(run), end="")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/PythonModels/scripts/run_testmodel.py b/PythonModels/scripts/run_testmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4834677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/scripts/run_testmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting import (
+    COMPARISON_KEYS,
+    PRIMARY_KEYS,
+    TestModelArtifacts,
+    export_testmodel_artifacts,
+    format_testmodel_run_report,
+    load_modelica_series,
+    write_testmodel_run_report,
+)
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.systems.testmodel import (
+    InitializationDiagnostics,
+    TestModelConfig,
+    TestModelSystem,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.testmodel_closure import TestModelSolveDiagnostics
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelSamplingConfig:
+    step: float = 0.1
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelPathConfig:
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+    modelica_result_path: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelExecutionConfig:
+    use_modelica_reference_if_available: bool = True
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelRunConfig:
+    model: TestModelConfig = field(default_factory=TestModelConfig)
+    solver: SolveIVPConfig = field(default_factory=SolveIVPConfig)
+    sampling: TestModelSamplingConfig = field(default_factory=TestModelSamplingConfig)
+    paths: TestModelPathConfig = field(default_factory=TestModelPathConfig)
+    execution: TestModelExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestModelExecutionConfig)
+
+    @property
+    def sample_step(self) -> float:
+        return self.sampling.step
+
+    def sample_times(self) -> list[float]:
+        return _sample_times(
+            self.solver.t_start,
+            self.solver.t_stop,
+            step=self.sampling.step,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PreparedTestModelRun:
+    run_config: TestModelRunConfig
+    repo_root: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+    modelica_result_path: Path
+    t_eval: tuple[float, ...]
+    use_modelica_reference_if_available: bool
+    modelica_reference_exists: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelRunResult:
+    run_config: TestModelRunConfig
+    prepared_run: PreparedTestModelRun
+    system: TestModelSystem
+    initialization: InitializationDiagnostics
+    raw_initial_state: tuple[float, ...]
+    consistent_initial_state: tuple[float, ...]
+    solution: object
+    series: dict[str, list[float]]
+    solve_diagnostics: TestModelSolveDiagnostics | None
+    artifacts: TestModelArtifacts
+    comparison_summary: dict[str, tuple[float, float]] | None
+    used_modelica_reference: bool
+
+
+def _sample_times(t_start: float, t_stop: float, step: float) -> list[float]:
+    point_count = int(round((t_stop - t_start) / step))
+    return [t_start + index * step for index in range(point_count + 1)]
+
+
+def _default_run_output_dir(pythonmodels_root: Path) -> Path:
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("testmodel_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def prepare_testmodel_run(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestModelRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+    modelica_result_path: Path | None = None,
+) -> PreparedTestModelRun:
+    run_config = run_config or TestModelRunConfig()
+    repo_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    resolved_output_dir = (
+        output_dir
+        or run_config.paths.output_dir
+        or _default_run_output_dir(pythonmodels_root)
+    )
+    resolved_modelica_result_path = (
+        modelica_result_path
+        or run_config.paths.modelica_result_path
+        or repo_root / "ModelicaModels" / "Simulation" / "Testmodel_res.csv"
+    )
+    t_eval = tuple(run_config.sample_times())
+    return PreparedTestModelRun(
+        run_config=run_config,
+        repo_root=repo_root,
+        output_dir=resolved_output_dir,
+        modelica_result_path=resolved_modelica_result_path,
+        t_eval=t_eval,
+        use_modelica_reference_if_available=run_config.execution.use_modelica_reference_if_available,
+        modelica_reference_exists=resolved_modelica_result_path.exists(),
+    )
+
+
+def run_prepared_testmodel(prepared_run: PreparedTestModelRun) -> TestModelRunResult:
+    run_config = prepared_run.run_config
+    system = TestModelSystem(config=run_config.model)
+    raw_initial_state = tuple(system.initial_state_vector())
+    initialization = system.initialize_consistent_state()
+    consistent_initial_state = tuple(initialization.state_vector)
+    solution = system.simulate(config=run_config.solver, t_eval=list(prepared_run.t_eval))
+    series = system.evaluate_solution(solution)
+    solve_diagnostics = system.last_solve_diagnostics
+
+    modelica_series = None
+    used_modelica_reference = False
+    if (
+        prepared_run.use_modelica_reference_if_available
+        and prepared_run.modelica_reference_exists
+    ):
+        modelica_series = load_modelica_series(
+            prepared_run.modelica_result_path,
+            COMPARISON_KEYS,
+        )
+        used_modelica_reference = True
+
+    artifacts, comparison_summary = export_testmodel_artifacts(
+        output_dir=prepared_run.output_dir,
+        series=series,
+        modelica_series=modelica_series,
+    )
+    report_text = format_testmodel_run_report(
+        network_summary=system.network.summary(),
+        initialization=initialization,
+        raw_initial_state=raw_initial_state,
+        consistent_initial_state=consistent_initial_state,
+        solution=solution,
+        series=series,
+        solve_diagnostics=solve_diagnostics,
+        artifacts=artifacts,
+        comparison_summary=comparison_summary,
+    )
+    write_testmodel_run_report(prepared_run.output_dir, report_text)
+
+    return TestModelRunResult(
+        run_config=run_config,
+        prepared_run=prepared_run,
+        system=system,
+        initialization=initialization,
+        raw_initial_state=raw_initial_state,
+        consistent_initial_state=consistent_initial_state,
+        solution=solution,
+        series=series,
+        solve_diagnostics=solve_diagnostics,
+        artifacts=artifacts,
+        comparison_summary=comparison_summary,
+        used_modelica_reference=used_modelica_reference,
+    )
+
+
+def run_testmodel(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestModelRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+    modelica_result_path: Path | None = None,
+) -> TestModelRunResult:
+    prepared_run = prepare_testmodel_run(
+        run_config=run_config,
+        output_dir=output_dir,
+        modelica_result_path=modelica_result_path,
+    )
+    return run_prepared_testmodel(prepared_run)
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run_config = TestModelRunConfig()
+    result = run_testmodel(run_config=run_config)
+    print(
+        format_testmodel_run_report(
+            network_summary=result.system.network.summary(),
+            initialization=result.initialization,
+            raw_initial_state=result.raw_initial_state,
+            consistent_initial_state=result.consistent_initial_state,
+            solution=result.solution,
+            series=result.series,
+            solve_diagnostics=result.solve_diagnostics,
+            artifacts=result.artifacts,
+            comparison_summary=result.comparison_summary,
+        ),
+        end="",
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/__init__.py b/PythonModels/systems/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..187800c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+"""System assembly modules."""
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bd736b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6334 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import Component
+from PythonModels.core.network import SimulationNetwork
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+
+
+MODEL_NAME = "test_mql"
+AMESIM_ARCHIVE_RELATIVE_PATH = Path("AmesimModels/test_mql.ame")
+
+# Extracted from AmesimModels/test_mql.ame on the model-development branch.
+# This is a structural Python port scaffold: it preserves the AMESim component
+# inventory, parameters, and connection topology without changing the existing
+# Testmodel implementation. The detailed AMESim submodel equations should be
+# replaced incrementally per submodel family.
+MODEL_INFO = {'num_states': 132, 'num_discrete_states': 24, 'is_explicit': 1}
+SIMULATION_SETTINGS = {'raw': '0 10 0.01 1e+30 1e-07 0.001 1 0.1\r\n0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0',
+ 't_start': 0.0,
+ 't_stop': 10.0,
+ 'print_interval': 0.01,
+ 'max_step': 0.001,
+ 'sample_step': 0.1}
+GLOBAL_PARAMETERS = {'D2': '20', 'D1': '20', 'D3': '14', 'Pdq': '1', 'P0': '153', 'V': '15', 'cf': '0.45'}
+SUBMODEL_COUNTS = {'PNRP17': 8,
+ 'F000': 16,
+ 'MECMAS21': 10,
+ 'LMECHN1': 2,
+ 'LSTP00A': 8,
+ 'PNCH012': 8,
+ 'PNPL01': 16,
+ 'FORC': 2,
+ 'PNCH023': 4,
+ 'PNOR001': 8,
+ 'PN3NODE2': 8,
+ 'P4NODE2': 8,
+ 'PNVO001': 8,
+ 'STEP0': 8,
+ 'UD00': 2,
+ 'PNGD00': 1}
+LINE_SUBMODEL_COUNTS = {'DIRECT': 44, 'PNL0001': 20, 'PNL0003': 8, 'PNL0002': 8, 'PNL00R': 4}
+COMPONENT_SPECS = [{'index': 0,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 1,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 2,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 3,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 4,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 5,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 6,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 7,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 8,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_17',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 9,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_10',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 10,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_18',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 11,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_11',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 12,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_19',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 13,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_12',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 14,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_20',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 15,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_13',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 16,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_21',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 17,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_14',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 18,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_22',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 19,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_15',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 20,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_23',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 21,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_16',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 22,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_24',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 23,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_17',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 24,
+  'alias': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'component_name': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'library_id': 'meca.dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'submodel': 'LMECHN1',
+  'label': 'dynamic linear mechanical node (velocity and displacement)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_6', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_7', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_8', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_9', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'v1', 'title': 'number of ports at right', 'value': '8', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'sum', 'title': 'node sum', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 25,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_18',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '1.70000000000000e+05', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '3.70000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 26,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_8',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 27,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_9',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 28,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_10',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 29,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_11',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 30,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_12',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 31,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_13',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 32,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_14',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 33,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_15',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 34,
+  'alias': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'component_name': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'library_id': 'meca.dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'submodel': 'LMECHN1',
+  'label': 'dynamic linear mechanical node (velocity and displacement)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_6', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_7', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_8', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_9', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'v1', 'title': 'number of ports at right', 'value': '8', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'sum', 'title': 'node sum', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 35,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_19',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '9.00000000000000e+04', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-7.20000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 36,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_8',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 37,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_16',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 38,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_17',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 39,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 40,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_18',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 41,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_19',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 42,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 43,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_20',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 44,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_21',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 45,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 46,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_22',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 47,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_23',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 48,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 49,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_24',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 50,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_25',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 51,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 52,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_26',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 53,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_27',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 54,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 55,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_28',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 56,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_29',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 57,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 58,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_30',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 59,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_31',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 60,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_26',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 61,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_27',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 62,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_28',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 63,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_29',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 64,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_30',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 65,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_31',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 66,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_32',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 67,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_33',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 68,
+  'alias': 'forcecon_1',
+  'component_name': 'forcecon',
+  'library_id': 'meca.forcecon',
+  'submodel': 'FORC',
+  'label': 'conversion of signal input into a force in N',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 69,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 70,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_18',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 71,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_19',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 72,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 73,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 74,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber_2',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 75,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_20',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 76,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_21',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 77,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 78,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 79,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber_4',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 80,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_22',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 81,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_23',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 82,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 83,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 84,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber_5',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 85,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_24',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 86,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_25',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 87,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 88,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 89,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 90,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 91,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 92,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 93,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 94,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 95,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 96,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 97,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 98,
+  'alias': 'step_8',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 99,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 100,
+  'alias': 'step_9',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 101,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 102,
+  'alias': 'step_10',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 103,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 104,
+  'alias': 'step_11',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 105,
+  'alias': 'forcecon_2',
+  'component_name': 'forcecon',
+  'library_id': 'meca.forcecon',
+  'submodel': 'FORC',
+  'label': 'conversion of signal input into a force in N',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 106,
+  'alias': 'piecewiselinear',
+  'component_name': 'piecewiselinear',
+  'library_id': 'sig.piecewiselinear',
+  'submodel': 'UD00',
+  'label': 'piecewise linear signal source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'tstart',
+                  'title': 'time at which duty cycle starts',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start1',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+17',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end1',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+17',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't1',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 1',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start2',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 2',
+                  'value': '4.90000000000000e+04',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end2',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 2',
+                  'value': '4.90000000000000e+04',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't2',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 2',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start3',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end3',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't3',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 3',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start4',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end4',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't4',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 4',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start5',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end5',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't5',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 5',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start6',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end6',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't6',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 6',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start7',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end7',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't7',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 7',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start8',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end8',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't8',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 8',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'nstages', 'title': 'number of stages', 'value': '2', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'iscyclic', 'title': 'cyclic', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 107,
+  'alias': 'piecewiselinear_1',
+  'component_name': 'piecewiselinear',
+  'library_id': 'sig.piecewiselinear',
+  'submodel': 'UD00',
+  'label': 'piecewise linear signal source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'tstart',
+                  'title': 'time at which duty cycle starts',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start1',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+12',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end1',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+12',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't1',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 1',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start2',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 2',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end2',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 2',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't2',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 2',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start3',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end3',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't3',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 3',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start4',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end4',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't4',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 4',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start5',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end5',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't5',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 5',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start6',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end6',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't6',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 6',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start7',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end7',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't7',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 7',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start8',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end8',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't8',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 8',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'nstages', 'title': 'number of stages', 'value': '2', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'iscyclic', 'title': 'cyclic', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 108,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 109,
+  'alias': 'step_12',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 110,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 111,
+  'alias': 'step_13',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 112,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 113,
+  'alias': 'step_14',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 114,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 115,
+  'alias': 'step_15',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 116,
+  'alias': 'pn_gas_data',
+  'component_name': 'pn_gas_data',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_gas_data',
+  'submodel': 'PNGD00',
+  'label': 'gas definition for helium (He)',
+  'ports': [],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cp',
+                  'title': 'constant-pressure specific heat (Cp)',
+                  'value': '1.00520000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/kg/K'},
+                 {'name': 'cv',
+                  'title': 'constant-volume specific heat (Cv)',
+                  'value': '7.18000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'J/kg/K'},
+                 {'name': 'gamma',
+                  'title': 'specific heat ratio (gamma)',
+                  'value': '1.40000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'rGas',
+                  'title': 'specific gas constant (r)',
+                  'value': '2.87200000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'J/kg/K'},
+                 {'name': 'mu',
+                  'title': 'absolute viscosity (mu)',
+                  'value': '1.82000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 'cP'},
+                 {'name': 'lam',
+                  'title': 'thermal conductivity',
+                  'value': '2.64000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 'W/m/K'},
+                 {'name': 'M',
+                  'title': 'molar mass',
+                  'value': '2.89651300000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'g/mol'},
+                 {'name': 'operatingTempK',
+                  'title': 'operating temperature',
+                  'value': '2.98150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'enthForm',
+                  'title': 'enthalpy of formation',
+                  'value': '-1.25530000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'J/mol'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'fluidType', 'title': 'fluid definition', 'value': '12', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'eosType', 'title': 'properties definition', 'value': '6', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'gasSetting',
+                  'title': 'setting properties through',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]}]
+CONNECTION_SPECS = [{'index': 0,
+  'alias': 'linear_24',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 1,
+  'alias': 'linear_25',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 2,
+  'alias': 'linear_26',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 3,
+  'alias': 'linear_27',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 4,
+  'alias': 'linear_28',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 5,
+  'alias': 'linear_29',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 6,
+  'alias': 'linear_30',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 7,
+  'alias': 'linear_31',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 8,
+  'alias': 'linear_32',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 9,
+  'alias': 'linear_33',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 10,
+  'alias': 'linear_34',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 11,
+  'alias': 'linear_35',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 12,
+  'alias': 'linear_36',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_5',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 13,
+  'alias': 'linear_37',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_6',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 14,
+  'alias': 'linear_38',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_7',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 15,
+  'alias': 'linear_39',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_8',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 16,
+  'alias': 'linear_40',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_8',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 17,
+  'alias': 'linear_41',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_7',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 18,
+  'alias': 'linear_42',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_6',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 19,
+  'alias': 'linear_43',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 20,
+  'alias': 'linear_44',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_4',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 21,
+  'alias': 'linear_45',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 22,
+  'alias': 'linear_46',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 23,
+  'alias': 'linear_47',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 24,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_56',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 25,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_57',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 26,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_58',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 27,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_59',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 28,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_60',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 29,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_61',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 30,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_62',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 31,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_63',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 32,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_64',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 33,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_65',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 34,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_66',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 35,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_67',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 36,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_68',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 37,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_69',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 38,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_70',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 39,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_71',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 40,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_72',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 41,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_73',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 42,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_74',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 43,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_75',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 44,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_76',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 45,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_77',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 46,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_78',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 47,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_79',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_4',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 48,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_80',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 49,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_81',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 50,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_82',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 51,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_83',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 52,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_84',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 53,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_85',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 54,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_86',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 55,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_87',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 56,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_88',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 57,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_89',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 58,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_90',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 59,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_91',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 60,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_92',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 61,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_93',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 62,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_94',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 63,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_95',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 64,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_96',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_18',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 65,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_97',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_19',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 66,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_98',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_20',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 67,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_99',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_21',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 68,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_100',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 69,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_101',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_22',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 70,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_102',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 71,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_103',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_24',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 72,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_104',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_25',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 73,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_105',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 74,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_106',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 75,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_107',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 76,
+  'alias': 'control_8',
+  'source_component': 'step_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 77,
+  'alias': 'control_9',
+  'source_component': 'step_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 78,
+  'alias': 'control_10',
+  'source_component': 'step_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 79,
+  'alias': 'control_11',
+  'source_component': 'step_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 80,
+  'alias': 'control_12',
+  'source_component': 'step_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 81,
+  'alias': 'control_13',
+  'source_component': 'step_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 82,
+  'alias': 'control_14',
+  'source_component': 'step_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 83,
+  'alias': 'control_15',
+  'source_component': 'step_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'}]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlRunConfig:
+    t_start: float = SIMULATION_SETTINGS["t_start"]
+    t_stop: float = SIMULATION_SETTINGS["t_stop"]
+    sample_step: float = SIMULATION_SETTINGS["sample_step"]
+
+    def sample_times(self) -> list[float]:
+        if self.sample_step <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("sample_step must be positive")
+        point_count = int(round((self.t_stop - self.t_start) / self.sample_step))
+        return [self.t_start + index * self.sample_step for index in range(point_count + 1)]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlSnapshot:
+    model_name: str
+    component_count: int
+    connection_count: int
+    continuous_state_count: int
+    discrete_state_count: int
+    global_parameters: dict[str, str]
+    submodel_counts: dict[str, int]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlSimulationResult:
+    t: list[float]
+    y: list[list[float]]
+    series: dict[str, list[float]]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateSnapshot:
+    pneumatic: object
+    mechanical: object
+    mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias: dict[str, float]
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.pneumatic_state_count + self.mechanical_state_count
+
+    @property
+    def pneumatic_state_count(self) -> int:
+        return 112
+
+    @property
+    def mechanical_state_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.mechanical.state_count
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic:
+    chamber_alias: str
+    piston_alias: str
+    chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    chamber_temperature_k: float
+    chamber_volume_m3: float
+    chamber_volume_rate_m3_s: float
+    port_a_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    port_b_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    port_a_energy_flow_w: float
+    port_b_energy_flow_w: float
+    boundary_work_w: float
+    thermal_energy_flow_w: float
+    energy_derivative_w: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    line_pressure_pa: float
+    line_temperature_k: float
+    chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    chamber_temperature_k: float
+    chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s: float
+    node_to_line_flow_kg_s: float
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    port_1_energy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_energy_flow_w: float
+    thermal_energy_flow_w: float
+    energy_derivative_w: float
+
+
+_PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS = (
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_10", "pn_brp2_8", "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_11", "pn_brp2_9", "p4_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_12", "pn_brp2_10", "p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_13", "pn_brp2_11", "p4_port1_far_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_14", "pn_brp2_12", "p4_port1_next_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_15", "pn_brp2_13", "p4_bridge_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_16", "pn_brp2_14", "p4_port3_next_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_17", "pn_brp2_15", "p4_port3_far_primary_chamber"),
+)
+
+_ELASTIC_ENDSTOP_FORCE_BINDINGS = (
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_10", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_8"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_11", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_9"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_12", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_10"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_13", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_11"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_14", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_12"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_15", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_13"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_16", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_14"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_17", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_15"),
+)
+
+
+def _default_full_state_data_paths() -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    chamber_paths: list[str] = []
+    piston_paths: list[str] = []
+    for _mass_alias, piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+        chamber_alias = _PNCH012_ALIAS_BY_SNAPSHOT_FIELD[chamber_field]
+        chamber_paths.extend([f"press@{chamber_alias}", f"vol@{chamber_alias}"])
+        piston_paths.extend([f"vol1@{piston_alias}", f"vvol1@{piston_alias}"])
+    mass_paths = [
+        f"{signal}@mass_friction_endstops_{index}"
+        for index in range(10, 20)
+        for signal in ("x1", "v1", "acc1")
+    ]
+    return tuple(
+        [
+            *chamber_paths,
+            *piston_paths,
+            *mass_paths,
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+_PNCH012_ALIAS_BY_SNAPSHOT_FIELD = {
+    "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_8",
+    "p4_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_9",
+    "p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_10",
+    "p4_port1_far_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_11",
+    "p4_port1_next_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_12",
+    "p4_bridge_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_13",
+    "p4_port3_next_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_14",
+    "p4_port3_far_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_15",
+}
+
+
+_PRIMARY_CHAMBER_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS = {
+    "pn_c1_8": (
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_9": (
+        "p4_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_primary_line",
+        "p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_10": (
+        "p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port1_remote_primary_line",
+        "p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_11": (
+        "p4_port1_far_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port1_far_primary_line",
+        "p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_12": (
+        "p4_port1_next_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port1_next_primary_line",
+        "p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_13": (
+        "p4_bridge_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_bridge_primary_line",
+        "p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_14": (
+        "p4_port3_next_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_next_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_15": (
+        "p4_port3_far_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_far_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+}
+
+
+_PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS = {
+    "pneumatic_69": (
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow",
+        "p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow",
+    ),
+}
+
+_VARIABLE_ORIFICE_MASS_FLOW_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS = {
+    "pn_morifice_1": "p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow",
+}
+
+
+class TestMqlFullStateClosure:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        pneumatic_closure: object,
+        mechanical_closure: object,
+        pneumatic_assembly: object,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.pneumatic_closure = pneumatic_closure
+        self.mechanical_closure = mechanical_closure
+        self.pneumatic_assembly = pneumatic_assembly
+        self.pneumatic_state_count = len(pneumatic_closure.initial_state_vector())
+        self.mechanical_state_count = len(mechanical_closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.pneumatic_state_count + self.mechanical_state_count
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.pneumatic_closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            *self.mechanical_closure.initial_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def _split_state(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> tuple[list[float], list[float]]:
+        if len(state_vector) != self.state_count:
+            raise ValueError("full test_mql state vector requires 132 values")
+        return (
+            state_vector[: self.pneumatic_state_count],
+            state_vector[self.pneumatic_state_count :],
+        )
+
+    def snapshot(self, state_vector: list[float] | None = None) -> TestMqlFullStateSnapshot:
+        return self.snapshot_at(0.0, state_vector)
+
+    def snapshot_at(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStateSnapshot:
+        values = self.initial_state_vector() if state_vector is None else list(state_vector)
+        pneumatic_state, mechanical_state = self._split_state(values)
+        mechanical_snapshot = self.mechanical_closure.snapshot(mechanical_state)
+        self._sync_variable_chamber_kinematics(mechanical_snapshot)
+        self.pneumatic_assembly.set_variable_orifice_openings(time_s)
+        pneumatic_snapshot = self.pneumatic_closure.snapshot(pneumatic_state)
+        return TestMqlFullStateSnapshot(
+            pneumatic=pneumatic_snapshot,
+            mechanical=mechanical_snapshot,
+            mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias=(
+                self._mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias(
+                    pneumatic_snapshot,
+                    mechanical_snapshot,
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        return self.rhs_at(0.0, state_vector)
+
+    def rhs_at(self, time_s: float, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        pneumatic_state, mechanical_state = self._split_state(list(state_vector))
+        mechanical_snapshot = self.mechanical_closure.snapshot(mechanical_state)
+        self._sync_variable_chamber_kinematics(mechanical_snapshot)
+        self.pneumatic_assembly.set_variable_orifice_openings(time_s)
+        pneumatic_snapshot = self.pneumatic_closure.snapshot(pneumatic_state)
+        return [
+            *self.pneumatic_closure.rhs(pneumatic_state),
+            *self.mechanical_closure.rhs(
+                mechanical_state,
+                force_by_mass_alias=self._force_by_mass_alias(
+                    time_s,
+                    pneumatic_snapshot,
+                    mechanical_snapshot,
+                ),
+                constrained_mass_aliases={
+                    "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+                    "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+                },
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def _sync_variable_chamber_kinematics(self, mechanical_snapshot: object) -> None:
+        for _mass_alias, piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            piston = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+            kinematics = mechanical_snapshot.piston_kinematics_by_alias[piston_alias]
+            chamber = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, chamber_field)
+            chamber.set_external_volume_m3(
+                piston.geometry().chamber_volume_m3(
+                    kinematics.port_3_displacement_m,
+                    kinematics.port_2_displacement_m,
+                ),
+                piston.geometry().chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(
+                    kinematics.port_3_velocity_m_s,
+                    kinematics.port_2_velocity_m_s,
+                ),
+            )
+
+    def variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chamber_alias: str,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        time_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic:
+        if chamber_alias not in _PRIMARY_CHAMBER_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS:
+            raise KeyError(chamber_alias)
+        chamber_field, line_field, flow_field = _PRIMARY_CHAMBER_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[
+            chamber_alias
+        ]
+        piston_alias = next(
+            piston_alias
+            for _mass_alias, piston_alias, bound_chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS
+            if bound_chamber_field == chamber_field
+        )
+        snapshot = self.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        chamber = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, chamber_field)
+        chamber_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_field)
+        line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+        chamber_to_line_flow = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, flow_field)
+        port_a_mass_flow = -chamber_to_line_flow
+        port_b_mass_flow = 0.0
+        port_a_inlet_h = chamber.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_a_mass_flow,
+            connected_h=line_properties.h,
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        port_b_inlet_h = chamber.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_b_mass_flow,
+            connected_h=chamber_properties.h,
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        port_a_energy_flow = port_a_mass_flow * port_a_inlet_h
+        port_b_energy_flow = port_b_mass_flow * port_b_inlet_h
+        boundary_work = -chamber_properties.p * chamber.volume_rate_m3_s()
+        thermal_energy_flow = chamber.thermal_energy_flow_w(
+            chamber_properties.T
+        )
+        return TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic(
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            piston_alias=piston_alias,
+            chamber_pressure_pa=chamber_properties.p,
+            chamber_temperature_k=chamber_properties.T,
+            chamber_volume_m3=chamber.volume,
+            chamber_volume_rate_m3_s=chamber.volume_rate_m3_s(),
+            port_a_mass_flow_kg_s=port_a_mass_flow,
+            port_b_mass_flow_kg_s=port_b_mass_flow,
+            mass_derivative_kg_s=port_a_mass_flow + port_b_mass_flow,
+            port_a_energy_flow_w=port_a_energy_flow,
+            port_b_energy_flow_w=port_b_energy_flow,
+            boundary_work_w=boundary_work,
+            thermal_energy_flow_w=thermal_energy_flow,
+            energy_derivative_w=(
+                port_a_energy_flow
+                + port_b_energy_flow
+                + boundary_work
+                + thermal_energy_flow
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_line_rhs_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        *,
+        line_alias: str,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        time_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic:
+        if line_alias not in _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS:
+            raise KeyError(line_alias)
+        (
+            line_field,
+            chamber_field,
+            chamber_flow_field,
+            node_flow_field,
+        ) = _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[line_alias]
+        chamber_alias = _PNCH012_ALIAS_BY_SNAPSHOT_FIELD[chamber_field]
+        snapshot = self.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        line = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, line_field)
+        line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+        chamber_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_field)
+        chamber_to_line_flow = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_flow_field)
+        node_to_line_flow = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, node_flow_field)
+        p4_balance = snapshot.pneumatic.p4_port3_remote_balance
+        p4_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s = p4_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        node_connected_h = (
+            line_properties.h
+            if abs(p4_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12
+            else p4_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w / p4_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s
+        )
+        line_derivative = line.derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=chamber_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=chamber_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_2=node_connected_h,
+        )
+        port_1_inlet_h = (
+            chamber_properties.h if chamber_to_line_flow > 0.0 else line_properties.h
+        )
+        port_2_inlet_h = (
+            node_connected_h if node_to_line_flow > 0.0 else line_properties.h
+        )
+        thermal_energy_flow = (
+            line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * line.heat_transfer_area
+            * (line.external_temperature - line_properties.T)
+        )
+        return TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic(
+            line_alias=line_alias,
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            line_pressure_pa=line_properties.p,
+            line_temperature_k=line_properties.T,
+            chamber_pressure_pa=chamber_properties.p,
+            chamber_temperature_k=chamber_properties.T,
+            chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s=chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow_kg_s=node_to_line_flow,
+            mass_derivative_kg_s=line_derivative.m,
+            port_1_energy_flow_w=chamber_to_line_flow * port_1_inlet_h,
+            port_2_energy_flow_w=node_to_line_flow * port_2_inlet_h,
+            thermal_energy_flow_w=thermal_energy_flow,
+            energy_derivative_w=line_derivative.U,
+        )
+
+    def data_path_values(
+        self,
+        *,
+        time_s: float,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa
+
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else _default_full_state_data_paths()
+        snapshot = self.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        rhs = self.rhs_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        chamber_properties_by_alias = {}
+        chamber_by_alias = {}
+        for _mass_alias, _piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            chamber = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, chamber_field)
+            chamber_by_alias[chamber.name] = chamber
+            chamber_properties_by_alias[chamber.name] = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_field)
+
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in snapshot.mechanical.states}
+        acceleration_by_mass_alias = {
+            alias: rhs[self.pneumatic_state_count + 2 * index]
+            for index, alias in enumerate(self.mechanical_closure.mass_aliases)
+        }
+        values_by_data_path = {}
+        for data_path in selected_paths:
+            signal, alias = self._split_data_path(data_path)
+            if alias in _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS:
+                (
+                    line_field,
+                    _chamber_field,
+                    chamber_flow_field,
+                    _node_flow_field,
+                ) = _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[alias]
+                if signal == "dm1":
+                    canonical_flow_kg_s = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_flow_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = -canonical_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3
+                elif signal == "p2":
+                    line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(
+                        line_properties.p
+                    )
+                elif signal == "t2":
+                    line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = line_properties.T
+                elif signal == "mgas":
+                    line = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, line_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = line.gas_mass_g()
+                elif signal in {"re", "v", "ff"}:
+                    line = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, line_field)
+                    line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+                    canonical_flow_kg_s = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_flow_field)
+                    diagnostics = line.diagnostics(
+                        mass_flow_kg_s=-canonical_flow_kg_s,
+                        temperature_k=line_properties.T,
+                    )
+                    if signal == "re":
+                        values_by_data_path[data_path] = diagnostics.reynolds_number
+                    elif signal == "v":
+                        values_by_data_path[data_path] = diagnostics.gas_velocity_m_s
+                    else:
+                        values_by_data_path[data_path] = diagnostics.friction_factor
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices:
+                orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[alias]
+                if signal == "xv":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = orifice.opening
+                elif (
+                    signal == "dm2"
+                    and alias in _VARIABLE_ORIFICE_MASS_FLOW_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS
+                ):
+                    flow_kg_s = getattr(
+                        snapshot.pneumatic,
+                        _VARIABLE_ORIFICE_MASS_FLOW_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[alias],
+                    )
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = flow_kg_s * 1.0e3
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in chamber_properties_by_alias:
+                chamber_properties = chamber_properties_by_alias[alias]
+                chamber = chamber_by_alias[alias]
+                if signal == "press":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(
+                        chamber_properties.p
+                    )
+                elif signal == "temp":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = chamber_properties.T
+                elif signal == "vol":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = chamber.volume_cm3()
+                elif signal in {"mgas", "mgas1"}:
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = chamber.gas_mass_g()
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons:
+                piston = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons[alias]
+                kinematics = snapshot.mechanical.piston_kinematics_by_alias[alias]
+                geometry = piston.geometry()
+                if signal == "vol1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(
+                        kinematics.port_3_displacement_m,
+                        kinematics.port_2_displacement_m,
+                    )
+                elif signal == "vvol1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(
+                        kinematics.port_3_velocity_m_s,
+                        kinematics.port_2_velocity_m_s,
+                    )
+                elif signal == "length":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = geometry.chamber_length_mm(
+                        kinematics.port_3_displacement_m,
+                        kinematics.port_2_displacement_m,
+                    )
+                elif signal == "x4":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_3_displacement_m
+                elif signal == "x5":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_2_displacement_m
+                elif signal == "v4":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_3_velocity_m_s
+                elif signal == "v5":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_2_velocity_m_s
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in state_by_alias:
+                mass_state = state_by_alias[alias]
+                if signal == "x1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = mass_state.displacement_m
+                elif signal == "v1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = mass_state.velocity_m_s
+                elif signal == "acc1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = acceleration_by_mass_alias[alias]
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            else:
+                raise KeyError(data_path)
+        return values_by_data_path
+
+    def data_path_series(
+        self,
+        *,
+        times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+        state_rows: list[list[float]],
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else _default_full_state_data_paths()
+        series = {data_path: [] for data_path in selected_paths}
+        for sample_index, time_value in enumerate(times):
+            state_vector = [row[sample_index] for row in state_rows]
+            values = self.data_path_values(
+                time_s=float(time_value),
+                state_vector=state_vector,
+                data_paths=selected_paths,
+            )
+            for data_path in selected_paths:
+                series[data_path].append(values[data_path])
+        return series
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _split_data_path(data_path: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if "@" not in data_path:
+            raise KeyError(data_path)
+        signal, alias = data_path.split("@", 1)
+        return signal, alias
+
+    def _force_by_mass_alias(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        pneumatic_snapshot: object,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        force_by_mass_alias = self._piston_force_by_mass_alias(pneumatic_snapshot)
+        elastic_force_by_mass_alias = self._elastic_endstop_force_by_mass_alias(
+            mechanical_snapshot
+        )
+        for mass_alias, contact_force in elastic_force_by_mass_alias.items():
+            force_by_mass_alias[mass_alias] = (
+                force_by_mass_alias.get(mass_alias, 0.0) - contact_force
+            )
+        force_by_mass_alias.update(
+            self._large_mass_force_by_alias(
+                time_s,
+                pneumatic_snapshot,
+                mechanical_snapshot,
+            )
+        )
+        return force_by_mass_alias
+
+    def _mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias(
+        self,
+        pneumatic_snapshot: object,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2": sum(
+                self._elastic_endstop_force_by_mass_alias(mechanical_snapshot).values()
+            ),
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3": sum(
+                self._piston_force_by_mass_alias(pneumatic_snapshot).values()
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _large_mass_force_by_alias(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        pneumatic_snapshot: object,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        node_force = self._mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias(
+            pneumatic_snapshot,
+            mechanical_snapshot,
+        )
+        forcecon_1 = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_1"]
+        forcecon_2 = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_2"]
+        signals = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.piecewise_signals
+        return {
+            "mass_friction_endstops_18": (
+                node_force["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"]
+                - forcecon_2.force_at(time_s, signals)
+            ),
+            "mass_friction_endstops_19": (
+                forcecon_1.force_at(time_s, signals)
+                - node_force["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"]
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _piston_force_by_mass_alias(self, pneumatic_snapshot: object) -> dict[str, float]:
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa
+
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] = {}
+        for mass_alias, piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            chamber = getattr(pneumatic_snapshot, chamber_field)
+            piston = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+            force_by_mass_alias[mass_alias] = (
+                pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(chamber.p) * piston.annulus_area_m2
+            )
+        return force_by_mass_alias
+
+    def _elastic_endstop_force_by_mass_alias(
+        self,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in mechanical_snapshot.states}
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] = {}
+        for mass_alias, support_mass_alias, endstop_alias in _ELASTIC_ENDSTOP_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            mass_state = state_by_alias[mass_alias]
+            support_state = state_by_alias[support_mass_alias]
+            endstop = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.elastic_endstops[
+                endstop_alias
+            ].endstop()
+            gap_mm = (support_state.displacement_m - mass_state.displacement_m) * 1.0e3
+            penetration_velocity_m_s = (
+                mass_state.velocity_m_s - support_state.velocity_m_s
+            )
+            force_by_mass_alias[mass_alias] = endstop.contact_force(
+                gap_mm,
+                penetration_velocity_m_s,
+            )
+        return force_by_mass_alias
+
+
+class AmesimStructuralComponent(Component):
+    def __init__(self, spec: dict[str, object]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=str(spec["alias"]))
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+        self.component_name = str(spec["component_name"])
+        self.parameters = {
+            str(parameter["name"]): parameter
+            for parameter in spec.get("parameters", [])
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def port_names(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(str(port["name"]) for port in self.spec.get("ports", []))
+
+
+class TestMqlSystem:
+    """Structural Python port scaffold for AMESim model ``test_mql``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, archive_path: Path | None = None) -> None:
+        self.archive_path = archive_path or Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / AMESIM_ARCHIVE_RELATIVE_PATH
+        self.network = SimulationNetwork(name=MODEL_NAME)
+        self.pnl0001_assembly = self._build_pnl0001_assembly()
+        self.pnl0002_assembly = self._build_pnl0002_assembly()
+        self.pnl0003_assembly = self._build_pnl0003_assembly()
+        self.pnl00r_assembly = self._build_pnl00r_assembly()
+        self.node3_assembly = self._build_node3_assembly()
+        self.node4_assembly = self._build_node4_assembly()
+        self.mechanical_assembly = self._build_mechanical_assembly()
+        self.pneumatic_assembly = self._build_pneumatic_assembly()
+        pneumatic_components = self._pneumatic_components_by_alias()
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS:
+            alias = str(spec["alias"])
+            self.network.add_component(
+                pneumatic_components.get(alias, AmesimStructuralComponent(spec))
+            )
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            self.network.connect(
+                str(spec["source_component"]),
+                str(spec["source_port"]),
+                str(spec["target_component"]),
+                str(spec["target_port"]),
+            )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_pneumatic_assembly():
+        # Local import avoids a module cycle: test_mql_config reads constants from this module.
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_mechanical_assembly():
+        # Local import avoids a module cycle: test_mql_config reads constants from this module.
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly()
+
+    def _build_pnl0001_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    def _build_pnl0002_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    def _build_pnl0003_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    def _build_pnl00r_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_node3_assembly():
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import build_test_mql_node3_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_node3_assembly()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_node4_assembly():
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import build_test_mql_node4_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_node4_assembly()
+
+    def _pneumatic_components_by_alias(self) -> dict[str, Component]:
+        return {
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_chambers,
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers,
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices,
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices,
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pneumatic_component_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._pneumatic_components_by_alias())
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl0001_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl0001_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl0002_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl0002_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl0003_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl0003_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl00r_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl00r_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_node3_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.node3_assembly)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_node4_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.node4_assembly)
+
+    def _pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl0001_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL0001 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def _pnl0001_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        return self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+
+    def _pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+
+        spec = self._pnl0002_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+            remote_node_alias = spec.target_component
+            remote_port = spec.target_port
+        elif spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+            remote_node_alias = spec.source_component
+            remote_port = spec.source_port
+        else:
+            raise KeyError(f"No PNL0002 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+        if remote_node_alias not in self.node4_assembly:
+            raise KeyError(
+                f"PNL0002 line {spec.alias} remote endpoint is not a P4 node: "
+                f"{remote_node_alias}.{remote_port}"
+            )
+        return TestMqlP4NodePortConnection(
+            line_alias=spec.alias,
+            local_node_alias=node_alias,
+            local_port=port_name,
+            remote_node_alias=remote_node_alias,
+            remote_port=remote_port,
+        )
+
+    def _pnl0002_spec_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl0002_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL0002 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def _pnl0002_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        spec = self._pnl0002_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        return self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+
+    def _p4_primary_connection_for_node(self, node_alias: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection
+
+        spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, "port_2")
+        if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == "port_2":
+            chamber_alias = spec.target_component
+            chamber_port = spec.target_port
+        elif spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == "port_2":
+            chamber_alias = spec.source_component
+            chamber_port = spec.source_port
+        else:
+            raise KeyError(f"No PNL0001 primary line attached to {node_alias}.port_2")
+        return TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection(
+            line_alias=spec.alias,
+            node_alias=node_alias,
+            node_port="port_2",
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            chamber_port=chamber_port,
+        )
+
+    def _p4_port4_orifice_connection_for_node(self, node_alias: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection
+
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            if spec["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+                continue
+            if spec["target_component"] == node_alias and spec["target_port"] == "port_4":
+                orifice_alias = str(spec["source_component"])
+                if orifice_alias in self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices:
+                    return TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection(
+                        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                        node_alias=node_alias,
+                        node_port="port_4",
+                        direct_line_alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                    )
+            if spec["source_component"] == node_alias and spec["source_port"] == "port_4":
+                orifice_alias = str(spec["target_component"])
+                if orifice_alias in self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices:
+                    return TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection(
+                        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                        node_alias=node_alias,
+                        node_port="port_4",
+                        direct_line_alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                    )
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNVO orifice attached to {node_alias}.port_4")
+
+    def p4_node_neighborhood(self, node_alias: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood
+
+        if node_alias not in self.node4_assembly:
+            raise KeyError(f"Unknown P4 node: {node_alias}")
+        return TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood(
+            node_alias=node_alias,
+            primary=self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(node_alias),
+            port_1=self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(node_alias, "port_1"),
+            port_3=self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(node_alias, "port_3"),
+            port_4=self._p4_port4_orifice_connection_for_node(node_alias),
+        )
+
+    def _p4_node_alias_for_orifice_port_2(self, orifice_alias: str) -> str:
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            if spec["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+                continue
+            if (
+                spec["source_component"] == orifice_alias
+                and spec["source_port"] == "port_2"
+                and str(spec["target_component"]) in self.node4_assembly
+            ):
+                return str(spec["target_component"])
+            if (
+                spec["target_component"] == orifice_alias
+                and spec["target_port"] == "port_2"
+                and str(spec["source_component"]) in self.node4_assembly
+            ):
+                return str(spec["source_component"])
+        raise KeyError(f"No P4 node attached to {orifice_alias}.port_2")
+
+    def _pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl0003_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL0003 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def _pnl0003_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        return self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+
+    def _pnl00r_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl00r_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return self.pnl00r_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return self.pnl00r_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL00R line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def pneumatic_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.network.initial_state_vector()
+
+    def mechanical_mass_closure(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure
+
+        return TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure(self.mechanical_assembly)
+
+    def mechanical_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.mechanical_mass_closure().initial_state_vector()
+
+    def simulate_mechanical_masses(
+        self,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.mechanical_mass_closure()
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def full_state_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStateClosure:
+        return TestMqlFullStateClosure(
+            pneumatic_closure=self.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+                spec,
+                inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+                resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+                use_inlet_line_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+                use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs=(
+                    use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+                ),
+            ),
+            mechanical_closure=self.mechanical_mass_closure(),
+            pneumatic_assembly=self.pneumatic_assembly,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_full_state_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+            use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs,
+        )
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs_at(t, state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_full_state_series_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ) -> TestMqlSimulationResult:
+        closure = self.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+            use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs,
+        )
+        solution = integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs_at(t, state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+        times = [float(value) for value in solution.t]
+        state_rows = [list(row) for row in solution.y]
+        series = {
+            "time": times,
+            **closure.data_path_series(
+                times=times,
+                state_rows=state_rows,
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+            ),
+        }
+        return TestMqlSimulationResult(t=times, y=state_rows, series=series)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def pneumatic_branch_spec(
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+        source: str = "manual",
+    ):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec
+
+        return TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+            source=source,
+        )
+
+    def discover_pneumatic_branch_topology(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate,
+            TestMqlPneumaticTopologyDiscovery,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_topology import (
+            discover_fixed_chamber_segments,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_topology import load_test_mql_cir_topology
+
+        topology = load_test_mql_cir_topology(self.archive_path)
+        chamber_segment_specs = discover_fixed_chamber_segments(
+            topology,
+            COMPONENT_SPECS,
+            CONNECTION_SPECS,
+        )
+
+        typed_aliases = set(self._pneumatic_components_by_alias())
+        component_submodels = {
+            str(component["alias"]): str(component["submodel"])
+            for component in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        }
+        blocked_candidates = []
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            source_component = str(spec["source_component"])
+            target_component = str(spec["target_component"])
+            source_is_typed = source_component in typed_aliases
+            target_is_typed = target_component in typed_aliases
+            if not (source_is_typed or target_is_typed):
+                continue
+
+            line_submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+            endpoint_submodels = {
+                component_submodels.get(source_component, ""),
+                component_submodels.get(target_component, ""),
+            }
+            if "PNRP17" in endpoint_submodels:
+                category = "piston-boundary"
+                reason = "requires pneumatic piston and mechanical coupling interpretation"
+            elif "STEP0" in endpoint_submodels:
+                category = "control-boundary"
+                reason = "requires modulated-orifice control signal evaluation"
+            elif endpoint_submodels & {"PN3NODE2", "P4NODE2"}:
+                category = "node-line-boundary"
+                reason = "requires AMESim node/line equations before full-network closure"
+            elif source_is_typed and target_is_typed:
+                category = "typed-direct"
+                reason = "direct typed connection is not a complete simulated subnetwork"
+            elif line_submodel != "DIRECT":
+                category = "line-boundary"
+                reason = "requires AMESim line equations before full-network closure"
+            else:
+                category = "component-boundary"
+                reason = "requires AMESim boundary component interpretation"
+
+            blocked_candidates.append(
+                TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate(
+                    connection_alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                    line_submodel=line_submodel,
+                    source_component=source_component,
+                    source_port=str(spec["source_port"]),
+                    target_component=target_component,
+                    target_port=str(spec["target_port"]),
+                    source_is_typed_pneumatic=source_is_typed,
+                    target_is_typed_pneumatic=target_is_typed,
+                    category=category,
+                    reason=reason,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return TestMqlPneumaticTopologyDiscovery(
+            branch_specs=(),
+            chamber_segment_specs=chamber_segment_specs,
+            blocked_candidates=tuple(blocked_candidates),
+        )
+
+    def pneumatic_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Build a reduced segment using absolute-pressure line boundaries.
+
+        Boundary values apply at the PNL0001/orifice interfaces, not at the nodes.
+        """
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents(
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            outlet_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pneumatic_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        """Integrate a reduced segment with absolute-pressure line boundaries."""
+        closure = self.pneumatic_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_pressure_pa=inlet_pressure_pa,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_temperature_k=inlet_temperature_k,
+            outlet_temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Insert the topology-derived inlet PNL0001 into a chamber segment."""
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            outlet_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pnl0001_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pnl0001_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            outlet_temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Insert both topology-derived PNL0001 states into the segment."""
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.outlet_line_alias]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                outlet_line=outlet_line,
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            outlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=outlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=outlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            outlet_node_pressure_pa=outlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            outlet_node_temperature_k=outlet_node_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pn3_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        p4_boundary_pressure_pa: float = 15.3e6,
+        p4_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Close a PNL0001 chamber segment with the real outlet PN3 node.
+
+        The PN3 primary pressure/temperature is taken from the attached PNL0003
+        port-1 compliance. The PNL0003 port-2 side is connected through the
+        real PNVO001 orifice to a prescribed P4 pressure boundary.
+        """
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.outlet_line_alias]
+        node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(spec.outlet_node_alias, "port_2")
+        node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[node_line_spec.alias]
+        node_orifice_alias = (
+            node_line_spec.target_component
+            if node_line_spec.source_component == spec.outlet_node_alias
+            else node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        node_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[node_orifice_alias]
+        node_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            spec.outlet_node_alias, "port_1"
+        )
+        node = self.node3_assembly[spec.outlet_node_alias]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                outlet_line=outlet_line,
+                node_line=node_line,
+                node_resistance=node_resistance,
+                node_orifice=node_orifice,
+                node=node,
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            resistance_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            p4_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=p4_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=p4_boundary_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pn3_node_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        p4_boundary_pressure_pa: float = 15.3e6,
+        p4_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pn3_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            p4_boundary_pressure_pa=p4_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            p4_boundary_temperature_k=p4_boundary_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        use_inlet_line_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Close a PN3 chamber segment through the adjacent real P4 node.
+
+        The P4 primary pressure/temperature is supplied by the PNL0001 line on
+        P4 port 2. Ports 1 and 3 use the adjacent PNL0002 center compliances.
+        The next P4 nodes contribute their primary PNL0001/chamber states, and
+        PNVO upstream endpoints are closed through their adjacent PN3/PNL0003
+        subnets.
+        """
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        def pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(orifice_alias: str):
+            for line_spec in self.pnl0003_assembly.specs:
+                if (
+                    line_spec.target_component == orifice_alias
+                    and line_spec.target_port == "port_3"
+                    and line_spec.source_component in self.node3_assembly
+                ):
+                    return (
+                        self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[line_spec.alias],
+                        self.node3_assembly[line_spec.source_component],
+                    )
+                if (
+                    line_spec.source_component == orifice_alias
+                    and line_spec.source_port == "port_3"
+                    and line_spec.target_component in self.node3_assembly
+                ):
+                    return (
+                        self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[line_spec.alias],
+                        self.node3_assembly[line_spec.target_component],
+                    )
+            raise KeyError(f"No PN3/PNL0003 line attached to {orifice_alias}.port_3")
+
+        def other_node3_for_pnl00r(line_alias: str, local_node_alias: str):
+            for line_spec in self.pnl00r_assembly.specs:
+                if line_spec.alias != line_alias:
+                    continue
+                if line_spec.source_component == local_node_alias:
+                    return self.node3_assembly[line_spec.target_component]
+                if line_spec.target_component == local_node_alias:
+                    return self.node3_assembly[line_spec.source_component]
+            raise KeyError(f"No remote PN3 node found for {line_alias}")
+
+        def chamber_segment_for_inlet_node(node_alias: str):
+            chamber_specs = (
+                self.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs
+            )
+            for chamber_spec in chamber_specs:
+                if chamber_spec.inlet_node_alias == node_alias:
+                    return chamber_spec
+            raise KeyError(f"No fixed chamber segment starts at {node_alias}")
+
+        def chamber_segment_for_outlet_node(node_alias: str):
+            chamber_specs = (
+                self.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs
+            )
+            for chamber_spec in chamber_specs:
+                if chamber_spec.outlet_node_alias == node_alias:
+                    return chamber_spec
+            raise KeyError(f"No fixed chamber segment ends at {node_alias}")
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.outlet_line_alias]
+        node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            spec.outlet_node_alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[node_line_spec.alias]
+        node_orifice_alias = (
+            node_line_spec.target_component
+            if node_line_spec.source_component == spec.outlet_node_alias
+            else node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_node_alias = self._p4_node_alias_for_orifice_port_2(node_orifice_alias)
+        p4_neighborhood = self.p4_node_neighborhood(p4_node_alias)
+        if p4_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias != node_orifice_alias:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"P4 neighborhood for {p4_node_alias} does not match "
+                f"{node_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        node_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        ]
+        node_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            spec.outlet_node_alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        node = self.node3_assembly[spec.outlet_node_alias]
+        p4_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_neighborhood.node_alias]
+        p4_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_neighborhood.primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_primary_chamber_alias = p4_neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_primary_chamber = self.network.components[p4_primary_chamber_alias]
+        p4_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_neighborhood.port_1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_neighborhood.port_3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_neighborhood = self.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            p4_neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node = self.node4_assembly[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.node_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber_alias = (
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_far_node_alias = p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port1_far_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port1_far_node_alias]
+        p4_port1_far_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port1_far_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_far_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_far_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port1_far_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port1_far_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_far_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_far_port1 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_far_node_alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_far_port1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_node_alias = p4_port1_far_port1.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port1_next_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port1_next_node_alias]
+        p4_port1_next_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port1_next_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port1_next_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port1_next_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_next_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_port1 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_node_alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_port1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_bridge_node_alias = p4_port1_next_port1.remote_node_alias
+        p4_bridge_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_bridge_node_alias]
+        p4_bridge_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_bridge_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_bridge_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_bridge_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_bridge_primary_chamber_alias = p4_bridge_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_bridge_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_bridge_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        ]
+        (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_node,
+        ) = pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_neighborhood = self.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            p4_neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node = self.node4_assembly[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.node_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber_alias = (
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_far_node_alias = p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port3_far_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port3_far_node_alias]
+        p4_port3_far_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port3_far_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_far_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_far_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port3_far_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port3_far_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_far_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_far_port3 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_far_node_alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_far_port3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_node_alias = p4_port3_far_port3.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port3_next_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port3_next_node_alias]
+        p4_port3_next_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port3_next_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port3_next_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port3_next_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_next_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_port3 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_node_alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        if p4_port3_next_port3.remote_node_alias != p4_bridge_node_alias:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_port3.line_alias} does not connect back to "
+                f"{p4_bridge_node_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port3_next_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_port3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.source_component
+            if p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.target_component
+            == p4_port3_next_node_alias
+            else p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.target_component
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node,
+        ) = pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(p4_port3_next_orifice_alias)
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_spec = chamber_segment_for_inlet_node(
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.inlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.volume_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.outlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node = other_node3_for_pnl00r(
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias
+            else p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_bridge_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        if (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec.source_component
+            != p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec.alias} is not fed by "
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec = chamber_segment_for_outlet_node(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_node = self.node3_assembly[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_node_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias
+            else p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        if (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.source_component != p4_port1_next_node_alias
+            or p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.target_component
+            != p4_port1_next_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.alias} does not connect "
+                f"{p4_port1_next_node_alias}.port_4 to {p4_port1_next_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node = other_node3_for_pnl00r(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias
+            else p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_orifice_direct = self.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            p4_port1_far_node_alias
+        ).port_4
+        if (
+            p4_port1_far_orifice_direct.orifice_alias
+            != p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port1_far_node_alias}.port_4 does not use "
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec = (
+            chamber_segment_for_outlet_node(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_line_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_line_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        ]
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node,
+        ) = pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node = other_node3_for_pnl00r(
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance.name,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port3_remote_resistance_node.alias
+            else p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_far_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        if (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec.source_component
+            != p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec.alias} is not fed by "
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(p4_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_far_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_far_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_far_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_far_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_next_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_next_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_bridge_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_bridge_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                outlet_line=outlet_line,
+                node_line=node_line,
+                node_resistance=node_resistance,
+                node_orifice=node_orifice,
+                node=node,
+                p4_node=p4_node,
+                p4_primary_line=p4_primary_line,
+                p4_primary_chamber=p4_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_line=p4_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_remote_node=p4_port1_remote_node,
+                p4_port1_remote_primary_line=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+                p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_remote_port1_line=p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_far_node=p4_port1_far_node,
+                p4_port1_far_primary_line=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+                p4_port1_far_primary_chamber=p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_far_port1_line=p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_next_node=p4_port1_next_node,
+                p4_port1_next_primary_line=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+                p4_port1_next_primary_chamber=p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_next_port1_line=p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice=p4_port1_next_orifice,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_line=p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_node=p4_port1_next_orifice_node,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec
+                ),
+                p4_bridge_node=p4_bridge_node,
+                p4_bridge_primary_line=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+                p4_bridge_primary_chamber=p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice=p4_port1_remote_orifice,
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice_line=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice_node=p4_port1_remote_orifice_node,
+                p4_port3_line=p4_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_remote_node=p4_port3_remote_node,
+                p4_port3_remote_primary_line=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port3_remote_port3_line=p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_far_node=p4_port3_far_node,
+                p4_port3_far_primary_line=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+                p4_port3_far_primary_chamber=p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port3_far_port3_line=p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_next_node=p4_port3_next_node,
+                p4_port3_next_primary_line=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+                p4_port3_next_primary_chamber=p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port3_next_port3_line=p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice=p4_port3_next_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_line=p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_node=p4_port3_next_orifice_node,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber=p4_port3_next_chamber,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_spec=p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance=p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node=p4_port3_next_resistance_node,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice=p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec
+                ),
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice=p4_port3_remote_orifice,
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_line=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_node=p4_port3_remote_orifice_node,
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance=p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance,
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node,
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line=(
+                    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line
+                ),
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice=(
+                    p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line=(
+                    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line
+                ),
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            resistance_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            use_inlet_line_reference_rhs=use_inlet_line_reference_rhs,
+            use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs=(
+                use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pneumatic_branch_closure_from_spec(self, spec):
+        return self.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name=spec.name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=spec.upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=spec.orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=spec.downstream_volume_alias,
+            spec=spec,
+        )
+
+    def pneumatic_branch_closure(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+        spec=None,
+    ):
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents,
+            TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec,
+            TestMqlPneumaticClosure,
+        )
+
+        upstream_volume = self.network.components[upstream_volume_alias]
+        orifice = self.network.components[orifice_alias]
+        downstream_volume = self.network.components[downstream_volume_alias]
+        if not isinstance(upstream_volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{upstream_volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(downstream_volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{downstream_volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(f"{orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice")
+
+        def initial_state_vector() -> list[float]:
+            return [
+                *upstream_volume.get_state_vector(),
+                *downstream_volume.get_state_vector(),
+            ]
+
+        def apply_state_vector(values: list[float]) -> None:
+            if len(values) != 4:
+                raise ValueError("two-volume pneumatic branch state vector requires four values")
+            upstream_volume.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+            downstream_volume.set_state_vector(values[2:])
+
+        branch_spec = spec or TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+        return TestMqlPneumaticClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents(
+                name=name,
+                upstream_volume=upstream_volume,
+                orifice=orifice,
+                downstream_volume=downstream_volume,
+                spec=branch_spec,
+            ),
+            initial_state_vector=initial_state_vector,
+            apply_state_vector=apply_state_vector,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pneumatic_branch_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        return self.simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+            name=spec.name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=spec.upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=spec.orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=spec.downstream_volume_alias,
+            config=config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution_from_spec(
+        self,
+        solution: object,
+        spec,
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        return self.evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution(
+            solution,
+            name=spec.name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=spec.upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=spec.orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=spec.downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution(
+        self,
+        solution: object,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        closure = self.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+        series = {
+            "time": [],
+            f"{name}.flow": [],
+            f"{upstream_volume_alias}.p": [],
+            f"{upstream_volume_alias}.T": [],
+            f"{upstream_volume_alias}.m_flow": [],
+            f"{downstream_volume_alias}.p": [],
+            f"{downstream_volume_alias}.T": [],
+            f"{downstream_volume_alias}.m_flow": [],
+        }
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(solution.t):
+            state_vector = [row[index] for row in solution.y]
+            snapshot = closure.snapshot(state_vector)
+            series["time"].append(float(time_value))
+            series[f"{name}.flow"].append(snapshot.flow)
+            series[f"{upstream_volume_alias}.p"].append(snapshot.upstream.p)
+            series[f"{upstream_volume_alias}.T"].append(snapshot.upstream.T)
+            series[f"{upstream_volume_alias}.m_flow"].append(
+                closure.components.upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow
+            )
+            series[f"{downstream_volume_alias}.p"].append(snapshot.downstream.p)
+            series[f"{downstream_volume_alias}.T"].append(snapshot.downstream.T)
+            series[f"{downstream_volume_alias}.m_flow"].append(
+                closure.components.downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow
+            )
+        return series
+
+    def snapshot(self) -> TestMqlSnapshot:
+        return TestMqlSnapshot(
+            model_name=MODEL_NAME,
+            component_count=len(COMPONENT_SPECS),
+            connection_count=len(CONNECTION_SPECS),
+            continuous_state_count=int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0)),
+            discrete_state_count=int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_discrete_states", 0)),
+            global_parameters=dict(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS),
+            submodel_counts=dict(SUBMODEL_COUNTS),
+        )
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [0.0] * int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0))
+
+    def simulate(self, config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None) -> TestMqlSimulationResult:
+        run_config = config or TestMqlRunConfig()
+        times = run_config.sample_times()
+        state_count = int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0))
+        y = [[0.0 for _ in times] for _ in range(state_count)]
+        series = self.evaluate_solution(SimpleNamespace(t=times, y=y))
+        return TestMqlSimulationResult(t=times, y=y, series=series)
+
+    def evaluate_solution(self, solution: object) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        times = [float(value) for value in solution.t]
+        return {
+            "time": times,
+            "component_count": [float(len(COMPONENT_SPECS)) for _ in times],
+            "connection_count": [float(len(CONNECTION_SPECS)) for _ in times],
+            "continuous_state_count": [float(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0)) for _ in times],
+            "discrete_state_count": [float(MODEL_INFO.get("num_discrete_states", 0)) for _ in times],
+        }
+
+    def component_specs_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]]:
+        grouped: dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]] = {}
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS:
+            grouped.setdefault(str(spec["submodel"]), []).append(spec)
+        return grouped
+
+    def connection_specs_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]]:
+        grouped: dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]] = {}
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            grouped.setdefault(str(spec["submodel"]), []).append(spec)
+        return grouped
+
+
+def build_test_mql() -> SimulationNetwork:
+    return TestMqlSystem().network
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_baseline.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_baseline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fff6c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_baseline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+    archive_path: Path,
+    *,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else output_schema.data_paths()
+    baseline_series = observation_catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        amesim_results,
+        selected_paths,
+    )
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=baseline_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    return TestMqlBaselineRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_closure.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_closure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..984d9f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_closure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4213 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+)
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic_line import (
+    AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+from PythonModels.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode3,
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance,
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode4,
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec:
+    name: str
+    upstream_volume_alias: str
+    orifice_alias: str
+    downstream_volume_alias: str
+    source: str = "manual"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate:
+    connection_alias: str
+    line_submodel: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    source_is_typed_pneumatic: bool
+    target_is_typed_pneumatic: bool
+    category: str
+    reason: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec:
+    name: str
+    inlet_node_alias: str
+    inlet_line_alias: str
+    inlet_orifice_alias: str
+    inlet_orifice_boundary_port: str
+    inlet_orifice_volume_port: str
+    volume_alias: str
+    volume_inlet_port: str
+    volume_outlet_port: str
+    outlet_orifice_alias: str
+    outlet_orifice_volume_port: str
+    outlet_orifice_boundary_port: str
+    outlet_line_alias: str
+    outlet_node_alias: str
+    source: str = "amesim-cir-topology"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticTopologyDiscovery:
+    branch_specs: tuple[TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec, ...]
+    chamber_segment_specs: tuple[TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec, ...]
+    blocked_candidates: tuple[TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition:
+    pressure_pa: float
+    temperature_k: float
+
+    def properties(self, gas: AmesimPneumaticGas) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("boundary pressure must be positive")
+        if self.temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("boundary temperature must be positive")
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=self.pressure_pa,
+            T=self.temperature_k,
+            rho=gas.density(self.pressure_pa, self.temperature_k),
+            u=gas.specific_internal_energy(self.temperature_k),
+            h=gas.specific_enthalpy(self.temperature_k),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents:
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_flow: float
+    outlet_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_to_line_flow: float
+    line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    node_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    node_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    resistance_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    node_to_resistance_flow: float
+    node_to_pnl0003_flow: float
+    pnl0003_center_flow: float
+    pnl0003_to_p4_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    node_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    node_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_remote_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_remote_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_far_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port1_far_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_far_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_far_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port1_next_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_next_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+    p4_bridge_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_bridge_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_bridge_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_remote_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_far_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port3_far_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_far_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_far_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port3_next_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_next_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlTwoStateOrificeLineFlows:
+    line_center_flow: float
+    line_to_boundary_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NeighborhoodLineFlows:
+    primary_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    port_1_line_flow: float
+    port_3_line_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFixedChamberSegmentFlows:
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort:
+    flow_kg_s: float
+    node_h: float
+    connected_h: float
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort:
+    flow_kg_s: float
+    node_h: float
+    connected_h: float
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_far_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_far_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_far_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_bridge_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_bridge_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_far_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_far_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_far_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    resistance_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_remote_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_far_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_next_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_bridge_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_remote_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port3_far_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port3_next_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    node_to_resistance_flow: float
+    node_to_pnl0003_flow: float
+    pnl0003_center_flow: float
+    pnl0003_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_to_port1_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow: float
+    p4_to_port3_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow: float
+
+
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """PN3 chamber segment closed through the adjacent real P4 node.
+
+    The P4 primary pressure/temperature comes from the PNL0001 storage on
+    ``port_2``. P4 ports 1 and 3 are represented by the adjacent PNL0002 center
+    compliances; their far nodes remain prescribed pressure boundaries.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        resistance_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        use_inlet_line_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.resistance_boundary = resistance_boundary
+        self.use_inlet_line_reference_rhs = use_inlet_line_reference_rhs
+        self.use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs = (
+            use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs
+        )
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.node_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 112:
+            raise ValueError("PN3/P4 node chamber segment state vector requires one hundred twelve values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:4])
+        self.components.outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[4:6])
+        self.components.node_line.set_state_vector(values[6:10])
+        self.components.p4_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[10:12])
+        self.components.p4_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[12:14])
+        self.components.p4_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[14:16])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[16:18])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[18:20])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[20:22])
+        self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[22:24])
+        self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[24:26])
+        self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[26:28])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[28:30])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[30:32])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[32:34])
+        self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[34:36])
+        self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[36:38])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[38:42])
+        self.components.p4_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[42:44])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[44:46])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[46:48])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[48:50])
+        self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[50:52])
+        self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[52:54])
+        self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[54:56])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[56:58])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[58:60])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[60:62])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.set_state_vector(values[62:66])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.set_state_vector(values[66:68])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[68:72])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[72:76])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.set_state_vector(values[76:78])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[78:80])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.set_state_vector(values[80:82])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[82:84])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.set_state_vector(values[84:88])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.set_state_vector(values[88:90])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[90:92])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.set_state_vector(values[92:94])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[94:96])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[96:100])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.set_state_vector(values[100:102])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.set_state_vector(values[102:106])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[106:108])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.set_state_vector(values[108:110])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[110:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        inlet_line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        outlet_line = self.components.outlet_line.properties()
+        node_line_port_1 = self.components.node_line.properties_1()
+        node_line_port_2 = self.components.node_line.properties_2()
+        p4_primary_line = self.components.p4_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_primary_chamber = self.components.p4_primary_chamber.properties()
+        p4_port1_line = self.components.p4_port1_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_port1_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_primary_line = self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_far_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_port1_line = self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_next_primary_line = self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_next_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_port1_line = self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_bridge_primary_line = self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_bridge_primary_chamber = self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.properties()
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_line = self.components.p4_port3_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_port3_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_primary_line = self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_far_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_port3_line = self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_primary_line = self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_port3_line = self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber = self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        resistance_boundary = self.resistance_boundary.properties(
+            self.components.node_resistance.gas
+        )
+        chamber_segment_flows = self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+            chamber_properties=chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow = chamber_segment_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = chamber_segment_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow = chamber_segment_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = chamber_segment_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        node_to_resistance_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.node_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=node_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+        )
+        node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.node,
+            primary_properties=node_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        node_to_pnl0003_flow = -node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        pnl0003_center_flow = self.components.node_line.resistance_mass_flow()
+        pnl0003_to_p4_flow = self._line_to_p4_flow(
+            line=node_line_port_2,
+            p4_boundary=p4_primary_line,
+            orifice=self.components.node_orifice,
+        )
+
+        p4_node_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_node_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_to_port1_line_flow = p4_node_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_to_port3_line_flow = p4_node_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_remote_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_far_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow = p4_port1_far_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow = p4_port1_far_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_next_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow = p4_port1_next_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=p4_port1_next_primary_line.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=p4_port1_next_primary_line.T,
+            )
+        )
+        p4_bridge_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_bridge_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow = p4_bridge_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow = p4_bridge_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows = (
+            self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+                chamber_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+                inlet_line=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                inlet_line_properties=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                inlet_node_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+                inlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                outlet_line=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                outlet_line_properties=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                outlet_node_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+                outlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_far_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow = p4_port3_far_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow = p4_port3_far_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port3_next_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow = p4_port3_next_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_flows = self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+            chamber_properties=p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows = (
+            self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+                chamber_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+                inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+                inlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+                inlet_node_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+                inlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                outlet_line=(
+                    self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                outlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line,
+                outlet_node_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+                outlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    -p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s
+            * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_flows = (
+            self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+                line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line,
+                line_port_2_properties=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2
+                ),
+                boundary_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+                orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice,
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_node_to_primary_line_flow = p4_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        p4_port1_remote_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_remote_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_far_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_far_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_far_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_far_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_next_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_far_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_remote_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_far_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_far_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_far_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_far_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_next_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_far_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_bridge_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_bridge_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_bridge_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_bridge_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_bridge_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_bridge_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+
+        snapshot = TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            outlet_line=outlet_line,
+            node_line_port_1=node_line_port_1,
+            node_line_port_2=node_line_port_2,
+            p4_primary_line=p4_primary_line,
+            p4_boundary=p4_primary_line,
+            p4_primary_chamber=p4_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_line=p4_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_line=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_remote_port1_line=p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_far_primary_line=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            p4_port1_far_primary_chamber=p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_far_port1_line=p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_next_primary_line=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            p4_port1_next_primary_chamber=p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_next_port1_line=p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_bridge_primary_line=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            p4_bridge_primary_chamber=p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port3_line=p4_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_line=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port3_remote_port3_line=p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_far_primary_line=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            p4_port3_far_primary_chamber=p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port3_far_port3_line=p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_next_primary_line=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            p4_port3_next_primary_chamber=p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port3_next_port3_line=p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber=p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line
+            ),
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            resistance_boundary=resistance_boundary,
+            node_balance=node_balance,
+            p4_balance=p4_balance,
+            p4_port1_remote_balance=p4_port1_remote_balance,
+            p4_port1_far_balance=p4_port1_far_balance,
+            p4_port1_next_balance=p4_port1_next_balance,
+            p4_bridge_balance=p4_bridge_balance,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance=p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance=p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_balance=p4_port3_remote_balance,
+            p4_port3_far_balance=p4_port3_far_balance,
+            p4_port3_next_balance=p4_port3_next_balance,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance=p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance=p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance
+            ),
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            node_to_resistance_flow=node_to_resistance_flow,
+            node_to_pnl0003_flow=node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            pnl0003_center_flow=pnl0003_center_flow,
+            pnl0003_to_p4_flow=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_node_to_primary_line_flow=p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            p4_to_port1_line_flow=p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow=p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow=p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow=p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow=p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow=p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow=p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow=p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+            p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow=p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow=p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            p4_to_port3_line_flow=p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow=p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow=p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow=p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow=p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow=p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow=p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow=p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow=p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_chamber_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=orifice,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._line_to_p4_flow(
+            line=line,
+            p4_boundary=p4_boundary,
+            orifice=orifice,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _boundary_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = boundary.T if boundary.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(boundary.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+        *,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        node_h: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+            flow_kg_s=flow_kg_s,
+            node_h=node_h,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        *,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        node_h: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_h = node_h if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_h
+        return port_mass_flow_kg_s * upstream_h
+
+    def _two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+        self,
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+        line_port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        boundary_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> TestMqlTwoStateOrificeLineFlows:
+        return TestMqlTwoStateOrificeLineFlows(
+            line_center_flow=line.resistance_mass_flow(),
+            line_to_boundary_flow=self._line_to_p4_flow(
+                line=line_port_2_properties,
+                p4_boundary=boundary_properties,
+                orifice=orifice,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resistance_flow(
+        *,
+        resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> float:
+        return resistance.mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=port_1_properties.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=port_1_properties.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=port_2_properties.p,
+            port_2_temperature_k=port_2_properties.T,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+        *,
+        primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        primary_chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+        port_3_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> TestMqlP4NeighborhoodLineFlows:
+        return TestMqlP4NeighborhoodLineFlows(
+            primary_chamber_to_line_flow=primary_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=primary_chamber_properties.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=primary_chamber_properties.T,
+            ),
+            port_1_line_flow=port_1_line.port_mass_flow(
+                port_pressure_pa=port_1_properties.p,
+                port_temperature_k=port_1_properties.T,
+            ),
+            port_3_line_flow=port_3_line.port_mass_flow(
+                port_pressure_pa=port_3_properties.p,
+                port_temperature_k=port_3_properties.T,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        inlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        outlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> TestMqlFixedChamberSegmentFlows:
+        return TestMqlFixedChamberSegmentFlows(
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node_properties.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node_properties.T,
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+                line=inlet_line_properties,
+                chamber=chamber_properties,
+                orifice=inlet_orifice,
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=outlet_node_properties.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=outlet_node_properties.T,
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+                line=outlet_line_properties,
+                chamber=chamber_properties,
+                orifice=outlet_orifice,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _pn3_node_balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3,
+        primary_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1: TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort,
+        port_3: TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+        return node.balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=primary_properties.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=primary_properties.p,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_1.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_1.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_1.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_3.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_3.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_3.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _pn3_node_port_2_connected_h(
+        *,
+        balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance,
+        fallback_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        mass_flow_kg_s = balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        if abs(mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+            return fallback_h
+        return balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w / mass_flow_kg_s
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _p4_node_port_2_connected_h(
+        *,
+        balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance,
+        fallback_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        mass_flow_kg_s = balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        if abs(mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+            return fallback_h
+        return balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w / mass_flow_kg_s
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        *,
+        gas,
+        node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        stream_properties = (
+            node_properties if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_properties
+        )
+        return port_mass_flow_kg_s * gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+            stream_properties.p,
+            stream_properties.T,
+            reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def _p4_port3_remote_port_2_reference_h(
+        self,
+        *,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+        reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        gas = self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.gas
+        port_2_mass_flow = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        if abs(port_2_mass_flow) <= 1.0e-12:
+            return gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+                snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+            )
+        port_2_enthalpy_flow = sum(
+            (
+                self._reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                    gas=gas,
+                    node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_line,
+                    flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                    port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                    reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                ),
+                self._reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                    gas=gas,
+                    node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+                    flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                    port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                    reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                ),
+                self._reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                    gas=gas,
+                    node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+                    connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                    port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                    reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        return port_2_enthalpy_flow / port_2_mass_flow
+
+    def _p4_node_balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4,
+        primary_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1: TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort,
+        port_3: TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort,
+        port_4: TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+        return node.balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=primary_properties.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=primary_properties.p,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_1.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_1.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_1.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_3.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_3.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_3.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_4.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_4.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_4.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_4.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=port_4.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        )
+
+    def _write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+        self,
+        *,
+        spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        inlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        outlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> None:
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=inlet_line,
+            line_properties=inlet_line_properties,
+            node_properties=inlet_node_properties,
+            node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=inlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_inlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=chamber_properties,
+        )
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=outlet_line,
+            line_properties=outlet_line_properties,
+            node_properties=outlet_node_properties,
+            node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=outlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_outlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=chamber_properties,
+        )
+
+    def _fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+        self,
+        *,
+        spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        inlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        outlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        inlet_derivative = inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=inlet_connected_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                inlet_line_properties.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else outlet_line_properties.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                inlet_line_properties.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else outlet_line_properties.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        outlet_derivative = outlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=outlet_connected_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        return inlet_derivative, chamber_derivative, outlet_derivative
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_primary_chamber_line(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber_to_line_flow: float,
+        node_to_line_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = chamber_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = chamber_to_line_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = line_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = node_to_line_flow
+        line.port_2.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+
+        chamber.port_a.p = chamber_properties.p
+        chamber.port_a.m_flow = -chamber_to_line_flow
+        chamber.port_a.h_outflow = chamber_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+        port_1_connected_reference_h: float | None = None,
+        port_2_connected_reference_h: float | None = None,
+        reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        def specific_reference_h(
+            *,
+            port_flow: float,
+            connected: ThermodynamicProperties,
+            connected_reference_h: float | None,
+        ) -> float:
+            if port_flow > 0.0 and connected_reference_h is not None:
+                return connected_reference_h
+            if port_flow > 0.0:
+                pressure = connected.p
+                temperature = connected.T
+            else:
+                pressure = line_properties.p
+                temperature = line_properties.T
+            return line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                pressure,
+                temperature,
+                reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+            )
+
+        def reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            *,
+            port_flow: float,
+            connected: ThermodynamicProperties,
+            connected_reference_h: float | None,
+        ) -> float:
+            return port_flow * specific_reference_h(
+                port_flow=port_flow,
+                connected=connected,
+                connected_reference_h=connected_reference_h,
+            )
+
+        mass_derivative = port_1_flow + port_2_flow
+        heat_flow = (
+            line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * line.heat_transfer_area
+            * (line.external_temperature - line_properties.T)
+        )
+        enthalpy_flow = reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            port_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected=port_1_properties,
+            connected_reference_h=port_1_connected_reference_h,
+        ) + reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            port_flow=port_2_flow,
+            connected=port_2_properties,
+            connected_reference_h=port_2_connected_reference_h,
+        )
+        reference_offset_flow = (
+            line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * line_properties.T
+        ) * mass_derivative
+        temperature_derivative = (
+            enthalpy_flow + reference_offset_flow + heat_flow
+        ) / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=mass_derivative,
+            U=line.gas.cv
+            * (line.state.m * temperature_derivative + line_properties.T * mass_derivative),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber_to_line_flow: float,
+        node_to_line_flow: float,
+        node_connected_h: float | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        derivative_method = (
+            line.derivatives_from_connections
+            if node_connected_h is None
+            else line.derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections
+        )
+        line_derivative = derivative_method(
+            port_1_m_flow=chamber_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=chamber_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_2=(
+                line_properties.h if node_connected_h is None else node_connected_h
+            ),
+        )
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=-chamber_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_a=line_properties.h,
+            port_b_m_flow=0.0,
+            connected_h_b=chamber_properties.h,
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        return line_derivative, chamber_derivative
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_connection_line(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = port_1_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = port_1_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = port_2_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = port_2_flow
+        line.port_2.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _connection_line_derivative(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        return line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected_h_1=port_1_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+            connected_h_2=port_2_properties.h,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_two_state_connection_line(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = port_1_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = port_1_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = port_1_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = port_2_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = port_2_flow
+        line.port_2.h_outflow = port_2_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_orifice_ports(
+        *,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_a_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_a_flow: float,
+        port_b_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_b_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        orifice.port_a.p = port_a_properties.p
+        orifice.port_a.m_flow = port_a_flow
+        orifice.port_a.h_outflow = port_a_properties.h
+        orifice.port_b.p = port_b_properties.p
+        orifice.port_b.m_flow = port_b_flow
+        orifice.port_b.h_outflow = port_b_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_resistance_ports(
+        *,
+        resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        resistance.port_1.p = port_1_properties.p
+        resistance.port_1.m_flow = port_1_flow
+        resistance.port_1.h_outflow = port_1_properties.h
+        resistance.port_2.p = port_2_properties.p
+        resistance.port_2.m_flow = port_2_flow
+        resistance.port_2.h_outflow = port_2_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+        port_1_connected_h: float | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        return line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected_h_1=(
+                port_1_properties.h
+                if port_1_connected_h is None
+                else port_1_connected_h
+            ),
+            port_2_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+            connected_h_2=port_2_connected_properties.h,
+        )
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.spec,
+            chamber=self.components.volume,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.node_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.node_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=(
+                -snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+            ),
+            outlet_line=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_node_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+            ),
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        (
+            inlet_derivative,
+            chamber_derivative,
+            outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.spec,
+            chamber=self.components.volume,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            outlet_connected_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+        if self.use_inlet_line_reference_rhs:
+            inlet_derivative = self._pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+                line=self.components.inlet_line,
+                line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+                port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+                port_1_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                port_2_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+                port_2_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            )
+        (
+            node_line_derivative_1,
+            node_line_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_primary_derivative,
+            p4_primary_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port1_remote_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_far_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port1_far_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port1_next_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_bridge_primary_derivative,
+            p4_bridge_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_connected_h = self._p4_node_port_2_connected_h(
+            balance=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance,
+            fallback_h=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port3_remote_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            node_connected_h=p4_port3_remote_node_connected_h,
+        )
+        if self.use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs:
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_derivative = (
+                self._pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+                    line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+                    port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+                    port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+                    port_2_connected_reference_h=(
+                        self._p4_port3_remote_port_2_reference_h(
+                            snapshot=snapshot
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        p4_port3_remote_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_far_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port3_far_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_1_connected_h=self._pn3_node_port_2_connected_h(
+                balance=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance,
+                fallback_h=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_fixed_chamber_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_connected_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_1,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_connected_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+        )
+        return [
+            *inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_primary_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_far_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_far_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_far_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_bridge_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_bridge_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_far_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_far_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_far_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_orifice_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_fixed_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+        ]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents:
+    name: str
+    upstream_volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    downstream_volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchState:
+    name: str
+    upstream: ThermodynamicProperties
+    downstream: ThermodynamicProperties
+    flow: float
+    upstream_inlet_h: float
+    downstream_inlet_h: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot:
+    branch: TestMqlPneumaticBranchState
+
+    @property
+    def flow(self) -> float:
+        return self.branch.flow
+
+    @property
+    def upstream(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.branch.upstream
+
+    @property
+    def downstream(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.branch.downstream
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticClosure:
+    """Minimal test_mql pneumatic closure following the existing Testmodel pattern.
+
+    The canonical branch flow is positive from ``upstream_volume`` through the
+    orifice port_a/port_b into ``downstream_volume``. Port ``m_flow`` values are
+    written with Modelica-style signs: positive means flow into that component.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents,
+        initial_state_vector: Callable[[], list[float]],
+        apply_state_vector: Callable[[list[float]], None],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self._initial_state_vector = initial_state_vector
+        self._apply_state_vector = apply_state_vector
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self._initial_state_vector()
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self._apply_state_vector(values)
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self._apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        upstream = self.components.upstream_volume.properties()
+        downstream = self.components.downstream_volume.properties()
+        flow = self._solve_branch_flow(upstream, downstream)
+        upstream_inlet_h = self.components.upstream_volume.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=-flow,
+            connected_h=downstream.h,
+            internal_h=upstream.h,
+        )
+        downstream_inlet_h = self.components.downstream_volume.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=flow,
+            connected_h=upstream.h,
+            internal_h=downstream.h,
+        )
+        branch = TestMqlPneumaticBranchState(
+            name=self.components.name,
+            upstream=upstream,
+            downstream=downstream,
+            flow=flow,
+            upstream_inlet_h=upstream_inlet_h,
+            downstream_inlet_h=downstream_inlet_h,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(branch)
+        return TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot(branch=branch)
+
+    def _solve_branch_flow(
+        self,
+        upstream: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        downstream: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = upstream.T if upstream.p >= downstream.p else downstream.T
+        return self.components.orifice.mass_flow(
+            upstream.p,
+            downstream.p,
+            upstream_temperature,
+        )
+
+    def _write_port_states(self, branch: TestMqlPneumaticBranchState) -> None:
+        upstream_volume = self.components.upstream_volume
+        downstream_volume = self.components.downstream_volume
+        orifice = self.components.orifice
+
+        upstream_volume.port_a.p = branch.upstream.p
+        upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow = -branch.flow
+        upstream_volume.port_a.h_outflow = branch.upstream.h
+
+        orifice.port_a.p = branch.upstream.p
+        orifice.port_a.m_flow = branch.flow
+        orifice.port_a.h_outflow = branch.upstream.h
+        orifice.port_b.p = branch.downstream.p
+        orifice.port_b.m_flow = -branch.flow
+        orifice.port_b.h_outflow = branch.downstream.h
+
+        downstream_volume.port_a.p = branch.downstream.p
+        downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow = branch.flow
+        downstream_volume.port_a.h_outflow = branch.downstream.h
+
+    def branch_derivatives(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        flow = snapshot.flow
+        upstream_derivative = self.components.upstream_volume.derivatives(
+            inlet_h=snapshot.branch.upstream_inlet_h,
+            m_flow=-flow,
+        )
+        downstream_derivative = self.components.downstream_volume.derivatives(
+            inlet_h=snapshot.branch.downstream_inlet_h,
+            m_flow=flow,
+        )
+        return upstream_derivative, downstream_derivative
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        upstream_derivative, downstream_derivative = self.branch_derivatives(snapshot)
+        return [
+            *upstream_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *downstream_derivative.as_vector(),
+        ]
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Boundary-reduced fixed chamber segment discovered from AMESim topology.
+
+    The two PNL0001 lines remain prescribed boundary interfaces in this first
+    closure. Their aliases are retained in the spec so line dynamics can be
+    inserted later without rediscovering the component path.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        outlet_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_boundary = inlet_boundary
+        self.outlet_boundary = outlet_boundary
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.components.volume.get_state_vector()
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 2:
+            raise ValueError("single-chamber segment state vector requires two values")
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values)
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        inlet_boundary = self.inlet_boundary.properties(self.components.volume.gas)
+        outlet_boundary = self.outlet_boundary.properties(self.components.volume.gas)
+        inlet_temperature = (
+            inlet_boundary.T if inlet_boundary.p >= chamber.p else chamber.T
+        )
+        outlet_temperature = (
+            chamber.T if chamber.p >= outlet_boundary.p else outlet_boundary.T
+        )
+        inlet_flow = self.components.inlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            inlet_boundary.p,
+            chamber.p,
+            inlet_temperature,
+        )
+        outlet_flow = self.components.outlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            chamber.p,
+            outlet_boundary.p,
+            outlet_temperature,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            chamber=chamber,
+            inlet_boundary=inlet_boundary,
+            outlet_boundary=outlet_boundary,
+            inlet_flow=inlet_flow,
+            outlet_flow=outlet_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        if port_name == "port_1":
+            return component.port_a
+        if port_name == "port_2":
+            return component.port_b
+        raise ValueError(f"unsupported pneumatic port: {port_name}")
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        inlet_orifice = self.components.inlet_orifice
+        outlet_orifice = self.components.outlet_orifice
+
+        inlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            inlet_orifice,
+            spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        inlet_volume_port = self._port(inlet_orifice, spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port)
+        inlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.inlet_boundary.p
+        inlet_boundary_port.m_flow = snapshot.inlet_flow
+        inlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.inlet_boundary.h
+        inlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        inlet_volume_port.m_flow = -snapshot.inlet_flow
+        inlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+        chamber_inlet_port.m_flow = snapshot.inlet_flow
+        chamber_outlet_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+
+        outlet_volume_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+        )
+        outlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        outlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        outlet_volume_port.m_flow = snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+        outlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.outlet_boundary.p
+        outlet_boundary_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_boundary.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_boundary.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        return derivative.as_vector()
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Fixed chamber segment with the topology-derived inlet PNL0001 state.
+
+    The inlet line has a closed causal boundary here: port-1 pressure and
+    temperature come from the PN3 node boundary, while port-2 flow comes from
+    the fixed orifice. The outlet line remains a boundary until its three-line
+    PN3 node balance is assembled.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        outlet_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.outlet_boundary = outlet_boundary
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 4:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0001/chamber segment state vector requires four values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        outlet_boundary = self.outlet_boundary.properties(self.components.volume.gas)
+        node_to_line_flow = self.components.inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node.T,
+        )
+        inlet_temperature = line.T if line.p >= chamber.p else chamber.T
+        line_to_chamber_flow = self.components.inlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            line.p,
+            chamber.p,
+            inlet_temperature,
+        )
+        outlet_temperature = (
+            chamber.T if chamber.p >= outlet_boundary.p else outlet_boundary.T
+        )
+        outlet_flow = self.components.outlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            chamber.p,
+            outlet_boundary.p,
+            outlet_temperature,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            outlet_boundary=outlet_boundary,
+            node_to_line_flow=node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_flow=outlet_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        line = self.components.inlet_line
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        inlet_orifice = self.components.inlet_orifice
+        outlet_orifice = self.components.outlet_orifice
+
+        line.port_1.p = snapshot.inlet_node.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = snapshot.node_to_line_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = snapshot.inlet_line.h
+        line.port_2.p = snapshot.inlet_line.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = -snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+
+        inlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            inlet_orifice,
+            spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        inlet_volume_port = self._port(inlet_orifice, spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port)
+        inlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.inlet_line.p
+        inlet_boundary_port.m_flow = snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+        inlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.inlet_line.h
+        inlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        inlet_volume_port.m_flow = -snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+        inlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+        chamber_inlet_port.m_flow = snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+        chamber_outlet_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+
+        outlet_volume_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+        )
+        outlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        outlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        outlet_volume_port.m_flow = snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+        outlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.outlet_boundary.p
+        outlet_boundary_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        line_derivative = self.components.inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.inlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        return [*line_derivative.as_vector(), *chamber_derivative.as_vector()]
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Six-state fixed chamber segment with both PNL0001 compliance states.
+
+    Generated C shows that both line instances receive ``t1/p1`` from their
+    PN3 nodes and send their explicit ``t2/p2`` states to the fixed orifices.
+    The reduced closure therefore prescribes node pressure/temperature at both
+    resistive port-1 boundaries while keeping both line storage states native.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        outlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.outlet_node = outlet_node
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 6:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0001 pair/chamber state vector requires six values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:4])
+        self.components.outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[4:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        inlet_line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        outlet_line = self.components.outlet_line.properties()
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        outlet_node = self.outlet_node.properties(self.components.outlet_line.gas)
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node.T,
+        )
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.outlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=outlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=outlet_node.T,
+        )
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+        )
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=outlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            outlet_line=outlet_line,
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            outlet_node=outlet_node,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_chamber_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= chamber.p else chamber.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, chamber.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+
+        self._write_line_side(
+            line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.inlet_node,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_inlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+        self._write_line_side(
+            line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.outlet_node,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_outlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+
+    def _write_line_side(
+        self,
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        node_to_line_flow: float,
+        line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        orifice_boundary_port: str,
+        orifice_volume_port: str,
+        chamber_port: PortState,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = node_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = node_to_line_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = line_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = -line_to_chamber_flow
+
+        boundary_port = self._port(orifice, orifice_boundary_port)
+        volume_port = self._port(orifice, orifice_volume_port)
+        boundary_port.p = line_properties.p
+        boundary_port.m_flow = line_to_chamber_flow
+        boundary_port.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        volume_port.p = chamber_properties.p
+        volume_port.m_flow = -line_to_chamber_flow
+        volume_port.h_outflow = chamber_properties.h
+        chamber_port.m_flow = line_to_chamber_flow
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        inlet_derivative = self.components.inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.inlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        outlet_derivative = self.components.outlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.outlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        return [
+            *inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+        ]
+
+
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Boundary-reduced chamber segment closed by one real PN3 node.
+
+    ``pneumatic_88`` supplies the PN3 primary pressure/temperature from its
+    port-1 compliance. The node has no storage, so the sum of the port-1
+    PNL00R flow and port-3 PNL0001 flow is written as the opposite port-1
+    flow into the PNL0003 state.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        resistance_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        p4_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.resistance_boundary = resistance_boundary
+        self.p4_boundary = p4_boundary
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.node_line.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 10:
+            raise ValueError("PN3 node/chamber segment state vector requires ten values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:4])
+        self.components.outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[4:6])
+        self.components.node_line.set_state_vector(values[6:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        inlet_line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        outlet_line = self.components.outlet_line.properties()
+        node_line_port_1 = self.components.node_line.properties_1()
+        node_line_port_2 = self.components.node_line.properties_2()
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        resistance_boundary = self.resistance_boundary.properties(
+            self.components.node_resistance.gas
+        )
+        p4_boundary = self.p4_boundary.properties(self.components.node_line.gas)
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node.T,
+        )
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.outlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=node_line_port_1.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=node_line_port_1.T,
+        )
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+        )
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=outlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        node_to_resistance_flow = self.components.node_resistance.mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=node_line_port_1.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=node_line_port_1.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary.p,
+            port_2_temperature_k=resistance_boundary.T,
+        )
+        node_balance = self.components.node.balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=node_line_port_1.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=node_line_port_1.p,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+                flow_kg_s=node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=resistance_boundary.h,
+            ),
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=node_to_resistance_flow * 1.0e3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+                flow_kg_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=outlet_line.h,
+            ),
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow * 1.0e3,
+        )
+        node_to_pnl0003_flow = -node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        pnl0003_center_flow = self.components.node_line.resistance_mass_flow()
+        pnl0003_to_p4_flow = self._line_to_p4_flow(
+            line=node_line_port_2,
+            p4_boundary=p4_boundary,
+            orifice=self.components.node_orifice,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            outlet_line=outlet_line,
+            node_line_port_1=node_line_port_1,
+            node_line_port_2=node_line_port_2,
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            resistance_boundary=resistance_boundary,
+            p4_boundary=p4_boundary,
+            node_balance=node_balance,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            node_to_resistance_flow=node_to_resistance_flow,
+            node_to_pnl0003_flow=node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            pnl0003_center_flow=pnl0003_center_flow,
+            pnl0003_to_p4_flow=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_chamber_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=orifice,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+        *,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        node_h: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return flow_kg_s * (node_h if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_h)
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.inlet_node,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_inlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_outlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+        node_line = self.components.node_line
+        node_line.port_1.p = snapshot.node_line_port_1.p
+        node_line.port_1.m_flow = snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow
+        node_line.port_1.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_1.h
+        node_line.port_2.p = snapshot.node_line_port_2.p
+        node_line.port_2.m_flow = -snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+        node_line.port_2.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_2.h
+
+        node_orifice = self.components.node_orifice
+        node_orifice.port_a.p = snapshot.node_line_port_2.p
+        node_orifice.port_a.m_flow = snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+        node_orifice.port_a.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_2.h
+        node_orifice.port_b.p = snapshot.p4_boundary.p
+        node_orifice.port_b.m_flow = -snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+        node_orifice.port_b.h_outflow = snapshot.p4_boundary.h
+
+        resistance = self.components.node_resistance
+        resistance.port_1.p = snapshot.node_line_port_1.p
+        resistance.port_1.m_flow = snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow
+        resistance.port_1.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_1.h
+        resistance.port_2.p = snapshot.resistance_boundary.p
+        resistance.port_2.m_flow = -snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow
+        resistance.port_2.h_outflow = snapshot.resistance_boundary.h
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        inlet_derivative = self.components.inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.inlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        outlet_derivative = self.components.outlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.node_line_port_1.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        node_line_derivative_1, node_line_derivative_2 = (
+            self.components.node_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+                port_1_m_flow=snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+                connected_h_1=snapshot.node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+                connected_h_2=snapshot.p4_boundary.h,
+            )
+        )
+        return [
+            *inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+        ]
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_computed.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_computed.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e13bfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_computed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import m3_to_cm3
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import build_test_mql_variable_catalog
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_piston_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    pneumatic_assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+            amesim_results,
+            mechanical_assembly,
+            pneumatic_assembly,
+        ),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        pneumatic_assembly=pneumatic_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_line_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_line_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_pneumatic_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_chamber_duplicate_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+        **_compute_orifice_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_mechanical_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_mass_duplicate_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_inactive_mass_force_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_zero_force_source_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def _compute_piston_geometry_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.pistons):
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{alias}")
+        v4 = amesim_results.series(f"v4@{alias}")
+        v5 = amesim_results.series(f"v5@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"length@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_length_mm(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vvol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(v4, v5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for chamber_alias in sorted(pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers):
+        chamber = pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers[chamber_alias]
+        piston_alias = _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias)
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{piston_alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{piston_alias}")
+        dead_volume_cm3 = m3_to_cm3(chamber.dead_volume)
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol@{chamber_alias}"] = tuple(
+            dead_volume_cm3 + geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias: str) -> str:
+    if not chamber_alias.startswith("pn_c1"):
+        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected PNCH012 alias: {chamber_alias}")
+    return chamber_alias.replace("pn_c1", "pn_brp2", 1)
+
+
+def _compute_mass_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        for signal_name in ("x1", "v1", "acc1"):
+            source_path = f"{signal_name}@{alias}"
+            duplicate_path = f"{signal_name}dup@{alias}"
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(
+                -value for value in amesim_results.series(source_path)
+            )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_inactive_mass_force_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        mass = mechanical_assembly.masses[alias].endstop()
+        x1 = amesim_results.series(f"x1@{alias}")
+        v1 = amesim_results.series(f"v1@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fmin@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement)
+            for displacement in x1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fvisc@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.viscous_friction_force(velocity)
+            for velocity in v1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Ffric@{alias}"] = tuple(0.0 for _ in x1)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_zero_force_source_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    return {
+        f"fzero@{alias}": tuple(0.0 for _ in amesim_results.times)
+        for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources)
+    }
+
+
+def _compute_chamber_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.chambers.bindings:
+        pressure_series = amesim_results.series(binding.pressure_path)
+        temperature_series = amesim_results.series(binding.temperature_path)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.pressure_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(pressure_series)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.temperature_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(temperature_series)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_orifice_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.orifices.bindings:
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_mass_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_mass_flow_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_line_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.lines.by_submodel("PNL00R"):
+        if len(binding.mass_flow_paths) != 2 or len(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected two PNL00R flow paths for {binding.alias}.")
+        primary_mass_path, reversed_mass_path = binding.mass_flow_paths
+        primary_enthalpy_path, reversed_enthalpy_path = binding.enthalpy_flow_paths
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_mass_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_mass_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_enthalpy_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_enthalpy_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_config.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..487936c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import operator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+from typing import Any
+
+from PythonModels.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import COMPONENT_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+
+
+_BINARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.Add: operator.add,
+    ast.Sub: operator.sub,
+    ast.Mult: operator.mul,
+    ast.Div: operator.truediv,
+    ast.Pow: operator.pow,
+}
+_UNARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.UAdd: operator.pos,
+    ast.USub: operator.neg,
+}
+
+
+class TestMqlExpressionError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when an AMESim parameter expression cannot be resolved safely."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedParameter:
+    name: str
+    title: str
+    raw_value: str
+    units: str
+    value: float | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_numeric(self) -> bool:
+        return self.value is not None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    alias: str
+    component_name: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    parameters: dict[str, TestMqlResolvedParameter]
+
+    def parameter_value(self, name: str) -> float:
+        parameter = self.parameters[name]
+        if parameter.value is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"Parameter {name!r} on {self.alias!r} is not numeric")
+        return parameter.value
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlConfig:
+    raw_global_parameters: dict[str, str]
+    global_parameters: dict[str, float]
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid
+    components: tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_amesim_specs(cls) -> "TestMqlConfig":
+        raw_globals = dict(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS)
+        numeric_globals = {
+            name: value
+            for name, raw in raw_globals.items()
+            if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(raw, {})) is not None
+        }
+        components = tuple(
+            _resolve_component(spec, numeric_globals)
+            for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        )
+        return cls(
+            raw_global_parameters=raw_globals,
+            global_parameters=numeric_globals,
+            fluid=HELIUM_PR,
+            components=components,
+        )
+
+    def component(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+        for component in self.components:
+            if component.alias == alias:
+                return component
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def components_by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]:
+        return tuple(component for component in self.components if component.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def _resolve_component(
+    spec: dict[str, Any],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter in spec.get("parameters", []):
+        name = str(parameter["name"])
+        raw_value = str(parameter["value"])
+        parameters[name] = TestMqlResolvedParameter(
+            name=name,
+            title=str(parameter["title"]),
+            raw_value=raw_value,
+            units=str(parameter["units"]),
+            value=resolve_numeric_expression(raw_value, variables),
+        )
+    return TestMqlResolvedComponent(
+        alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+        component_name=str(spec["component_name"]),
+        submodel=str(spec["submodel"]),
+        label=str(spec["label"]),
+        parameters=parameters,
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_numeric_expression(
+    expression: str,
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float | None:
+    expression = expression.strip()
+    if not expression:
+        return None
+    normalized = expression.replace("^", "**")
+    try:
+        parsed = ast.parse(normalized, mode="eval")
+        value = float(_eval_node(parsed.body, variables))
+    except (SyntaxError, TestMqlExpressionError, ValueError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):
+        return None
+    return value if isfinite(value) else None
+
+
+def _eval_node(node: ast.AST, variables: dict[str, float]) -> float:
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, (int, float)):
+        return float(node.value)
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
+        if node.id not in variables:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unknown variable: {node.id}")
+        return float(variables[node.id])
+    if isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _BINARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported binary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_BINARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.left, variables), _eval_node(node.right, variables)))
+    if isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _UNARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported unary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_UNARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.operand, variables)))
+    raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported expression node: {type(node)}")
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_line_parameters.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_line_parameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e79298f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_line_parameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import CONNECTION_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import resolve_numeric_expression
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_center_temperature_k: float
+    initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_1_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa: float
+    initial_temperature_2_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0001 geometry and initial states from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0001"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0001":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0001 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0001Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0001 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0002 geometry and center compliance initial state."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0002"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0002":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0002 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _ivar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0002Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_center_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "tctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "pctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0002 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0003 geometry and both compliance initial states."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0003"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0003":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0003 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0003Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_1_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_2_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0003 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL00R geometry from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL00R"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL00R":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL00R line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl00rSpec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL00R parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def _parameter_expressions(block: str, tag_name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter_block in re.findall(
+        rf"<{tag_name}>.*?</{tag_name}>",
+        block,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    ):
+        parameters[_required_text(parameter_block, "VARNAME")] = _required_text(
+            parameter_block,
+            "VALUE",
+        )
+    return parameters
+
+
+def _ivar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<IVAR>.*?</IVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _evar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<EVAR>.*?</EVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _required_numeric(
+    alias: str,
+    name: str,
+    expressions: dict[str, str],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float:
+    if name not in expressions:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing {name!r} on line {alias!r}")
+    value = resolve_numeric_expression(expressions[name], variables)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot resolve {name!r}={expressions[name]!r} on line {alias!r}"
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _required_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str:
+    value = _optional_text(block, tag_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {tag_name}")
+    return value
+
+
+def _optional_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str | None:
+    match = re.search(rf"<{tag_name}>(.*?)</{tag_name}>", block, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    return match.group(1).strip() if match is not None else None
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_lines.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_lines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d437bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_lines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS = ("PNL0001", "PNL0002", "PNL0003", "PNL00R")
+_LINE_PATTERN_RE = re.compile(r"\(([^()]+)\)\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineConnection:
+    index: int
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    label: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    signal_names: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def has_compliance(self) -> bool:
+        return "C" in self.pattern
+
+    @property
+    def has_resistance(self) -> bool:
+        return "R" in self.pattern
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    lines: tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.lines)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineConnection:
+        for line in self.lines:
+            if line.alias == alias:
+                return line
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]:
+        return tuple(line for line in self.lines if line.submodel == submodel)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(line.submodel for line in self.lines))
+
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(line.alias for line in self.lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_assembly(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    lines = []
+    for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+        if submodel not in TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS:
+            continue
+        data_paths = variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(str(spec["alias"]))
+        signal_names = tuple(path.rsplit("@", 1)[0] for path in data_paths)
+        lines.append(
+            TestMqlLineConnection(
+                index=int(spec["index"]),
+                alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pattern=_line_pattern(str(spec["label"]), submodel),
+                source_component=str(spec["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(spec["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(spec["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(spec["target_port"]),
+                label=str(spec["label"]),
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+                signal_names=signal_names,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineAssembly(lines=tuple(lines))
+
+
+def _line_pattern(label: str, submodel: str) -> str:
+    match = _LINE_PATTERN_RE.search(label)
+    if match is not None:
+        return match.group(1)
+    if submodel == "PNL00R":
+        return "R"
+    return submodel
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_mechanical.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_mechanical.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b8481f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_mechanical.py
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_mechanical import (
+    AmesimElasticEndstop,
+    AmesimMassFrictionEndstops,
+    AmesimPistonGeometry,
+    circular_area,
+    mm_to_m,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M = 1.0e3
+N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S = 1.0e3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    alias: str
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float
+    zero_displacement_m: float
+    piston_area_m2: float
+    rod_area_m2: float
+    annulus_area_m2: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def geometry(self) -> AmesimPistonGeometry:
+        return AmesimPistonGeometry(
+            piston_diameter_m=self.piston_diameter_m,
+            rod_diameter_m=self.rod_diameter_m,
+            zero_length_m=self.zero_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    mass_kg: float
+    xmin_m: float
+    xmax_m: float
+    min_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    max_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    min_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    max_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    min_penetration_m: float
+    max_penetration_m: float
+    stiction_force_n: float
+    coulomb_friction_n: float
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float
+    stick_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    reset_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    rest_coeff: float
+    stribeck_constant_m_s: float
+    use_friction: bool
+    stop_type: int
+    initial_velocity_m_s: float
+    initial_displacement_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+        return AmesimMassFrictionEndstops(
+            mass_kg=self.mass_kg,
+            lower_limit_m=self.xmin_m,
+            upper_limit_m=self.xmax_m,
+            lower_stiffness_n_per_m=self.min_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            upper_stiffness_n_per_m=self.max_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.min_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.max_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s,
+            coulomb_friction_n=self.coulomb_friction_n,
+            stiction_force_n=self.stiction_force_n,
+            windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    gap_m: float
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    spring_diameter_m: float
+    wire_diameter_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimElasticEndstop:
+        return AmesimElasticEndstop(
+            contact_stiffness_n_per_m=self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            gap0_m=self.gap_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    alias: str
+    port_count: int
+    sum_mode: int
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    t_start_s: float
+    starts: tuple[float, ...]
+    ends: tuple[float, ...]
+    durations_s: tuple[float, ...]
+    stage_count: int
+    is_cyclic: bool
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.stage_count <= 0:
+            return 0.0
+        elapsed = max(time_s - self.t_start_s, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations_s[: self.stage_count]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.is_cyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.stage_count - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.stage_count - 1]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    alias: str
+    signal_alias: str
+    target_mass_alias: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def force_at(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec],
+    ) -> float:
+        return signals[self.signal_alias].output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonSpec]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopSpec]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec]
+    piecewise_signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorSpec]
+    zero_force_sources: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+            + len(self.piecewise_signals)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.pistons,
+                *self.masses,
+                *self.elastic_endstops,
+                *self.mechanical_nodes,
+                *self.piecewise_signals,
+                *self.force_connectors,
+                *self.zero_force_sources,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassState:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    displacement_m: float
+
+    def as_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.velocity_m_s, self.displacement_m]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    port_2_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_2_displacement_m: float
+    port_3_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_3_displacement_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+    states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...]
+    node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]
+    piston_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return 2 * len(self.states)
+
+
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure:
+    def __init__(self, assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly) -> None:
+        self.assembly = assembly
+        self.mass_aliases = tuple(assembly.masses)
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        state: list[float] = []
+        for alias in self.mass_aliases:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[alias]
+            state.extend([spec.initial_velocity_m_s, spec.initial_displacement_m])
+        return state
+
+    def snapshot(self, state_vector: list[float] | None = None) -> TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+        values = self.initial_state_vector() if state_vector is None else list(state_vector)
+        if len(values) != 2 * len(self.mass_aliases):
+            raise ValueError("mechanical mass state vector requires two values per mass")
+        states = tuple(
+            TestMqlMechanicalMassState(
+                alias=alias,
+                velocity_m_s=values[2 * index],
+                displacement_m=values[2 * index + 1],
+            )
+            for index, alias in enumerate(self.mass_aliases)
+        )
+        node_kinematics = self._node_kinematics_by_alias(states)
+        return TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot(
+            states=states,
+            node_kinematics_by_alias=node_kinematics,
+            piston_kinematics_by_alias=self._piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+                states,
+                node_kinematics,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _node_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        front = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_18"]
+        rear = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_19"]
+        return {
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2",
+                velocities_m_s={port: -front.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: -front.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3",
+                velocities_m_s={port: rear.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: rear.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+        node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        rear_node = node_kinematics_by_alias["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"]
+        piston_bindings = (
+            ("pn_brp2_8", "mass_friction_endstops_10", 8),
+            ("pn_brp2_9", "mass_friction_endstops_11", 7),
+            ("pn_brp2_10", "mass_friction_endstops_12", 6),
+            ("pn_brp2_11", "mass_friction_endstops_13", 5),
+            ("pn_brp2_12", "mass_friction_endstops_14", 4),
+            ("pn_brp2_13", "mass_friction_endstops_15", 3),
+            ("pn_brp2_14", "mass_friction_endstops_16", 2),
+            ("pn_brp2_15", "mass_friction_endstops_17", 1),
+        )
+        return {
+            piston_alias: TestMqlPistonKinematics(
+                alias=piston_alias,
+                port_2_velocity_m_s=state_by_alias[mass_alias].velocity_m_s,
+                port_2_displacement_m=state_by_alias[mass_alias].displacement_m,
+                port_3_velocity_m_s=rear_node.velocities_m_s[rear_node_port],
+                port_3_displacement_m=rear_node.displacements_m[rear_node_port],
+            )
+            for piston_alias, mass_alias, rear_node_port in piston_bindings
+        }
+
+    def rhs(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        *,
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        constrained_mass_aliases: set[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        force_by_mass_alias = force_by_mass_alias or {}
+        constrained_mass_aliases = constrained_mass_aliases or set()
+        derivatives: list[float] = []
+        for state in snapshot.states:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[state.alias]
+            mass = spec.endstop()
+            applied_force = force_by_mass_alias.get(state.alias, 0.0)
+            acceleration, velocity = mass.derivatives(
+                velocity_m_s=state.velocity_m_s,
+                displacement_m=state.displacement_m,
+                port_1_force_n=applied_force,
+            )
+            if state.alias in constrained_mass_aliases and _limit_constraint_holds(
+                spec,
+                state,
+                applied_force,
+            ):
+                acceleration = 0.0
+                velocity = 0.0
+            derivatives.extend([acceleration, velocity])
+        return derivatives
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None = None,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    if variable_catalog is None and amesim_results is not None:
+        variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+
+    pistons = {
+        component.alias: _build_piston(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNRP17")
+    }
+    masses = {
+        component.alias: _build_mass(component, variable_catalog, amesim_results)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("MECMAS21")
+    }
+    elastic_endstops = {
+        component.alias: _build_elastic_endstop(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LSTP00A")
+    }
+    mechanical_nodes = {
+        component.alias: _build_mechanical_node(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LMECHN1")
+    }
+    piecewise_signals = {
+        component.alias: _build_piecewise_signal(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("UD00")
+    }
+    force_connectors = {
+        component.alias: _build_force_connector(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("FORC")
+    }
+    zero_force_sources = tuple(component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("F000"))
+    return TestMqlMechanicalAssembly(
+        pistons=pistons,
+        masses=masses,
+        elastic_endstops=elastic_endstops,
+        mechanical_nodes=mechanical_nodes,
+        piecewise_signals=piecewise_signals,
+        force_connectors=force_connectors,
+        zero_force_sources=zero_force_sources,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    geometry = AmesimPistonGeometry(
+        piston_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dp")),
+        rod_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dr")),
+        zero_length_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("x0")),
+    )
+    return TestMqlPistonSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        piston_diameter_m=geometry.piston_diameter_m,
+        rod_diameter_m=geometry.rod_diameter_m,
+        zero_displacement_m=geometry.zero_length_m,
+        piston_area_m2=geometry.piston_area_m2,
+        rod_area_m2=geometry.rod_area_m2,
+        annulus_area_m2=geometry.annulus_area_m2,
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        mass_kg=component.parameter_value("mass"),
+        xmin_m=component.parameter_value("xmin"),
+        xmax_m=component.parameter_value("xmax"),
+        min_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmin")),
+        max_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmax")),
+        min_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmin")),
+        max_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmax")),
+        min_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmin")),
+        max_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmax")),
+        stiction_force_n=component.parameter_value("fstick"),
+        coulomb_friction_n=component.parameter_value("fcoul"),
+        viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rvisc"),
+        windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=component.parameter_value("wind"),
+        stick_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("dvel"),
+        reset_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("restdvel"),
+        rest_coeff=component.parameter_value("restcoeff"),
+        stribeck_constant_m_s=component.parameter_value("astrib"),
+        use_friction=bool(int(component.parameter_value("useFriction"))),
+        stop_type=int(component.parameter_value("stoptype")),
+        initial_velocity_m_s=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"v1@{component.alias}"),
+        initial_displacement_m=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"x1@{component.alias}"),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        gap_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("gap0")),
+        contact_stiffness_n_per_m=component.parameter_value("kcont"),
+        contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rcont"),
+        spring_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("sdiam")),
+        wire_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("wdiam")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        port_count=int(component.parameter_value("v1")),
+        sum_mode=int(component.parameter_value("sum")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _limit_constraint_holds(
+    spec: TestMqlMassEndstopSpec,
+    state: TestMqlMechanicalMassState,
+    applied_force_n: float,
+) -> bool:
+    if abs(state.velocity_m_s) > spec.stick_velocity_threshold_m_s:
+        return False
+    at_lower_limit = state.displacement_m <= spec.xmin_m + spec.min_penetration_m
+    at_upper_limit = state.displacement_m >= spec.xmax_m - spec.max_penetration_m
+    return (at_lower_limit and applied_force_n <= 0.0) or (
+        at_upper_limit and applied_force_n >= 0.0
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piecewise_signal(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    starts = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"start{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    ends = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"end{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    durations = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"t{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    return TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        t_start_s=component.parameter_value("tstart"),
+        starts=starts,
+        ends=ends,
+        durations_s=durations,
+        stage_count=int(component.parameter_value("nstages")),
+        is_cyclic=bool(int(component.parameter_value("iscyclic"))),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    signal_alias_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "piecewiselinear",
+        "forcecon_2": "piecewiselinear_1",
+    }
+    target_mass_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+        "forcecon_2": "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    }
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        signal_alias=signal_alias_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        target_mass_alias=target_mass_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M
+
+
+def n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S
+
+
+def _initial_value(amesim_results: AmesimResults | None, data_path: str) -> float:
+    if amesim_results is None:
+        return 0.0
+    return float(amesim_results.series(data_path)[0])
+
+
+def _data_paths(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if variable_catalog is None:
+        return ()
+    return variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(alias)
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_nodes.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1227abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import COMPONENT_SPECS
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``PN3NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1 and
+    3. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1 and 3, matching
+    the ``EXPRESS2`` equations stored in ``test_mql_.cir``.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s + port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+    port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_4_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``P4NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1, 3,
+    and 4. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1, 3, and
+    4, matching the saved AMESim variables for ``pnnode4_*`` instances.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_4_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=(
+                port_1_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_3_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_4_mass_flow_g_s
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_4_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=(
+                port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3 + port_4_volume_cm3
+            ),
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=port_4_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=port_4_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_4_volume_derivative_l_min=port_4_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_4_volume_cm3=port_4_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePortConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    local_node_alias: str
+    local_port: str
+    remote_node_alias: str
+    remote_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    chamber_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    direct_line_alias: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood:
+    node_alias: str
+    primary: TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection
+    port_1: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_3: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_4: TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection
+
+
+def build_test_mql_node3_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode3]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode3(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "PN3NODE2"
+    }
+
+def build_test_mql_node4_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode4]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode4(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "P4NODE2"
+    }
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..208507c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+    AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+BAR_TO_PA = 1.0e5
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K = 293.15
+DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR = 1.0
+# Matched to PNVO001 event-window mass flow near the 0.04 s opening event.
+TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER = 0.99805
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlStepSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    initial_output: float
+    final_output: float
+    step_time_s: float
+    transition_duration_s: float
+    transition_type: int
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.transition_type != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"unsupported STEP0 transition type {self.transition_type} on {self.alias}"
+            )
+        return self.initial_output if time_s < self.step_time_s else self.final_output
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableOrificeControl:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    step: TestMqlStepSignalSpec
+
+    def opening_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.step.output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    fixed_chambers: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticVolume]
+    variable_chambers: dict[str, AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume]
+    fixed_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifice_controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def variable_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_chambers) + len(self.variable_chambers)
+
+    @property
+    def orifice_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_orifices) + len(self.variable_orifices)
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.chamber_count + self.orifice_count
+
+    @property
+    def variable_orifice_control_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variable_orifice_controls)
+
+    def set_variable_orifice_openings(self, time_s: float) -> None:
+        for alias, control in self.variable_orifice_controls.items():
+            self.variable_orifices[alias].opening = control.opening_at(time_s)
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.fixed_chambers,
+                *self.variable_chambers,
+                *self.fixed_orifices,
+                *self.variable_orifices,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        config.global_parameters["P0"]
+    )
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR
+    )
+    fixed_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH023")
+    }
+    variable_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol0",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH012")
+    }
+    fixed_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=1.0,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNOR001")
+    }
+    variable_orifice_controls = _build_variable_orifice_controls(config)
+    variable_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area0",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=variable_orifice_controls[component.alias].opening_at(0.0),
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    return TestMqlPneumaticAssembly(
+        fixed_chambers=fixed_chambers,
+        variable_chambers=variable_chambers,
+        fixed_orifices=fixed_orifices,
+        variable_orifices=variable_orifices,
+        variable_orifice_controls=variable_orifice_controls,
+        fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_variable_orifice_controls(
+    config: TestMqlConfig,
+) -> dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]:
+    from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+    components_by_alias = {component.alias: component for component in config.components}
+    variable_orifice_aliases = {
+        component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl] = {}
+    for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        if connection["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+            continue
+        source_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        target_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        if target_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = target_alias
+            step_alias = source_alias
+        elif source_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = source_alias
+            step_alias = target_alias
+        else:
+            continue
+        step_component = components_by_alias.get(step_alias)
+        if step_component is None or step_component.submodel != "STEP0":
+            continue
+        controls[orifice_alias] = TestMqlVariableOrificeControl(
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            step=TestMqlStepSignalSpec(
+                alias=step_alias,
+                initial_output=step_component.parameter_value("out0"),
+                final_output=step_component.parameter_value("out1"),
+                step_time_s=step_component.parameter_value("t0"),
+                transition_duration_s=step_component.parameter_value("td"),
+                transition_type=int(step_component.parameter_value("transitionType")),
+            ),
+        )
+    missing = variable_orifice_aliases - controls.keys()
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "missing STEP0 controls for PNVO001 components: "
+            + ", ".join(sorted(missing))
+        )
+    return controls
+
+
+def absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_bar * BAR_TO_PA
+
+
+def pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_pa: float) -> float:
+    return absolute_pressure_pa - AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+def pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar))
+
+
+def _build_chamber(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    volume_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    initial_pressure_pa: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticVolume:
+    if volume_parameter == "cvol0":
+        return AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name=component.alias,
+            dead_volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+            T0=_component_temperature(component),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+            heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+            external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+        )
+    return AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+        name=component.alias,
+        volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+        gas=gas,
+        p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+        T0=_component_temperature(component),
+        heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+        heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+        external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_orifice(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    area_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    opening: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticOrifice:
+    flow_coefficient = component.parameter_value("cq")
+    if component.submodel == "PNVO001":
+        flow_coefficient *= TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER
+    return AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+        name=component.alias,
+        area_mm2=component.parameter_value(area_parameter),
+        flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+        gas=gas,
+        opening=opening,
+    )
+
+
+def _component_temperature(component: TestMqlResolvedComponent) -> float:
+    parameter = component.parameters.get("extemp")
+    if parameter is None or parameter.value is None:
+        return DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K
+    return parameter.value
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic_lines.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic_lines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..850991b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic_lines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+)
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic_line import (
+    AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_line_parameters import (
+    TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0002Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0003Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl00rSpec,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs,
+)
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE = 5.5636e-6
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0001Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0002Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0003Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl00rPipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0001Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            calibrated_linear_conductance=(
+                _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(spec)
+            ),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            T0=spec.initial_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0001Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+) -> float | None:
+    if spec.target_component.startswith("pn_c1_") and _matches_geometry(
+        spec, diameter_mm=20.0, length_m=1.0
+    ):
+        return TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE
+    return None
+
+
+def _matches_geometry(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    *,
+    diameter_mm: float,
+    length_m: float,
+) -> bool:
+    return (
+        abs(spec.diameter_mm - diameter_mm) < 1.0e-12
+        and abs(spec.length_m - length_m) < 1.0e-12
+    )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0002Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            pctr_0=spec.initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            Tctr_0=spec.initial_center_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0002Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0003Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            p1_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa,
+            T1_0=spec.initial_temperature_1_k,
+            p2_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa,
+            T2_0=spec.initial_temperature_2_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0003Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl00rPipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            gas=gas,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl00rAssembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic_topology.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic_topology.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70babcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_pneumatic_topology.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_topology import TestMqlCirTopology
+
+
+def discover_fixed_chamber_segments(
+    topology: TestMqlCirTopology,
+    component_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec, ...]:
+    submodel_by_alias = {
+        str(component["alias"]): str(component["submodel"])
+        for component in component_specs
+    }
+    segments = []
+    for component in component_specs:
+        volume_alias = str(component["alias"])
+        if component["submodel"] != "PNCH023":
+            continue
+
+        orifice_contacts = []
+        for contact in topology.contacts_for(volume_alias):
+            other_alias, other_port = contact.other_endpoint(volume_alias)
+            if submodel_by_alias.get(other_alias) == "PNOR001":
+                orifice_contacts.append(
+                    (
+                        other_alias,
+                        other_port,
+                        contact.port_for(volume_alias),
+                    )
+                )
+        if len(orifice_contacts) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} must contact exactly two PNOR001 orifices; "
+                f"found {len(orifice_contacts)}"
+            )
+
+        sides = [
+            _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                orifice_volume_port=orifice_volume_port,
+                volume_port=volume_port,
+                connection_specs=connection_specs,
+                submodel_by_alias=submodel_by_alias,
+            )
+            for orifice_alias, orifice_volume_port, volume_port in orifice_contacts
+        ]
+        inlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "inlet"]
+        outlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "outlet"]
+        if len(inlet_sides) != 1 or len(outlet_sides) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} requires one inlet and one outlet topology side"
+            )
+        inlet = inlet_sides[0]
+        outlet = outlet_sides[0]
+        segments.append(
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec(
+                name=f"{volume_alias}_segment",
+                inlet_node_alias=inlet["node_alias"],
+                inlet_line_alias=inlet["line_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_alias=inlet["orifice_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_boundary_port=inlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                inlet_orifice_volume_port=inlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                volume_alias=volume_alias,
+                volume_inlet_port=inlet["volume_port"],
+                volume_outlet_port=outlet["volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_alias=outlet["orifice_alias"],
+                outlet_orifice_volume_port=outlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_boundary_port=outlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                outlet_line_alias=outlet["line_alias"],
+                outlet_node_alias=outlet["node_alias"],
+            )
+        )
+    return tuple(segments)
+
+
+def _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    orifice_volume_port: str,
+    volume_port: str,
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    submodel_by_alias: dict[str, str],
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    boundary_connections = []
+    for connection in connection_specs:
+        if (
+            connection["source_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["source_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ) or (
+            connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["target_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ):
+            boundary_connections.append(connection)
+    if len(boundary_connections) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} must have exactly one non-volume boundary connection; "
+            f"found {len(boundary_connections)}"
+        )
+
+    connection = boundary_connections[0]
+    if connection["submodel"] != "PNL0001":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} boundary must use PNL0001, got {connection['submodel']}"
+        )
+    if connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias:
+        role = "inlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["target_port"])
+    else:
+        role = "outlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["source_port"])
+    if submodel_by_alias.get(node_alias) != "PN3NODE2":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} PNL0001 boundary must terminate at PN3NODE2, "
+            f"got {node_alias}"
+        )
+    return {
+        "role": role,
+        "node_alias": node_alias,
+        "line_alias": str(connection["alias"]),
+        "orifice_alias": orifice_alias,
+        "orifice_boundary_port": orifice_boundary_port,
+        "orifice_volume_port": orifice_volume_port,
+        "volume_port": volume_port,
+    }
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_topology.py b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_topology.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fac424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/test_mql_topology.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComponentContact:
+    component_a: str
+    port_a: str
+    component_b: str
+    port_b: str
+
+    def other_endpoint(self, component_alias: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if component_alias == self.component_a:
+            return self.component_b, self.port_b
+        if component_alias == self.component_b:
+            return self.component_a, self.port_a
+        raise KeyError(component_alias)
+
+    def port_for(self, component_alias: str) -> str:
+        if component_alias == self.component_a:
+            return self.port_a
+        if component_alias == self.component_b:
+            return self.port_b
+        raise KeyError(component_alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlCirTopology:
+    component_contacts: tuple[TestMqlComponentContact, ...]
+
+    def contacts_for(self, component_alias: str) -> tuple[TestMqlComponentContact, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            contact
+            for contact in self.component_contacts
+            if component_alias in (contact.component_a, contact.component_b)
+        )
+
+
+def load_test_mql_cir_topology(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> TestMqlCirTopology:
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    root = ET.fromstring(_topology_only_xml(cir_text))
+    components = root.findall(".//COMPS_LIST/COMP")
+    aliases = tuple(_required_text(component, "ALIAS") for component in components)
+    contacts: dict[
+        tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]],
+        TestMqlComponentContact,
+    ] = {}
+    directed_contacts: set[tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]] = set()
+
+    for component_index, component in enumerate(components):
+        ports = component.findall("./COMP_PORTS_LIST/COMP_PORT")
+        for port_index, port in enumerate(ports):
+            if port.findtext("PORT_CONNECT") != "1":
+                continue
+            for connection in port.findall("./CONNECT_LIST/CONNECT"):
+                target_index = int(_required_text(connection, "CONNECT_ENTITY_NUM"))
+                target_port_index = int(_required_text(connection, "CONNECT_ENTITY_PORT"))
+                if target_index < 0 or target_index >= len(components):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Component contact references unknown entity {target_index}")
+                target_ports = components[target_index].findall("./COMP_PORTS_LIST/COMP_PORT")
+                if target_port_index < 0 or target_port_index >= len(target_ports):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Component contact references unknown port {target_port_index} "
+                        f"on {aliases[target_index]}"
+                    )
+
+                endpoint = (component_index, port_index)
+                target_endpoint = (target_index, target_port_index)
+                directed_contacts.add((endpoint, target_endpoint))
+                key = tuple(sorted((endpoint, target_endpoint)))
+                first, second = key
+                contacts[key] = TestMqlComponentContact(
+                    component_a=aliases[first[0]],
+                    port_a=f"port_{first[1] + 1}",
+                    component_b=aliases[second[0]],
+                    port_b=f"port_{second[1] + 1}",
+                )
+
+    for endpoint, target_endpoint in directed_contacts:
+        if (target_endpoint, endpoint) not in directed_contacts:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "AMESim component contact is not reciprocal: "
+                f"{endpoint} -> {target_endpoint}"
+            )
+
+    return TestMqlCirTopology(component_contacts=tuple(contacts.values()))
+
+
+def _topology_only_xml(cir_text: str) -> str:
+    # AMESim expressions inside SUBMODEL contain unescaped && and <= operators.
+    # Topology lives outside those blocks, so omit them before XML parsing.
+    return re.sub(
+        r"<SUBMODEL>.*?</SUBMODEL>",
+        "<SUBMODEL />",
+        cir_text,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    )
+
+
+def _required_text(element: ET.Element, child_name: str) -> str:
+    value = element.findtext(child_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {child_name}")
+    return value
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/testmodel.py b/PythonModels/systems/testmodel.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2652292
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/testmodel.py
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any
+
+from PythonModels.components.cylinder import Cylinder
+from PythonModels.components.orifice import Orifice
+from PythonModels.components.pipe import Pipe
+from PythonModels.components.tank import Tank
+from PythonModels.components.tee import Tee
+from PythonModels.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from PythonModels.core.network import SimulationNetwork
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+from PythonModels.systems.testmodel_closure import (
+    BranchClosureComponents,
+    InitializationDiagnostics,
+    TestModelClosure,
+    TestModelClosureComponents,
+    TestModelSnapshot,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class CylinderConfig:
+    volume: float = 0.01
+    p0: float = 35e6
+    T0: float = 300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class OrificeConfig:
+    K: float = 1e-5
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TankConfig:
+    volume: float = 0.1
+    p0: float = 1e5
+    T0: float = 300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PipeConfig:
+    length: float = 5.0
+    diameter: float = 0.02
+    lambda_darcy: float = 0.02
+    p0: float = 1e5
+    T0: float = 300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BranchConfig:
+    orifice: OrificeConfig = field(default_factory=OrificeConfig)
+    pipe: PipeConfig = field(default_factory=PipeConfig)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelConfig:
+    cylinder: CylinderConfig = field(default_factory=CylinderConfig)
+    upper_branch: BranchConfig = field(default_factory=BranchConfig)
+    lower_branch: BranchConfig = field(default_factory=BranchConfig)
+    tank: TankConfig = field(default_factory=TankConfig)
+
+
+class TestModelSystem:
+    """Runnable first-pass Python system for the current Testmodel topology.
+
+    This version keeps the component split from the Modelica model while keeping
+    the downstream tee-tank pressure coupling in the ODE framework. The original
+    Modelica system is a tighter DAE because both pipe outlets discharge into an
+    ideal lossless junction directly connected to the tank. Here the branch
+    outlet flows are solved from a pressure-consistent energy balance so the
+    outlet is no longer driven by an arbitrary conductance parameter.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium | None = None,
+        config: TestModelConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.medium = medium or IdealGasMedium()
+        self.config = config or TestModelConfig()
+
+        self.mycylinder = Cylinder(
+            name="mycylinder",
+            medium=self.medium,
+            V=self.config.cylinder.volume,
+            p0=self.config.cylinder.p0,
+            T0=self.config.cylinder.T0,
+        )
+        self.mytee = Tee(name="mytee")
+        self.myorifice = Orifice(name="myorifice", K=self.config.upper_branch.orifice.K)
+        self.mypipe = Pipe(
+            name="mypipe",
+            medium=self.medium,
+            L=self.config.upper_branch.pipe.length,
+            D=self.config.upper_branch.pipe.diameter,
+            lambda_darcy=self.config.upper_branch.pipe.lambda_darcy,
+            p0=self.config.upper_branch.pipe.p0,
+            T0=self.config.upper_branch.pipe.T0,
+        )
+        self.myorifice1 = Orifice(name="myorifice1", K=self.config.lower_branch.orifice.K)
+        self.mypipe1 = Pipe(
+            name="mypipe1",
+            medium=self.medium,
+            L=self.config.lower_branch.pipe.length,
+            D=self.config.lower_branch.pipe.diameter,
+            lambda_darcy=self.config.lower_branch.pipe.lambda_darcy,
+            p0=self.config.lower_branch.pipe.p0,
+            T0=self.config.lower_branch.pipe.T0,
+        )
+        self.mytee1 = Tee(name="mytee1")
+        self.mytank = Tank(
+            name="mytank",
+            medium=self.medium,
+            V=self.config.tank.volume,
+            p0=self.config.tank.p0,
+            T0=self.config.tank.T0,
+        )
+
+        self.network = SimulationNetwork(name="Testmodel")
+        for component in (
+            self.mycylinder,
+            self.mytee,
+            self.myorifice,
+            self.mypipe,
+            self.myorifice1,
+            self.mypipe1,
+            self.mytee1,
+            self.mytank,
+        ):
+            self.network.add_component(component)
+
+        self.network.connect("mycylinder", "port_b", "mytee", "port_in")
+        self.network.connect("mytee", "port_out1", "myorifice", "port_a")
+        self.network.connect("myorifice", "port_b", "mypipe", "port_a")
+        self.network.connect("mypipe", "port_b", "mytee1", "port_out2")
+        self.network.connect("mytee", "port_out2", "myorifice1", "port_a")
+        self.network.connect("myorifice1", "port_b", "mypipe1", "port_a")
+        self.network.connect("mypipe1", "port_b", "mytee1", "port_out1")
+        self.network.connect("mytee1", "port_in", "mytank", "port_a")
+
+        self.closure = TestModelClosure(
+            medium=self.medium,
+            components=TestModelClosureComponents(
+                cylinder=self.mycylinder,
+                upstream_tee=self.mytee,
+                upper_branch=BranchClosureComponents(
+                    name="upper_branch",
+                    orifice=self.myorifice,
+                    pipe=self.mypipe,
+                ),
+                lower_branch=BranchClosureComponents(
+                    name="lower_branch",
+                    orifice=self.myorifice1,
+                    pipe=self.mypipe1,
+                ),
+                downstream_tee=self.mytee1,
+                tank=self.mytank,
+            ),
+            initial_state_vector=self.initial_state_vector,
+            apply_state_vector=self.apply_state_vector,
+        )
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.network.initial_state_vector()
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.network.apply_state_vector(values)
+
+    def consistent_initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.closure.consistent_initial_state_vector()
+
+    @property
+    def last_solve_diagnostics(self):
+        return self.closure.last_solve_diagnostics
+
+    def initialize_consistent_state(
+        self,
+        max_iterations: int = 12,
+        state_tolerance: float = 1e-9,
+        flow_tolerance: float = 1e-9,
+        enthalpy_tolerance: float = 1e-6,
+        pressure_tolerance: float = 1e-6,
+        strict_internal_solvers: bool = False,
+    ) -> InitializationDiagnostics:
+        return self.closure.initialize_consistent_state(
+            max_iterations=max_iterations,
+            state_tolerance=state_tolerance,
+            flow_tolerance=flow_tolerance,
+            enthalpy_tolerance=enthalpy_tolerance,
+            pressure_tolerance=pressure_tolerance,
+            strict_internal_solvers=strict_internal_solvers,
+        )
+
+    def project_downstream_pressure_constraints(self, *, strict: bool = False) -> None:
+        self.closure.project_downstream_pressure_constraints(strict=strict)
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+        *,
+        strict: bool = False,
+    ) -> TestModelSnapshot:
+        return self.closure.snapshot(state_vector, strict=strict)
+
+    def rhs(self, _t: float, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        return self.closure.rhs(state_vector)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _legacy_branch_series_key_map() -> tuple[tuple[str, str, str], tuple[str, str, str]]:
+        return (
+            ("upper_branch", "branch_upper.in", "branch_upper.out"),
+            ("lower_branch", "branch_lower.in", "branch_lower.out"),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _legacy_branch_series_keys_by_name(cls) -> dict[str, tuple[str, str]]:
+        return {
+            branch_name: (inlet_key, outlet_key)
+            for branch_name, inlet_key, outlet_key in cls._legacy_branch_series_key_map()
+        }
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _generic_branch_series_keys(branch_name: str) -> tuple[str, str, str]:
+        return (
+            f"branch.{branch_name}.p",
+            f"branch.{branch_name}.in",
+            f"branch.{branch_name}.out",
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _legacy_branch_pressure_keys_by_name() -> dict[str, str]:
+        return {
+            "upper_branch": "mypipe.p",
+            "lower_branch": "mypipe1.p",
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _append_legacy_branch_series_aliases(
+        cls,
+        series: dict[str, list[float]],
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        legacy_branch_series_keys = cls._legacy_branch_series_keys_by_name()
+        legacy_branch_pressure_keys = cls._legacy_branch_pressure_keys_by_name()
+        for branch_name, (legacy_inlet_key, legacy_outlet_key) in legacy_branch_series_keys.items():
+            pressure_key, generic_inlet_key, generic_outlet_key = cls._generic_branch_series_keys(
+                branch_name
+            )
+            series[legacy_branch_pressure_keys[branch_name]] = list(series[pressure_key])
+            series[legacy_inlet_key] = list(series[generic_inlet_key])
+            series[legacy_outlet_key] = list(series[generic_outlet_key])
+        return series
+
+    def simulate(
+        self,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> Any:
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=self.rhs,
+            initial_state=self.consistent_initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_solution(self, solution: Any) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        series = {
+            "time": [],
+            "mycylinder.p": [],
+            "mycylinder.T": [],
+            "mytank.p": [],
+            "mytank.T": [],
+        }
+        for branch_name, _, _ in self._legacy_branch_series_key_map():
+            pressure_key, inlet_key, outlet_key = self._generic_branch_series_keys(branch_name)
+            series[pressure_key] = []
+            series[inlet_key] = []
+            series[outlet_key] = []
+
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(solution.t):
+            state_vector = [row[index] for row in solution.y]
+            snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+            series["time"].append(float(time_value))
+            series["mycylinder.p"].append(snapshot.cylinder.p)
+            series["mycylinder.T"].append(snapshot.cylinder.T)
+            series["mytank.p"].append(snapshot.tank.p)
+            series["mytank.T"].append(snapshot.tank.T)
+            for branch in snapshot.branches:
+                pressure_key, generic_inlet_key, generic_outlet_key = self._generic_branch_series_keys(
+                    branch.name
+                )
+                series[pressure_key].append(branch.pipe.p)
+                series[generic_inlet_key].append(branch.inlet_flow)
+                series[generic_outlet_key].append(branch.outlet_flow)
+
+        return self._append_legacy_branch_series_aliases(series)
+
+
+def build_testmodel() -> SimulationNetwork:
+    """Compatibility helper for callers that only need the topology."""
+
+    return TestModelSystem().network
diff --git a/PythonModels/systems/testmodel_closure.py b/PythonModels/systems/testmodel_closure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbcaff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PythonModels/systems/testmodel_closure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,668 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Callable
+
+from PythonModels.components.cylinder import Cylinder
+from PythonModels.components.orifice import Orifice
+from PythonModels.components.pipe import Pipe
+from PythonModels.components.tank import Tank
+from PythonModels.components.tee import Tee
+from PythonModels.core.medium import IdealGasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BranchInletFlowDiagnostics:
+    converged: bool
+    iterations: int
+    residual: float
+    m_flow: float
+    inlet_pressure: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class DownstreamPressureDiagnostics:
+    converged: bool
+    iterations: int
+    residual: float
+    pressure: float
+    target_total_internal_energy: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelSolveDiagnostics:
+    upper_branch_inlet: BranchInletFlowDiagnostics
+    lower_branch_inlet: BranchInletFlowDiagnostics
+    downstream_pressure_projection: DownstreamPressureDiagnostics | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BranchClosureComponents:
+    name: str
+    orifice: Orifice
+    pipe: Pipe
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BranchClosureState:
+    name: str
+    pipe: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_flow: float
+    outlet_flow: float
+    inlet_h: float
+    inlet_flow_diagnostics: BranchInletFlowDiagnostics
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BranchSnapshot:
+    name: str
+    pipe: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_flow: float
+    outlet_flow: float
+    inlet_h: float
+    inlet_flow_diagnostics: BranchInletFlowDiagnostics
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelSnapshot:
+    cylinder: ThermodynamicProperties
+    tank: ThermodynamicProperties
+    tee_upstream_h: float
+    tee_downstream_h: float
+    branches: tuple[BranchSnapshot, ...] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    solve_diagnostics: TestModelSolveDiagnostics | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def pipe_upper(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.branches[0].pipe
+
+    @property
+    def pipe_lower(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.branches[1].pipe
+
+    @property
+    def branch_inlet_flows(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(branch.inlet_flow for branch in self.branches)
+
+    @property
+    def branch_outlet_flows(self) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(branch.outlet_flow for branch in self.branches)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class InitializationDiagnostics:
+    converged: bool
+    iterations: int
+    max_state_delta: float
+    max_flow_delta: float
+    max_enthalpy_delta: float
+    downstream_pressure_spread: float
+    state_vector: tuple[float, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestModelClosureComponents:
+    cylinder: Cylinder
+    upstream_tee: Tee
+    upper_branch: BranchClosureComponents
+    lower_branch: BranchClosureComponents
+    downstream_tee: Tee
+    tank: Tank
+
+    def branches(self) -> tuple[BranchClosureComponents, BranchClosureComponents]:
+        return (self.upper_branch, self.lower_branch)
+
+
+class TestModelClosure:
+    """Owns Testmodel-specific closure, projection and port-writeback logic."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        components: TestModelClosureComponents,
+        initial_state_vector: Callable[[], list[float]],
+        apply_state_vector: Callable[[list[float]], None],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.components = components
+        self._initial_state_vector = initial_state_vector
+        self._apply_state_vector = apply_state_vector
+        self.last_solve_diagnostics: TestModelSolveDiagnostics | None = None
+        self.last_downstream_pressure_diagnostics: DownstreamPressureDiagnostics | None = None
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _downstream_pressure_spread(snapshot: TestModelSnapshot) -> float:
+        downstream_pressures = tuple(branch.pipe.p for branch in snapshot.branches) + (
+            snapshot.tank.p,
+        )
+        return max(downstream_pressures) - min(downstream_pressures)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _initialization_flow_delta(
+        previous_snapshot: TestModelSnapshot | None,
+        current_snapshot: TestModelSnapshot,
+    ) -> float:
+        if previous_snapshot is None:
+            return max(abs(branch.outlet_flow) for branch in current_snapshot.branches)
+        return max(
+            abs(curr - prev)
+            for curr, prev in zip(
+                current_snapshot.branch_outlet_flows,
+                previous_snapshot.branch_outlet_flows,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _initialization_enthalpy_delta(
+        previous_snapshot: TestModelSnapshot | None,
+        current_snapshot: TestModelSnapshot,
+    ) -> float:
+        if previous_snapshot is None:
+            return abs(current_snapshot.tee_downstream_h - current_snapshot.tank.h)
+        return max(
+            abs(current_snapshot.tee_upstream_h - previous_snapshot.tee_upstream_h),
+            abs(current_snapshot.tee_downstream_h - previous_snapshot.tee_downstream_h),
+        )
+
+    def consistent_initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return list(self.initialize_consistent_state().state_vector)
+
+    def initialize_consistent_state(
+        self,
+        max_iterations: int = 12,
+        state_tolerance: float = 1e-9,
+        flow_tolerance: float = 1e-9,
+        enthalpy_tolerance: float = 1e-6,
+        pressure_tolerance: float = 1e-6,
+        strict_internal_solvers: bool = False,
+    ) -> InitializationDiagnostics:
+        raw_state = self._initial_state_vector()
+        previous_snapshot: TestModelSnapshot | None = None
+        diagnostics: InitializationDiagnostics | None = None
+
+        for iteration in range(1, max_iterations + 1):
+            state_before_projection = self._initial_state_vector()
+            self.snapshot(state_before_projection, strict=strict_internal_solvers)
+
+            self.project_downstream_pressure_constraints(strict=strict_internal_solvers)
+
+            state_after_projection = self._initial_state_vector()
+            snapshot_after_projection = self.snapshot(
+                state_after_projection,
+                strict=strict_internal_solvers,
+            )
+
+            max_state_delta = max(
+                abs(after - before)
+                for before, after in zip(state_before_projection, state_after_projection)
+            )
+            max_flow_delta = self._initialization_flow_delta(
+                previous_snapshot,
+                snapshot_after_projection,
+            )
+            max_enthalpy_delta = self._initialization_enthalpy_delta(
+                previous_snapshot,
+                snapshot_after_projection,
+            )
+            downstream_pressure_spread = self._downstream_pressure_spread(
+                snapshot_after_projection,
+            )
+
+            diagnostics = InitializationDiagnostics(
+                converged=(
+                    max_state_delta <= state_tolerance
+                    and max_flow_delta <= flow_tolerance
+                    and max_enthalpy_delta <= enthalpy_tolerance
+                    and downstream_pressure_spread <= pressure_tolerance
+                ),
+                iterations=iteration,
+                max_state_delta=max_state_delta,
+                max_flow_delta=max_flow_delta,
+                max_enthalpy_delta=max_enthalpy_delta,
+                downstream_pressure_spread=downstream_pressure_spread,
+                state_vector=tuple(state_after_projection),
+            )
+            previous_snapshot = snapshot_after_projection
+
+            if diagnostics.converged:
+                self._apply_state_vector(raw_state)
+                return diagnostics
+
+        assert diagnostics is not None
+        self._apply_state_vector(raw_state)
+        return diagnostics
+
+    def _solve_branch_inlet_flow(
+        self,
+        orifice: Orifice,
+        pipe: Pipe,
+        p_upstream: float,
+        pipe_props: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        *,
+        strict: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[float, BranchInletFlowDiagnostics]:
+        m_flow = orifice.mass_flow(p_upstream, pipe_props.p)
+        rho = max(pipe_props.rho, 1e-9)
+        p_inlet = pipe.inlet_pressure(m_flow, rho, pipe_props.p)
+        residual = abs(orifice.mass_flow(p_upstream, p_inlet) - m_flow)
+        converged = False
+        iterations = 0
+        for iteration in range(1, 9):
+            p_inlet = pipe.inlet_pressure(m_flow, rho, pipe_props.p)
+            next_m_flow = orifice.mass_flow(p_upstream, p_inlet)
+            residual = abs(next_m_flow - m_flow)
+            iterations = iteration
+            if residual <= 1e-9 * max(1.0, abs(next_m_flow)):
+                m_flow = next_m_flow
+                converged = True
+                break
+            m_flow = next_m_flow
+        diagnostics = BranchInletFlowDiagnostics(
+            converged=converged,
+            iterations=iterations,
+            residual=residual,
+            m_flow=m_flow,
+            inlet_pressure=p_inlet,
+        )
+        if strict and not diagnostics.converged:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Branch inlet flow solve did not converge for {pipe.name}: residual={residual:.6e}"
+            )
+        return m_flow, diagnostics
+
+    def _solve_downstream_branch_flows(
+        self,
+        cylinder: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        tank: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        branch_states: tuple[BranchClosureState, BranchClosureState],
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        return self._solve_downstream_branch_flows_from_state(
+            inlet_h_upper=branch_states[0].inlet_h,
+            inlet_h_lower=branch_states[1].inlet_h,
+            pipe_upper_h=max(branch_states[0].pipe.h, 1e-9),
+            pipe_lower_h=max(branch_states[1].pipe.h, 1e-9),
+            tank_h=max(tank.h, 1e-9),
+            q_in_upper=branch_states[0].inlet_flow,
+            q_in_lower=branch_states[1].inlet_flow,
+        )
+
+    def _project_volume_energy_to_pressure(
+        self,
+        component: Pipe | Tank,
+        target_pressure: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        target_temperature = target_pressure * component.V / (
+            max(component.state.m, 1e-12) * self.medium.R_gas
+        )
+        target_internal_energy = (
+            component.state.m * self.medium.specific_internal_energy(target_temperature)
+        )
+        component.state = VolumeState(m=component.state.m, U=target_internal_energy)
+
+    def _downstream_total_internal_energy_for_pressure(
+        self,
+        target_pressure: float,
+        downstream_components: tuple[Pipe | Tank, ...],
+    ) -> float:
+        total_internal_energy = 0.0
+        for component in downstream_components:
+            target_temperature = target_pressure * component.V / (
+                max(component.state.m, 1e-12) * self.medium.R_gas
+            )
+            total_internal_energy += (
+                component.state.m * self.medium.specific_internal_energy(target_temperature)
+            )
+        return total_internal_energy
+
+    def _solve_downstream_common_pressure(
+        self,
+        downstream_components: tuple[Pipe | Tank, ...],
+        target_total_internal_energy: float,
+        *,
+        strict: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[float, DownstreamPressureDiagnostics]:
+        lower_pressure = 1.0
+        upper_pressure = max(component.properties().p for component in downstream_components)
+        upper_pressure = max(upper_pressure, 1e5)
+
+        def residual(pressure: float) -> float:
+            return (
+                self._downstream_total_internal_energy_for_pressure(
+                    pressure,
+                    downstream_components,
+                )
+                - target_total_internal_energy
+            )
+
+        upper_residual = residual(upper_pressure)
+        iteration_count = 0
+
+        while upper_residual < 0.0:
+            upper_pressure *= 2.0
+            upper_residual = residual(upper_pressure)
+
+        final_pressure = 0.5 * (lower_pressure + upper_pressure)
+        final_residual = residual(final_pressure)
+        converged = False
+        for iteration in range(1, 81):
+            middle_pressure = 0.5 * (lower_pressure + upper_pressure)
+            middle_residual = residual(middle_pressure)
+            iteration_count = iteration
+            final_pressure = middle_pressure
+            final_residual = middle_residual
+            if abs(middle_residual) <= 1e-12 * max(1.0, target_total_internal_energy):
+                converged = True
+                break
+            if middle_residual > 0.0:
+                upper_pressure = middle_pressure
+            else:
+                lower_pressure = middle_pressure
+
+        diagnostics = DownstreamPressureDiagnostics(
+            converged=converged,
+            iterations=iteration_count,
+            residual=final_residual,
+            pressure=final_pressure,
+            target_total_internal_energy=target_total_internal_energy,
+        )
+        if strict and not diagnostics.converged:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Downstream common-pressure solve did not converge: "
+                f"residual={final_residual:.6e}"
+            )
+        return final_pressure, diagnostics
+
+    def project_downstream_pressure_constraints(self, *, strict: bool = False) -> None:
+        downstream_components = (
+            self.components.upper_branch.pipe,
+            self.components.lower_branch.pipe,
+            self.components.tank,
+        )
+        total_internal_energy = sum(component.state.U for component in downstream_components)
+        common_pressure, diagnostics = self._solve_downstream_common_pressure(
+            downstream_components,
+            total_internal_energy,
+            strict=strict,
+        )
+        self.last_downstream_pressure_diagnostics = diagnostics
+
+        for component in downstream_components:
+            self._project_volume_energy_to_pressure(component, common_pressure)
+
+    def _downstream_connection_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        q_out_upper: float,
+        q_out_lower: float,
+        pipe_upper_h: float,
+        pipe_lower_h: float,
+        tank_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.components.downstream_tee.inlet_stream_enthalpy(
+            q_out_lower,
+            pipe_lower_h,
+            q_out_upper,
+            pipe_upper_h,
+            fallback_h=tank_h,
+        )
+
+    def _solve_downstream_branch_flows_from_state(
+        self,
+        *,
+        inlet_h_upper: float,
+        inlet_h_lower: float,
+        pipe_upper_h: float,
+        pipe_lower_h: float,
+        tank_h: float,
+        q_in_upper: float,
+        q_in_lower: float,
+    ) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        return self.components.downstream_tee.solve_branch_outlet_flows_from_energy_balance(
+            ratio_branch1=self.components.upper_branch.pipe.V / self.components.tank.V,
+            ratio_branch2=self.components.lower_branch.pipe.V / self.components.tank.V,
+            inlet_h_branch1=inlet_h_upper,
+            inlet_h_branch2=inlet_h_lower,
+            branch1_h=pipe_upper_h,
+            branch2_h=pipe_lower_h,
+            inlet_h=tank_h,
+            q_in_branch1=q_in_upper,
+            q_in_branch2=q_in_lower,
+        )
+
+    def _evaluate_branch_states(
+        self,
+        cylinder: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> tuple[BranchClosureState, BranchClosureState]:
+        states: list[BranchClosureState] = []
+        for branch in self.components.branches():
+            pipe_properties = branch.pipe.properties()
+            inlet_flow, inlet_flow_diagnostics = self._solve_branch_inlet_flow(
+                branch.orifice,
+                branch.pipe,
+                cylinder.p,
+                pipe_properties,
+            )
+            inlet_h = branch.pipe.port_a_inlet_enthalpy(
+                port_a_m_flow=inlet_flow,
+                connected_h=cylinder.h,
+                internal_h=pipe_properties.h,
+            )
+            states.append(
+                BranchClosureState(
+                    name=branch.name,
+                    pipe=pipe_properties,
+                    inlet_flow=inlet_flow,
+                    outlet_flow=0.0,
+                    inlet_h=inlet_h,
+                    inlet_flow_diagnostics=inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+                )
+            )
+        return (states[0], states[1])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _with_branch_outlet_flows(
+        branch_states: tuple[BranchClosureState, BranchClosureState],
+        outlet_flows: tuple[float, float],
+    ) -> tuple[BranchClosureState, BranchClosureState]:
+        return (
+            BranchClosureState(
+                name=branch_states[0].name,
+                pipe=branch_states[0].pipe,
+                inlet_flow=branch_states[0].inlet_flow,
+                outlet_flow=outlet_flows[0],
+                inlet_h=branch_states[0].inlet_h,
+                inlet_flow_diagnostics=branch_states[0].inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+            ),
+            BranchClosureState(
+                name=branch_states[1].name,
+                pipe=branch_states[1].pipe,
+                inlet_flow=branch_states[1].inlet_flow,
+                outlet_flow=outlet_flows[1],
+                inlet_h=branch_states[1].inlet_h,
+                inlet_flow_diagnostics=branch_states[1].inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _branch_snapshots(
+        branch_states: tuple[BranchClosureState, BranchClosureState],
+    ) -> tuple[BranchSnapshot, BranchSnapshot]:
+        return (
+            BranchSnapshot(
+                name=branch_states[0].name,
+                pipe=branch_states[0].pipe,
+                inlet_flow=branch_states[0].inlet_flow,
+                outlet_flow=branch_states[0].outlet_flow,
+                inlet_h=branch_states[0].inlet_h,
+                inlet_flow_diagnostics=branch_states[0].inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+            ),
+            BranchSnapshot(
+                name=branch_states[1].name,
+                pipe=branch_states[1].pipe,
+                inlet_flow=branch_states[1].inlet_flow,
+                outlet_flow=branch_states[1].outlet_flow,
+                inlet_h=branch_states[1].inlet_h,
+                inlet_flow_diagnostics=branch_states[1].inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+        *,
+        strict: bool = False,
+    ) -> TestModelSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self._apply_state_vector(list(state_vector))
+
+        cylinder = self.components.cylinder.properties()
+        tank = self.components.tank.properties()
+        branch_states = self._evaluate_branch_states(cylinder)
+        if strict:
+            for branch_state in branch_states:
+                if not branch_state.inlet_flow_diagnostics.converged:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "Branch inlet flow solve did not converge for "
+                        f"{branch_state.name}: residual="
+                        f"{branch_state.inlet_flow_diagnostics.residual:.6e}"
+                    )
+        outlet_flows = self._solve_downstream_branch_flows(cylinder, tank, branch_states)
+        branch_states = self._with_branch_outlet_flows(branch_states, outlet_flows)
+
+        tee_upstream_h = self.components.upstream_tee.inlet_stream_enthalpy(
+            -branch_states[0].inlet_flow,
+            branch_states[0].pipe.h,
+            -branch_states[1].inlet_flow,
+            branch_states[1].pipe.h,
+            fallback_h=cylinder.h,
+        )
+        tee_downstream_h = self._downstream_connection_enthalpy(
+            branch_states[0].outlet_flow,
+            branch_states[1].outlet_flow,
+            branch_states[0].pipe.h,
+            branch_states[1].pipe.h,
+            tank.h,
+        )
+
+        self._write_port_states(
+            cylinder,
+            tank,
+            branch_states,
+            tee_upstream_h,
+            tee_downstream_h,
+        )
+
+        solve_diagnostics = TestModelSolveDiagnostics(
+            upper_branch_inlet=branch_states[0].inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+            lower_branch_inlet=branch_states[1].inlet_flow_diagnostics,
+            downstream_pressure_projection=self.last_downstream_pressure_diagnostics,
+        )
+        self.last_solve_diagnostics = solve_diagnostics
+        branch_snapshots = self._branch_snapshots(branch_states)
+
+        return TestModelSnapshot(
+            cylinder=cylinder,
+            tank=tank,
+            tee_upstream_h=tee_upstream_h,
+            tee_downstream_h=tee_downstream_h,
+            branches=branch_snapshots,
+            solve_diagnostics=solve_diagnostics,
+        )
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        cylinder: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        tank: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        branch_states: tuple[BranchClosureState, BranchClosureState],
+        tee_upstream_h: float,
+        tee_downstream_h: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        cylinder_m_flow = -sum(branch_state.inlet_flow for branch_state in branch_states)
+        tank_m_flow = sum(branch_state.outlet_flow for branch_state in branch_states)
+
+        self.components.cylinder.port_b.m_flow = cylinder_m_flow
+
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_in.p = cylinder.p
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_out1.p = cylinder.p
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_out2.p = cylinder.p
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_in.m_flow = cylinder_m_flow
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_in.h_outflow = tee_upstream_h
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_out1.h_outflow = cylinder.h
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_out2.h_outflow = cylinder.h
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_out1.m_flow = -branch_states[0].inlet_flow
+        self.components.upstream_tee.port_out2.m_flow = -branch_states[1].inlet_flow
+
+        for branch_components, branch_state in zip(self.components.branches(), branch_states):
+            branch_components.orifice.port_a.p = cylinder.p
+            branch_components.orifice.port_b.p = branch_components.pipe.inlet_pressure(
+                branch_state.inlet_flow,
+                max(branch_state.pipe.rho, 1e-9),
+                branch_state.pipe.p,
+            )
+            branch_components.orifice.port_a.m_flow = branch_state.inlet_flow
+            branch_components.orifice.port_b.m_flow = -branch_state.inlet_flow
+            branch_components.orifice.port_a.h_outflow = cylinder.h
+            branch_components.orifice.port_b.h_outflow = branch_state.pipe.h
+
+            branch_components.pipe.port_a.p = branch_components.orifice.port_b.p
+            branch_components.pipe.port_a.m_flow = branch_state.inlet_flow
+            branch_components.pipe.port_b.m_flow = -branch_state.outlet_flow
+            branch_components.pipe.port_b.p = branch_state.pipe.p
+
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_in.p = tank.p
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_out1.p = tank.p
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_out2.p = tank.p
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_in.m_flow = -tank_m_flow
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_out1.m_flow = branch_states[1].outlet_flow
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_out2.m_flow = branch_states[0].outlet_flow
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_in.h_outflow = tee_downstream_h
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_out1.h_outflow = tank.h
+        self.components.downstream_tee.port_out2.h_outflow = tank.h
+
+        self.components.tank.port_a.m_flow = tank_m_flow
+
+    def _branch_derivative_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestModelSnapshot,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        derivative_states: list[VolumeState] = []
+        for branch_components, branch_snapshot in zip(self.components.branches(), snapshot.branches):
+            derivative_states.append(
+                branch_components.pipe.derivatives_from_connections(
+                    port_a_m_flow=branch_snapshot.inlet_flow,
+                    connected_h_a=snapshot.cylinder.h,
+                    port_b_m_flow=-branch_snapshot.outlet_flow,
+                    connected_h_b=snapshot.tank.h,
+                    internal_h=branch_snapshot.pipe.h,
+                )
+            )
+        return (derivative_states[0], derivative_states[1])
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+
+        cylinder_m_flow = -sum(branch.inlet_flow for branch in snapshot.branches)
+        tank_m_flow = sum(branch.outlet_flow for branch in snapshot.branches)
+        d_cylinder = self.components.cylinder.derivatives_from_connection(
+            connected_h=snapshot.tee_upstream_h,
+            port_m_flow=cylinder_m_flow,
+            internal_h=snapshot.cylinder.h,
+        )
+        branch_derivatives = self._branch_derivative_states(snapshot)
+        d_tank = self.components.tank.derivatives_from_connection(
+            connected_h=snapshot.tee_downstream_h,
+            port_m_flow=tank_m_flow,
+            internal_h=snapshot.tank.h,
+        )
+
+        return [
+            d_cylinder.m,
+            d_cylinder.U,
+            branch_derivatives[0].m,
+            branch_derivatives[0].U,
+            branch_derivatives[1].m,
+            branch_derivatives[1].U,
+            d_tank.m,
+            d_tank.U,
+        ]
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 6b4cc30..45799de 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ ReactFlow 系统建模与 `app.simulation` 仿真后端。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/system-xml`：导出 System XML v2。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/compile-model`：将 ReactFlow 节点、参数和连线编译为仿真网络，并返回组件端口、无方向物理连接、压力-流量方程结构及未连接端口。
 - `POST /api/reactflow/simulate-testmodel`：运行现有固定拓扑 TestModel；该接口暂时不是任意拓扑求解器。
+- `POST /api/reactflow/simulate-test-mql`：运行现有固定拓扑 AMESim `test_mql` 迁移模型；该接口不把 AMESim 子模型注册为公开拖拽组件。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/validate`：接收原始 System XML v2，返回 XML、XSD 和模型语义三层诊断。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/parse`：校验 XML 并返回规范化的 ReactFlow 工程对象。
 - `POST /api/system-xml/compile-model`：校验并解析 XML，然后创建 `app.simulation` 组件网络。
diff --git a/app/main.py b/app/main.py
index 89de93f..c722a86 100644
--- a/app/main.py
+++ b/app/main.py
@@ -388,6 +388,15 @@ def simulate_reactflow_testmodel(payload: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str,
     return result
 
 
+@app.post("/api/reactflow/simulate-test-mql")
+def simulate_reactflow_test_mql(payload: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, object]:
+    try:
+        result = run_reactflow_test_mql(payload)
+    except ValueError as exc:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=str(exc)) from exc
+    return result
+
+
 @app.post("/api/reactflow/compile-model")
 def compile_reactflow_model(payload: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, object]:
     try:
@@ -1249,6 +1258,40 @@ def run_reactflow_testmodel(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, objec
     }
 
 
+def run_reactflow_test_mql(project: ReactFlowProjectPayload) -> dict[str, object]:
+    from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run import run_test_mql
+    from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlRunConfig
+
+    run_config = TestMqlRunConfig(
+        t_start=project.simulation.t_start,
+        t_stop=project.simulation.t_stop,
+        sample_step=project.simulation.step,
+    )
+    result = run_test_mql(run_config=run_config)
+    series = {
+        key: [float(value) for value in values]
+        for key, values in result.result.series.items()
+    }
+    final = {key: values[-1] for key, values in series.items() if values}
+    snapshot = result.system.snapshot()
+    return {
+        "success": True,
+        "message": "test_mql fixed-topology simulation completed.",
+        "model": {
+            "name": snapshot.model_name,
+            "componentCount": snapshot.component_count,
+            "connectionCount": snapshot.connection_count,
+            "continuousStateCount": snapshot.continuous_state_count,
+            "discreteStateCount": snapshot.discrete_state_count,
+        },
+        "final": final,
+        "series": series,
+        "artifacts": {
+            "summary": str(result.summary_path),
+        },
+    }
+
+
 def first_node(
     nodes_by_type: dict[str, list[ReactFlowNodePayload]],
     model_type: str,
diff --git a/app/simulation/README.md b/app/simulation/README.md
index 193a99f..512bf6e 100644
--- a/app/simulation/README.md
+++ b/app/simulation/README.md
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 `app.simulation` 是 SystemSimulationApp 的仿真子包，用于承接模型定义、系统装配、数值求解和结果导出。
 
-目标不是把 `.mo` 文件逐行翻译成 Python，而是建立一个可运行、可对比、可逐步逼近 `OpenModelica` 行为的 Python 仿真框架。
+目标不是逐行翻译源模型，而是建立可运行、可测试、可导出，并能与 OpenModelica 或 AMESim baseline 对比的 Python 仿真框架。
 
-当前状态不是“只有骨架”，而是“`Testmodel` 已有一版可运行的 ODE 近似实现，并具备基础结果导出与对比能力”。
+当前包含两条模型线：`Testmodel` 已有可运行的 ODE 近似和 OpenModelica 对比能力；`test_mql` 已形成 132 状态气动机械总闭包，正在按 AMESim baseline 做数值校准。
 
 ## 当前目录
 
@@ -14,9 +14,11 @@
 - `components/experimental/storage/`: 气瓶和贮箱等储能元件。
 - `components/experimental/flow/`: 对外注册的阻性管道和孔板等流动元件。
 - `components/experimental/junctions/`: 三通等连接节点。
+- `components/amesim/`: AMESim 气动、信号和机械组件原语。
 - `systems/`: 通用仿真网络与 XML 驱动系统装配。
-- `examples/testmodel/`: 固定 TestModel、专用闭合逻辑和运行入口。
-- `reporting/`: CSV、SVG、运行报告和 Modelica 对比结果导出。
+- `examples/testmodel/`: 固定 TestModel、专用闭合逻辑、基线运行入口，以及 test_mql 当前迁移过程中的系统装配和诊断脚本。
+- `examples/test_mql/`: AMESim `test_mql` 的前端调用运行入口。
+- `reporting/`: CSV、SVG、运行报告、Modelica 对比结果、AMESim 结果读取和诊断报告导出。
 - `registry.py`: 从已启用库清单受控发现、校验和实例化组件。
 - `paths.py`: 项目、运行产物、基准和 Modelica 参考结果路径。
 
@@ -35,17 +37,21 @@ RESULT_VARIABLES / DISPLAY / create()`，再把类路径加入库清单。完整
 
 当前关键文件：
 
-- `core/medium.py`: 理想气体近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
-- `core/medium.py`: 温度相关的空气近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `core/medium.py`: 温度相关的理想气体近似介质 `IdealGasMedium`
+- `core/peng_robinson.py`: `test_mql` 使用的氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性
 - `systems/network.py`: `SimulationNetwork`，负责组件注册、连接拓扑和状态向量拼装
 - `solvers/solver.py`: `integrate_ode()`，优先走 `SciPy solve_ivp`，缺依赖时回退到内置 RK4，并支持 `t_start == t_stop` 的零时长返回
 - `examples/testmodel/dynamic_pipe.py`: TestModel 专用单阻容管道近似，入口压降 + 出口直连内容腔
 - `components/experimental/junctions/tee.py`: 三通的最小 stream 混合 helper
 - `examples/testmodel/system.py`: `Testmodel` 的系统装配壳与外部运行入口
 - `examples/testmodel/closure.py`: `Testmodel` 当前专用的闭合、初始化投影、分支求解与端口回写
+- `examples/testmodel/test_mql.py`: `test_mql` 系统装配、132 状态总闭包和关键输出映射
+- `examples/testmodel/test_mql_closure.py`: `test_mql` 气动网络 closure、snapshot、流量计算和端口写回
 - `reporting/testmodel_outputs.py`: `Testmodel` 的 CSV/SVG/对比摘要导出
-- `examples/testmodel/run.py`: 基线运行与程序化执行入口
-- `tests/`: 当前组件契约、XML、通用系统和结果导出测试
+- `reporting/amesim_results.py`: AMESim 结果读取入口
+- `examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py`: `test_mql` 短时域 AMESim comparison 和诊断入口
+- `examples/testmodel/run_test_mql.py`: test_mql 基线运行与程序化执行入口
+- `tests/`: 当前组件契约、XML、通用系统、AMESim 迁移和结果导出测试
 
 ## 当前阶段进度
 
@@ -279,7 +285,35 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 
 这说明在当前基线工况下，Python 版主变量已经能较好贴近 OpenModelica 结果。
 
-## 当前架构判断
+## AMESim test_mql 当前进度
+
+`test_mql` 是从 `AmesimModels/test_mql.ame` 新增迁移的 AMESim 模型，当前只在独立路径下推进，不修改旧 `testmodel`。新增命名保持 AMESim 原始别名和 `Data_Path`，方便后续逐变量对齐。
+
+当前已经完成：
+
+- 解析 117 个组件、84 条 LINE 连接、直接组件接触、全局参数、仿真设置以及 AMESim 变量目录。
+- 直接读取 `.ame` 包内 `test_mql_.var` 和 `test_mql_.results`；baseline 包含 1002 个时间点和 1116 个保存变量。
+- 使用氦气 Peng-Robinson 物性，内部统一使用绝对压力，对外按 AMESim 表压和原始单位输出。
+- 实现 `PNCH023 / PNCH012 / PNOR001 / PNVO001`，以及 `PNL0001 / PNL0002 / PNL0003 / PNL00R` 管路和 `PN3NODE2 / P4NODE2` 节点语义。
+- 完成气动真实拓扑装配、canonical flow、端口写回、snapshot 和 112 状态气动 RHS。
+- 实现 `PNRP17 / MECMAS21 / LSTP00A / LMECHN1 / UD00 / FORC` 当前工况可确认的机械行为，并形成 20 状态机械闭包。
+- 将气动和机械部分组合成 132 状态总闭包，接入活塞体积反馈、气动力、外力、端止动和质量约束，可通过现有 solver 短时积分。
+- 建立关键 `Data_Path` 序列导出、output schema、validation、AMESim 插值比较、误差排序、端点诊断和 PNCH012 RHS 项拆解。
+
+当前确认的关键细节：
+
+- `PNRP17` 活塞腔体积使用环形有效面积 `piston_area - rod_area`。
+- `LSTP00A` 的 `gap` 观测单位是 mm，计算接触力前必须转换为 m。
+- `PNCH023` 固定气室初始压力来自 `P0=153 bar` 的绝对压力；AMESim `press` 输出为相对 `101300 Pa` 的表压。
+- `PNCH012` 变容腔初始压力对齐 AMESim 的 `1 bar` 绝对压力，`vol` 输出单位为 cm3，且末端体积等于基础死容积加对应活塞 `vol1`。
+- `MECMAS21` 的 `x1dup / v1dup / acc1dup` 是第二机械端口观测，相对 `x1 / v1 / acc1` 为反号，不是重复同值。
+- 本算例中 `MECMAS21` 的 `Fmin / Fmax / Fvisc / Ffric` 在 AMESim 结果里为零；当前只把这一工况能验证的部分写入测试，没有硬猜未激活碰撞/摩擦状态机。
+
+当前默认 `0 -> 1e-5 s` comparison 已定位最大偏差为 `press@pn_c1_8`：初值对齐，但末值绝对误差约 `9.22849 Pa`。RHS 拆解显示边界体积功约 `0.026 W`，端口焓流约 `32722 W`，因此当前首要工作是比较 Python 的 `p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow` 与 AMESim 的 `dm1@pneumatic_69`，检查单位、符号、PNL0001 阻力和 `pnnode4_16` 节点平衡。
+
+当前还不能宣称 `test_mql` 的 Python 时域仿真已经和 AMESim 全局一致。完整说明、运行命令和下一步校准路径见 `AmesimModels/test_mql/README.md`。
+
+## Testmodel 当前架构判断
 
 如果按“组件正确 -> 网络闭合 -> 积分可跑 -> 结果对齐 -> 去近似”来看，当前大致处于：
 
@@ -293,7 +327,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 
 `Testmodel` 已有一版可运行、可导出、可对比的 Python 近似实现。
 
-## 已知限制
+## Testmodel 已知限制
 
 当前最主要的限制可以直接理解成下面几条：
 
@@ -319,7 +353,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 - 作为最终工程结论的唯一依据
 - 直接扩展到更复杂拓扑而不补通用连接器语义
 
-## 文件级现状
+## Testmodel 文件级现状
 
 按代码现状逐项看：
 
@@ -342,7 +376,7 @@ print(result.used_modelica_reference)
 - `tests/baselines/simulation/`: 是当前稳定基线，不应该随着日常运行频繁改动。
 - `app/data/simulation-runs/`: 是默认运行产物目录，不是手写源代码，也不应该提交。
 
-## 当前主技术债
+## Testmodel 当前主技术债
 
 目前最主要的技术债，可以直接理解成下面 4 件事：
 
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdec2fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+__all__: list[str] = []
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92b0e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic boundary components."""
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/sources.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/sources.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87aca87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/boundary/sources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimPnpl01(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNPL01 zero pneumatic flow source.
+
+    The component behaves as a sealed pneumatic boundary in the current acausal
+    solver: it does not prescribe pressure, and only constrains its port mass
+    flow to zero.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnpl01"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),)
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNPL01 零气动流边界",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="boundary",
+        symbol="generic",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnpl01:
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:zero_mass_flow",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        if "port_1" in connected_h:
+            self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h["port_1"]
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1f9910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic flow components."""
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/orifices.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/orifices.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eef5d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/orifices.py
@@ -0,0 +1,701 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import isclose, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimPnor001(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNOR001 constant-flow-coefficient pneumatic orifice.
+
+    This public component preserves the PNOR001 catalog/XML contract and uses a
+    finite bidirectional compressible-orifice approximation. The Siemens
+    `pn2rcqfix_` details remain a later calibration target.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnor001"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cq",
+            0.72,
+            label="流量系数 Cq",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0e-10,
+            maximum=1.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "area",
+            5.0e-6,
+            label="孔口面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Cv",
+            0.5,
+            label="流量系数 Cv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Kv",
+            0.4,
+            label="流量系数 Kv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "gi",
+            1.0,
+            label="气体类型索引",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=99.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "flowset",
+            1.0,
+            label="流量系数设置",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=3.0,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "cm",
+            label="质量流量参数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=10,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "gasvel",
+            label="缩流截面气体速度",
+            quantity="velocity",
+            unit="m/s",
+            category="derived",
+            order=20,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNOR001 常系数气动孔口",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="orifice",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        cq: float = 0.72,
+        area: float = 5.0e-6,
+        Cv: float = 0.5,
+        Kv: float = 0.4,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        flowset: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cq": cq,
+                "area": area,
+                "Cv": Cv,
+                "Kv": Kv,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "flowset": flowset,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cq = float(cq)
+        self.area = float(area)
+        self.Cv = float(Cv)
+        self.Kv = float(Kv)
+        self.gi = self._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.flowset = self._integer_parameter("flowset", flowset)
+        if self.flowset not in {1, 2, 3}:
+            raise ValueError("PNOR001 flowset must be 1, 2, or 3.")
+
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNOR001 parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnor001:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cq=parameters["cq"],
+            area=parameters["area"],
+            Cv=parameters["Cv"],
+            Kv=parameters["Kv"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            flowset=parameters["flowset"],
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_cq(self) -> float:
+        return self.cq if self.flowset == 1 else 0.72
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        if self.flowset == 1:
+            return self.area
+        if self.flowset == 2:
+            return self._area_from_cv(self.Cv, self.effective_cq)
+        return self._area_from_kv(self.Kv, self.effective_cq)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _area_from_cv(Cv: float, cq: float) -> float:
+        water_density = 999.0
+        reference_flow_m3_s = Cv * 6.30901964e-5
+        reference_dp_pa = 6894.75729
+        return reference_flow_m3_s / (cq * sqrt(2.0 * reference_dp_pa / water_density))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _area_from_kv(Kv: float, cq: float) -> float:
+        water_density = 999.0
+        reference_flow_m3_s = Kv / 3600.0
+        reference_dp_pa = 100000.0
+        return reference_flow_m3_s / (cq * sqrt(2.0 * reference_dp_pa / water_density))
+
+    def _upstream_temperature(self, port_name: str) -> float:
+        port = self.get_port(port_name)
+        if port.h_outflow > 0.0:
+            return max(port.h_outflow / self.medium.cp_ref, 1.0)
+        return self.medium.T_ref
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_1: float, p_2: float) -> float:
+        if p_1 == p_2 or self.effective_area == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_1 > p_2:
+            return self._one_way_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_1,
+                downstream_pressure=p_2,
+                upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_1"),
+            )
+        return -self._one_way_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_2,
+            downstream_pressure=p_1,
+            upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_2"),
+        )
+
+    def _one_way_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        upstream_pressure: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float,
+        upstream_temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        p_up = max(upstream_pressure, 1.0)
+        p_down = max(min(downstream_pressure, p_up), 0.0)
+        T_up = max(upstream_temperature, 1.0)
+        gamma = max(self.medium.gamma, 1.000001)
+        pressure_ratio = max(p_down / p_up, 0.0)
+        critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+        if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+            flow_factor = sqrt(gamma / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up)) * (
+                2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)
+            ) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+        else:
+            expansion = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** (
+                (gamma + 1.0) / gamma
+            )
+            flow_factor = sqrt(
+                max(
+                    2.0
+                    * gamma
+                    * expansion
+                    / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up * (gamma - 1.0)),
+                    0.0,
+                )
+            )
+        return self.effective_cq * self.effective_area * p_up * flow_factor
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        p_1 = max(self.port_1.p, 1.0)
+        p_2 = max(self.port_2.p, 1.0)
+        m_flow = abs(self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p))
+        upstream_pressure = max(p_1, p_2)
+        upstream_temperature = self._upstream_temperature(
+            "port_1" if p_1 >= p_2 else "port_2"
+        )
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        area = max(self.effective_area, 1.0e-18)
+        return {
+            "cm": m_flow / (self.effective_cq * area * upstream_pressure),
+            "gasvel": m_flow / (density * area),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow
+                - self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h["port_2"]
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = connected_h["port_1"]
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Fixed-opening public variant of AMESim PNVO001.
+
+    Full PNVO001 has a signal input port. The current public component library
+    does not support signal simulation, so this model exposes the pneumatic
+    ports and replaces the signal with a normalized `opening` parameter.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnvo001_fixed"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cq",
+            0.72,
+            label="流量系数 Cq",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0e-10,
+            maximum=1.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "area0",
+            5.0e-6,
+            label="最大孔口面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Cv",
+            0.5,
+            label="最大流量系数 Cv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "Kv",
+            0.4,
+            label="最大流量系数 Kv",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "gi",
+            1.0,
+            label="气体类型索引",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=99.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "flowset",
+            1.0,
+            label="流量系数设置",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=3.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "opening",
+            1.0,
+            label="固定开度",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=1.0,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "xv",
+            label="有效开度",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=10,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "cm",
+            label="质量流量参数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=20,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "gasvel",
+            label="缩流截面气体速度",
+            quantity="velocity",
+            unit="m/s",
+            category="derived",
+            order=30,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNVO001 固定开度气动孔口",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="orifice",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=30,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        cq: float = 0.72,
+        area0: float = 5.0e-6,
+        Cv: float = 0.5,
+        Kv: float = 0.4,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        flowset: float = 1.0,
+        opening: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cq": cq,
+                "area0": area0,
+                "Cv": Cv,
+                "Kv": Kv,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "flowset": flowset,
+                "opening": opening,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cq = float(cq)
+        self.area0 = float(area0)
+        self.Cv = float(Cv)
+        self.Kv = float(Kv)
+        self.gi = self._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.flowset = self._integer_parameter("flowset", flowset)
+        if self.flowset not in {1, 2, 3}:
+            raise ValueError("PNVO001 fixed-opening flowset must be 1, 2, or 3.")
+        self.opening = min(1.0, max(0.0, float(opening)))
+
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_3 = self.register_declared_port("port_3")
+        self.port_3.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNVO001 fixed-opening parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cq=parameters["cq"],
+            area0=parameters["area0"],
+            Cv=parameters["Cv"],
+            Kv=parameters["Kv"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            flowset=parameters["flowset"],
+            opening=parameters["opening"],
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def effective_cq(self) -> float:
+        return self.cq if self.flowset == 1 else 0.72
+
+    @property
+    def maximum_area(self) -> float:
+        if self.flowset == 1:
+            return self.area0
+        if self.flowset == 2:
+            return AmesimPnor001._area_from_cv(self.Cv, self.effective_cq)
+        return AmesimPnor001._area_from_kv(self.Kv, self.effective_cq)
+
+    @property
+    def effective_area(self) -> float:
+        return self.opening * self.maximum_area
+
+    def _upstream_temperature(self, port_name: str) -> float:
+        port = self.get_port(port_name)
+        if port.h_outflow > 0.0:
+            return max(port.h_outflow / self.medium.cp_ref, 1.0)
+        return self.medium.T_ref
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_2: float, p_3: float) -> float:
+        if p_2 == p_3 or self.effective_area == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if p_2 > p_3:
+            return self._one_way_mass_flow(
+                upstream_pressure=p_2,
+                downstream_pressure=p_3,
+                upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_2"),
+            )
+        return -self._one_way_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=p_3,
+            downstream_pressure=p_2,
+            upstream_temperature=self._upstream_temperature("port_3"),
+        )
+
+    def _one_way_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        *,
+        upstream_pressure: float,
+        downstream_pressure: float,
+        upstream_temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        p_up = max(upstream_pressure, 1.0)
+        p_down = max(min(downstream_pressure, p_up), 0.0)
+        T_up = max(upstream_temperature, 1.0)
+        gamma = max(self.medium.gamma, 1.000001)
+        pressure_ratio = max(p_down / p_up, 0.0)
+        critical_ratio = (2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)) ** (gamma / (gamma - 1.0))
+        if pressure_ratio <= critical_ratio:
+            flow_factor = sqrt(gamma / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up)) * (
+                2.0 / (gamma + 1.0)
+            ) ** ((gamma + 1.0) / (2.0 * (gamma - 1.0)))
+        else:
+            expansion = pressure_ratio ** (2.0 / gamma) - pressure_ratio ** (
+                (gamma + 1.0) / gamma
+            )
+            flow_factor = sqrt(
+                max(
+                    2.0
+                    * gamma
+                    * expansion
+                    / (self.medium.R_gas * T_up * (gamma - 1.0)),
+                    0.0,
+                )
+            )
+        return self.effective_cq * self.effective_area * p_up * flow_factor
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        p_2 = max(self.port_2.p, 1.0)
+        p_3 = max(self.port_3.p, 1.0)
+        m_flow = abs(self.mass_flow(self.port_2.p, self.port_3.p))
+        upstream_pressure = max(p_2, p_3)
+        upstream_temperature = self._upstream_temperature(
+            "port_2" if p_2 >= p_3 else "port_3"
+        )
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        area = max(self.effective_area, 1.0e-18)
+        return {
+            "xv": self.opening,
+            "cm": m_flow / (self.effective_cq * area * upstream_pressure),
+            "gasvel": m_flow / (density * area),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_3.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.m_flow + self.port_3.m_flow,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_3.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.m_flow
+                - self.mass_flow(self.port_2.p, self.port_3.p),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = connected_h["port_3"]
+        self.port_3.h_outflow = connected_h["port_2"]
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening(AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening):
+    """AMESim PNVO001 signal-controlled pneumatic orifice."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnvo001"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.signal("res", nominal_role="input"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("cq", 0.72, label="流量系数 Cq", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0e-10, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("area0", 5.0e-6, label="最大孔口面积", quantity="area", unit="m2", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Cv", 0.5, label="最大流量系数 Cv", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Kv", 0.4, label="最大流量系数 Kv", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("gi", 1.0, label="气体类型索引", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=99.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("flowset", 1.0, label="流量系数设置", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=3.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("opening0", 1.0, label="初始开度", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening.RESULT_VARIABLES
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNVO001 信号开度气动孔口",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="orifice",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("res", "left", order=5),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=35,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        cq: float = 0.72,
+        area0: float = 5.0e-6,
+        Cv: float = 0.5,
+        Kv: float = 0.4,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        flowset: float = 1.0,
+        opening0: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        AlgebraicComponent.__init__(self, name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cq": cq,
+                "area0": area0,
+                "Cv": Cv,
+                "Kv": Kv,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "flowset": flowset,
+                "opening0": opening0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cq = float(cq)
+        self.area0 = float(area0)
+        self.Cv = float(Cv)
+        self.Kv = float(Kv)
+        self.gi = self._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.flowset = self._integer_parameter("flowset", flowset)
+        if self.flowset not in {1, 2, 3}:
+            raise ValueError("PNVO001 signal-opening flowset must be 1, 2, or 3.")
+        self.opening0 = min(1.0, max(0.0, float(opening0)))
+        self.res = self.register_declared_port("res")
+        self.res.signal = self.opening0
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_3 = self.register_declared_port("port_3")
+        self.port_3.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    @property
+    def opening(self) -> float:
+        return min(1.0, max(0.0, self.res.signal))
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/pipes.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/pipes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f8fb31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/flow/pipes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1196 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import isclose, log10, pi, sqrt
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent, ThermodynamicVolumeComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+    THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00r(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNL00R pneumatic pipe friction resistance.
+
+    The public model exposes the AMESim PNL00R catalog/XML contract and uses
+    an auditable Darcy-Weisbach resistance with Reynolds/roughness-dependent
+    friction. Exact `pn2pipefr_` parity is left for the later model tuning pass.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnl00r"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "diam",
+            0.01,
+            label="管径",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "le",
+            1.0,
+            label="管长",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "rr",
+            1.0e-5,
+            label="相对粗糙度",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=0.1,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "gi",
+            1.0,
+            label="气体类型索引",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=99.0,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "re",
+            label="Reynolds 数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=10,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "cm",
+            label="质量流量参数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=20,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "v",
+            label="平均气体速度",
+            quantity="velocity",
+            unit="m/s",
+            category="derived",
+            order=30,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "ff",
+            label="摩擦因子",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=40,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNL00R 气动管路阻力",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="pipe",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        diam: float = 0.01,
+        le: float = 1.0,
+        rr: float = 1.0e-5,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"diam": diam, "le": le, "rr": rr, "gi": gi})
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.diam = float(diam)
+        self.le = float(le)
+        self.rr = float(rr)
+        self.gi = self._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.area = pi * self.diam * self.diam / 4.0
+
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(medium.T_ref)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL00R parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnl00r:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            diam=parameters["diam"],
+            le=parameters["le"],
+            rr=parameters["rr"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+        )
+
+    def _port_temperature(self, port_name: str) -> float:
+        port = self.get_port(port_name)
+        if port.h_outflow > 0.0:
+            return max(port.h_outflow / self.medium.cp_ref, 1.0)
+        return self.medium.T_ref
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+        if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+        reference_temperature = 293.15
+        reference_viscosity = 1.82e-5
+        sutherland_constant = 110.4
+        return (
+            reference_viscosity
+            * (temperature_k / reference_temperature) ** 1.5
+            * (reference_temperature + sutherland_constant)
+            / (temperature_k + sutherland_constant)
+        )
+
+    def reynolds_number(self, mass_flow: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        viscosity = self._dynamic_viscosity(temperature)
+        return 4.0 * abs(mass_flow) / (pi * self.diam * viscosity)
+
+    def friction_factor(self, reynolds_number: float) -> float:
+        if reynolds_number <= 0.0:
+            return 64_000_000.0
+        laminar = 64.0 / reynolds_number
+        if reynolds_number <= 2300.0:
+            return laminar
+        turbulent = 1.0 / (
+            -1.8 * log10((self.rr / 3.7) ** 1.11 + 6.9 / reynolds_number)
+        ) ** 2
+        if reynolds_number >= 4000.0:
+            return turbulent
+        fraction = (reynolds_number - 2300.0) / 1700.0
+        return laminar + fraction * (turbulent - laminar)
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(mass_flow, temperature)
+        friction = self.friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = (
+            friction
+            * (self.le / self.diam)
+            * density
+            * velocity
+            * velocity
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        return magnitude if mass_flow > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_drop <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upper = 1.0e-9
+        while self.darcy_pressure_drop(upper, density=density, temperature=temperature) < pressure_drop:
+            upper *= 10.0
+            if upper > 1.0e3:
+                raise ValueError("unable to bracket PNL00R resistance flow")
+        lower = 0.0
+        for _ in range(48):
+            middle = 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+            if self.darcy_pressure_drop(middle, density=density, temperature=temperature) < pressure_drop:
+                lower = middle
+            else:
+                upper = middle
+        return 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_1: float, p_2: float) -> float:
+        if p_1 == p_2:
+            return 0.0
+        pressure_difference = p_1 - p_2
+        upstream_pressure = max(p_1, p_2, 1.0)
+        upstream_temperature = self._port_temperature("port_1" if pressure_difference > 0.0 else "port_2")
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        m_flow = self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p)
+        upstream_pressure = max(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p, 1.0)
+        upstream_temperature = self._port_temperature(
+            "port_1" if self.port_1.p >= self.port_2.p else "port_2"
+        )
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(m_flow, upstream_temperature)
+        velocity = m_flow / (density * self.area)
+        cm = abs(m_flow) / max(self.area * upstream_pressure, 1.0e-18)
+        return {
+            "re": reynolds,
+            "cm": cm,
+            "v": velocity,
+            "ff": self.friction_factor(reynolds),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow
+                - self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = connected_h["port_2"]
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = connected_h["port_1"]
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNL0001 C-R pneumatic pipe with compressibility and friction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnl0001"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "diam",
+            0.01,
+            label="管径",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "le",
+            1.0,
+            label="管长",
+            quantity="length",
+            unit="m",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "rr",
+            1.0e-5,
+            label="相对粗糙度",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            maximum=0.1,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "k",
+            1.35,
+            label="多方指数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+            maximum=2.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "gi",
+            1.0,
+            label="气体类型索引",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=99.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "mode",
+            2.0,
+            label="热模型",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=2.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES + (
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "re",
+            label="Reynolds 数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=100,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "cm",
+            label="质量流量参数",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=110,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "v",
+            label="平均气体速度",
+            quantity="velocity",
+            unit="m/s",
+            category="derived",
+            order=120,
+        ),
+        ResultVariableDefinition(
+            "ff",
+            label="摩擦因子",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            category="derived",
+            order=130,
+        ),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNL0001 C-R 动态管路",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="pipe",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=30,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        diam: float = 0.01,
+        le: float = 1.0,
+        rr: float = 1.0e-5,
+        k: float = 1.35,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        mode: float = 2.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "diam": diam,
+                "le": le,
+                "rr": rr,
+                "k": k,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "mode": mode,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.diam = float(diam)
+        self.le = float(le)
+        self.rr = float(rr)
+        self.k = float(k)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = self._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.mode = self._integer_parameter("mode", mode)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        self.area = pi * self.diam * self.diam / 4.0
+        self.volume = self.area * self.le
+        self.exchange_area = pi * self.diam * self.le
+        m0 = self.p0 * self.volume / (medium.R_gas * self.T0)
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(self.T0)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.p = self.p0
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.p = self.p0
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0001 parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnl0001":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            diam=parameters["diam"],
+            le=parameters["le"],
+            rr=parameters["rr"],
+            k=parameters["k"],
+            kth=parameters["kth"],
+            extemp=parameters["extemp"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            mode=parameters["mode"],
+            p0=parameters["p0"],
+            T0=parameters["T0"],
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.volume)
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = props.h
+        self.port_2.p = props.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        if self.mode == 1:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.kth * self.exchange_area * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+        return AmesimPnl00r._dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k)
+
+    def reynolds_number(self, mass_flow: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        viscosity = self._dynamic_viscosity(temperature)
+        return 4.0 * abs(mass_flow) / (pi * self.diam * viscosity)
+
+    def friction_factor(self, reynolds_number: float) -> float:
+        return AmesimPnl00r.friction_factor(self, reynolds_number)
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(mass_flow, temperature)
+        friction = self.friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = (
+            friction
+            * (self.le / self.diam)
+            * density
+            * velocity
+            * velocity
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        return magnitude if mass_flow > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_drop <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upper = 1.0e-9
+        while self.darcy_pressure_drop(
+            upper,
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        ) < pressure_drop:
+            upper *= 10.0
+            if upper > 1.0e3:
+                raise ValueError("unable to bracket PNL0001 resistance flow")
+        lower = 0.0
+        for _ in range(48):
+            middle = 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+            if self.darcy_pressure_drop(
+                middle,
+                density=density,
+                temperature=temperature,
+            ) < pressure_drop:
+                lower = middle
+            else:
+                upper = middle
+        return 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+
+    def mass_flow(self, p_1: float, p_2: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        if p_1 == p_2:
+            return 0.0
+        pressure_difference = p_1 - p_2
+        upstream_pressure = max(p_1, p_2, 1.0)
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, temperature), 1.0e-12)
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        flow = self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, props.p, props.T)
+        upstream_pressure = max(self.port_1.p, props.p, 1.0)
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, props.T), 1.0e-12)
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(flow, props.T)
+        return {
+            "m": self.state.m,
+            "U": self.state.U,
+            "p": props.p,
+            "T": props.T,
+            "rho": props.rho,
+            "u": props.u,
+            "h": props.h,
+            "re": reynolds,
+            "cm": abs(flow) / max(self.area * upstream_pressure, 1.0e-18),
+            "v": flow / (density * self.area),
+            "ff": self.friction_factor(reynolds),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.volume)
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_2.p - props.p,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow
+                - self.mass_flow(self.port_1.p, props.p, props.T),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_1"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_2.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_2"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        derivative = VolumeState(
+            m=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            U=(
+                self.port_1.m_flow * inlet_h_1
+                + self.port_2.m_flow * inlet_h_2
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+            ),
+        )
+        return derivative.as_vector()
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002(AmesimPnl0001):
+    """AMESim PNL0002 R-C-R pneumatic pipe with one center compliance."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnl0002"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = AmesimPnl0001.PARAMETERS
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = AmesimPnl0001.RESULT_VARIABLES
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNL0002 R-C-R 动态管路",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="pipe",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=40,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnl0002":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            diam=parameters["diam"],
+            le=parameters["le"],
+            rr=parameters["rr"],
+            k=parameters["k"],
+            kth=parameters["kth"],
+            extemp=parameters["extemp"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            mode=parameters["mode"],
+            p0=parameters["p0"],
+            T0=parameters["T0"],
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def resistance_length(self) -> float:
+        return self.le / 2.0
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.volume)
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = props.h
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(mass_flow, temperature)
+        friction = self.friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = (
+            friction
+            * (self.resistance_length / self.diam)
+            * density
+            * velocity
+            * velocity
+            / 2.0
+        )
+        return magnitude if mass_flow > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def port_mass_flow(
+        self,
+        port_pressure: float,
+        center_pressure: float,
+        center_temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.mass_flow(port_pressure, center_pressure, center_temperature)
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        flow_1 = self.port_mass_flow(self.port_1.p, props.p, props.T)
+        flow_2 = self.port_mass_flow(self.port_2.p, props.p, props.T)
+        diagnostic_flow = flow_1 if abs(flow_1) >= abs(flow_2) else flow_2
+        upstream_pressure = max(self.port_1.p, self.port_2.p, props.p, 1.0)
+        density = max(self.medium.density(upstream_pressure, props.T), 1.0e-12)
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(diagnostic_flow, props.T)
+        return {
+            "m": self.state.m,
+            "U": self.state.U,
+            "p": props.p,
+            "T": props.T,
+            "rho": props.rho,
+            "u": props.u,
+            "h": props.h,
+            "re": reynolds,
+            "cm": abs(diagnostic_flow) / max(self.area * upstream_pressure, 1.0e-18),
+            "v": diagnostic_flow / (density * self.area),
+            "ff": self.friction_factor(reynolds),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.volume)
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.state",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_1.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.m_flow
+                - self.port_mass_flow(self.port_1.p, props.p, props.T),
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_pressure_flow_relation",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.p",
+                    f"{self.name}.state",
+                    f"{self.name}.port_2.m_flow",
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.m_flow
+                - self.port_mass_flow(self.port_2.p, props.p, props.T),
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0003(DynamicComponent):
+    """AMESim PNL0003 C-R-C pneumatic pipe with two end compliances."""
+
+    state_size = 4
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnl0003"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = AmesimPnl0001.PARAMETERS[:-2] + (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p1_0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="端口 1 初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T1_0",
+            293.15,
+            label="端口 1 初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p2_0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="端口 2 初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T2_0",
+            293.15,
+            label="端口 2 初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("m1", "端口 1 侧质量", "mass", "kg", "state", 10),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("U1", "端口 1 侧内能", "internal_energy", "J", "state", 20),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("p1", "端口 1 侧压力", "pressure", "Pa", "thermodynamic", 30),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("T1", "端口 1 侧温度", "temperature", "K", "thermodynamic", 40),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("rho1", "端口 1 侧密度", "density", "kg/m³", "thermodynamic", 50),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("u1", "端口 1 侧比内能", "specific_internal_energy", "J/kg", "thermodynamic", 60),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("h1", "端口 1 侧比焓", "specific_enthalpy", "J/kg", "thermodynamic", 70),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("m2", "端口 2 侧质量", "mass", "kg", "state", 80),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("U2", "端口 2 侧内能", "internal_energy", "J", "state", 90),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("p2", "端口 2 侧压力", "pressure", "Pa", "thermodynamic", 100),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("T2", "端口 2 侧温度", "temperature", "K", "thermodynamic", 110),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("rho2", "端口 2 侧密度", "density", "kg/m³", "thermodynamic", 120),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("u2", "端口 2 侧比内能", "specific_internal_energy", "J/kg", "thermodynamic", 130),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("h2", "端口 2 侧比焓", "specific_enthalpy", "J/kg", "thermodynamic", 140),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("dmctr", "中心质量流量", "mass_flow", "kg/s", "derived", 150),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("re", "Reynolds 数", "dimensionless", "", "derived", 160),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("cm", "质量流量参数", "dimensionless", "", "derived", 170),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("v", "平均气体速度", "velocity", "m/s", "derived", 180),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("ff", "摩擦因子", "dimensionless", "", "derived", 190),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNL0003 C-R-C 动态管路",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="flow",
+        symbol="pipe",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=50,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        diam: float = 0.01,
+        le: float = 1.0,
+        rr: float = 1.0e-5,
+        k: float = 1.35,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        mode: float = 2.0,
+        p1_0: float = 100000.0,
+        T1_0: float = 293.15,
+        p2_0: float = 100000.0,
+        T2_0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "diam": diam,
+                "le": le,
+                "rr": rr,
+                "k": k,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "mode": mode,
+                "p1_0": p1_0,
+                "T1_0": T1_0,
+                "p2_0": p2_0,
+                "T2_0": T2_0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.diam = float(diam)
+        self.le = float(le)
+        self.rr = float(rr)
+        self.k = float(k)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = AmesimPnl0001._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.mode = AmesimPnl0001._integer_parameter("mode", mode)
+        self.area = pi * self.diam * self.diam / 4.0
+        self.volume = self.area * self.le
+        self.compliance_volume = self.volume / 2.0
+        self.exchange_area = pi * self.diam * self.le
+        self.state_1 = self._initial_state(float(p1_0), float(T1_0))
+        self.state_2 = self._initial_state(float(p2_0), float(T2_0))
+        h1 = medium.specific_enthalpy(float(T1_0))
+        h2 = medium.specific_enthalpy(float(T2_0))
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.p = float(p1_0)
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = h1
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.p = float(p2_0)
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = h2
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnl0003":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    def _initial_state(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> VolumeState:
+        mass = pressure * self.compliance_volume / (self.medium.R_gas * temperature)
+        return VolumeState(m=mass, U=mass * self.medium.specific_internal_energy(temperature))
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [*self.state_1.as_vector(), *self.state_2.as_vector()]
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 4:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0003 state vector requires four values")
+        self.state_1 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[:2])
+        self.state_2 = VolumeState.from_vector(values[2:])
+
+    def _properties(self, state: VolumeState) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.medium.properties_from_mU(state.m, state.U, self.compliance_volume)
+
+    def properties_1(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self._properties(self.state_1)
+        self.port_1.p = props.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def properties_2(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self._properties(self.state_2)
+        self.port_2.p = props.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> tuple[ThermodynamicProperties, ThermodynamicProperties]:
+        return self.properties_1(), self.properties_2()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+        return AmesimPnl00r._dynamic_viscosity(temperature_k)
+
+    def reynolds_number(self, mass_flow: float, temperature: float) -> float:
+        viscosity = self._dynamic_viscosity(temperature)
+        return 4.0 * abs(mass_flow) / (pi * self.diam * viscosity)
+
+    def friction_factor(self, reynolds_number: float) -> float:
+        return AmesimPnl00r.friction_factor(self, reynolds_number)
+
+    def darcy_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        mass_flow: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if mass_flow == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(mass_flow, temperature)
+        friction = self.friction_factor(reynolds)
+        velocity = mass_flow / (density * self.area)
+        magnitude = friction * (self.le / self.diam) * density * velocity * velocity / 2.0
+        return magnitude if mass_flow > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+        self,
+        pressure_drop: float,
+        *,
+        density: float,
+        temperature: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        if pressure_drop <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upper = 1.0e-9
+        while self.darcy_pressure_drop(upper, density=density, temperature=temperature) < pressure_drop:
+            upper *= 10.0
+            if upper > 1.0e3:
+                raise ValueError("unable to bracket PNL0003 resistance flow")
+        lower = 0.0
+        for _ in range(48):
+            middle = 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+            if self.darcy_pressure_drop(middle, density=density, temperature=temperature) < pressure_drop:
+                lower = middle
+            else:
+                upper = middle
+        return 0.5 * (lower + upper)
+
+    def resistance_mass_flow(self) -> float:
+        port_1 = self._properties(self.state_1)
+        port_2 = self._properties(self.state_2)
+        pressure_difference = port_1.p - port_2.p
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream = port_1 if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2
+        magnitude = self._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=upstream.rho,
+            temperature=upstream.T,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def _heat_flow_each(self, temperature_1: float, temperature_2: float) -> float:
+        if self.mode == 1:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.kth * self.exchange_area * (self.extemp - 0.5 * (temperature_1 + temperature_2)) / 2.0
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        center_flow = self.resistance_mass_flow()
+        upstream = port_1 if center_flow >= 0.0 else port_2
+        reynolds = self.reynolds_number(center_flow, upstream.T)
+        return {
+            "m1": self.state_1.m,
+            "U1": self.state_1.U,
+            "p1": port_1.p,
+            "T1": port_1.T,
+            "rho1": port_1.rho,
+            "u1": port_1.u,
+            "h1": port_1.h,
+            "m2": self.state_2.m,
+            "U2": self.state_2.U,
+            "p2": port_2.p,
+            "T2": port_2.T,
+            "rho2": port_2.rho,
+            "u2": port_2.u,
+            "h2": port_2.h,
+            "dmctr": center_flow,
+            "re": reynolds,
+            "cm": abs(center_flow) / max(self.area * max(port_1.p, port_2.p, 1.0), 1.0e-18),
+            "v": center_flow / (max(upstream.rho, 1.0e-12) * self.area),
+            "ff": self.friction_factor(reynolds),
+        }
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        port_1 = self._properties(self.state_1)
+        port_2 = self._properties(self.state_2)
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_1.p - port_1.p,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_2.p - port_2.p,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> list[float]:
+        port_1 = self.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.properties_2()
+        center_flow = self.resistance_mass_flow()
+        heat_flow_each = self._heat_flow_each(port_1.T, port_2.T)
+        port_1_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_1"],
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_external_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_2.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_2"],
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        port_1_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=-center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_2.h,
+            internal_h=port_1.h,
+        )
+        port_2_center_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=center_flow,
+            connected_h=port_1.h,
+            internal_h=port_2.h,
+        )
+        d1 = VolumeState(
+            m=self.port_1.m_flow - center_flow,
+            U=self.port_1.m_flow * port_1_external_h - center_flow * port_1_center_h + heat_flow_each,
+        )
+        d2 = VolumeState(
+            m=self.port_2.m_flow + center_flow,
+            U=self.port_2.m_flow * port_2_external_h + center_flow * port_2_center_h + heat_flow_each,
+        )
+        return [*d1.as_vector(), *d2.as_vector()]
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..830b29f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes import AmesimP4Node2, AmesimPn3Node2
+
+__all__ = ["AmesimP4Node2", "AmesimPn3Node2"]
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/nodes.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7cd64c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/junctions/nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition, PortState
+
+
+class _AmesimPneumaticNode(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """Shared implementation for AMESim pneumatic junction submodels."""
+
+    REFERENCE_PORT = "port_2"
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            setattr(self, definition.name, self.register_declared_port(definition.name))
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        reference = self.get_port(self.REFERENCE_PORT)
+        residuals: list[EquationResidual] = []
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            if definition.name == self.REFERENCE_PORT:
+                continue
+            port = self.get_port(definition.name)
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{definition.name}_pressure_reference",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(
+                        f"{self.name}.{definition.name}.p",
+                        f"{self.name}.{self.REFERENCE_PORT}.p",
+                    ),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.p - reference.p,
+                )
+            )
+        residuals.append(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:mass_flow_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=tuple(
+                    f"{self.name}.{definition.name}.m_flow"
+                    for definition in self.PORTS
+                ),
+                role="flow",
+                value=sum(self.get_port(definition.name).m_flow for definition in self.PORTS),
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(residuals)
+
+    def update_stream_outflows(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> None:
+        incoming = [
+            (port.m_flow, connected_h[name])
+            for name, port in self.ports.items()
+            if port.m_flow > 1e-12
+        ]
+        total_flow = sum(m_flow for m_flow, _ in incoming)
+        if total_flow > 1e-12:
+            mixed_h = sum(m_flow * h for m_flow, h in incoming) / total_flow
+        else:
+            mixed_h = connected_h.get(
+                self.REFERENCE_PORT,
+                sum(connected_h.values()) / len(connected_h) if connected_h else 0.0,
+            )
+        for port in self.ports.values():
+            port.h_outflow = mixed_h
+
+
+class AmesimPn3Node2(_AmesimPneumaticNode):
+    """AMESim PN3NODE2 pneumatic three-port junction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pn3node2"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PN3NODE2 三端气动节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="junctions",
+        symbol="tee",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=30),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPn3Node2:
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+
+class AmesimP4Node2(_AmesimPneumaticNode):
+    """AMESim P4NODE2 pneumatic four-port junction."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_p4node2"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_4", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="P4NODE2 四端气动节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="junctions",
+        symbol="generic",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "right", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimP4Node2:
+        return cls(name=name)
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/library.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/library.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c3d63f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/library.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+"""AMESim-compatible public component library."""
+
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import (
+    ComponentCategorySpec,
+    ComponentLibrarySpec,
+)
+
+
+LIBRARY = ComponentLibrarySpec(
+    id="amesim",
+    label="AMESim 组件库",
+    version="0.1.0",
+    source_package="app.simulation.components.amesim",
+    temporary=True,
+    order=200,
+    categories=(
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="storage", label="储能元件", order=10),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="flow", label="流动元件", order=20),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="junctions", label="连接元件", order=30),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="boundary", label="边界元件", order=40),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="signals", label="信号元件", order=50),
+        ComponentCategorySpec(id="mechanical", label="机械元件", order=60),
+    ),
+    models=(
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.boundary.sources:AmesimPnpl01",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources:AmesimStep0",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources:AmesimUd00",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimF000",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimForc",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimMecmas21",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimLstp00a",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational:AmesimLmechn1",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers:AmesimPnch023",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers:AmesimPnch012",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnor001",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices:AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl00r",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0001",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0002",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes:AmesimPnl0003",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes:AmesimPn3Node2",
+        "app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes:AmesimP4Node2",
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a733997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim mechanical components."""
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/translational.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/translational.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6437ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/mechanical/translational.py
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent, DynamicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ResultVariableDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimF000(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim F000 zero force source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_f000"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_1"),)
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = ()
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="F000 零力源",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="generic",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "right", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimF000":
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:zero_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.f",),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.f,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimForc(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim FORC signal-to-force converter."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_forc"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.signal("res", nominal_role="input"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = ()
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("force", "输出力", "force", "N", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="FORC 信号转力",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="signal",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("res", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({})
+        self.res = self.register_declared_port("res")
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimForc":
+        return cls(name=name)
+
+    @property
+    def output_force(self) -> float:
+        return float(self.res.signal)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:signal_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.f", f"{self.name}.res.signal"),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.f + self.output_force,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"force": self.output_force}
+
+
+class AmesimMecmas21(DynamicComponent):
+    """AMESim MECMAS21 first public one-dimensional translational mass."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_mecmas21"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_1"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("mass", 1.0, label="质量", quantity="mass", unit="kg", minimum=0.0, minimum_exclusive=True),
+        ParameterDefinition("fstick", 0.0, label="静摩擦力", quantity="force", unit="N", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("fcoul", 0.0, label="库仑摩擦力", quantity="force", unit="N", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("rvisc", 0.0, label="黏性摩擦系数", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("wind", 0.0, label="风阻系数", quantity="windage", unit="N/(m/s)^2", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvel", 1.0e-6, label="粘滞速度阈值", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("restdvel", 1.0e-6, label="恢复速度阈值", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("restcoeff", 0.65, label="恢复系数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("astrib", 1.0e-3, label="Stribeck 常数", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("xmin", -1.0, label="下位移限位", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+        ParameterDefinition("Kbmin", 1.0e9, label="下限位刚度", quantity="translational_stiffness", unit="N/m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Dbmin", 1.0e4, label="下限位阻尼", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Pdmin", 1.0e-4, label="下限位满阻尼穿透", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("xmax", 0.8, label="上位移限位", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+        ParameterDefinition("Kbmax", 1.0e9, label="上限位刚度", quantity="translational_stiffness", unit="N/m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Dbmax", 1.0e4, label="上限位阻尼", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Pdmax", 1.0e-4, label="上限位满阻尼穿透", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("theta", 0.0, label="倾角", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("useFriction", 1.0, label="启用摩擦", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("stoptype", 4.0, label="限位类型", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("discContactOption", 1.0, label="接触选项", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("strib", 1.0, label="Stribeck 选项", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("frictionType", 1.0, label="摩擦类型", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("v0", 0.0, label="初始速度", quantity="velocity", unit="m/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("x0", 0.0, label="初始位移", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("a", "加速度", "acceleration", "m/s2", "state", 10),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("v", "速度", "velocity", "m/s", "state", 20),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("x", "位移", "length", "m", "state", 30),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Fvisc", "黏性摩擦力", "force", "N", "derived", 40),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Ffric", "干摩擦力", "force", "N", "derived", 50),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Fmin", "下限位力", "force", "N", "derived", 60),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("Fmax", "上限位力", "force", "N", "derived", 70),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="MECMAS21 一维质量",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="generic",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=30,
+    )
+    state_size = 2
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, medium: IdealGasMedium, **parameters: float) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        resolved = {definition.name: parameters.get(definition.name, definition.default) for definition in self.PARAMETERS}
+        self.set_parameter_values(resolved)
+        for name, value in resolved.items():
+            setattr(self, name, float(value))
+        self.use_friction = bool(int(self.useFriction))
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.v = float(self.v0)
+        self.x = float(self.x0)
+        self.refresh_thermodynamic_ports()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimMecmas21":
+        for integer_name in ("useFriction", "stoptype", "discContactOption", "strib", "frictionType"):
+            if not float(parameters[integer_name]).is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"MECMAS21 {integer_name} must be an integer.")
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.v, self.x]
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 2:
+            raise ValueError("MECMAS21 state vector requires [v, x].")
+        self.v = float(values[0])
+        self.x = float(values[1])
+        self.refresh_thermodynamic_ports()
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> None:
+        for port in (self.port_1, self.port_2):
+            port.x = self.x
+            port.v = self.v
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        return (
+            self._state_residual("port_1", "x", self.port_1.x - self.x),
+            self._state_residual("port_1", "v", self.port_1.v - self.v),
+            self._state_residual("port_2", "x", self.port_2.x - self.x),
+            self._state_residual("port_2", "v", self.port_2.v - self.v),
+        )
+
+    def _state_residual(self, port_name: str, variable: str, value: float) -> EquationResidual:
+        return EquationResidual(
+            id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_{variable}_state",
+            owner="component",
+            owner_id=self.name,
+            relation="state",
+            variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.{variable}",),
+            role="effort",
+            value=value,
+        )
+
+    def _viscous_friction_force(self) -> float:
+        if not self.use_friction:
+            return 0.0
+        return -self.rvisc * self.v
+
+    def _windage_force(self) -> float:
+        if not self.use_friction:
+            return 0.0
+        return -self.wind * self.v * abs(self.v)
+
+    def _dry_friction_force(self) -> float:
+        if not self.use_friction:
+            return 0.0
+        if self.v > 0.0:
+            return -self.fcoul
+        if self.v < 0.0:
+            return self.fcoul
+        return 0.0
+
+    def _lower_limit_force(self) -> float:
+        penetration = max(self.xmin - self.x, 0.0)
+        if penetration <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.Kbmin * penetration + max(-self.Dbmin * self.v, 0.0)
+
+    def _upper_limit_force(self) -> float:
+        penetration = max(self.x - self.xmax, 0.0)
+        if penetration <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return self.Kbmax * penetration + max(self.Dbmax * self.v, 0.0)
+
+    def acceleration(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            self.port_1.f
+            + self.port_2.f
+            + self._viscous_friction_force()
+            + self._windage_force()
+            + self._dry_friction_force()
+            + self._lower_limit_force()
+            - self._upper_limit_force()
+        ) / self.mass
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.acceleration(), self.v]
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "a": self.acceleration(),
+            "v": self.v,
+            "x": self.x,
+            "Fvisc": self._viscous_friction_force(),
+            "Ffric": self._dry_friction_force(),
+            "Fmin": self._lower_limit_force(),
+            "Fmax": self._upper_limit_force(),
+        }
+
+
+class AmesimLstp00a(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim LSTP00A first public elastic contact component."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_lstp00a"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_1"),
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational("port_2"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("na", 10.0, label="有效圈数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, minimum_exclusive=True),
+        ParameterDefinition("gap0", 0.0, label="初始间隙", quantity="length", unit="m"),
+        ParameterDefinition("kcont", 1.0e6, label="接触刚度", quantity="translational_stiffness", unit="N/m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("G", 8.57e10, label="剪切模量", quantity="pressure", unit="Pa", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("sdiam", 0.02, label="弹簧直径", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("wdiam", 0.002, label="线径", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("rcont", 0.0, label="接触阻尼", quantity="translational_damping", unit="N/(m/s)", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("Pdis", 1.0e-7, label="满阻尼穿透", quantity="length", unit="m", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("stiffmode", 1.0, label="刚度模式", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("discContactOption", 1.0, label="接触选项", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("gap", "间隙", "length", "m", "derived", 10),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("penetration", "穿透", "length", "m", "derived", 20),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("force", "接触力", "force", "N", "derived", 30),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="LSTP00A 弹性接触",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="generic",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=40,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, medium: IdealGasMedium, **parameters: float) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        resolved = {
+            definition.name: parameters.get(definition.name, definition.default)
+            for definition in self.PARAMETERS
+        }
+        self.set_parameter_values(resolved)
+        for name, value in resolved.items():
+            setattr(self, name, float(value))
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimLstp00a":
+        for integer_name in ("stiffmode", "discContactOption"):
+            if not float(parameters[integer_name]).is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"LSTP00A {integer_name} must be an integer.")
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    @property
+    def gap(self) -> float:
+        return self.gap0 - (self.port_2.x - self.port_1.x)
+
+    @property
+    def penetration(self) -> float:
+        return max(-self.gap, 0.0)
+
+    @property
+    def penetration_velocity(self) -> float:
+        return self.port_2.v - self.port_1.v
+
+    @property
+    def contact_force(self) -> float:
+        if self.penetration <= 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return max(self.kcont * self.penetration + self.rcont * self.penetration_velocity, 0.0)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        force = self.contact_force
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_contact_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.f", f"{self.name}.port_1.x", f"{self.name}.port_2.x"),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_1.f + force,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_contact_force",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="constitutive",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.f", f"{self.name}.port_1.x", f"{self.name}.port_2.x"),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.port_2.f - force,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "gap": self.gap,
+            "penetration": self.penetration,
+            "force": self.contact_force,
+        }
+
+
+class AmesimLmechn1(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim LMECHN1 first public dynamic linear mechanical node."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_lmechn1"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = tuple(
+        PortDefinition.mechanical_translational(f"port_{index}")
+        for index in range(1, 10)
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("v1", 8.0, label="右侧端口数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=8.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("sum", 1.0, label="节点求和模式", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("tforce", "节点合力", "force", "N", "derived", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="LMECHN1 线性机械节点",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="mechanical",
+        symbol="junction",
+        ports=tuple(
+            [PortDisplaySpec(f"port_{index}", "left", order=index * 10) for index in range(1, 9)]
+            + [PortDisplaySpec("port_9", "right", order=90)]
+        ),
+        order=50,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, name: str, medium: IdealGasMedium, *, v1: float = 8.0, sum: float = 1.0) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"v1": v1, "sum": sum})
+        self.v1 = int(v1)
+        self.sum = int(sum)
+        for definition in self.PORTS:
+            setattr(self, definition.name, self.register_declared_port(definition.name))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimLmechn1":
+        for integer_name in ("v1", "sum"):
+            if not float(parameters[integer_name]).is_integer():
+                raise ValueError(f"LMECHN1 {integer_name} must be an integer.")
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, v1=parameters["v1"], sum=parameters["sum"])
+
+    @property
+    def active_ports(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(f"port_{index}" for index in range(1, self.v1 + 1)) + ("port_9",)
+
+    @property
+    def total_force(self) -> float:
+        return sum(self.get_port(port_name).f for port_name in self.active_ports)
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        reference = self.port_9
+        residuals: list[EquationResidual] = []
+        for port_name in self.active_ports[:-1]:
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_x_equal",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.x", f"{self.name}.port_9.x"),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.x - reference.x,
+                )
+            )
+            residuals.append(
+                EquationResidual(
+                    id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_v_equal",
+                    owner="component",
+                    owner_id=self.name,
+                    relation="equal",
+                    variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.v", f"{self.name}.port_9.v"),
+                    role="effort",
+                    value=port.v - reference.v,
+                )
+            )
+        residuals.append(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:force_balance",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="sumToZero",
+                variables=tuple(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.f" for port_name in self.active_ports),
+                role="flow",
+                value=self.total_force,
+            )
+        )
+        return tuple(residuals)
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"tforce": self.total_force}
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/signals/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/signals/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/signals/sources.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/signals/sources.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6f9442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/signals/sources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import ParameterDefinition, ResultVariableDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+
+
+class AmesimStep0(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim STEP0 scalar step signal source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_step0"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.signal("out", nominal_role="output"),)
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("initial", 0.0, label="初始值", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("final", 1.0, label="阶跃后值", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("time", 0.0, label="阶跃时间", quantity="time", unit="s"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("y", "输出", "dimensionless", "", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="STEP0 阶跃信号",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="signals",
+        symbol="signal",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("out", "right", order=10),),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        initial: float = 0.0,
+        final: float = 1.0,
+        time: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values({"initial": initial, "final": final, "time": time})
+        self.initial = float(initial)
+        self.final = float(final)
+        self.time = float(time)
+        self.out = self.register_declared_port("out")
+        self.out.signal = self.output_at(0.0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimStep0":
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            initial=parameters["initial"],
+            final=parameters["final"],
+            time=parameters["time"],
+        )
+
+    def output_at(self, time: float) -> float:
+        return self.final if time >= self.time else self.initial
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {"out": self.output_at(time)}
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"y": self.out.signal}
+
+
+class AmesimUd00(AlgebraicComponent):
+    """AMESim UD00 piecewise-linear scalar signal source."""
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_ud00"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (PortDefinition.signal("out", nominal_role="output"),)
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition("tstart", 0.0, label="启动时间", quantity="time", unit="s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("start1", 0.0, label="第 1 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end1", 1.0, label="第 1 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t1", 1.0, label="第 1 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start2", 1.0, label="第 2 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end2", 1.0, label="第 2 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t2", 0.0, label="第 2 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start3", 1.0, label="第 3 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end3", 1.0, label="第 3 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t3", 0.0, label="第 3 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start4", 1.0, label="第 4 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end4", 1.0, label="第 4 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t4", 0.0, label="第 4 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start5", 1.0, label="第 5 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end5", 1.0, label="第 5 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t5", 0.0, label="第 5 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start6", 1.0, label="第 6 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end6", 1.0, label="第 6 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t6", 0.0, label="第 6 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start7", 1.0, label="第 7 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end7", 1.0, label="第 7 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t7", 0.0, label="第 7 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("start8", 1.0, label="第 8 段起点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("end8", 1.0, label="第 8 段终点", quantity="dimensionless", unit=""),
+        ParameterDefinition("t8", 0.0, label="第 8 段时长", quantity="time", unit="s", minimum=0.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("nstages", 1.0, label="段数", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=1.0, maximum=8.0),
+        ParameterDefinition("iscyclic", 0.0, label="循环", quantity="dimensionless", unit="", minimum=0.0, maximum=1.0),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("y", "输出", "dimensionless", "", "signal", 10),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="UD00 分段线性信号",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="signals",
+        symbol="signal",
+        ports=(PortDisplaySpec("out", "right", order=10),),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        tstart: float = 0.0,
+        starts: tuple[float, ...] = (0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+        ends: tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+        durations: tuple[float, ...] = (1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+        nstages: int = 1,
+        iscyclic: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        if len(starts) != 8 or len(ends) != 8 or len(durations) != 8:
+            raise ValueError("UD00 requires exactly eight start, end, and duration values.")
+        if nstages < 1 or nstages > 8:
+            raise ValueError("UD00 nstages must be between 1 and 8.")
+        self.tstart = float(tstart)
+        self.starts = tuple(float(value) for value in starts)
+        self.ends = tuple(float(value) for value in ends)
+        self.durations = tuple(float(value) for value in durations)
+        self.nstages = int(nstages)
+        self.iscyclic = bool(iscyclic)
+        values: dict[str, float] = {"tstart": self.tstart, "nstages": float(self.nstages), "iscyclic": float(int(self.iscyclic))}
+        for index in range(1, 9):
+            values[f"start{index}"] = self.starts[index - 1]
+            values[f"end{index}"] = self.ends[index - 1]
+            values[f"t{index}"] = self.durations[index - 1]
+        self.set_parameter_values(values)
+        self.out = self.register_declared_port("out")
+        self.out.signal = self.output_at(0.0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimUd00":
+        nstages = parameters["nstages"]
+        iscyclic = parameters["iscyclic"]
+        if not float(nstages).is_integer():
+            raise ValueError("UD00 nstages must be an integer.")
+        if not float(iscyclic).is_integer():
+            raise ValueError("UD00 iscyclic must be 0 or 1.")
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            tstart=parameters["tstart"],
+            starts=tuple(parameters[f"start{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            ends=tuple(parameters[f"end{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            durations=tuple(parameters[f"t{index}"] for index in range(1, 9)),
+            nstages=int(nstages),
+            iscyclic=bool(int(iscyclic)),
+        )
+
+    def output_at(self, time: float) -> float:
+        elapsed = max(float(time) - self.tstart, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations[: self.nstages]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.iscyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.nstages - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.nstages - 1]
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {"out": self.output_at(time)}
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        return {"y": self.out.signal}
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/__init__.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68843c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+"""AMESim pneumatic storage components."""
diff --git a/app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/chambers.py b/app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/chambers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0754d2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/components/amesim/storage/chambers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Mapping
+from math import isclose
+
+from app.simulation.core.base import ThermodynamicVolumeComponent
+from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
+from app.simulation.core.equations import EquationResidual
+from app.simulation.core.metadata import (
+    ParameterDefinition,
+    ResultVariableDefinition,
+    THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium, ThermodynamicProperties
+from app.simulation.core.ports import PortDefinition
+from app.simulation.core.state import VolumeState
+
+
+class AmesimPnch023(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNCH023 simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange.
+
+    The AMESim submodel owns pressure and temperature states and exposes two
+    pneumatic flow ports. This public component maps those states onto the
+    framework's mass/internal-energy volume state and keeps the AMESim
+    heat-transfer contract `kth * sth * (extemp - T)`.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnch023"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cvol",
+            0.057,
+            label="气室容积",
+            quantity="volume",
+            unit="m3",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "sth",
+            0.1,
+            label="换热面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "gi",
+            1.0,
+            label="气体类型索引",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=99.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNCH023 固定容积气室",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="storage",
+        symbol="tank",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+        ),
+        order=10,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        cvol: float = 0.057,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        sth: float = 0.1,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cvol": cvol,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "sth": sth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cvol = float(cvol)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.sth = float(sth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = self._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        m0 = self.p0 * self.cvol / (medium.R_gas * self.T0)
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(self.T0)
+        self.port_1 = self.register_declared_port("port_1")
+        self.port_1.p = self.p0
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = initial_h
+        self.port_2 = self.register_declared_port("port_2")
+        self.port_2.p = self.p0
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = initial_h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _integer_parameter(name: str, value: float) -> int:
+        rounded = round(value)
+        if not isclose(value, rounded, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=1.0e-12):
+            raise ValueError(f"PNCH023 parameter {name} must be an integer value.")
+        return int(rounded)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> AmesimPnch023:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            medium=medium,
+            cvol=parameters["cvol"],
+            kth=parameters["kth"],
+            sth=parameters["sth"],
+            extemp=parameters["extemp"],
+            gi=parameters["gi"],
+            p0=parameters["p0"],
+            T0=parameters["T0"],
+        )
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.cvol)
+        self.port_1.p = props.p
+        self.port_1.h_outflow = props.h
+        self.port_2.p = props.p
+        self.port_2.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.kth * self.sth * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(
+        self,
+        connected_h: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        inlet_h_1 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_1.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_1"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        inlet_h_2 = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=self.port_2.m_flow,
+            connected_h=connected_h["port_2"],
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+        derivative = VolumeState(
+            m=self.port_1.m_flow + self.port_2.m_flow,
+            U=(
+                self.port_1.m_flow * inlet_h_1
+                + self.port_2.m_flow * inlet_h_2
+                + self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+            ),
+        )
+        return derivative.as_vector()
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.cvol,
+        ).p
+        return (
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_1_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_1.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_1.p - pressure,
+            ),
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:port_2_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.port_2.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.port_2.p - pressure,
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+class AmesimPnch012(ThermodynamicVolumeComponent):
+    """AMESim PNCH012 variable-volume pneumatic chamber.
+
+    AMESim supplies four external volume and volume-rate inputs through the
+    chamber ports. The current public System XML contract has pneumatic ports
+    only, so this first public model exposes those external volume inputs as SI
+    parameters. This represents fixed or prescribed-volume PNCH012 cases and is
+    not yet the full mechanical-coupled submodel.
+    """
+
+    MODEL_TYPE = "amesim_pnch012"
+    MODEL_VERSION = "0.1.0"
+    PORTS = (
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_1", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_2", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_3", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+        PortDefinition.pneumatic("port_4", nominal_role="bidirectional"),
+    )
+    PARAMETERS = (
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "cvol0",
+            0.015,
+            label="死容积",
+            quantity="volume",
+            unit="m3",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "kth",
+            0.0,
+            label="换热系数",
+            quantity="heat_transfer_coefficient",
+            unit="W/(m2*K)",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "sth",
+            0.1,
+            label="换热面积",
+            quantity="area",
+            unit="m2",
+            minimum=0.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "extemp",
+            293.15,
+            label="外部温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "gi",
+            1.0,
+            label="气体类型索引",
+            quantity="dimensionless",
+            unit="",
+            minimum=1.0,
+            maximum=99.0,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "p0",
+            100000.0,
+            label="初始压力",
+            quantity="pressure",
+            unit="Pa",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition(
+            "T0",
+            293.15,
+            label="初始温度",
+            quantity="temperature",
+            unit="K",
+            minimum=0.0,
+            minimum_exclusive=True,
+        ),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol1", 0.0, label="端口 1 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol2", 0.0, label="端口 2 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol3", 0.0, label="端口 3 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("vol4", 0.0, label="端口 4 外部容积", quantity="volume", unit="m3"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol1", 0.0, label="端口 1 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol2", 0.0, label="端口 2 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol3", 0.0, label="端口 3 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+        ParameterDefinition("dvol4", 0.0, label="端口 4 容积变化率", quantity="volume_flow", unit="m3/s"),
+    )
+    RESULT_VARIABLES = THERMODYNAMIC_VOLUME_RESULT_VARIABLES + (
+        ResultVariableDefinition("vol", "气室总容积", "volume", "m3", "derived", 100),
+        ResultVariableDefinition("dvol", "总容积变化率", "volume_flow", "m3/s", "derived", 110),
+    )
+    DISPLAY = ComponentDisplaySpec(
+        label="PNCH012 变容气室",
+        library_id="amesim",
+        category_id="storage",
+        symbol="tank",
+        ports=(
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_1", "left", order=10),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_2", "right", order=20),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_3", "left", order=30),
+            PortDisplaySpec("port_4", "right", order=40),
+        ),
+        order=20,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        *,
+        cvol0: float = 0.015,
+        kth: float = 0.0,
+        sth: float = 0.1,
+        extemp: float = 293.15,
+        gi: float = 1.0,
+        p0: float = 100000.0,
+        T0: float = 293.15,
+        vol1: float = 0.0,
+        vol2: float = 0.0,
+        vol3: float = 0.0,
+        vol4: float = 0.0,
+        dvol1: float = 0.0,
+        dvol2: float = 0.0,
+        dvol3: float = 0.0,
+        dvol4: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=name)
+        self.set_parameter_values(
+            {
+                "cvol0": cvol0,
+                "kth": kth,
+                "sth": sth,
+                "extemp": extemp,
+                "gi": gi,
+                "p0": p0,
+                "T0": T0,
+                "vol1": vol1,
+                "vol2": vol2,
+                "vol3": vol3,
+                "vol4": vol4,
+                "dvol1": dvol1,
+                "dvol2": dvol2,
+                "dvol3": dvol3,
+                "dvol4": dvol4,
+            }
+        )
+        self.medium = medium
+        self.cvol0 = float(cvol0)
+        self.kth = float(kth)
+        self.sth = float(sth)
+        self.extemp = float(extemp)
+        self.gi = AmesimPnch023._integer_parameter("gi", gi)
+        self.p0 = float(p0)
+        self.T0 = float(T0)
+        self.external_volumes = {
+            "port_1": float(vol1),
+            "port_2": float(vol2),
+            "port_3": float(vol3),
+            "port_4": float(vol4),
+        }
+        self.external_volume_rates = {
+            "port_1": float(dvol1),
+            "port_2": float(dvol2),
+            "port_3": float(dvol3),
+            "port_4": float(dvol4),
+        }
+        if self.total_volume() <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("PNCH012 total volume must be positive.")
+        m0 = self.p0 * self.total_volume() / (medium.R_gas * self.T0)
+        U0 = m0 * medium.specific_internal_energy(self.T0)
+        self.state = VolumeState(m=m0, U=U0)
+        initial_h = medium.specific_enthalpy(self.T0)
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.register_declared_port(port_name)
+            port.p = self.p0
+            port.h_outflow = initial_h
+            setattr(self, port_name, port)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create(
+        cls,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        medium: IdealGasMedium,
+        parameters: Mapping[str, float],
+    ) -> "AmesimPnch012":
+        return cls(name=name, medium=medium, **dict(parameters))
+
+    def total_volume(self) -> float:
+        minimum_volume = self.cvol0 / 100.0
+        return max(self.cvol0 + sum(self.external_volumes.values()), minimum_volume)
+
+    def total_volume_rate(self) -> float:
+        if self.total_volume() <= self.cvol0 / 100.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return sum(self.external_volume_rates.values())
+
+    def get_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.state.as_vector()
+
+    def set_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self.state = VolumeState.from_vector(values)
+
+    def properties(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        props = self.medium.properties_from_mU(self.state.m, self.state.U, self.total_volume())
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            port.p = props.p
+            port.h_outflow = props.h
+        return props
+
+    def refresh_thermodynamic_ports(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.properties()
+
+    def thermal_energy_flow_w(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.kth * self.sth * (self.extemp - temperature)
+
+    def component_result_values(self) -> Mapping[str, float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        return {
+            "m": self.state.m,
+            "U": self.state.U,
+            "p": props.p,
+            "T": props.T,
+            "rho": props.rho,
+            "u": props.u,
+            "h": props.h,
+            "vol": self.total_volume(),
+            "dvol": self.total_volume_rate(),
+        }
+
+    def state_derivative_from_ports(self, connected_h: Mapping[str, float]) -> list[float]:
+        props = self.properties()
+        mass_derivative = 0.0
+        energy_derivative = 0.0
+        for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"):
+            port = self.get_port(port_name)
+            inlet_h = self.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+                port_m_flow=port.m_flow,
+                connected_h=connected_h[port_name],
+                internal_h=props.h,
+            )
+            mass_derivative += port.m_flow
+            energy_derivative += port.m_flow * inlet_h
+        energy_derivative += self.thermal_energy_flow_w(props.T)
+        energy_derivative -= props.p * self.total_volume_rate()
+        return VolumeState(m=mass_derivative, U=energy_derivative).as_vector()
+
+    def pressure_flow_equation_residuals(self) -> tuple[EquationResidual, ...]:
+        pressure = self.medium.properties_from_mU(
+            self.state.m,
+            self.state.U,
+            self.total_volume(),
+        ).p
+        return tuple(
+            EquationResidual(
+                id=f"{self.name}:{port_name}_pressure_state",
+                owner="component",
+                owner_id=self.name,
+                relation="state",
+                variables=(f"{self.name}.{port_name}.p", f"{self.name}.state"),
+                role="effort",
+                value=self.get_port(port_name).p - pressure,
+            )
+            for port_name in ("port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4")
+        )
diff --git a/app/simulation/core/metadata.py b/app/simulation/core/metadata.py
index b0c597d..75aa23d 100644
--- a/app/simulation/core/metadata.py
+++ b/app/simulation/core/metadata.py
@@ -9,9 +9,13 @@ ResultVariableScope = Literal["component", "port"]
 
 
 SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY: dict[str, str] = {
+    "acceleration": "m/s2",
+    "area": "m2",
     "dimensionless": "",
     "density": "kg/m³",
     "flow_coefficient": "kg/(s*Pa^0.5)",
+    "force": "N",
+    "heat_transfer_coefficient": "W/(m2*K)",
     "internal_energy": "J",
     "length": "m",
     "mass": "kg",
@@ -20,7 +24,13 @@ SI_UNIT_BY_QUANTITY: dict[str, str] = {
     "specific_enthalpy": "J/kg",
     "specific_internal_energy": "J/kg",
     "temperature": "K",
+    "translational_damping": "N/(m/s)",
+    "translational_stiffness": "N/m",
+    "time": "s",
+    "velocity": "m/s",
     "volume": "m3",
+    "volume_flow": "m3/s",
+    "windage": "N/(m/s)^2",
 }
 
 
diff --git a/app/simulation/core/peng_robinson.py b/app/simulation/core/peng_robinson.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f822189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/core/peng_robinson.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import acos, cos, isfinite, log, pi, sqrt
+
+UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT = 8.31446261815324
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PengRobinsonFluid:
+    """Pure-fluid Peng-Robinson equation-of-state helper.
+
+    The class covers the equation-of-state layer plus the enthalpy departure
+    needed to compare AMESim pneumatic ``pn2hpti`` reference enthalpy flows.
+    """
+
+    name: str
+    molar_mass: float
+    critical_temperature: float
+    critical_pressure: float
+    acentric_factor: float
+
+    @property
+    def specific_gas_constant(self) -> float:
+        return UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / self.molar_mass
+
+    @property
+    def a_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return (
+            0.45724
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            * self.critical_temperature
+            / self.critical_pressure
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def b_parameter(self) -> float:
+        return 0.07780 * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * self.critical_temperature / self.critical_pressure
+
+    @property
+    def kappa(self) -> float:
+        omega = self.acentric_factor
+        return 0.37464 + 1.54226 * omega - 0.26992 * omega * omega
+
+    def alpha(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        return (1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt(reduced_temperature))) ** 2.0
+
+    def alpha_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        reduced_temperature = temperature / self.critical_temperature
+        sqrt_reduced_temperature = sqrt(reduced_temperature)
+        alpha_base = 1.0 + self.kappa * (1.0 - sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        return -(
+            alpha_base
+            * self.kappa
+            / (self.critical_temperature * sqrt_reduced_temperature)
+        )
+
+    def attractive_parameter(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha(temperature)
+
+    def attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(self, temperature: float) -> float:
+        return self.a_parameter * self.alpha_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+
+    def pressure_from_molar_volume(self, temperature: float, molar_volume: float) -> float:
+        self._validate_temperature(temperature)
+        if molar_volume <= self.b_parameter:
+            raise ValueError("Molar volume must be larger than Peng-Robinson b parameter.")
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        repulsive = UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / (molar_volume - b)
+        attractive = a_alpha / (molar_volume * (molar_volume + b) + b * (molar_volume - b))
+        return repulsive - attractive
+
+    def pressure_from_density(self, temperature: float, density: float) -> float:
+        if density <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Density must be positive.")
+        return self.pressure_from_molar_volume(temperature, self.molar_mass / density)
+
+    def reduced_parameters(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        a_alpha = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        A = a_alpha * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * temperature)
+        B = b * pressure / (UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature)
+        return A, B
+
+    def compressibility_roots(self, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        A, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        coefficients = (
+            -(1.0 - B),
+            A - 3.0 * B * B - 2.0 * B,
+            -(A * B - B * B - B * B * B),
+        )
+        roots = _real_cubic_roots(*coefficients)
+        physical_roots = tuple(sorted(root for root in roots if root > B and isfinite(root)))
+        if not physical_roots:
+            raise ValueError("Peng-Robinson cubic produced no physical compressibility root.")
+        return physical_roots
+
+    def compressibility_factor(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        roots = self.compressibility_roots(pressure, temperature)
+        if phase == "vapor":
+            return roots[-1]
+        if phase == "liquid":
+            return roots[0]
+        if phase == "stable-single-root":
+            return roots[-1]
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported phase selector: {phase!r}")
+
+    def molar_volume(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        return z * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature / pressure
+
+    def density(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        return self.molar_mass / self.molar_volume(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+
+    def residual_specific_enthalpy(
+        self,
+        pressure: float,
+        temperature: float,
+        phase: str = "vapor",
+    ) -> float:
+        """Return Peng-Robinson enthalpy departure from ideal gas, J/kg."""
+        self._validate_pressure_temperature(pressure, temperature)
+        z = self.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature, phase=phase)
+        _, B = self.reduced_parameters(pressure, temperature)
+        b = self.b_parameter
+        attractive = self.attractive_parameter(temperature)
+        d_attractive_d_temperature = (
+            self.attractive_parameter_temperature_derivative(temperature)
+        )
+        log_argument = (z + (1.0 + sqrt(2.0)) * B) / (
+            z + (1.0 - sqrt(2.0)) * B
+        )
+        residual_molar_enthalpy = (
+            UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT * temperature * (z - 1.0)
+            + (
+                temperature * d_attractive_d_temperature
+                - attractive
+            )
+            * log(log_argument)
+            / (2.0 * sqrt(2.0) * b)
+        )
+        return residual_molar_enthalpy / self.molar_mass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _validate_temperature(temperature: float) -> None:
+        if temperature <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Temperature must be positive.")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_pressure_temperature(cls, pressure: float, temperature: float) -> None:
+        if pressure <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("Pressure must be positive.")
+        cls._validate_temperature(temperature)
+
+HELIUM_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="helium",
+    molar_mass=0.004002602,
+    critical_temperature=5.1953,
+    critical_pressure=227_460.0,
+    acentric_factor=-0.385,
+)
+
+NITROGEN_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="nitrogen",
+    molar_mass=0.0280134,
+    critical_temperature=126.192,
+    critical_pressure=3.3958e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0372,
+)
+
+AIR_PR = PengRobinsonFluid(
+    name="air",
+    molar_mass=0.02896513,
+    critical_temperature=132.5306,
+    critical_pressure=3.786e6,
+    acentric_factor=0.0335,
+)
+
+
+def _real_cubic_roots(a: float, b: float, c: float) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    """Return real roots for x**3 + a*x**2 + b*x + c = 0."""
+
+    depressed_p = b - a * a / 3.0
+    depressed_q = 2.0 * a * a * a / 27.0 - a * b / 3.0 + c
+    discriminant = (depressed_q / 2.0) ** 2.0 + (depressed_p / 3.0) ** 3.0
+    offset = -a / 3.0
+    tolerance = 1e-14
+
+    if discriminant > tolerance:
+        sqrt_discriminant = sqrt(discriminant)
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 + sqrt_discriminant)
+        v = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0 - sqrt_discriminant)
+        return (u + v + offset,)
+
+    if abs(discriminant) <= tolerance:
+        u = _real_cube_root(-depressed_q / 2.0)
+        return tuple(sorted({2.0 * u + offset, -u + offset}))
+
+    if depressed_p >= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected cubic state with three real roots and non-negative p.")
+    radius = 2.0 * sqrt(-depressed_p / 3.0)
+    argument = (3.0 * depressed_q / (2.0 * depressed_p)) * sqrt(-3.0 / depressed_p)
+    argument = max(-1.0, min(1.0, argument))
+    theta = acos(argument) / 3.0
+    roots = [
+        radius * cos(theta - 2.0 * pi * index / 3.0) + offset
+        for index in range(3)
+    ]
+    return tuple(sorted(roots))
+
+
+def _real_cube_root(value: float) -> float:
+    if value == 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    return (1.0 if value > 0.0 else -1.0) * abs(value) ** (1.0 / 3.0)
diff --git a/app/simulation/core/ports.py b/app/simulation/core/ports.py
index 401fe52..1ac3bac 100644
--- a/app/simulation/core/ports.py
+++ b/app/simulation/core/ports.py
@@ -90,6 +90,76 @@ class PortDefinition:
             ),
         )
 
+    @classmethod
+    def mechanical_translational(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        nominal_role: Literal["inlet", "outlet", "bidirectional"] = "bidirectional",
+    ) -> PortDefinition:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            kind="physical",
+            domain="mechanical",
+            nominal_role=nominal_role,
+            positive_flow_direction="intoComponent",
+            variables=(
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "x",
+                    "effort",
+                    "equal",
+                    label="位移",
+                    quantity="length",
+                    unit="m",
+                    order=10,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "v",
+                    "effort",
+                    "equal",
+                    label="速度",
+                    quantity="velocity",
+                    unit="m/s",
+                    order=20,
+                ),
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "f",
+                    "flow",
+                    "sumToZero",
+                    label="力",
+                    quantity="force",
+                    unit="N",
+                    order=30,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def signal(
+        cls,
+        name: str,
+        *,
+        nominal_role: Literal["input", "output"],
+        domain: str = "signal",
+    ) -> PortDefinition:
+        return cls(
+            name=name,
+            kind="signal",
+            domain=domain,
+            nominal_role=nominal_role,
+            variables=(
+                PortVariableDefinition(
+                    "signal",
+                    "signal",
+                    "directed",
+                    label="信号值",
+                    quantity="dimensionless",
+                    unit="",
+                    order=10,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
     def as_interface_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
         return {
             "name": self.name,
@@ -108,6 +178,10 @@ class PortState:
     p: float = 0.0
     m_flow: float = 0.0
     h_outflow: float = 0.0
+    signal: float = 0.0
+    x: float = 0.0
+    v: float = 0.0
+    f: float = 0.0
     definition: PortDefinition | None = field(default=None, repr=False, compare=False)
 
     @classmethod
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/test_mql/__init__.py b/app/simulation/examples/test_mql/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf8d45d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/test_mql/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run import (
+    PreparedTestMqlRun,
+    TestMqlRunResult,
+    prepare_test_mql_run,
+    run_prepared_test_mql,
+    run_test_mql,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "PreparedTestMqlRun",
+    "TestMqlRunResult",
+    "prepare_test_mql_run",
+    "run_prepared_test_mql",
+    "run_test_mql",
+]
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run.py b/app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fb3342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/test_mql/run.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.simulation.paths import PROJECT_ROOT, SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR
+from PythonModels.scripts.run_test_mql import format_test_mql_summary
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import (
+    TestMqlRunConfig,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class PreparedTestMqlRun:
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig
+    repo_root: Path
+    output_dir: Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlRunResult:
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig
+    prepared_run: PreparedTestMqlRun
+    system: TestMqlSystem
+    result: TestMqlSimulationResult
+    summary_path: Path
+
+
+def _default_run_output_dir() -> Path:
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR / timestamp
+
+
+def prepare_test_mql_run(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> PreparedTestMqlRun:
+    return PreparedTestMqlRun(
+        run_config=run_config or TestMqlRunConfig(),
+        repo_root=PROJECT_ROOT,
+        output_dir=output_dir or _default_run_output_dir(),
+    )
+
+
+def run_prepared_test_mql(prepared_run: PreparedTestMqlRun) -> TestMqlRunResult:
+    system = TestMqlSystem()
+    result = system.simulate(prepared_run.run_config)
+    prepared_run.output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    summary_path = prepared_run.output_dir / "test_mql_model_summary.txt"
+    summary_path.write_text(format_test_mql_summary(system), encoding="utf-8")
+    return TestMqlRunResult(
+        run_config=prepared_run.run_config,
+        prepared_run=prepared_run,
+        system=system,
+        result=result,
+        summary_path=summary_path,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql(
+    *,
+    run_config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None,
+    output_dir: Path | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlRunResult:
+    return run_prepared_test_mql(
+        prepare_test_mql_run(run_config=run_config, output_dir=output_dir)
+    )
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run = run_test_mql()
+    print(format_test_mql_summary(run.system), end="")
+    print(f"Samples: {len(run.result.t)}")
+    print(f"Output directory: {run.prepared_run.output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0fd7977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlRunConfig, TestMqlSystem
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPathConfig:
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlScriptConfig:
+    run: TestMqlRunConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlRunConfig)
+    paths: TestMqlPathConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlPathConfig)
+    execution: TestMqlExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlExecutionConfig)
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def format_test_mql_summary(system: TestMqlSystem) -> str:
+    snapshot = system.snapshot()
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Source archive: {system.archive_path}",
+        f"Components: {snapshot.component_count}",
+        f"Connections: {snapshot.connection_count}",
+        f"Continuous states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.continuous_state_count}",
+        f"Discrete states in AMESim modelinfo: {snapshot.discrete_state_count}",
+        "Global parameters:",
+    ]
+    for name, value in sorted(snapshot.global_parameters.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {value}")
+    lines.append("Component submodels:")
+    for name, count in sorted(snapshot.submodel_counts.items()):
+        lines.append(f"  - {name}: {count}")
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def run_test_mql(config: TestMqlScriptConfig | None = None):
+    config = config or TestMqlScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem()
+    result = system.simulate(config.run)
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_model_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_summary(system),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    return system, result, output_dir
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    system, result, output_dir = run_test_mql()
+    print(format_test_mql_summary(system), end="")
+    print(f"Samples: {len(result.t)}")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_baseline.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_baseline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb37505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_baseline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_baseline import (
+    TestMqlBaselineRun,
+    run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselinePathConfig:
+    archive_path: Path = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+    )
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig:
+    paths: TestMqlBaselinePathConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig)
+    execution: TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig = field(default_factory=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig)
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_baseline_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run: TestMqlBaselineRun) -> str:
+    return "\n".join(
+        [
+            "Model: test_mql",
+            "Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough",
+            f"Samples: {run.sample_count}",
+            f"Output schema signals: {run.output_schema.signal_count}",
+            f"Compared signals: {run.signal_count}",
+            f"Observation bindings: {run.observation_catalog.binding_count}",
+            f"Max absolute error: {run.comparison.max_abs_error}",
+            f"Max relative error: {run.comparison.max_rel_error}",
+        ]
+    ) + "\n"
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline(config: TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig | None = None):
+    config = config or TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig()
+    run = run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+        config.paths.archive_path,
+        data_paths=config.execution.data_paths,
+    )
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_baseline_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    return run, output_dir
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    run, output_dir = run_test_mql_baseline()
+    print(format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run), end="")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b3c8d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4620 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+from bisect import bisect_left
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
+from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from math import nextafter, sqrt
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import AmesimPneumaticGas
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import (
+    TestMqlComparisonResult,
+    interpolate_series_value,
+    write_test_mql_comparison_csv,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import (
+    TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlSimulationResult,
+    TestMqlSystem,
+    TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+DEFAULT_FULL_STATE_COMPARISON_DATA_PATHS = (
+    "press@pn_c1_8",
+    "vol@pn_c1_8",
+    "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "vvol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "x1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+    "v1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+    "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+    "x1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    "v1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+    "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+    "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateSignalDiagnostic:
+    data_path: str
+    initial_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    initial_python_value: float
+    initial_amesim_value: float
+    initial_abs_error: float
+    final_python_value: float
+    final_amesim_value: float
+    final_abs_error: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateFlowDiagnostic:
+    data_path: str
+    initial_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    initial_python_dm1_g_s: float
+    initial_amesim_dm1_g_s: float
+    initial_python_canonical_kg_s: float
+    initial_amesim_canonical_kg_s: float
+    initial_canonical_abs_error_kg_s: float
+    final_python_dm1_g_s: float
+    final_amesim_dm1_g_s: float
+    final_python_canonical_kg_s: float
+    final_amesim_canonical_kg_s: float
+    final_canonical_abs_error_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStatePnvoDiagnostic:
+    alias: str
+    initial_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    initial_python_opening: float
+    initial_amesim_opening: float
+    final_python_opening: float
+    final_amesim_opening: float
+    initial_python_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    initial_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    final_python_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun:
+    system: TestMqlSystem
+    closure: object
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    result: TestMqlSimulationResult
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+    def metrics_by_max_abs_error(self):
+        return tuple(
+            sorted(
+                self.comparison.metrics,
+                key=lambda metric: metric.max_abs_error,
+                reverse=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def largest_abs_error_metric(self):
+        metrics = self.metrics_by_max_abs_error()
+        return metrics[0] if metrics else None
+
+    def signal_diagnostic(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlFullStateSignalDiagnostic:
+        times = self.output.times
+        python_values = self.output.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+        amesim_values = self.amesim_results.series(data_path)
+        initial_time = float(times[0])
+        final_time = float(times[-1])
+        initial_python = float(python_values[0])
+        final_python = float(python_values[-1])
+        initial_amesim = interpolate_series_value(
+            self.amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            initial_time,
+        )
+        final_amesim = interpolate_series_value(
+            self.amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            final_time,
+        )
+        return TestMqlFullStateSignalDiagnostic(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            initial_time_s=initial_time,
+            final_time_s=final_time,
+            initial_python_value=initial_python,
+            initial_amesim_value=initial_amesim,
+            initial_abs_error=abs(initial_python - initial_amesim),
+            final_python_value=final_python,
+            final_amesim_value=final_amesim,
+            final_abs_error=abs(final_python - final_amesim),
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_mass_flow_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        data_path: str = "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStateFlowDiagnostic:
+        diagnostic = self.signal_diagnostic(data_path)
+        initial_python_canonical = -diagnostic.initial_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        initial_amesim_canonical = -diagnostic.initial_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_python_canonical = -diagnostic.final_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_amesim_canonical = -diagnostic.final_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        return TestMqlFullStateFlowDiagnostic(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            initial_time_s=diagnostic.initial_time_s,
+            final_time_s=diagnostic.final_time_s,
+            initial_python_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.initial_python_value,
+            initial_amesim_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.initial_amesim_value,
+            initial_python_canonical_kg_s=initial_python_canonical,
+            initial_amesim_canonical_kg_s=initial_amesim_canonical,
+            initial_canonical_abs_error_kg_s=abs(
+                initial_python_canonical - initial_amesim_canonical
+            ),
+            final_python_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.final_python_value,
+            final_amesim_dm1_g_s=diagnostic.final_amesim_value,
+            final_python_canonical_kg_s=final_python_canonical,
+            final_amesim_canonical_kg_s=final_amesim_canonical,
+            final_canonical_abs_error_kg_s=abs(
+                final_python_canonical - final_amesim_canonical
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def pnvo_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStatePnvoDiagnostic:
+        opening = self.signal_diagnostic(f"xv@{alias}")
+        mass_flow = self.signal_diagnostic(f"dm2@{alias}")
+        initial_python_mass_flow = mass_flow.initial_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        initial_amesim_mass_flow = mass_flow.initial_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_python_mass_flow = mass_flow.final_python_value * 1.0e-3
+        final_amesim_mass_flow = mass_flow.final_amesim_value * 1.0e-3
+        return TestMqlFullStatePnvoDiagnostic(
+            alias=alias,
+            initial_time_s=opening.initial_time_s,
+            final_time_s=opening.final_time_s,
+            initial_python_opening=opening.initial_python_value,
+            initial_amesim_opening=opening.initial_amesim_value,
+            final_python_opening=opening.final_python_value,
+            final_amesim_opening=opening.final_amesim_value,
+            initial_python_mass_flow_kg_s=initial_python_mass_flow,
+            initial_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s=initial_amesim_mass_flow,
+            final_python_mass_flow_kg_s=final_python_mass_flow,
+            final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s=final_amesim_mass_flow,
+            final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s=abs(
+                final_python_mass_flow - final_amesim_mass_flow
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def diagnostics_by_final_abs_error(self):
+        return tuple(
+            sorted(
+                (
+                    self.signal_diagnostic(data_path)
+                    for data_path in self.output.data_paths
+                ),
+                key=lambda diagnostic: diagnostic.final_abs_error,
+                reverse=True,
+            )
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def largest_final_abs_error_diagnostic(self):
+        diagnostics = self.diagnostics_by_final_abs_error()
+        return diagnostics[0] if diagnostics else None
+
+    def chamber_rhs_diagnostic(self, chamber_alias: str, sample_index: int = -1):
+        state_vector = [row[sample_index] for row in self.result.y]
+        return self.closure.variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            state_vector=state_vector,
+            time_s=float(self.result.t[sample_index]),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    event_time_s: float
+    integration_stop_time_s: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    def abs_error(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return abs(
+            self.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+            - self.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic:
+    t_start: float
+    t_stop: float
+    method: str
+    rtol: float
+    atol: float
+    max_step: float
+    rhs_evaluations: int
+    success: bool
+    message: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_cm: float
+    amesim_dm1_g_s: float
+    amesim_mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s: float
+    amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_pressure_drop_pa: float
+    current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa: float
+    pressure_drop_multiplier: float
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s: float
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio: float
+    amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa: float
+    python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa: float
+    python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_cm: float
+    amesim_dm2_g_s: float
+    amesim_opening: float
+    amesim_gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    python_opening: float
+    python_flow_coefficient: float
+    python_effective_area_m2: float
+    python_line_pressure_pa: float
+    python_boundary_pressure_pa: float
+    python_upstream_pressure_pa: float
+    python_upstream_temperature_k: float
+    python_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    python_cm: float
+    python_to_amesim_cm_ratio: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w: float
+    python_current_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_direct_enthalpy_port_1_flow_w: float
+    python_direct_enthalpy_port_2_flow_w: float
+    python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg: float
+    python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    reference_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w: float
+    amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s: float
+    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s: float
+    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w: float
+    python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w: float
+    python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w: float
+    python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s: float
+    python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic:
+    node_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    upstream_line_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s: float
+    python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w: float
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g: float
+    python_port_1_mass_g: float
+    python_port_2_mass_g: float
+    python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g: float
+    python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g: float
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s: float
+    python_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w: float
+    amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w: float
+    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w: float
+    python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w: float
+    python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_port_1_temperature_k: float
+    python_port_2_temperature_k: float
+    python_port_1_pressure_pa: float
+    python_port_2_pressure_pa: float
+    python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic:
+    chamber_alias: str
+    piston_alias: str
+    line_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s: float
+    amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s: float
+    amesim_heat_flow_w: float
+    amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s: float
+    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s: float
+    python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    python_current_energy_derivative_w: float
+    python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    reference_temperature_k: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    orifice_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    time_s: float
+    amesim_line_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_line_mass_g: float
+    amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s: float
+    amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s: float
+    amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s: float
+    amesim_chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_chamber_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_node_pressure_pa: float
+    amesim_node_temperature_k: float
+    amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s: float
+    amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s: float
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s: float
+    amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s: float
+    python_line_pressure_pa: float
+    python_line_temperature_k: float
+    python_line_mass_g: float
+    python_line_pressure_error_pa: float
+    python_line_temperature_error_k: float
+    python_line_mass_error_g: float
+    python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s: float
+    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s: float
+    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s: float
+    python_chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    python_chamber_temperature_k: float
+    python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s: float
+    python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s: float
+    python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s: float
+    python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s: float
+    python_chamber_pressure_error_pa: float
+    python_chamber_temperature_error_k: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic:
+    time_s: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_sample_left_time_s: float
+    amesim_sample_right_time_s: float
+    pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics: tuple[TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic, ...] = field(
+        default_factory=tuple
+    )
+    pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnl0003_energy_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+    pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic, ...
+    ] = field(default_factory=tuple)
+
+    @property
+    def amesim_values_are_interpolated(self) -> bool:
+        return self.amesim_sample_left_time_s != self.amesim_sample_right_time_s
+
+    def abs_error(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return abs(
+            self.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+            - self.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    event_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    segment_diagnostics: tuple[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic, ...]
+    sample_diagnostics: tuple[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic, ...]
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+    amesim_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    def abs_error(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return abs(
+            self.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+            - self.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison:
+    time_s: float
+    metric_name: str
+    default_abs_error: float
+    candidate_abs_error: float
+
+    @property
+    def abs_error_delta(self) -> float:
+        return self.candidate_abs_error - self.default_abs_error
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    event_time_s: float
+    final_time_s: float
+    default_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic
+    candidate_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic
+    metric_comparisons: tuple[
+        TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison, ...
+    ]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig:
+    archive_path: Path = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+        / "AmesimModels"
+        / "test_mql.ame"
+    )
+    amesim_results_archive_path: Path | None = None
+    output_dir: Path | None = None
+
+    @property
+    def resolved_amesim_results_archive_path(self) -> Path:
+        return self.amesim_results_archive_path or self.archive_path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig:
+    write_summary: bool = True
+    write_comparison_csv: bool = True
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | None = DEFAULT_FULL_STATE_COMPARISON_DATA_PATHS
+    solver: SolveIVPConfig = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-2, max_step=1.0e-3)
+    )
+    t_eval: tuple[float, ...] | None = (0.0, 1.0e-2)
+    inlet_node_pressure_pa: float = 15.31e6
+    resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float = 15.29e6
+    inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15
+    resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15
+    use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False
+    use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig:
+    paths: TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig = field(
+        default_factory=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig
+    )
+    execution: TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig = field(
+        default_factory=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig
+    )
+
+
+def _default_output_dir() -> Path:
+    pythonmodels_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+    timestamp = datetime.now(UTC).strftime("test_mql_full_state_%Y%m%d_%H%M%S_%f")
+    return pythonmodels_root / "runs" / timestamp
+
+
+def run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun, Path]:
+    config = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem(archive_path=config.paths.archive_path)
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+        config.paths.resolved_amesim_results_archive_path,
+        time_stop_s=config.execution.solver.t_stop,
+    )
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(amesim_results)
+    selected_paths = config.execution.data_paths
+    spec = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+    result = system.simulate_full_state_series_from_spec(
+        spec,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa=config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        inlet_node_temperature_k=config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        config=config.execution.solver,
+        t_eval=list(config.execution.t_eval) if config.execution.t_eval is not None else None,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    closure = system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+        spec,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa=config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        inlet_node_temperature_k=config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k=(
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=(
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+    )
+    series_by_data_path = {
+        data_path: result.series[data_path]
+        for data_path in result.series
+        if data_path != "time"
+    }
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=result.t,
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    run = TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun(
+        system=system,
+        closure=closure,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        result=result,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+    output_dir = config.paths.output_dir or _default_output_dir()
+    if config.execution.write_summary or config.execution.write_comparison_csv:
+        output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    if config.execution.write_summary:
+        (output_dir / "test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary.txt").write_text(
+            format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(run),
+            encoding="utf-8",
+        )
+    if config.execution.write_comparison_csv:
+        write_test_mql_comparison_csv(
+            output_dir=output_dir,
+            python_times=output.times,
+            python_series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+            amesim_results=amesim_results,
+            data_paths=output.data_paths,
+        )
+    return run, output_dir
+
+
+def run_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_diagnostic(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+) -> TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic:
+    config = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem(archive_path=config.paths.archive_path)
+    control = system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifice_controls[orifice_alias]
+    event_time_s = control.step.step_time_s
+    integration_stop_time_s = nextafter(event_time_s, 0.0)
+    solver_template = config.execution.solver
+    solver = SolveIVPConfig(
+        t_start=solver_template.t_start,
+        t_stop=integration_stop_time_s,
+        method=solver_template.method,
+        rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+        atol=solver_template.atol,
+        max_step=solver_template.max_step,
+    )
+    spec = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+    closure_kwargs = {
+        "inlet_node_pressure_pa": config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        "resistance_boundary_pressure_pa": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        "inlet_node_temperature_k": config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        "resistance_boundary_temperature_k": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+    }
+    solution = system.simulate_full_state_from_spec(
+        spec,
+        config=solver,
+        t_eval=[solver.t_start, integration_stop_time_s],
+        **closure_kwargs,
+    )
+    state_vector = [row[-1] for row in solution.y]
+    closure = system.full_state_closure_from_spec(spec, **closure_kwargs)
+    data_paths = (
+        "press@pn_c1_8",
+        "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+        f"xv@{orifice_alias}",
+        f"dm2@{orifice_alias}",
+    )
+    python_values = closure.data_path_values(
+        time_s=event_time_s,
+        state_vector=state_vector,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+    )
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+        config.paths.resolved_amesim_results_archive_path,
+        time_stop_s=event_time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_values = {
+        data_path: interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            event_time_s,
+        )
+        for data_path in data_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        event_time_s=event_time_s,
+        integration_stop_time_s=integration_stop_time_s,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        python_values_by_data_path=python_values,
+        amesim_values_by_data_path=amesim_values,
+    )
+
+
+def format_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_summary(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Mode: PNVO event boundary diagnostic ({diagnostic.orifice_alias})",
+        f"Event time: {diagnostic.event_time_s}",
+        f"Integrated left limit: {diagnostic.integration_stop_time_s}",
+        "Observation side: right-continuous STEP0 opening",
+    ]
+    for data_path in diagnostic.data_paths:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {data_path}: "
+            f"python={diagnostic.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"amesim={diagnostic.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"abs_error={diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}"
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def _pnl0001_pressure_loss_calibration_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    python_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float],
+    line_alias: str,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_69" or chamber_alias != "pn_c1_8":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0001 pressure-loss diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_cm = amesim_value(f"cm@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dm1_g_s = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa = amesim_value(f"p2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa = amesim_value(f"press@{chamber_alias}")
+    amesim_line_temperature_k = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_temperature_k = amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s = abs(amesim_dm1_g_s) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_pressure_drop_pa = abs(
+        amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa - amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa
+    )
+    current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa = abs(
+        line.darcy_pressure_drop_for_state(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s,
+            pressure_pa=(
+                amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+            ),
+            temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+        )
+    )
+    if current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa > 0.0:
+        pressure_drop_multiplier = (
+            amesim_pressure_drop_pa / current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa
+        )
+    else:
+        pressure_drop_multiplier = (
+            float("inf") if amesim_pressure_drop_pa > 0.0 else 1.0
+        )
+    candidate_port1_to_port2_kg_s = line.pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        port_1_pressure_pa=(
+            amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        ),
+        port_1_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature_k,
+        port_2_pressure_pa=(
+            amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        ),
+        port_2_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+    )
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s = -candidate_port1_to_port2_kg_s * 1.0e3
+    if amesim_dm1_g_s != 0.0:
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio = (
+            candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s / amesim_dm1_g_s
+        )
+    else:
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio = (
+            float("inf") if candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s != 0.0 else 1.0
+        )
+    amesim_linear_conductance = _pnl0001_linear_conductance(
+        dm1_g_s=amesim_dm1_g_s,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+        pressure_drop_pa=amesim_pressure_drop_pa,
+    )
+    python_pressure_drop_pa = abs(
+        python_values_by_data_path[f"p2@{line_alias}"]
+        - python_values_by_data_path[f"press@{chamber_alias}"]
+    )
+    python_linear_conductance = _pnl0001_linear_conductance(
+        dm1_g_s=python_values_by_data_path[f"dm1@{line_alias}"],
+        temperature_k=python_values_by_data_path[f"t2@{line_alias}"],
+        pressure_drop_pa=python_pressure_drop_pa,
+    )
+    if amesim_linear_conductance > 0.0:
+        conductance_ratio = python_linear_conductance / amesim_linear_conductance
+    else:
+        conductance_ratio = (
+            float("inf") if python_linear_conductance > 0.0 else 1.0
+        )
+    return TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_cm=amesim_cm,
+        amesim_dm1_g_s=amesim_dm1_g_s,
+        amesim_mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s=mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s,
+        amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa=amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa,
+        amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa,
+        amesim_line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature_k,
+        amesim_pressure_drop_pa=amesim_pressure_drop_pa,
+        current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa=current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa,
+        pressure_drop_multiplier=pressure_drop_multiplier,
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s=candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s,
+        candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio=(
+            candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio
+        ),
+        amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa=(
+            amesim_linear_conductance
+        ),
+        python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa=(
+            python_linear_conductance
+        ),
+        python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio=conductance_ratio,
+    )
+
+
+def _pnl0001_linear_conductance(
+    *,
+    dm1_g_s: float,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    pressure_drop_pa: float,
+) -> float:
+    if temperature_k <= 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("temperature_k must be positive")
+    if pressure_drop_pa <= 0.0:
+        return 0.0
+    return abs(dm1_g_s) * 1.0e-3 * sqrt(temperature_k) / pressure_drop_pa
+
+
+def _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    mass_kg: float,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float,
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+    heat_flow_w: float,
+    reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+) -> float:
+    reference_offset_flow_w = (
+        gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - gas.cv * temperature_k
+    ) * mass_derivative_kg_s
+    return (
+        enthalpy_flow_w + reference_offset_flow_w + heat_flow_w
+    ) / (mass_kg * gas.cv)
+
+
+def _series_finite_difference_at(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    time_s: float,
+) -> float:
+    if len(times) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("times and values must have equal length")
+    if len(times) < 2:
+        raise ValueError("at least two samples are required")
+    index = min(range(len(times)), key=lambda idx: abs(times[idx] - time_s))
+    if index == 0:
+        left = 0
+        right = 1
+    elif index == len(times) - 1:
+        left = len(times) - 2
+        right = len(times) - 1
+    else:
+        left = index - 1
+        right = index + 1
+    dt = times[right] - times[left]
+    if dt == 0.0:
+        raise ValueError("finite difference time interval must be non-zero")
+    return (values[right] - values[left]) / dt
+
+
+def _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    time_s: float,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    if len(times) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("times and values must have equal length")
+    if len(times) < 2:
+        raise ValueError("at least two samples are required")
+    index = min(range(len(times)), key=lambda idx: abs(times[idx] - time_s))
+    left = max(index - 1, 0)
+    right = min(index + 1, len(times) - 1)
+    backward_dt = times[index] - times[left]
+    forward_dt = times[right] - times[index]
+    if backward_dt == 0.0:
+        backward = (values[right] - values[index]) / forward_dt
+    else:
+        backward = (values[index] - values[left]) / backward_dt
+    if forward_dt == 0.0:
+        forward = (values[index] - values[left]) / backward_dt
+    else:
+        forward = (values[right] - values[index]) / forward_dt
+    return backward, forward
+
+
+def _series_sample_bracket(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    time_s: float,
+) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    if not times:
+        raise ValueError("at least one sample time is required")
+    index = bisect_left(times, time_s)
+    tolerance = 1.0e-12 * max(1.0, abs(time_s))
+    for candidate_index in (index - 1, index):
+        if 0 <= candidate_index < len(times):
+            candidate_time = times[candidate_index]
+            if abs(candidate_time - time_s) <= tolerance:
+                return candidate_time, candidate_time
+    if index <= 0:
+        return times[0], times[0]
+    if index >= len(times):
+        return times[-1], times[-1]
+    return times[index - 1], times[index]
+
+
+def _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    reference_temperature_k: float,
+    flow_kg_s: float,
+    node_temperature_k: float,
+    connected_temperature_k: float,
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+) -> float:
+    stream_temperature_k = (
+        node_temperature_k if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_temperature_k
+    )
+    reference_h = gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        stream_temperature_k,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    return port_mass_flow_kg_s * reference_h
+
+
+def _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    reference_temperature_k: float,
+    flow_kg_s: float,
+    node_pressure_pa: float,
+    node_temperature_k: float,
+    connected_pressure_pa: float,
+    connected_temperature_k: float,
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+) -> float:
+    stream_pressure_pa = node_pressure_pa if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_pressure_pa
+    stream_temperature_k = (
+        node_temperature_k if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_temperature_k
+    )
+    reference_h = gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        stream_pressure_pa,
+        stream_temperature_k,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    return port_mass_flow_kg_s * reference_h
+
+
+def _pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    rhs_diagnostic: TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic,
+    line_alias: str,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    node_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_69" or chamber_alias != "pn_c1_8":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0001 energy diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+    if node_alias != "pnnode4_16":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0001 node diagnostic: {node_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    line_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    chamber_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value(f"dh1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dm1 = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_node_dh2 = amesim_value(f"dh2@{node_alias}")
+    amesim_node_dm2 = amesim_value(f"dm2@{node_alias}")
+    direct_port_1 = rhs_diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s * (
+        chamber_properties.h
+        if rhs_diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s > 0.0
+        else line_properties.h
+    )
+    direct_port_2 = rhs_diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s * line_properties.h
+    direct_energy_derivative = (
+        direct_port_1 + direct_port_2 + rhs_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w
+    )
+    p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s = (
+        snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    if abs(p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+        p4_node_port_2_connected_h = line_properties.h
+    else:
+        p4_node_port_2_connected_h = (
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+            / p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s
+        )
+    p4_node_port_2_inlet_h = (
+        p4_node_port_2_connected_h
+        if rhs_diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s > 0.0
+        else line_properties.h
+    )
+    p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_energy_derivative = (
+        rhs_diagnostic.port_1_energy_flow_w
+        + rhs_diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s * p4_node_port_2_inlet_h
+        + rhs_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w
+    )
+    p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp = (
+        p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_energy_derivative
+        - line_properties.u * rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s
+    ) / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def reference_h(temperature_k: float) -> float:
+        return line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+            temperature_k,
+            reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    amesim_stream_temperature = (
+        amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+        if amesim_dm1 >= 0.0
+        else amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    )
+    reference_enthalpy_estimate = (
+        amesim_dm1 * 1.0e-3 * reference_h(amesim_stream_temperature)
+    )
+    python_dm1_kg_s = -rhs_diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s
+    python_port_1_stream_temperature_k = (
+        line_properties.T if python_dm1_kg_s >= 0.0 else chamber_properties.T
+    )
+    python_reference_port_1 = python_dm1_kg_s * reference_h(
+        python_port_1_stream_temperature_k
+    )
+    python_reference_node_port_2 = sum(
+        (
+            _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                gas=line.gas,
+                reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_line.T,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                gas=line.gas,
+                reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.T,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+            ),
+            _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                gas=line.gas,
+                reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T,
+                connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+    )
+    python_reference_sum = python_reference_port_1 + python_reference_node_port_2
+
+    amesim_mgas_kg = amesim_value(f"mgas@{line_alias}") * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_line_temperature = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_mass_derivative = (amesim_node_dm2 - amesim_dm1) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_heat_flow = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * (line.external_temperature - amesim_line_temperature)
+    )
+    current_line_dtemp = (
+        rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w
+        - line_properties.u * rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s
+    ) / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+    amesim_line_dtemp_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"t2@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s = -amesim_dm1
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i = -reference_enthalpy_estimate
+    candidate_storage_sdh = amesim_node_dh2 + candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i
+    candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mgas_kg,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_mass_derivative,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=candidate_storage_sdh,
+        heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+    )
+    amesim_node_plus_dh1_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mgas_kg,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_mass_derivative,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_node_dh2 + amesim_dh1,
+        heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+    )
+    amesim_node_minus_dh1_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mgas_kg,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_mass_derivative,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_node_dh2 - amesim_dh1,
+        heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+    )
+    python_reference_node_minus_dh1_dtemp = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        mass_kg=line.state.m,
+        temperature_k=line_properties.T,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_node_port_2 - python_reference_port_1,
+        heat_flow_w=rhs_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w,
+    )
+    return TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        node_alias=node_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm1,
+        amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_node_dh2,
+        amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_node_dm2,
+        amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w=amesim_dh1 + amesim_node_dh2,
+        python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w=rhs_diagnostic.port_1_energy_flow_w,
+        python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w=rhs_diagnostic.port_2_energy_flow_w,
+        python_current_energy_derivative_w=rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+        python_direct_enthalpy_port_1_flow_w=direct_port_1,
+        python_direct_enthalpy_port_2_flow_w=direct_port_2,
+        python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w=direct_energy_derivative,
+        python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w=(
+            direct_energy_derivative - rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg=p4_node_port_2_connected_h,
+        python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k=(
+            p4_node_port_2_connected_h / line.gas.cp
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg=(
+            p4_node_port_2_connected_h - line_properties.h
+        ),
+        python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp
+        ),
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w=reference_enthalpy_estimate,
+        amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            reference_enthalpy_estimate - amesim_dh1
+        ),
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s=candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s,
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w=candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i,
+        amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=candidate_storage_sdh,
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s=candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp,
+        amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s=(
+            candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp - amesim_line_dtemp_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_port_1,
+        python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_node_port_2,
+        python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w=python_reference_sum,
+        python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w=(
+            python_reference_port_1 - amesim_dh1
+        ),
+        python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w=(
+            python_reference_node_port_2 - amesim_node_dh2
+        ),
+        python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w=(
+            python_reference_sum - (amesim_dh1 + amesim_node_dh2)
+        ),
+        python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s=current_line_dtemp,
+        amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_line_dtemp_fd,
+        amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s=amesim_node_plus_dh1_dtemp,
+        amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s=amesim_node_minus_dh1_dtemp,
+        python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s=(
+            python_reference_node_minus_dh1_dtemp
+        ),
+    )
+
+def _p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    node_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic:
+    if node_alias != "pnnode4_16":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported P4 node enthalpy diagnostic: {node_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    balance = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_port_1_enthalpy = amesim_value("dh1@pneumatic_83")
+    amesim_port_1_mass = amesim_value("dm1@pneumatic_83")
+    amesim_port_3_enthalpy = amesim_value("dh2@pneumatic_95")
+    amesim_port_3_mass = amesim_value("dm2@pneumatic_95")
+    amesim_port_4_enthalpy = amesim_value("dh2@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_port_4_mass = amesim_value("dm2@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_port_2_enthalpy = amesim_value(f"dh2@{node_alias}")
+    amesim_port_2_mass = amesim_value(f"dm2@{node_alias}")
+
+    reference_port_1 = _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+    )
+    reference_port_3 = _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+    )
+    reference_port_4 = _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+    )
+    reference_port_2 = reference_port_1 + reference_port_3 + reference_port_4
+    real_gas_reference_port_1 = _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_line.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+    )
+    real_gas_reference_port_3 = _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+    )
+    real_gas_reference_port_4 = _real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+    )
+    real_gas_reference_port_2 = (
+        real_gas_reference_port_1
+        + real_gas_reference_port_3
+        + real_gas_reference_port_4
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic(
+        node_alias=node_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_1_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_1_mass,
+        amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_3_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_3_mass,
+        amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_4_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_4_mass,
+        amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_port_2_enthalpy,
+        amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_port_2_mass,
+        python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_4_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_4_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w,
+        python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_1,
+        python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_3,
+        python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_4,
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=reference_port_2,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_1,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_3,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_4,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=real_gas_reference_port_2,
+        python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w - amesim_port_2_enthalpy
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            reference_port_2 - amesim_port_2_enthalpy
+        ),
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            real_gas_reference_port_2 - amesim_port_2_enthalpy
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    upstream_line_alias: str,
+    downstream_node_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic:
+    if orifice_alias != "pn_morifice_1":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO upstream diagnostic: {orifice_alias}")
+    if upstream_line_alias != "pneumatic_87":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO upstream line diagnostic: {upstream_line_alias}")
+    if downstream_node_alias != "pnnode4_16":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO downstream node diagnostic: {downstream_node_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line
+    flow_kg_s = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_orifice_dh2 = amesim_value(f"dh2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_orifice_dm2 = amesim_value(f"dm2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_line_t2 = amesim_value(f"t2@{upstream_line_alias}")
+    if amesim_orifice_dm2 >= 0.0:
+        amesim_stream_temperature = amesim_line_t2
+        amesim_stream_pressure = (
+            amesim_value(f"p2@{upstream_line_alias}")
+            + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        )
+    else:
+        amesim_stream_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp1@{downstream_node_alias}")
+        amesim_stream_pressure = (
+            amesim_value(f"press1@{downstream_node_alias}")
+            + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+        )
+    amesim_dm2_kg_s = amesim_orifice_dm2 * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_reference_dh2 = amesim_dm2_kg_s * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        amesim_stream_temperature,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    amesim_real_gas_reference_dh2 = (
+        amesim_dm2_kg_s
+        * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+            amesim_stream_pressure,
+            amesim_stream_temperature,
+            reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+            reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+    )
+    if abs(amesim_orifice_dm2) <= 1.0e-12:
+        amesim_implied_temperature = amesim_stream_temperature
+    else:
+        amesim_implied_temperature = line.gas.reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(
+            amesim_orifice_dh2 / (amesim_orifice_dm2 * 1.0e-3),
+            reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    python_stream_properties = (
+        snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2
+        if flow_kg_s >= 0.0
+        else snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    )
+    python_current_dh2 = flow_kg_s * python_stream_properties.h
+    python_reference_dh2 = flow_kg_s * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        python_stream_properties.T,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_real_gas_reference_dh2 = flow_kg_s * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        python_stream_properties.p,
+        python_stream_properties.T,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        upstream_line_alias=upstream_line_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_orifice_dh2,
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_orifice_dm2,
+        amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_value(
+            f"dh3@{orifice_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_value(
+            f"dm3@{orifice_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_value(
+            f"dhctr@{upstream_line_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_value(
+            f"dmctr@{upstream_line_alias}"
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k=amesim_line_t2,
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa=amesim_stream_pressure,
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k=(
+            amesim_implied_temperature
+        ),
+        amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k=(
+            amesim_implied_temperature - amesim_line_t2
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_reference_dh2,
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            amesim_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+            amesim_real_gas_reference_dh2
+        ),
+        amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            amesim_real_gas_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s=flow_kg_s,
+        python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k=(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.T
+        ),
+        python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa=python_stream_properties.p,
+        python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_current_dh2,
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_dh2,
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+            python_real_gas_reference_dh2
+        ),
+        python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_current_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+        python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_real_gas_reference_dh2 - amesim_orifice_dh2
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    mass_kg: float,
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float,
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+    heat_flow_w: float,
+    reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+) -> float:
+    reference_offset_flow_w = (
+        gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - gas.cv * temperature_k
+    ) * mass_derivative_kg_s
+    return (enthalpy_flow_w + reference_offset_flow_w + heat_flow_w) / (
+        mass_kg * gas.cv
+    )
+
+
+def _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    port_m_flow: float,
+    connected_pressure_pa: float,
+    connected_temperature_k: float,
+    internal_pressure_pa: float,
+    internal_temperature_k: float,
+    reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+) -> float:
+    if port_m_flow > 0.0:
+        pressure = connected_pressure_pa
+        temperature = connected_temperature_k
+    else:
+        pressure = internal_pressure_pa
+        temperature = internal_temperature_k
+    return port_m_flow * gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        pressure,
+        temperature,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+
+def _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    density_kg_m3: float,
+    temperature_k: float,
+    density_derivative_kg_m3_s: float,
+    temperature_derivative_k_s: float,
+) -> tuple[float, float, float]:
+    density_step = max(abs(density_kg_m3) * 1.0e-6, 1.0e-9)
+    if density_kg_m3 <= density_step:
+        density_step = density_kg_m3 * 0.5
+    temperature_step = max(abs(temperature_k) * 1.0e-6, 1.0e-4)
+    dp_drho = (
+        gas.pressure(density_kg_m3 + density_step, temperature_k)
+        - gas.pressure(density_kg_m3 - density_step, temperature_k)
+    ) / (2.0 * density_step)
+    dp_dtemp = (
+        gas.pressure(density_kg_m3, temperature_k + temperature_step)
+        - gas.pressure(density_kg_m3, temperature_k - temperature_step)
+    ) / (2.0 * temperature_step)
+    mass_component = dp_drho * density_derivative_kg_m3_s
+    temperature_component = dp_dtemp * temperature_derivative_k_s
+    return mass_component, temperature_component, mass_component + temperature_component
+
+
+def _pnl0003_energy_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    line_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_87":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNL0003 energy diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line
+    port_1 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1
+    port_2 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2
+    connected_port_2 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    center_flow = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow
+    port_1_flow = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+    port_2_flow = -snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+    pn3_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s = (
+        snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    if abs(pn3_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+        port_1_connected_h = port_1.h
+    else:
+        port_1_connected_h = (
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+            / pn3_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s
+        )
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_t1 = amesim_value(f"t1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_t2 = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_p1 = amesim_value(f"p1@{line_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    amesim_p2 = amesim_value(f"p2@{line_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    amesim_dm1 = amesim_value("dm2@pn_node3_8")
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value("dh2@pn_node3_8")
+    python_node_dm1 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_1_mass_flow_g_s
+    python_node_dm3 = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_3_mass_flow_g_s
+    python_node_dm2_sum = python_node_dm1 + python_node_dm3
+    python_node_to_line_dm = -python_node_dm2_sum
+    amesim_dm2 = amesim_value("dm3@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_dh2 = amesim_value("dh3@pn_morifice_1")
+    amesim_dmctr = amesim_value(f"dmctr@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dhctr = amesim_value(f"dhctr@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_sdm1_kg_s = (amesim_dm1 + amesim_dmctr) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_sdm2_kg_s = (amesim_dm2 - amesim_dmctr) * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_sdh1 = amesim_dh1 + amesim_dhctr
+    amesim_sdh2 = amesim_dh2 - amesim_dhctr
+    amesim_mgas_series = amesim_results.series(f"mgas@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_mgas_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward,
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward,
+    ) = _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_mgas_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative = (
+        amesim_sdm1_kg_s + amesim_sdm2_kg_s
+    ) * 1.0e3
+    python_center_mass_flow_g_s = center_flow * 1.0e3
+    amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s = -amesim_dmctr
+    amesim_center_mass_flow_python_sign_kg_s = (
+        amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s = amesim_dmctr
+    amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s = -amesim_dmctr
+    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s = port_1_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s = -center_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s = (
+        python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s
+        + python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+    )
+    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s = port_2_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s = center_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s = (
+        python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s
+        + python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+    )
+
+    def current_darcy_center_flow_for_state(
+        port_1_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = port_1_pressure_pa - port_2_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        upstream_pressure = (
+            port_1_pressure_pa if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2_pressure_pa
+        )
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            port_1_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else port_2_temperature_k
+        )
+        upstream_density = line.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = line._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=upstream_density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    amesim_state_darcy_center_flow = current_darcy_center_flow_for_state(
+        amesim_p1,
+        amesim_t1,
+        amesim_p2,
+        amesim_t2,
+    )
+    amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_flow = line.pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+        port_1_pressure_pa=amesim_p1,
+        port_1_temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        port_2_pressure_pa=amesim_p2,
+        port_2_temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+    )
+    amesim_center_real_port_1 = (
+        -amesim_center_mass_flow_python_sign_kg_s
+        * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+            amesim_p1,
+            amesim_t1,
+            reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+            reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+    )
+    amesim_mass_1 = line.gas.density(amesim_p1, amesim_t1) * line.compliance_volume
+    amesim_mass_2 = line.gas.density(amesim_p2, amesim_t2) * line.compliance_volume
+    heat_flow_1 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - amesim_t1)
+    )
+    heat_flow_2 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - amesim_t2)
+    )
+    amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_1 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mass_1,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_sdm1_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_sdh1,
+        heat_flow_w=heat_flow_1,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_2 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+        mass_kg=amesim_mass_2,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_sdm2_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_sdh2,
+        heat_flow_w=heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    amesim_t1_series = amesim_results.series(f"t1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_t2_series = amesim_results.series(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_fd_dtemp_1 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_t1_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_fd_dtemp_2 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_t2_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_backward_dtemp_1, amesim_forward_dtemp_1 = (
+        _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+            times=amesim_results.times,
+            values=amesim_t1_series,
+            time_s=time_s,
+        )
+    )
+    amesim_backward_dtemp_2, amesim_forward_dtemp_2 = (
+        _series_one_sided_differences_at(
+            times=amesim_results.times,
+            values=amesim_t2_series,
+            time_s=time_s,
+        )
+    )
+    amesim_p1_series = amesim_results.series(f"p1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_p2_series = amesim_results.series(f"p2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_fd_dpressure_1 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_p1_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_fd_dpressure_2 = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_p2_series,
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_dpressure_1_mass,
+        amesim_dpressure_1_temperature,
+        amesim_dpressure_1_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=amesim_mass_1 / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_sdm1_kg_s / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_1,
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_dpressure_2_mass,
+        amesim_dpressure_2_temperature,
+        amesim_dpressure_2_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=amesim_mass_2 / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_sdm2_kg_s / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_2,
+    )
+
+    current_derivative_1, current_derivative_2 = line.derivatives_from_connections(
+        port_1_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+        connected_h_1=port_1_connected_h,
+        port_2_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+        connected_h_2=connected_port_2.h,
+    )
+    python_current_dtemp_1 = (
+        current_derivative_1.U - port_1.u * current_derivative_1.m
+    ) / (line.state_1.m * line.gas.cv)
+    python_current_dtemp_2 = (
+        current_derivative_2.U - port_2.u * current_derivative_2.m
+    ) / (line.state_2.m * line.gas.cv)
+    (
+        python_dpressure_1_mass,
+        python_dpressure_1_temperature,
+        python_dpressure_1_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state_1.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=current_derivative_1.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp_1,
+    )
+    (
+        python_dpressure_2_mass,
+        python_dpressure_2_temperature,
+        python_dpressure_2_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state_2.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=current_derivative_2.m / line.compliance_volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp_2,
+    )
+
+    python_center_dh_1 = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=-center_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_dh_2 = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=center_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    if port_1_flow > 0.0:
+        python_port_1_dh = port_1_flow * (
+            port_1_connected_h - line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k
+        )
+    else:
+        python_port_1_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            gas=line.gas,
+            port_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+            connected_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+            internal_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+            internal_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+            reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+    python_port_2_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=connected_port_2.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=connected_port_2.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_ideal_port_1 = -center_flow * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_1.T,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_ideal_port_2 = -center_flow * line.gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_2.T,
+        reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_real_port_1 = -center_flow * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_1.p,
+        port_1.T,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_center_real_port_2 = -center_flow * line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+        port_2.p,
+        port_2.T,
+        reference_pressure=AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA,
+        reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    python_heat_flow_1 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - port_1.T)
+    )
+    python_heat_flow_2 = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * 0.5
+        * (line.external_temperature - port_2.T)
+    )
+    python_ref_dtemp_1 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_1.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=port_1_flow - center_flow,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_1_dh + python_center_dh_1,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_1,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_ref_dtemp_2 = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=port_2_flow + center_flow,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_2_dh + python_center_dh_2,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    def dtemp_component(flow_w: float, mass_kg: float) -> float:
+        return flow_w / (mass_kg * line.gas.cv)
+
+    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * amesim_t1
+    ) * amesim_sdm1_kg_s
+    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * amesim_t2
+    ) * amesim_sdm2_kg_s
+    python_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * port_1.T
+    ) * (port_1_flow - center_flow)
+    python_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w = (
+        line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * port_2.T
+    ) * (port_2_flow + center_flow)
+    amesim_port_1_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_dhctr,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        heat_flow_1,
+        amesim_mass_1,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_dh2,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        -amesim_dhctr,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        amesim_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        heat_flow_2,
+        amesim_mass_2,
+    )
+    python_port_1_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_1_dh,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_1_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_center_dh_1,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_1_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_heat_flow_1,
+        line.state_1.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_external_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_2_dh,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_center_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_center_dh_2,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_port_2_mass_offset_flow_w,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+    python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component = dtemp_component(
+        python_heat_flow_2,
+        line.state_2.m,
+    )
+
+    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_kg_s = (
+        amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s * 1.0e-3
+    )
+    amesim_external_flow_kg_s = amesim_dm2 * 1.0e-3
+    python_dtemp_2_amesim_center = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=port_2_flow + amesim_center_flow_python_sign_kg_s,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_2_dh - amesim_dhctr,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_dtemp_2_amesim_external = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=amesim_external_flow_kg_s + center_flow,
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh2 + python_center_dh_2,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_dtemp_2_amesim_external_center = _pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        mass_kg=line.state_2.m,
+        mass_derivative_kg_s=(
+            amesim_external_flow_kg_s + amesim_center_flow_python_sign_kg_s
+        ),
+        enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh2 - amesim_dhctr,
+        heat_flow_w=python_heat_flow_2,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_k=amesim_t1,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_k=amesim_t2,
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_pa=amesim_p1,
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_pa=amesim_p2,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm1,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dmctr,
+        amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dhctr,
+        amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm2,
+        amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh2,
+        amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=amesim_sdm1_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=amesim_sdh1,
+        amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=amesim_sdm2_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=amesim_sdh2,
+        python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=python_node_dm1,
+        python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=python_node_dm3,
+        python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=python_node_to_line_dm,
+        python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_node_to_line_dm - amesim_dm1
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g=amesim_mass_1 * 1.0e3,
+        amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g=amesim_mass_2 * 1.0e3,
+        python_port_1_mass_g=line.state_1.m * 1.0e3,
+        python_port_2_mass_g=line.state_2.m * 1.0e3,
+        python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g=(
+            line.state_1.m * 1.0e3 - amesim_mass_1 * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g=(
+            line.state_2.m * 1.0e3 - amesim_mass_2 * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd,
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward
+        ),
+        amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward
+        ),
+        amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative
+        ),
+        amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=(
+            amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative - amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s=(
+            amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s=(
+            python_center_mass_flow_g_s - amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        python_center_mass_flow_g_s=python_center_mass_flow_g_s,
+        amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s=python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s - amesim_dm1
+        ),
+        python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+            - amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s - amesim_sdm1_kg_s * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s=python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s,
+        python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s - amesim_dm2
+        ),
+        python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+            - amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s
+        ),
+        python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s - amesim_sdm2_kg_s * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_darcy_center_flow * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_darcy_center_flow * 1.0e3
+            - amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_flow * 1.0e3
+        ),
+        python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_flow * 1.0e3
+            - amesim_center_python_sign_equivalent_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w=amesim_center_real_port_1,
+        amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w=(
+            amesim_center_real_port_1 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w=python_center_ideal_port_1,
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w=(
+            python_center_ideal_port_1 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w=python_center_ideal_port_2,
+        python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w=(
+            python_center_ideal_port_2 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w=python_center_real_port_1,
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w=(
+            python_center_real_port_1 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w=python_center_real_port_2,
+        python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w=(
+            python_center_real_port_2 - amesim_dhctr
+        ),
+        python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s=(
+            current_derivative_1.m + current_derivative_2.m
+        ),
+        python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_1_dh,
+        python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w=python_center_dh_1,
+        python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=(
+            python_port_1_dh + python_center_dh_1
+        ),
+        python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_port_1_dh + python_center_dh_1 - amesim_sdh1
+        ),
+        python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w=python_port_2_dh,
+        python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w=python_center_dh_2,
+        python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=(
+            python_port_2_dh + python_center_dh_2
+        ),
+        python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w=(
+            python_port_2_dh + python_center_dh_2 - amesim_sdh2
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component,
+        python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_1_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_1_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component,
+        amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component,
+        python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_2_external_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_2_center_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component
+        ),
+        python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s=amesim_backward_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s=amesim_forward_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_fd_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s=amesim_backward_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s=amesim_forward_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s=amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_1,
+        amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s=amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_2,
+        amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s=(
+            amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_1 - amesim_fd_dtemp_1
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s=(
+            amesim_pn2vol_dtemp_2 - amesim_fd_dtemp_2
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=amesim_fd_dpressure_1,
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=amesim_fd_dpressure_2,
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_1_mass
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_1_temperature
+        ),
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=amesim_dpressure_1_sum,
+        amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_1_sum - amesim_fd_dpressure_1
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_2_mass
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_2_temperature
+        ),
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=amesim_dpressure_2_sum,
+        amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=(
+            amesim_dpressure_2_sum - amesim_fd_dpressure_2
+        ),
+        python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_1_mass
+        ),
+        python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_1_temperature
+        ),
+        python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=python_dpressure_1_sum,
+        python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_2_mass
+        ),
+        python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_dpressure_2_temperature
+        ),
+        python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=python_dpressure_2_sum,
+        python_port_1_temperature_k=port_1.T,
+        python_port_2_temperature_k=port_2.T,
+        python_port_1_pressure_pa=port_1.p,
+        python_port_2_pressure_pa=port_2.p,
+        python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s=current_derivative_1.m,
+        python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s=current_derivative_2.m,
+        python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s=python_current_dtemp_1,
+        python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s=python_current_dtemp_2,
+        python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s=python_ref_dtemp_1,
+        python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s=python_ref_dtemp_2,
+        python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            python_dtemp_2_amesim_center
+        ),
+        python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            python_dtemp_2_amesim_external
+        ),
+        python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=(
+            python_dtemp_2_amesim_external_center
+        ),
+        python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k=port_2.T - amesim_t2,
+    )
+
+
+def _pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    line_alias: str,
+    node_alias: str,
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic:
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_96":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported inlet line diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+    if node_alias != "pn_node3_8" or orifice_alias != "pn_orifice_18":
+        raise KeyError(
+            f"Unsupported inlet path diagnostic: {node_alias}/{orifice_alias}"
+        )
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.inlet_line
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_line_pressure = (
+        amesim_value(f"p2@{line_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_line_temperature = amesim_value(f"t2@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_line_mass = amesim_value(f"mgas@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_line_mass_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"mgas@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_line_to_node_flow = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_orifice_to_line_flow = amesim_value(f"dm2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_storage_from_ports = (
+        amesim_orifice_to_line_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+    )
+    amesim_chamber_pressure = (
+        amesim_value(f"press@{chamber_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_chamber_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    amesim_node_pressure = (
+        amesim_value(f"press1@{node_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_node_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp1@{node_alias}")
+
+    python_line_to_node_flow = -snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_orifice_to_line_flow = -snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow * 1.0e3
+    python_storage_derivative = (
+        snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow - snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+    ) * 1.0e3
+
+    orifice = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.inlet_orifice
+
+    def node_to_line_flow_from_states(
+        *,
+        node_pressure_pa: float,
+        node_temperature_k: float,
+        line_pressure_pa: float,
+        line_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        pressure_difference = node_pressure_pa - line_pressure_pa
+        if pressure_difference == 0.0:
+            return 0.0
+        if line.calibrated_linear_conductance is not None:
+            return (
+                line.calibrated_linear_conductance
+                * pressure_difference
+                / sqrt(line_temperature_k)
+            )
+        upstream_pressure = max(node_pressure_pa, line_pressure_pa)
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            node_temperature_k if pressure_difference > 0.0 else line_temperature_k
+        )
+        density = line.gas.density(upstream_pressure, upstream_temperature)
+        magnitude = line._mass_flow_for_pressure_drop(
+            abs(pressure_difference),
+            density=density,
+            temperature=upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return magnitude if pressure_difference > 0.0 else -magnitude
+
+    def line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        *,
+        node_pressure_pa: float,
+        node_temperature_k: float,
+        line_pressure_pa: float,
+        line_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return -1.0e3 * node_to_line_flow_from_states(
+            node_pressure_pa=node_pressure_pa,
+            node_temperature_k=node_temperature_k,
+            line_pressure_pa=line_pressure_pa,
+            line_temperature_k=line_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        *,
+        line_pressure_pa: float,
+        line_temperature_k: float,
+        chamber_pressure_pa: float,
+        chamber_temperature_k: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = (
+            line_temperature_k
+            if line_pressure_pa >= chamber_pressure_pa
+            else chamber_temperature_k
+        )
+        line_to_chamber = orifice.mass_flow(
+            line_pressure_pa,
+            chamber_pressure_pa,
+            upstream_temperature,
+        )
+        return -1.0e3 * line_to_chamber
+
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_flow = line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        node_pressure_pa=amesim_node_pressure,
+        node_temperature_k=amesim_node_temperature,
+        line_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        line_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+    )
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_flow = line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        node_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_node.p,
+        node_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_node.T,
+        line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+    )
+    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow = line_to_node_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        node_pressure_pa=amesim_node_pressure,
+        node_temperature_k=amesim_node_temperature,
+        line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+    )
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_flow = orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        chamber_pressure_pa=snapshot.chamber.p,
+        chamber_temperature_k=snapshot.chamber.T,
+    )
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_flow = orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+        line_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        line_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        chamber_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_pressure,
+        chamber_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature,
+    )
+    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow = (
+        orifice_to_line_flow_from_states_g_s(
+            line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+            line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+            chamber_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_pressure,
+            chamber_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature,
+        )
+    )
+    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states = (
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow
+        - python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow
+    )
+
+    amesim_line_temperature_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"t2@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_line_pressure_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"p2@{line_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value(f"dh1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dh2 = amesim_value(f"dh2@{orifice_alias}")
+    amesim_line_mass_kg = amesim_line_mass * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_storage_kg_s = amesim_storage_from_ports * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+    amesim_mass_offset_flow = (
+        line.gas.cp * amesim_reference_temperature_k
+        - line.gas.cv * amesim_line_temperature
+    ) * amesim_storage_kg_s
+
+    def amesim_dtemp_component(flow_w: float) -> float:
+        return flow_w / (amesim_line_mass_kg * line.gas.cv)
+
+    amesim_port_1_dtemp = amesim_dtemp_component(-amesim_dh1)
+    amesim_port_2_dtemp = amesim_dtemp_component(amesim_dh2)
+    amesim_mass_offset_dtemp = amesim_dtemp_component(amesim_mass_offset_flow)
+    amesim_reference_dtemp_sum = (
+        amesim_port_1_dtemp + amesim_port_2_dtemp + amesim_mass_offset_dtemp
+    )
+    (
+        amesim_pressure_mass_component,
+        amesim_pressure_temperature_component,
+        amesim_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=amesim_line_mass_kg / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_storage_kg_s / line.volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=amesim_line_temperature_fd,
+    )
+
+    python_port_1_flow = snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+    python_port_2_flow = -snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+    python_heat_flow = (
+        line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * line.heat_transfer_area
+        * (line.external_temperature - snapshot.inlet_line.T)
+    )
+    python_port_1_u = (
+        snapshot.inlet_node.h / line.gas.gamma
+        if python_port_1_flow > 0.0
+        else snapshot.inlet_line.u
+    )
+    python_port_2_u = (
+        snapshot.chamber.h / line.gas.gamma
+        if python_port_2_flow > 0.0
+        else snapshot.inlet_line.u
+    )
+
+    def python_current_dtemp_component(
+        *,
+        mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        inlet_u_j_kg: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return (
+            mass_flow_kg_s
+            * (inlet_u_j_kg - snapshot.inlet_line.u)
+            / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+        )
+
+    python_port_1_dtemp = python_current_dtemp_component(
+        mass_flow_kg_s=python_port_1_flow,
+        inlet_u_j_kg=python_port_1_u,
+    )
+    python_port_2_dtemp = python_current_dtemp_component(
+        mass_flow_kg_s=python_port_2_flow,
+        inlet_u_j_kg=python_port_2_u,
+    )
+    python_heat_dtemp = python_heat_flow / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+    python_current_dtemp = (
+        python_port_1_dtemp + python_port_2_dtemp + python_heat_dtemp
+    )
+    python_density_derivative = (
+        (snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow - snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow)
+        / line.volume
+    )
+    (
+        python_pressure_mass_component,
+        python_pressure_temperature_component,
+        python_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state.m / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=python_density_derivative,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp,
+    )
+
+    python_reference_port_1_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=python_port_1_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_node.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_node.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=amesim_reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_reference_port_2_dh = _actual_reference_enthalpy_flow(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        port_m_flow=python_port_2_flow,
+        connected_pressure_pa=snapshot.chamber.p,
+        connected_temperature_k=snapshot.chamber.T,
+        internal_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        internal_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        reference_temperature_k=amesim_reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+    python_reference_mass_offset_flow = (
+        line.gas.cp * amesim_reference_temperature_k
+        - line.gas.cv * snapshot.inlet_line.T
+    ) * (python_port_1_flow + python_port_2_flow)
+
+    def python_reference_dtemp_component(flow_w: float) -> float:
+        return flow_w / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+
+    python_reference_port_1_dtemp = python_reference_dtemp_component(
+        python_reference_port_1_dh
+    )
+    python_reference_port_2_dtemp = python_reference_dtemp_component(
+        python_reference_port_2_dh
+    )
+    python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp = python_reference_dtemp_component(
+        python_reference_mass_offset_flow
+    )
+    python_reference_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_port_1_dtemp
+        + python_reference_port_2_dtemp
+        + python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp
+        + python_heat_dtemp
+    )
+    (
+        python_reference_pressure_mass_component,
+        python_reference_pressure_temperature_component,
+        python_reference_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state.m / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=python_density_derivative,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_reference_dtemp,
+    )
+
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_flow = (
+        line.gas.cp * amesim_reference_temperature_k
+        - line.gas.cv * snapshot.inlet_line.T
+    ) * amesim_storage_kg_s
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_dtemp_component(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_flow
+        )
+    )
+    python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_port_1_dtemp
+        + python_reference_port_2_dtemp
+        + python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp
+        + python_heat_dtemp
+    )
+    use_reference_rhs = bool(
+        getattr(closure.pneumatic_closure, "use_inlet_line_reference_rhs", False)
+    )
+    python_active_dtemp = (
+        python_reference_dtemp if use_reference_rhs else python_current_dtemp
+    )
+    (
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_mass_component,
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_temperature_component,
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_eos_sum,
+    ) = _pressure_derivative_components_from_density_temperature(
+        gas=line.gas,
+        density_kg_m3=line.state.m / line.volume,
+        temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        density_derivative_kg_m3_s=amesim_storage_kg_s / line.volume,
+        temperature_derivative_k_s=python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp,
+    )
+
+    return TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic(
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        node_alias=node_alias,
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_line_pressure_pa=amesim_line_pressure,
+        amesim_line_temperature_k=amesim_line_temperature,
+        amesim_line_mass_g=amesim_line_mass,
+        amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=amesim_line_mass_fd,
+        amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_line_to_node_flow,
+        amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_orifice_to_line_flow,
+        amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s=amesim_storage_from_ports,
+        amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=(
+            amesim_storage_from_ports - amesim_line_mass_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_chamber_pressure_pa=amesim_chamber_pressure,
+        amesim_chamber_temperature_k=amesim_chamber_temperature,
+        amesim_node_pressure_pa=amesim_node_pressure,
+        amesim_node_temperature_k=amesim_node_temperature,
+        amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_line_temperature_fd,
+        amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=amesim_line_pressure_fd,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_1_dtemp,
+        amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_port_2_dtemp,
+        amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=amesim_mass_offset_dtemp,
+        amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s=(
+            amesim_reference_dtemp_sum
+        ),
+        amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s=(
+            amesim_reference_dtemp_sum - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            amesim_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=amesim_pressure_eos_sum,
+        amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=(
+            amesim_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_line_pressure_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p,
+        python_line_temperature_k=snapshot.inlet_line.T,
+        python_line_mass_g=line.state.m * 1.0e3,
+        python_line_pressure_error_pa=snapshot.inlet_line.p - amesim_line_pressure,
+        python_line_temperature_error_k=(
+            snapshot.inlet_line.T - amesim_line_temperature
+        ),
+        python_line_mass_error_g=line.state.m * 1.0e3 - amesim_line_mass,
+        python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s=python_line_to_node_flow,
+        python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=python_orifice_to_line_flow,
+        python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_flow - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=python_storage_derivative,
+        python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_storage_derivative - amesim_storage_from_ports
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_line_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_flow - amesim_line_to_node_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_flow - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_flow - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow
+        ),
+        python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s=(
+            python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_flow
+            - amesim_orifice_to_line_flow
+        ),
+        python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s=(
+            python_storage_amesim_boundary_states
+        ),
+        python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s=(
+            python_storage_amesim_boundary_states - amesim_storage_from_ports
+        ),
+        python_chamber_pressure_pa=snapshot.chamber.p,
+        python_chamber_temperature_k=snapshot.chamber.T,
+        python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp,
+        python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_1_dtemp,
+        python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s=python_port_2_dtemp,
+        python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=python_heat_dtemp,
+        python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_current_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=python_pressure_eos_sum,
+        python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            python_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_port_1_dh,
+        python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=python_reference_port_2_dh,
+        python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_port_1_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_port_2_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_reference_dtemp,
+        python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_reference_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_eos_sum
+        ),
+        python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_mass_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_temperature_component
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_eos_sum
+        ),
+        python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_eos_sum - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_active_dtemp,
+        python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+            python_active_dtemp - amesim_line_temperature_fd
+        ),
+        python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+            python_reference_pressure_eos_sum
+            if use_reference_rhs
+            else python_pressure_eos_sum
+        ),
+        python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+            (python_reference_pressure_eos_sum if use_reference_rhs else python_pressure_eos_sum)
+            - amesim_line_pressure_fd
+        ),
+        python_chamber_pressure_error_pa=(
+            snapshot.chamber.p - amesim_chamber_pressure
+        ),
+        python_chamber_temperature_error_k=(
+            snapshot.chamber.T - amesim_chamber_temperature
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    rhs_diagnostic: TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic,
+    chamber_alias: str,
+    piston_alias: str,
+    line_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic:
+    if chamber_alias != "pn_c1_8" or piston_alias != "pn_brp2_8":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNCH012 energy diagnostic: {chamber_alias}")
+    if line_alias != "pneumatic_69":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNCH012 line diagnostic: {line_alias}")
+
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    chamber = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+    chamber_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+    reference_temperature_k = 298.15
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_dh1 = amesim_value(f"dh1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_dm1_g_s = amesim_value(f"dm1@{line_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_temperature = amesim_value(f"temp@{chamber_alias}")
+    amesim_chamber_pressure_abs = (
+        amesim_value(f"press@{chamber_alias}") + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+    )
+    amesim_mgas_kg = amesim_value(f"mgas1@{chamber_alias}") * 1.0e-3
+    amesim_mass_derivative_fd_g_s = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"mgas1@{chamber_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_temperature_derivative_fd = _series_finite_difference_at(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        values=amesim_results.series(f"temp@{chamber_alias}"),
+        time_s=time_s,
+    )
+    amesim_volume_rate_fd = (
+        _series_finite_difference_at(
+            times=amesim_results.times,
+            values=amesim_results.series(f"vol@{chamber_alias}"),
+            time_s=time_s,
+        )
+        * 1.0e-6
+    )
+    amesim_piston_volume_rate = amesim_value(f"vvol1@{piston_alias}") * (1.0 / 60000.0)
+    amesim_heat_flow = (
+        chamber.heat_transfer_coefficient
+        * chamber.heat_transfer_area
+        * (chamber.external_temperature - amesim_chamber_temperature)
+    )
+
+    def reference_pn2vol_dtemp(volume_rate_m3_s: float) -> float:
+        mass_flow_kg_s = amesim_dm1_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        reference_offset_flow_w = (
+            chamber.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k
+            - chamber.gas.cv * amesim_chamber_temperature
+        ) * mass_flow_kg_s
+        return (
+            amesim_dh1
+            + reference_offset_flow_w
+            + amesim_heat_flow
+            - amesim_chamber_pressure_abs * volume_rate_m3_s
+        ) / (amesim_mgas_kg * chamber.gas.cv)
+
+    dtemp_from_fd_volume = reference_pn2vol_dtemp(amesim_volume_rate_fd)
+    dtemp_from_piston_volume = reference_pn2vol_dtemp(amesim_piston_volume_rate)
+    python_current_dtemp = (
+        rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w
+        - chamber_properties.u * rhs_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s
+    ) / (chamber.state.m * chamber.gas.cv)
+
+    return TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic(
+        chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+        piston_alias=piston_alias,
+        line_alias=line_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=amesim_dh1,
+        amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=amesim_dm1_g_s,
+        amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=amesim_mass_derivative_fd_g_s,
+        amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=(
+            amesim_dm1_g_s - amesim_mass_derivative_fd_g_s
+        ),
+        amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=amesim_temperature_derivative_fd,
+        amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s=amesim_volume_rate_fd,
+        amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s=amesim_piston_volume_rate,
+        amesim_heat_flow_w=amesim_heat_flow,
+        amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w=(
+            -amesim_chamber_pressure_abs * amesim_volume_rate_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s=dtemp_from_fd_volume,
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s=(
+            dtemp_from_fd_volume - amesim_temperature_derivative_fd
+        ),
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s=dtemp_from_piston_volume,
+        amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s=(
+            dtemp_from_piston_volume - amesim_temperature_derivative_fd
+        ),
+        python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s=rhs_diagnostic.port_a_mass_flow_kg_s,
+        python_current_energy_derivative_w=rhs_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+        python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s=python_current_dtemp,
+        reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+    )
+
+def _pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostic(
+    *,
+    closure: object,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    state_vector: list[float],
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic:
+    if orifice_alias != "pn_morifice_1":
+        raise KeyError(f"Unsupported PNVO flow parameter diagnostic: {orifice_alias}")
+    snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector).pneumatic
+    orifice = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice
+    if orifice.name != orifice_alias:
+        raise KeyError(f"Unexpected PNVO diagnostic orifice: {orifice.name}")
+    line_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2
+    boundary_properties = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+    upstream_properties = (
+        line_properties if line_properties.p >= boundary_properties.p else boundary_properties
+    )
+    python_mass_flow_kg_s = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow
+    denominator = (
+        orifice.flow_coefficient * orifice.effective_area * upstream_properties.p
+    )
+    python_cm = (
+        abs(python_mass_flow_kg_s) * sqrt(upstream_properties.T) / denominator
+        if denominator > 0.0 and upstream_properties.T > 0.0
+        else 0.0
+    )
+
+    def amesim_value(data_path: str) -> float:
+        return interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            time_s,
+        )
+
+    amesim_cm = amesim_value(f"cm@{orifice_alias}")
+    cm_ratio = python_cm / amesim_cm if amesim_cm != 0.0 else 0.0
+    return TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        time_s=time_s,
+        amesim_cm=amesim_cm,
+        amesim_dm2_g_s=amesim_value(f"dm2@{orifice_alias}"),
+        amesim_opening=amesim_value(f"xv@{orifice_alias}"),
+        amesim_gas_velocity_m_s=amesim_value(f"gasvel@{orifice_alias}"),
+        python_opening=orifice.opening,
+        python_flow_coefficient=orifice.flow_coefficient,
+        python_effective_area_m2=orifice.effective_area,
+        python_line_pressure_pa=line_properties.p,
+        python_boundary_pressure_pa=boundary_properties.p,
+        python_upstream_pressure_pa=upstream_properties.p,
+        python_upstream_temperature_k=upstream_properties.T,
+        python_mass_flow_kg_s=python_mass_flow_kg_s,
+        python_cm=python_cm,
+        python_to_amesim_cm_ratio=cm_ratio,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+    final_time_s: float = 0.05,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic:
+    config = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    system = TestMqlSystem(archive_path=config.paths.archive_path)
+    control = system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifice_controls[orifice_alias]
+    event_time_s = control.step.step_time_s
+    if final_time_s <= event_time_s:
+        raise ValueError("final_time_s must be greater than the PNVO event time")
+    spec = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+    closure_kwargs = {
+        "inlet_node_pressure_pa": config.execution.inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+        "resistance_boundary_pressure_pa": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_pressure_pa
+        ),
+        "inlet_node_temperature_k": config.execution.inlet_node_temperature_k,
+        "resistance_boundary_temperature_k": (
+            config.execution.resistance_boundary_temperature_k
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        ),
+        "use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs": (
+            config.execution.use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+        ),
+    }
+    closure = system.full_state_closure_from_spec(spec, **closure_kwargs)
+    state_vector = closure.initial_state_vector()
+    solver_template = config.execution.solver
+    segment_templates = (
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=solver_template.t_start,
+            t_stop=nextafter(event_time_s, 0.0),
+            method=solver_template.method,
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=solver_template.max_step,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=event_time_s,
+            t_stop=0.040001,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-7,
+            first_step=1.0e-10,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.040001,
+            t_stop=0.04001,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-6,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.04001,
+            t_stop=0.0401,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.0401,
+            t_stop=0.041,
+            method="Radau",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.041,
+            t_stop=0.048,
+            method="BDF",
+            rtol=solver_template.rtol,
+            atol=solver_template.atol,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+        SolveIVPConfig(
+            t_start=0.048,
+            t_stop=0.05,
+            method="BDF",
+            rtol=1.0e-5,
+            atol=1.0e-8,
+            max_step=1.0e-5,
+        ),
+    )
+    segments = tuple(
+        replace(segment, t_stop=min(segment.t_stop, final_time_s))
+        for segment in segment_templates
+        if segment.t_start < final_time_s
+    )
+    data_paths = (
+        "press@pn_c1_8",
+        "temp@pn_c1_8",
+        "vol@pn_c1_8",
+        "mgas1@pn_c1_8",
+        "p2@pneumatic_69",
+        "t2@pneumatic_69",
+        "mgas@pneumatic_69",
+        "re@pneumatic_69",
+        "v@pneumatic_69",
+        "ff@pneumatic_69",
+        "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+        f"xv@{orifice_alias}",
+        f"dm2@{orifice_alias}",
+    )
+    sample_times = tuple(
+        sorted(
+            {
+                sample_time
+                for sample_time in (
+                    nextafter(event_time_s, 0.0),
+                    0.0401,
+                    0.0402,
+                    0.041,
+                    0.042,
+                    0.045,
+                    0.048,
+                    final_time_s,
+                )
+                if sample_time <= final_time_s
+            }
+        )
+    )
+    state_vector_by_sample_time: dict[float, list[float]] = {}
+    segment_diagnostics: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic] = []
+    for segment in segments:
+        rhs_evaluations = 0
+        segment_sample_times = tuple(
+            sample_time
+            for sample_time in sample_times
+            if segment.t_start <= sample_time <= segment.t_stop
+        )
+        t_eval = tuple(
+            sorted({segment.t_start, segment.t_stop, *segment_sample_times})
+        )
+
+        def rhs(time_s, values):
+            nonlocal rhs_evaluations
+            rhs_evaluations += 1
+            return closure.rhs_at(time_s, values)
+
+        solution = integrate_ode(
+            rhs=rhs,
+            initial_state=state_vector,
+            config=segment,
+            t_eval=list(t_eval),
+        )
+        segment_diagnostics.append(
+            TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic(
+                t_start=segment.t_start,
+                t_stop=segment.t_stop,
+                method=segment.method,
+                rtol=segment.rtol,
+                atol=segment.atol,
+                max_step=segment.max_step,
+                rhs_evaluations=rhs_evaluations,
+                success=bool(solution.success),
+                message=str(solution.message),
+            )
+        )
+        for sample_time in segment_sample_times:
+            if sample_time in solution.t:
+                sample_index = list(solution.t).index(sample_time)
+                state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time] = [
+                    row[sample_index] for row in solution.y
+                ]
+        state_vector = [row[-1] for row in solution.y]
+        if not solution.success:
+            break
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+        config.paths.resolved_amesim_results_archive_path,
+        time_stop_s=final_time_s,
+    )
+    sample_diagnostics = []
+    for sample_time in sample_times:
+        if sample_time not in state_vector_by_sample_time:
+            continue
+        python_sample_values = closure.data_path_values(
+            time_s=sample_time,
+            state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+        )
+        amesim_sample_values = {
+            data_path: interpolate_series_value(
+                amesim_results.times,
+                amesim_results.series(data_path),
+                sample_time,
+            )
+            for data_path in data_paths
+        }
+        pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics = (
+            closure.pnl0001_line_rhs_diagnostic(
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics = (
+            _pnl0001_pressure_loss_calibration_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                python_values_by_data_path=python_sample_values,
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics = (
+            _pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics = (
+            _pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                rhs_diagnostic=pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics[0],
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics = (
+            _p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics = (
+            _pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                upstream_line_alias="pneumatic_87",
+                downstream_node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnl0003_energy_diagnostics = (
+            _pnl0003_energy_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                line_alias="pneumatic_87",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics = (
+            _pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                line_alias="pneumatic_96",
+                node_alias="pn_node3_8",
+                orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+                chamber_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnch012_rhs_diagnostics = (
+            closure.variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics = (
+            _pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostic(
+                closure=closure,
+                amesim_results=amesim_results,
+                state_vector=state_vector_by_sample_time[sample_time],
+                rhs_diagnostic=pnch012_rhs_diagnostics[0],
+                chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                piston_alias="pn_brp2_8",
+                line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                time_s=sample_time,
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            amesim_sample_left_time_s,
+            amesim_sample_right_time_s,
+        ) = _series_sample_bracket(times=amesim_results.times, time_s=sample_time)
+        sample_diagnostics.append(
+            TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic(
+                time_s=sample_time,
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+                python_values_by_data_path=python_sample_values,
+                amesim_values_by_data_path=amesim_sample_values,
+                amesim_sample_left_time_s=amesim_sample_left_time_s,
+                amesim_sample_right_time_s=amesim_sample_right_time_s,
+                pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics=pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics,
+                pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics=pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics,
+                pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics=pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics,
+                pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics=pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics,
+                p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics=(
+                    p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics
+                ),
+                pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics=(
+                    pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics
+                ),
+                pnl0003_energy_diagnostics=pnl0003_energy_diagnostics,
+                pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics=(
+                    pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics
+                ),
+                pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics=(
+                    pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    python_values = closure.data_path_values(
+        time_s=final_time_s,
+        state_vector=state_vector,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+    )
+    amesim_values = {
+        data_path: interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_results.series(data_path),
+            final_time_s,
+        )
+        for data_path in data_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        event_time_s=event_time_s,
+        final_time_s=final_time_s,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        segment_diagnostics=tuple(segment_diagnostics),
+        sample_diagnostics=tuple(sample_diagnostics),
+        python_values_by_data_path=python_values,
+        amesim_values_by_data_path=amesim_values,
+    )
+
+
+
+def _event_window_config_with_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None,
+    *,
+    enabled: bool,
+) -> TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig:
+    base = config or TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig()
+    return replace(
+        base,
+        execution=replace(
+            base.execution,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=enabled,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _pnvo_event_window_sample_by_time(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+) -> dict[float, TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic]:
+    return {sample.time_s: sample for sample in diagnostic.sample_diagnostics}
+
+
+def _append_metric_comparison(
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison],
+    *,
+    time_s: float,
+    metric_name: str,
+    default_abs_error: float,
+    candidate_abs_error: float,
+) -> None:
+    comparisons.append(
+        TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison(
+            time_s=time_s,
+            metric_name=metric_name,
+            default_abs_error=default_abs_error,
+            candidate_abs_error=candidate_abs_error,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _append_pneumatic_96_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison],
+    *,
+    time_s: float,
+    default_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+    candidate_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+) -> None:
+    if (
+        not default_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics
+        or not candidate_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics
+    ):
+        return
+    default_line = default_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics[0]
+    candidate_line = candidate_sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics[0]
+    for metric_name, default_value, candidate_value in (
+        (
+            "p96:p2_abs_error_pa",
+            default_line.python_line_pressure_error_pa,
+            candidate_line.python_line_pressure_error_pa,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:t2_abs_error_k",
+            default_line.python_line_temperature_error_k,
+            candidate_line.python_line_temperature_error_k,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:storage_dm_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:active_dT_abs_error_k_s",
+            default_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s,
+            candidate_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p96:active_dP_abs_error_pa_s",
+            default_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s,
+            candidate_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s,
+        ),
+    ):
+        _append_metric_comparison(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=time_s,
+            metric_name=metric_name,
+            default_abs_error=abs(default_value),
+            candidate_abs_error=abs(candidate_value),
+        )
+
+
+def _append_pneumatic_87_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison],
+    *,
+    time_s: float,
+    default_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+    candidate_sample: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+) -> None:
+    if (
+        not default_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics
+        or not candidate_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics
+    ):
+        return
+    default_line = default_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics[0]
+    candidate_line = candidate_sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics[0]
+    for metric_name, default_value, candidate_value in (
+        (
+            "p87:node_to_line_dm_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:center_dm_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:sdm1_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:sdm2_abs_error_g_s",
+            default_line.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+            candidate_line.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s,
+        ),
+        (
+            "p87:t2_abs_error_k",
+            default_line.python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k,
+            candidate_line.python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k,
+        ),
+    ):
+        _append_metric_comparison(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=time_s,
+            metric_name=metric_name,
+            default_abs_error=abs(default_value),
+            candidate_abs_error=abs(candidate_value),
+        )
+
+
+def _pnvo_event_window_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+    default_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+    candidate_diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison, ...]:
+    candidate_samples = _pnvo_event_window_sample_by_time(candidate_diagnostic)
+    comparisons: list[TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison] = []
+    for default_sample in default_diagnostic.sample_diagnostics:
+        candidate_sample = candidate_samples.get(default_sample.time_s)
+        if candidate_sample is None:
+            continue
+        for data_path in default_sample.data_paths:
+            _append_metric_comparison(
+                comparisons,
+                time_s=default_sample.time_s,
+                metric_name=f"path:{data_path}",
+                default_abs_error=default_sample.abs_error(data_path),
+                candidate_abs_error=candidate_sample.abs_error(data_path),
+            )
+        _append_pneumatic_96_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=default_sample.time_s,
+            default_sample=default_sample,
+            candidate_sample=candidate_sample,
+        )
+        _append_pneumatic_87_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+            comparisons,
+            time_s=default_sample.time_s,
+            default_sample=default_sample,
+            candidate_sample=candidate_sample,
+        )
+    return tuple(comparisons)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison(
+    config: TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig | None = None,
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str = "pn_morifice_1",
+    final_time_s: float = 0.041,
+) -> TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic:
+    default_diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+        _event_window_config_with_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs(
+            config,
+            enabled=False,
+        ),
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        final_time_s=final_time_s,
+    )
+    candidate_diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+        _event_window_config_with_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs(
+            config,
+            enabled=True,
+        ),
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        final_time_s=final_time_s,
+    )
+    return TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic(
+        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+        event_time_s=default_diagnostic.event_time_s,
+        final_time_s=default_diagnostic.final_time_s,
+        default_diagnostic=default_diagnostic,
+        candidate_diagnostic=candidate_diagnostic,
+        metric_comparisons=_pnvo_event_window_candidate_metric_comparisons(
+            default_diagnostic,
+            candidate_diagnostic,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_summary(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Mode: PNVO event window diagnostic ({diagnostic.orifice_alias})",
+        f"Event time: {diagnostic.event_time_s}",
+        f"Final time: {diagnostic.final_time_s}",
+        "Segments:",
+    ]
+    for segment in diagnostic.segment_diagnostics:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {segment.t_start} -> {segment.t_stop}: "
+            f"method={segment.method}, rtol={segment.rtol}, "
+            f"atol={segment.atol}, max_step={segment.max_step}, "
+            f"rhs={segment.rhs_evaluations}, success={segment.success}"
+        )
+    if diagnostic.sample_diagnostics:
+        lines.append("Sample comparisons:")
+        for sample in diagnostic.sample_diagnostics:
+            if sample.amesim_values_are_interpolated:
+                amesim_sample_source = (
+                    "linear-interpolation@"
+                    f"{sample.amesim_sample_left_time_s}"
+                    f"..{sample.amesim_sample_right_time_s}"
+                )
+            else:
+                amesim_sample_source = f"exact@{sample.amesim_sample_left_time_s}"
+            lines.append(
+                f"  t={sample.time_s} (amesim={amesim_sample_source})"
+            )
+            for data_path in sample.data_paths:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - {data_path}: "
+                    f"python={sample.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+                    f"amesim={sample.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+                    f"abs_error={sample.abs_error(data_path)}"
+                )
+            for rhs in sample.pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - rhs@{rhs.line_alias}: "
+                    f"chamber_to_line={rhs.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"node_to_line={rhs.node_to_line_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"dm_dt={rhs.mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"dU_dt={rhs.energy_derivative_w}"
+                )
+            for pressure_loss in sample.pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pressure_loss@{pressure_loss.line_alias}: "
+                    f"cm={pressure_loss.amesim_cm}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={pressure_loss.amesim_dm1_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dp={pressure_loss.amesim_pressure_drop_pa}, "
+                    f"darcy_dp={pressure_loss.current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa}, "
+                    f"dp_multiplier={pressure_loss.pressure_drop_multiplier}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_ratio="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio}, "
+                    f"amesim_linear_k="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa}, "
+                    f"python_linear_k="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa}, "
+                    f"linear_k_ratio="
+                    f"{pressure_loss.python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio}"
+                )
+            for flow_parameter in sample.pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - flow_parameter@{flow_parameter.orifice_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_cm={flow_parameter.amesim_cm}, "
+                    f"python_cm={flow_parameter.python_cm}, "
+                    f"cm_ratio={flow_parameter.python_to_amesim_cm_ratio}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm2={flow_parameter.amesim_dm2_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_m={flow_parameter.python_mass_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"opening={flow_parameter.python_opening}, "
+                    f"effective_area={flow_parameter.python_effective_area_m2}, "
+                    f"upstream_p={flow_parameter.python_upstream_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"upstream_t={flow_parameter.python_upstream_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_gasvel={flow_parameter.amesim_gas_velocity_m_s}"
+                )
+            for pnvo_enthalpy in sample.pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pnvo_upstream_enthalpy@{pnvo_enthalpy.orifice_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dh3="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm3="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_dhctr="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_dmctr="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_t2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_p2_abs="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_implied_t2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_implied_t2_delta="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_real_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_real_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_flow="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_t2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_line_p2_abs="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_current_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dh2="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_current_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dh2_error="
+                    f"{pnvo_enthalpy.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}"
+                )
+            for inlet_line in sample.pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - inlet_line@{inlet_line.line_alias}: "
+                    f"node={inlet_line.node_alias}, "
+                    f"orifice={inlet_line.orifice_alias}, "
+                    f"chamber={inlet_line.chamber_alias}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_abs={inlet_line.amesim_line_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_t2={inlet_line.amesim_line_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_mgas={inlet_line.amesim_line_mass_g}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dmgas={inlet_line.amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_line_to_node_dm1={inlet_line.amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_orifice_to_line_dm2={inlet_line.amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dm_ports={inlet_line.amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dm_residual={inlet_line.amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_chamber_p_abs={inlet_line.amesim_chamber_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_chamber_t={inlet_line.amesim_chamber_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_p2_abs={inlet_line.python_line_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_t2={inlet_line.python_line_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_mgas={inlet_line.python_line_mass_g}, "
+                    f"python_p2_error={inlet_line.python_line_pressure_error_pa}, "
+                    f"python_t2_error={inlet_line.python_line_temperature_error_k}, "
+                    f"python_mgas_error={inlet_line.python_line_mass_error_g}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_dm={inlet_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_dm_error={inlet_line.python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_p_abs={inlet_line.amesim_node_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_t={inlet_line.amesim_node_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_line_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_dm={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_dm={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_dm_error={inlet_line.python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_dm={inlet_line.python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_dm_error={inlet_line.python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_p_abs={inlet_line.python_chamber_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_t={inlet_line.python_chamber_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT={inlet_line.amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT_p1_h={inlet_line.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT_p2_h={inlet_line.amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT_m_offset={inlet_line.amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dT_sum={inlet_line.amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_ref_dT_residual={inlet_line.amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT={inlet_line.python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_p1={inlet_line.python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_p2={inlet_line.python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_heat={inlet_line.python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT_error={inlet_line.python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dP={inlet_line.amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_m={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_T={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_sum={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP_residual={inlet_line.amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_m={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_T={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP_error={inlet_line.python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh1={inlet_line.python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh2={inlet_line.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_p1={inlet_line.python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_p2={inlet_line.python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_m_offset={inlet_line.python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT={inlet_line.python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dT_error={inlet_line.python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_m={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_T={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dP_error={inlet_line.python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dT_m_offset={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dT={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dT_error={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_m={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_T={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_error={inlet_line.python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dT={inlet_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dT_error={inlet_line.python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dP_sum={inlet_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_active_dP_error={inlet_line.python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_p_error={inlet_line.python_chamber_pressure_error_pa}, "
+                    f"python_chamber_t_error={inlet_line.python_chamber_temperature_error_k}"
+                )
+            for pnl0003_energy in sample.pnl0003_energy_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pnl0003_energy@{pnl0003_energy.line_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_t1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_t2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"amesim_p1_abs={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_abs={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dh1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dmctr={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dhctr={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dh2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdh1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdh2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_node_dm1={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_node_dm3={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_node_to_line_dm={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_node_to_line_dm_error={pnl0003_energy.python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_m1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g}, "
+                    f"amesim_m2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g}, "
+                    f"python_m1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_g}, "
+                    f"python_m2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_g}, "
+                    f"python_m1_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g}, "
+                    f"python_m2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_back_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fwd_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dmgas={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_storage_dmgas_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dmctr_py_sign={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_center_dm={pnl0003_energy.python_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_center_dm_error={pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm1_center={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_sdm2_center={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_ext={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_ext_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_center={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_center_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm1_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_ext={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_ext_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_center={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_center_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_sdm2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_darcy_center_dm="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_darcy_center_dm_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_dm="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_dm_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_center_real_p1="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_center_real_p1_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p1="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p1_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_ideal_p2_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p1="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p1_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"python_center_real_p2_error="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_dmgas_dt={pnl0003_energy.python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ext1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ctr1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh1_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ext2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_ctr2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT1_heat={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT1_heat={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dT2_heat={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_ext_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_ctr_h={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_m_offset={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_dT2_heat={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_back_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fwd_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_back_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fwd_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT1_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_dT2_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dP1={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dP2={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_m={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_T={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_sum={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP1_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_m={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_T={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_sum={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dP2_residual={pnl0003_energy.amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP1_m={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP1_T={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP1_sum={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP2_m={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP2_T={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_dP2_sum={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s}, "
+                    f"python_t1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_t2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_p1_abs={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_p2_abs={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_pressure_pa}, "
+                    f"python_dm1_dt={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_dm2_dt={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dT1={pnl0003_energy.python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_dT2={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_center_dT2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_ext_dT2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_amesim_ext_ctr_dT2="
+                    f"{pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_t2_error={pnl0003_energy.python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k}"
+                )
+            for energy_flow in sample.pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - energy_flow@{energy_flow.line_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_dh1={energy_flow.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={energy_flow.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_dh2={energy_flow.amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_node_dm2={energy_flow.amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_observed_sdh="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_port1_u="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_port2_u="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_dU_dt={energy_flow.python_current_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"direct_h_dU_dt="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"direct_minus_current="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_dh2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_dm2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_h2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_t2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_h2_delta="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg}, "
+                    f"python_p4_node_counterfactual_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"href_t={energy_flow.reference_temperature_k}, "
+                    f"ref_dh1_est="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w}, "
+                    f"ref_dh1_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"candidate_dm2i="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s}, "
+                    f"candidate_dh2i="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w}, "
+                    f"candidate_storage_sdh="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s}, "
+                    f"candidate_pn2pipefr_dT_residual="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_node_dh2="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_dh1_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_node_dh2_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_sdh_error="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol2_dT_node_plus_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol2_dT_node_minus_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_pn2vol2_dT_node_minus_dh1="
+                    f"{energy_flow.python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s}"
+                )
+            for p4_node in sample.p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - p4_node_enthalpy@{p4_node.node_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_p1_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p1_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_p3_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p3_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_p4_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p4_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_dh={p4_node.amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_p2_dm={p4_node.amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p1_dh={p4_node.python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p1_dm={p4_node.python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p3_dh={p4_node.python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p3_dm={p4_node.python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p4_dh={p4_node.python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p4_dm={p4_node.python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_p2_dh={p4_node.python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p2_dm={p4_node.python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p1_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p3_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p4_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p2_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p1_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p3_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p4_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p2_dh="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"python_p2_dh_error="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_ref_p2_dh_error="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}, "
+                    f"python_real_ref_p2_dh_error="
+                    f"{p4_node.python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w}"
+                )
+            for chamber_energy in sample.pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics:
+                lines.append(
+                    f"    - pnch012_energy@{chamber_energy.chamber_alias}: "
+                    f"amesim_dh1={chamber_energy.amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_dm1={chamber_energy.amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dmgas="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dmgas_residual="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dT="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_fd_dvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_piston_dvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_dq={chamber_energy.amesim_heat_flow_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_boundary_work_fd="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_fdvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_fdvol_residual="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_pistonvol="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s}, "
+                    f"amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_pistonvol_residual="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s}, "
+                    f"python_port_a_dm="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s}, "
+                    f"python_dU_dt="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.python_current_energy_derivative_w}, "
+                    f"python_current_dT="
+                    f"{chamber_energy.python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s}, "
+                    f"href_t={chamber_energy.reference_temperature_k}"
+                )
+    lines.append("Final comparison:")
+    for data_path in diagnostic.data_paths:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {data_path}: "
+            f"python={diagnostic.python_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"amesim={diagnostic.amesim_values_by_data_path[data_path]}, "
+            f"abs_error={diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}"
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+
+def format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison_summary(
+    diagnostic: TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        f"Mode: PNVO event window candidate comparison ({diagnostic.orifice_alias})",
+        f"Event time: {diagnostic.event_time_s}",
+        f"Final time: {diagnostic.final_time_s}",
+        "Default RHS: current pneumatic_96 internal-energy RHS",
+        "Candidate RHS: pneumatic_96 reference-enthalpy/mass-offset RHS",
+        "Metric comparisons: negative delta means the candidate reduced error",
+    ]
+    for comparison in diagnostic.metric_comparisons:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  t={comparison.time_s} - {comparison.metric_name}: "
+            f"default_abs_error={comparison.default_abs_error}, "
+            f"candidate_abs_error={comparison.candidate_abs_error}, "
+            f"delta={comparison.abs_error_delta}"
+        )
+    lines.append("Final comparison:")
+    for data_path in diagnostic.default_diagnostic.data_paths:
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {data_path}: "
+            f"default_abs_error={diagnostic.default_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}, "
+            f"candidate_abs_error={diagnostic.candidate_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}, "
+            f"delta="
+            f"{diagnostic.candidate_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path) - diagnostic.default_diagnostic.abs_error(data_path)}"
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(
+    run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun,
+) -> str:
+    lines = [
+        "Model: test_mql",
+        "Mode: Python 132 full-state closure comparison",
+        f"Samples: {run.sample_count}",
+        f"Compared signals: {run.signal_count}",
+        f"Output schema signals: {run.output_schema.signal_count}",
+        f"AMESim first saved interval: "
+        f"{run.amesim_results.times[1] - run.amesim_results.times[0]}",
+        f"Final time aligns with AMESim sample: "
+        f"{_matches_amesim_sample(run, run.output.times[-1])}",
+        f"Max absolute error: {run.comparison.max_abs_error}",
+        f"Max relative error: {run.comparison.max_rel_error}",
+    ]
+    largest_metric = run.largest_abs_error_metric
+    if largest_metric is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "Largest absolute error: "
+            f"{largest_metric.data_path}={largest_metric.max_abs_error}"
+        )
+    largest_diagnostic = run.largest_final_abs_error_diagnostic
+    if largest_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "Largest final endpoint error: "
+            f"{largest_diagnostic.data_path}={largest_diagnostic.final_abs_error}"
+        )
+    lines.append("Metrics by max absolute error:")
+    for metric in run.metrics_by_max_abs_error():
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {metric.data_path}: max_abs_error={metric.max_abs_error}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={metric.final_abs_error}"
+        )
+    lines.append("Endpoint diagnostics by final absolute error:")
+    for diagnostic in run.diagnostics_by_final_abs_error():
+        lines.append(
+            f"  - {diagnostic.data_path}: "
+            f"initial_python={diagnostic.initial_python_value}, "
+            f"initial_amesim={diagnostic.initial_amesim_value}, "
+            f"final_python={diagnostic.final_python_value}, "
+            f"final_amesim={diagnostic.final_amesim_value}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={diagnostic.final_abs_error}"
+        )
+    flow_diagnostic = _pneumatic_69_flow_diagnostic(run)
+    if flow_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "PNL0001 canonical mass-flow diagnostic: "
+            f"{flow_diagnostic.data_path}"
+        )
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                "  - convention=Python chamber-to-line flow "
+                "equals -AMESim dm1 * 1e-3",
+                f"  - initial_python_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.initial_python_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - initial_amesim_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.initial_amesim_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_python_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.final_python_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_amesim_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.final_amesim_canonical_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_abs_error_kg_s="
+                f"{flow_diagnostic.final_canonical_abs_error_kg_s}",
+            ]
+        )
+    pnvo_diagnostic = _pn_morifice_1_diagnostic(run)
+    if pnvo_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(f"PNVO diagnostic: {pnvo_diagnostic.alias}")
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"  - initial_python_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.initial_python_opening}",
+                f"  - initial_amesim_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.initial_amesim_opening}",
+                f"  - final_python_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_python_opening}",
+                f"  - final_amesim_opening="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_amesim_opening}",
+                f"  - final_python_mass_flow_kg_s="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_python_mass_flow_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s}",
+                f"  - final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s="
+                f"{pnvo_diagnostic.final_mass_flow_abs_error_kg_s}",
+            ]
+        )
+    chamber_diagnostic = _largest_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(run)
+    if chamber_diagnostic is not None:
+        lines.append(
+            "Largest endpoint chamber RHS breakdown: "
+            f"{chamber_diagnostic.chamber_alias}"
+        )
+        lines.extend(
+            [
+                f"  - piston_alias={chamber_diagnostic.piston_alias}",
+                f"  - pressure_pa={chamber_diagnostic.chamber_pressure_pa}",
+                f"  - volume_m3={chamber_diagnostic.chamber_volume_m3}",
+                f"  - volume_rate_m3_s={chamber_diagnostic.chamber_volume_rate_m3_s}",
+                f"  - mass_derivative_kg_s={chamber_diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s}",
+                f"  - port_a_energy_flow_w={chamber_diagnostic.port_a_energy_flow_w}",
+                f"  - boundary_work_w={chamber_diagnostic.boundary_work_w}",
+                f"  - thermal_energy_flow_w="
+                f"{chamber_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w}",
+                f"  - energy_derivative_w={chamber_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w}",
+            ]
+        )
+    return "\n".join(lines) + "\n"
+
+
+def _matches_amesim_sample(
+    run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun,
+    time_s: float,
+) -> bool:
+    return any(
+        abs(float(sample_time) - float(time_s)) <= 1.0e-12
+        for sample_time in run.amesim_results.times
+    )
+
+
+def _pneumatic_69_flow_diagnostic(run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun):
+    try:
+        return run.pnl0001_mass_flow_diagnostic()
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _pn_morifice_1_diagnostic(run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun):
+    try:
+        return run.pnvo_diagnostic()
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+
+
+def _largest_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(run: TestMqlFullStateComparisonRun):
+    diagnostic = run.largest_final_abs_error_diagnostic
+    if diagnostic is None or "@" not in diagnostic.data_path:
+        return None
+    _signal, alias = diagnostic.data_path.split("@", 1)
+    try:
+        return run.chamber_rhs_diagnostic(alias)
+    except KeyError:
+        return None
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-boundary",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="compare the STEP0 left-state/right-opening boundary at t=0.04 s",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-window",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="run the segmented PNVO opening window through the t=0.05 s save point",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-window-candidate-comparison",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="compare the PNVO event window with and without the pneumatic_96 RHS candidate",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pnvo-event-window-final-time",
+        type=float,
+        help="override PNVO event window final time; candidate comparison defaults to 0.041 s",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--amesim-results-archive",
+        type=Path,
+        help="read AMESim observations from a separate .ame results package",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pneumatic-96-reference-rhs",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enable the local reference/mass-offset RHS candidate for pneumatic_96",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--pneumatic-69-reference-rhs",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="enable the local reference/mass-offset RHS candidate for pneumatic_69",
+    )
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    config = None
+    if (
+        args.amesim_results_archive is not None
+        or args.pneumatic_96_reference_rhs
+        or args.pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+    ):
+        config = TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig(
+            paths=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig(
+                amesim_results_archive_path=args.amesim_results_archive,
+            ),
+            execution=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig(
+                use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=args.pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+                use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=args.pneumatic_69_reference_rhs,
+            ),
+        )
+    if args.pnvo_event_boundary:
+        diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_diagnostic(config)
+        print(format_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_summary(diagnostic), end="")
+        return
+    if args.pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison:
+        diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison(
+            config,
+            final_time_s=args.pnvo_event_window_final_time or 0.041,
+        )
+        print(
+            format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison_summary(
+                diagnostic
+            ),
+            end="",
+        )
+        return
+    if args.pnvo_event_window:
+        if args.pnvo_event_window_final_time is None:
+            diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(config)
+        else:
+            diagnostic = run_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic(
+                config,
+                final_time_s=args.pnvo_event_window_final_time,
+            )
+        print(format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_summary(diagnostic), end="")
+        return
+
+    run, output_dir = run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(config)
+    print(format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(run), end="")
+    print(f"Output directory: {output_dir}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bd736b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6334 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from pathlib import Path
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+
+from PythonModels.core.base import Component
+from PythonModels.core.network import SimulationNetwork
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+
+
+MODEL_NAME = "test_mql"
+AMESIM_ARCHIVE_RELATIVE_PATH = Path("AmesimModels/test_mql.ame")
+
+# Extracted from AmesimModels/test_mql.ame on the model-development branch.
+# This is a structural Python port scaffold: it preserves the AMESim component
+# inventory, parameters, and connection topology without changing the existing
+# Testmodel implementation. The detailed AMESim submodel equations should be
+# replaced incrementally per submodel family.
+MODEL_INFO = {'num_states': 132, 'num_discrete_states': 24, 'is_explicit': 1}
+SIMULATION_SETTINGS = {'raw': '0 10 0.01 1e+30 1e-07 0.001 1 0.1\r\n0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0',
+ 't_start': 0.0,
+ 't_stop': 10.0,
+ 'print_interval': 0.01,
+ 'max_step': 0.001,
+ 'sample_step': 0.1}
+GLOBAL_PARAMETERS = {'D2': '20', 'D1': '20', 'D3': '14', 'Pdq': '1', 'P0': '153', 'V': '15', 'cf': '0.45'}
+SUBMODEL_COUNTS = {'PNRP17': 8,
+ 'F000': 16,
+ 'MECMAS21': 10,
+ 'LMECHN1': 2,
+ 'LSTP00A': 8,
+ 'PNCH012': 8,
+ 'PNPL01': 16,
+ 'FORC': 2,
+ 'PNCH023': 4,
+ 'PNOR001': 8,
+ 'PN3NODE2': 8,
+ 'P4NODE2': 8,
+ 'PNVO001': 8,
+ 'STEP0': 8,
+ 'UD00': 2,
+ 'PNGD00': 1}
+LINE_SUBMODEL_COUNTS = {'DIRECT': 44, 'PNL0001': 20, 'PNL0003': 8, 'PNL0002': 8, 'PNL00R': 4}
+COMPONENT_SPECS = [{'index': 0,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 1,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 2,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 3,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 4,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 5,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 6,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 7,
+  'alias': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_brp2',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_brp2',
+  'submodel': 'PNRP17',
+  'label': 'pneumatic piston with moving body',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'dp',
+                  'title': 'piston diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'dr',
+                  'title': 'rod diameter',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'x0',
+                  'title': 'chamber length at zero relative displacement',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 8,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_17',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 9,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_10',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 10,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_18',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 11,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_11',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 12,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_19',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 13,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_12',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 14,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_20',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 15,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_13',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 16,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_21',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 17,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_14',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 18,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_22',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 19,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_15',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 20,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_23',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 21,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_16',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 22,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_24',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 23,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_17',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '5.00000000000000e+01', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '4', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 24,
+  'alias': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'component_name': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'library_id': 'meca.dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'submodel': 'LMECHN1',
+  'label': 'dynamic linear mechanical node (velocity and displacement)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_6', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_7', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_8', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_9', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'v1', 'title': 'number of ports at right', 'value': '8', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'sum', 'title': 'node sum', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 25,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_18',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '1.70000000000000e+05', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '3.70000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 26,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_8',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 27,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_9',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 28,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_10',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 29,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_11',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 30,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_12',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 31,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_13',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 32,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_14',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 33,
+  'alias': 'elasticendstop_15',
+  'component_name': 'elasticendstop',
+  'library_id': 'meca.elasticendstop',
+  'submodel': 'LSTP00A',
+  'label': 'elastic contact (no states)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'na',
+                  'title': 'number of active coils',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gap0',
+                  'title': 'gap or clearance with both displacements zero',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'kcont',
+                  'title': 'contact stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/m'},
+                 {'name': 'G',
+                  'title': 'material shear modulus',
+                  'value': '8.57000000000000e+10',
+                  'units': 'N/m**2'},
+                 {'name': 'sdiam',
+                  'title': 'spring diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'wdiam',
+                  'title': 'wire diameter',
+                  'value': '2.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'rcont',
+                  'title': 'contact damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+11',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdis',
+                  'title': 'penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-04',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'stiffmode', 'title': 'spring stiffness mode', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 34,
+  'alias': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'component_name': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'library_id': 'meca.dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative',
+  'submodel': 'LMECHN1',
+  'label': 'dynamic linear mechanical node (velocity and displacement)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_5', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_6', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_7', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_8', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_9', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'v1', 'title': 'number of ports at right', 'value': '8', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'sum', 'title': 'node sum', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 35,
+  'alias': 'mass_friction_endstops_19',
+  'component_name': 'mass_friction_endstops',
+  'library_id': 'meca.mass_friction_endstops',
+  'submodel': 'MECMAS21',
+  'label': '1D translation mass',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'mass', 'title': 'mass', 'value': '9.00000000000000e+04', 'units': 'kg'},
+                 {'name': 'fstick',
+                  'title': 'stiction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'fcoul',
+                  'title': 'Coulomb friction force',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N'},
+                 {'name': 'rvisc',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of viscous friction',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'wind',
+                  'title': 'coefficient of windage',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'N/(m/s)**2'},
+                 {'name': 'dvel',
+                  'title': 'stick velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restdvel',
+                  'title': 'velocity threshold',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-06',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'restcoeff',
+                  'title': 'restitution coefficient',
+                  'value': '6.50000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'astrib',
+                  'title': 'Stribeck constant',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-03',
+                  'units': 'm/s'},
+                 {'name': 'xmin',
+                  'title': 'lower displacement limit',
+                  'value': '-7.20000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmin',
+                  'title': 'lower limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'xmax',
+                  'title': 'higher displacement limit',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'm'},
+                 {'name': 'Kbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit stiffness',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+06',
+                  'units': 'N/mm'},
+                 {'name': 'Dbmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit contact damping coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'N/(mm/s)'},
+                 {'name': 'Pdmax',
+                  'title': 'higher limit penetration for full damping',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'mm'},
+                 {'name': 'theta',
+                  'title': 'inclination (+90 port 1 lowest, -90 port 1 highest)',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'degree'},
+                 {'name': 'useFriction', 'title': 'use friction', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'stoptype', 'title': 'endstop type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'discContactOption',
+                  'title': 'negative contact force',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'strib', 'title': 'Stribeck effect', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'frictionType', 'title': 'friction type', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 36,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_8',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 37,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_16',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 38,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_17',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 39,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 40,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_18',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 41,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_19',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 42,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 43,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_20',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 44,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_21',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 45,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 46,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_22',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 47,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_23',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 48,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 49,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_24',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 50,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_25',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 51,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 52,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_26',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 53,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_27',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 54,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 55,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_28',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 56,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_29',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 57,
+  'alias': 'pn_c1_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_c1',
+  'library_id': 'pcd.pn_c1',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH012',
+  'label': 'variable volume pneumatic chamber with heat exchange (preferred)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol0', 'title': 'dead volume', 'value': 'V', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '1.50000000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '7.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 58,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_30',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 59,
+  'alias': 'pn_plug_31',
+  'component_name': 'pn_plug',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_plug',
+  'submodel': 'PNPL01',
+  'label': 'zero pneumatic flow source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 60,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_26',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 61,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_27',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 62,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_28',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 63,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_29',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 64,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_30',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 65,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_31',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 66,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_32',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 67,
+  'alias': 'zeroforcesource_33',
+  'component_name': 'zeroforcesource',
+  'library_id': 'meca.zeroforcesource',
+  'submodel': 'F000',
+  'label': 'zero force source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 68,
+  'alias': 'forcecon_1',
+  'component_name': 'forcecon',
+  'library_id': 'meca.forcecon',
+  'submodel': 'FORC',
+  'label': 'conversion of signal input into a force in N',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '2'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 69,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 70,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_18',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 71,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_19',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 72,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 73,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 74,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber_2',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 75,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_20',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 76,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_21',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 77,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 78,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 79,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber_4',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 80,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_22',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 81,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_23',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 82,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 83,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 84,
+  'alias': 'pn_general_chamber_5',
+  'component_name': 'pn_general_chamber',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_general_chamber',
+  'submodel': 'PNCH023',
+  'label': 'simple pneumatic chamber with heat exchange',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cvol', 'title': 'volume', 'value': '5.70000000000000e+01', 'units': 'L'},
+                 {'name': 'kth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange coefficient',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'J/m**2/K/s'},
+                 {'name': 'sth',
+                  'title': 'thermal exchange area',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'extemp',
+                  'title': 'external temperature',
+                  'value': '2.93150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 85,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_24',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 86,
+  'alias': 'pn_orifice_25',
+  'component_name': 'pn_orifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_orifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNOR001',
+  'label': 'pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)',
+                  'value': '9.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area',
+                  'title': 'orifice area',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 87,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 88,
+  'alias': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_node3',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_node3',
+  'submodel': 'PN3NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 3 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 89,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 90,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 91,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 92,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 93,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 94,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 95,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 96,
+  'alias': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'component_name': 'pnnode4',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pnnode4',
+  'submodel': 'P4NODE2',
+  'label': 'pneumatic junction 4 ports (temperature and pressure fixed by port 2)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '0'},
+            {'name': 'port_4', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 97,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 98,
+  'alias': 'step_8',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 99,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 100,
+  'alias': 'step_9',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 101,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 102,
+  'alias': 'step_10',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 103,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 104,
+  'alias': 'step_11',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 105,
+  'alias': 'forcecon_2',
+  'component_name': 'forcecon',
+  'library_id': 'meca.forcecon',
+  'submodel': 'FORC',
+  'label': 'conversion of signal input into a force in N',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'lshaft', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': []},
+ {'index': 106,
+  'alias': 'piecewiselinear',
+  'component_name': 'piecewiselinear',
+  'library_id': 'sig.piecewiselinear',
+  'submodel': 'UD00',
+  'label': 'piecewise linear signal source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'tstart',
+                  'title': 'time at which duty cycle starts',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start1',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+17',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end1',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+17',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't1',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 1',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start2',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 2',
+                  'value': '4.90000000000000e+04',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end2',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 2',
+                  'value': '4.90000000000000e+04',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't2',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 2',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start3',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end3',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't3',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 3',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start4',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end4',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't4',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 4',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start5',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end5',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't5',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 5',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start6',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end6',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't6',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 6',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start7',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end7',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't7',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 7',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start8',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end8',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't8',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 8',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'nstages', 'title': 'number of stages', 'value': '2', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'iscyclic', 'title': 'cyclic', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 107,
+  'alias': 'piecewiselinear_1',
+  'component_name': 'piecewiselinear',
+  'library_id': 'sig.piecewiselinear',
+  'submodel': 'UD00',
+  'label': 'piecewise linear signal source',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'tstart',
+                  'title': 'time at which duty cycle starts',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start1',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+12',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end1',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 1',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+12',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't1',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 1',
+                  'value': '8.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start2',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 2',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end2',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 2',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't2',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 2',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start3',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end3',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 3',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't3',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 3',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start4',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end4',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 4',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't4',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 4',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start5',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end5',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 5',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't5',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 5',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start6',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end6',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 6',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't6',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 6',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start7',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end7',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 7',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't7',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 7',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'start8',
+                  'title': 'output at start of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'end8',
+                  'title': 'output at end of stage 8',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't8',
+                  'title': 'duration of stage 8',
+                  'value': '3.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'nstages', 'title': 'number of stages', 'value': '2', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'iscyclic', 'title': 'cyclic', 'value': '1', 'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 108,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 109,
+  'alias': 'step_12',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 110,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 111,
+  'alias': 'step_13',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 112,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 113,
+  'alias': 'step_14',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 114,
+  'alias': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'component_name': 'pn_morifice',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_morifice',
+  'submodel': 'PNVO001',
+  'label': 'modulated pneumatic orifice (constant flow coefficient)',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '1'},
+            {'name': 'port_2', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '3'},
+            {'name': 'port_3', 'type': 'pflow', 'face': '2'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cq', 'title': 'flow coefficient (Cq)', 'value': 'cf', 'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'area0',
+                  'title': 'orifice area at maximum opening',
+                  'value': '3.14*10^2/4',
+                  'units': 'mm**2'},
+                 {'name': 'Cv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Cv)',
+                  'value': '5.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'Kv',
+                  'title': 'maximum flow coefficient (Kv)',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'flowset',
+                  'title': 'flow coefficient setting',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 115,
+  'alias': 'step_15',
+  'component_name': 'step',
+  'library_id': 'sig.step',
+  'submodel': 'STEP0',
+  'label': 'step function',
+  'ports': [{'name': 'port_1', 'type': 'signal', 'face': '3'}],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'out0',
+                  'title': 'value before step',
+                  'value': '0.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'out1',
+                  'title': 'value after step',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 't0',
+                  'title': 'step time',
+                  'value': '4.00000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'td',
+                  'title': 'transition duration',
+                  'value': '1.00000000000000e-01',
+                  'units': 's'},
+                 {'name': 'transitionType',
+                  'title': 'transition type',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]},
+ {'index': 116,
+  'alias': 'pn_gas_data',
+  'component_name': 'pn_gas_data',
+  'library_id': 'pn.pn_gas_data',
+  'submodel': 'PNGD00',
+  'label': 'gas definition for helium (He)',
+  'ports': [],
+  'parameters': [{'name': 'cp',
+                  'title': 'constant-pressure specific heat (Cp)',
+                  'value': '1.00520000000000e+03',
+                  'units': 'J/kg/K'},
+                 {'name': 'cv',
+                  'title': 'constant-volume specific heat (Cv)',
+                  'value': '7.18000000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'J/kg/K'},
+                 {'name': 'gamma',
+                  'title': 'specific heat ratio (gamma)',
+                  'value': '1.40000000000000e+00',
+                  'units': 'null'},
+                 {'name': 'rGas',
+                  'title': 'specific gas constant (r)',
+                  'value': '2.87200000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'J/kg/K'},
+                 {'name': 'mu',
+                  'title': 'absolute viscosity (mu)',
+                  'value': '1.82000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 'cP'},
+                 {'name': 'lam',
+                  'title': 'thermal conductivity',
+                  'value': '2.64000000000000e-02',
+                  'units': 'W/m/K'},
+                 {'name': 'M',
+                  'title': 'molar mass',
+                  'value': '2.89651300000000e+01',
+                  'units': 'g/mol'},
+                 {'name': 'operatingTempK',
+                  'title': 'operating temperature',
+                  'value': '2.98150000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'K'},
+                 {'name': 'enthForm',
+                  'title': 'enthalpy of formation',
+                  'value': '-1.25530000000000e+02',
+                  'units': 'J/mol'},
+                 {'name': 'gi', 'title': 'gas type index', 'value': '1', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'fluidType', 'title': 'fluid definition', 'value': '12', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'eosType', 'title': 'properties definition', 'value': '6', 'units': ''},
+                 {'name': 'gasSetting',
+                  'title': 'setting properties through',
+                  'value': '1',
+                  'units': ''}]}]
+CONNECTION_SPECS = [{'index': 0,
+  'alias': 'linear_24',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 1,
+  'alias': 'linear_25',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 2,
+  'alias': 'linear_26',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 3,
+  'alias': 'linear_27',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 4,
+  'alias': 'linear_28',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 5,
+  'alias': 'linear_29',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 6,
+  'alias': 'linear_30',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 7,
+  'alias': 'linear_31',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 8,
+  'alias': 'linear_32',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 9,
+  'alias': 'linear_33',
+  'source_component': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'elasticendstop_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 10,
+  'alias': 'linear_34',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 11,
+  'alias': 'linear_35',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 12,
+  'alias': 'linear_36',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_5',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 13,
+  'alias': 'linear_37',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_6',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 14,
+  'alias': 'linear_38',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_7',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 15,
+  'alias': 'linear_39',
+  'source_component': 'elasticendstop_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2',
+  'target_port': 'port_8',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 16,
+  'alias': 'linear_40',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_8',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 17,
+  'alias': 'linear_41',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_7',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 18,
+  'alias': 'linear_42',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_6',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 19,
+  'alias': 'linear_43',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_5',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 20,
+  'alias': 'linear_44',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_4',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 21,
+  'alias': 'linear_45',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 22,
+  'alias': 'linear_46',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 23,
+  'alias': 'linear_47',
+  'source_component': 'dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 24,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_56',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 25,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_57',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 26,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_58',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 27,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_59',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 28,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_60',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 29,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_61',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 30,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_62',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 31,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_63',
+  'source_component': 'pn_c1_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_brp2_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 32,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_64',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 33,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_65',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 34,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_66',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 35,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_67',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 36,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_68',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 37,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_69',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_8',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 38,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_70',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 39,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_71',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 40,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_72',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 41,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_73',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 42,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_74',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_c1_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 43,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_75',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 44,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_76',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 45,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_77',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 46,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_78',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 47,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_79',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_4',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 48,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_80',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 49,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_81',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 50,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_82',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 51,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_83',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 52,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_84',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_20',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 53,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_85',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_19',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_23',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 54,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_86',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_18',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 55,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_87',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 56,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_88',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 57,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_89',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 58,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_90',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_17',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 59,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_91',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 60,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_92',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0003',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R-C)'},
+ {'index': 61,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_93',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_21',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 62,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_94',
+  'source_component': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_2',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'target_port': 'port_4',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 63,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_95',
+  'source_component': 'pnnode4_22',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pnnode4_16',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0002',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R-C-R)'},
+ {'index': 64,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_96',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_18',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 65,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_97',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_19',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 66,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_98',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_20',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 67,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_99',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_21',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 68,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_100',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 69,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_101',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_22',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 70,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_102',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_23',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 71,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_103',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_orifice_24',
+  'target_port': 'port_2',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 72,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_104',
+  'source_component': 'pn_orifice_25',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL0001',
+  'label': 'Compressibility + friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (C-R)'},
+ {'index': 73,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_105',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_3',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 74,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_106',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 75,
+  'alias': 'pneumatic_107',
+  'source_component': 'pn_node3_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_node3_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_3',
+  'submodel': 'PNL00R',
+  'label': 'Friction submodel of pneumatic pipe (R)'},
+ {'index': 76,
+  'alias': 'control_8',
+  'source_component': 'step_8',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_11',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 77,
+  'alias': 'control_9',
+  'source_component': 'step_9',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_12',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 78,
+  'alias': 'control_10',
+  'source_component': 'step_10',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_13',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 79,
+  'alias': 'control_11',
+  'source_component': 'step_11',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_14',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 80,
+  'alias': 'control_12',
+  'source_component': 'step_12',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_1',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 81,
+  'alias': 'control_13',
+  'source_component': 'step_13',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_9',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 82,
+  'alias': 'control_14',
+  'source_component': 'step_14',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_10',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'},
+ {'index': 83,
+  'alias': 'control_15',
+  'source_component': 'step_15',
+  'source_port': 'port_1',
+  'target_component': 'pn_morifice_15',
+  'target_port': 'port_1',
+  'submodel': 'DIRECT',
+  'label': 'Direct connection'}]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlRunConfig:
+    t_start: float = SIMULATION_SETTINGS["t_start"]
+    t_stop: float = SIMULATION_SETTINGS["t_stop"]
+    sample_step: float = SIMULATION_SETTINGS["sample_step"]
+
+    def sample_times(self) -> list[float]:
+        if self.sample_step <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("sample_step must be positive")
+        point_count = int(round((self.t_stop - self.t_start) / self.sample_step))
+        return [self.t_start + index * self.sample_step for index in range(point_count + 1)]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlSnapshot:
+    model_name: str
+    component_count: int
+    connection_count: int
+    continuous_state_count: int
+    discrete_state_count: int
+    global_parameters: dict[str, str]
+    submodel_counts: dict[str, int]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlSimulationResult:
+    t: list[float]
+    y: list[list[float]]
+    series: dict[str, list[float]]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFullStateSnapshot:
+    pneumatic: object
+    mechanical: object
+    mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias: dict[str, float]
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.pneumatic_state_count + self.mechanical_state_count
+
+    @property
+    def pneumatic_state_count(self) -> int:
+        return 112
+
+    @property
+    def mechanical_state_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.mechanical.state_count
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic:
+    chamber_alias: str
+    piston_alias: str
+    chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    chamber_temperature_k: float
+    chamber_volume_m3: float
+    chamber_volume_rate_m3_s: float
+    port_a_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    port_b_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    port_a_energy_flow_w: float
+    port_b_energy_flow_w: float
+    boundary_work_w: float
+    thermal_energy_flow_w: float
+    energy_derivative_w: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic:
+    line_alias: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    line_pressure_pa: float
+    line_temperature_k: float
+    chamber_pressure_pa: float
+    chamber_temperature_k: float
+    chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s: float
+    node_to_line_flow_kg_s: float
+    mass_derivative_kg_s: float
+    port_1_energy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_energy_flow_w: float
+    thermal_energy_flow_w: float
+    energy_derivative_w: float
+
+
+_PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS = (
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_10", "pn_brp2_8", "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_11", "pn_brp2_9", "p4_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_12", "pn_brp2_10", "p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_13", "pn_brp2_11", "p4_port1_far_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_14", "pn_brp2_12", "p4_port1_next_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_15", "pn_brp2_13", "p4_bridge_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_16", "pn_brp2_14", "p4_port3_next_primary_chamber"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_17", "pn_brp2_15", "p4_port3_far_primary_chamber"),
+)
+
+_ELASTIC_ENDSTOP_FORCE_BINDINGS = (
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_10", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_8"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_11", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_9"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_12", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_10"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_13", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_11"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_14", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_12"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_15", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_13"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_16", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_14"),
+    ("mass_friction_endstops_17", "mass_friction_endstops_18", "elasticendstop_15"),
+)
+
+
+def _default_full_state_data_paths() -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    chamber_paths: list[str] = []
+    piston_paths: list[str] = []
+    for _mass_alias, piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+        chamber_alias = _PNCH012_ALIAS_BY_SNAPSHOT_FIELD[chamber_field]
+        chamber_paths.extend([f"press@{chamber_alias}", f"vol@{chamber_alias}"])
+        piston_paths.extend([f"vol1@{piston_alias}", f"vvol1@{piston_alias}"])
+    mass_paths = [
+        f"{signal}@mass_friction_endstops_{index}"
+        for index in range(10, 20)
+        for signal in ("x1", "v1", "acc1")
+    ]
+    return tuple(
+        [
+            *chamber_paths,
+            *piston_paths,
+            *mass_paths,
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+        ]
+    )
+
+
+_PNCH012_ALIAS_BY_SNAPSHOT_FIELD = {
+    "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_8",
+    "p4_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_9",
+    "p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_10",
+    "p4_port1_far_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_11",
+    "p4_port1_next_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_12",
+    "p4_bridge_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_13",
+    "p4_port3_next_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_14",
+    "p4_port3_far_primary_chamber": "pn_c1_15",
+}
+
+
+_PRIMARY_CHAMBER_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS = {
+    "pn_c1_8": (
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_9": (
+        "p4_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_primary_line",
+        "p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_10": (
+        "p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port1_remote_primary_line",
+        "p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_11": (
+        "p4_port1_far_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port1_far_primary_line",
+        "p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_12": (
+        "p4_port1_next_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port1_next_primary_line",
+        "p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_13": (
+        "p4_bridge_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_bridge_primary_line",
+        "p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_14": (
+        "p4_port3_next_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_next_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+    "pn_c1_15": (
+        "p4_port3_far_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_far_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow",
+    ),
+}
+
+
+_PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS = {
+    "pneumatic_69": (
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_line",
+        "p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber",
+        "p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow",
+        "p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow",
+    ),
+}
+
+_VARIABLE_ORIFICE_MASS_FLOW_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS = {
+    "pn_morifice_1": "p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow",
+}
+
+
+class TestMqlFullStateClosure:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        pneumatic_closure: object,
+        mechanical_closure: object,
+        pneumatic_assembly: object,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.pneumatic_closure = pneumatic_closure
+        self.mechanical_closure = mechanical_closure
+        self.pneumatic_assembly = pneumatic_assembly
+        self.pneumatic_state_count = len(pneumatic_closure.initial_state_vector())
+        self.mechanical_state_count = len(mechanical_closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.pneumatic_state_count + self.mechanical_state_count
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.pneumatic_closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            *self.mechanical_closure.initial_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def _split_state(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> tuple[list[float], list[float]]:
+        if len(state_vector) != self.state_count:
+            raise ValueError("full test_mql state vector requires 132 values")
+        return (
+            state_vector[: self.pneumatic_state_count],
+            state_vector[self.pneumatic_state_count :],
+        )
+
+    def snapshot(self, state_vector: list[float] | None = None) -> TestMqlFullStateSnapshot:
+        return self.snapshot_at(0.0, state_vector)
+
+    def snapshot_at(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStateSnapshot:
+        values = self.initial_state_vector() if state_vector is None else list(state_vector)
+        pneumatic_state, mechanical_state = self._split_state(values)
+        mechanical_snapshot = self.mechanical_closure.snapshot(mechanical_state)
+        self._sync_variable_chamber_kinematics(mechanical_snapshot)
+        self.pneumatic_assembly.set_variable_orifice_openings(time_s)
+        pneumatic_snapshot = self.pneumatic_closure.snapshot(pneumatic_state)
+        return TestMqlFullStateSnapshot(
+            pneumatic=pneumatic_snapshot,
+            mechanical=mechanical_snapshot,
+            mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias=(
+                self._mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias(
+                    pneumatic_snapshot,
+                    mechanical_snapshot,
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        return self.rhs_at(0.0, state_vector)
+
+    def rhs_at(self, time_s: float, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        pneumatic_state, mechanical_state = self._split_state(list(state_vector))
+        mechanical_snapshot = self.mechanical_closure.snapshot(mechanical_state)
+        self._sync_variable_chamber_kinematics(mechanical_snapshot)
+        self.pneumatic_assembly.set_variable_orifice_openings(time_s)
+        pneumatic_snapshot = self.pneumatic_closure.snapshot(pneumatic_state)
+        return [
+            *self.pneumatic_closure.rhs(pneumatic_state),
+            *self.mechanical_closure.rhs(
+                mechanical_state,
+                force_by_mass_alias=self._force_by_mass_alias(
+                    time_s,
+                    pneumatic_snapshot,
+                    mechanical_snapshot,
+                ),
+                constrained_mass_aliases={
+                    "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+                    "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+                },
+            ),
+        ]
+
+    def _sync_variable_chamber_kinematics(self, mechanical_snapshot: object) -> None:
+        for _mass_alias, piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            piston = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+            kinematics = mechanical_snapshot.piston_kinematics_by_alias[piston_alias]
+            chamber = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, chamber_field)
+            chamber.set_external_volume_m3(
+                piston.geometry().chamber_volume_m3(
+                    kinematics.port_3_displacement_m,
+                    kinematics.port_2_displacement_m,
+                ),
+                piston.geometry().chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(
+                    kinematics.port_3_velocity_m_s,
+                    kinematics.port_2_velocity_m_s,
+                ),
+            )
+
+    def variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chamber_alias: str,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        time_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic:
+        if chamber_alias not in _PRIMARY_CHAMBER_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS:
+            raise KeyError(chamber_alias)
+        chamber_field, line_field, flow_field = _PRIMARY_CHAMBER_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[
+            chamber_alias
+        ]
+        piston_alias = next(
+            piston_alias
+            for _mass_alias, piston_alias, bound_chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS
+            if bound_chamber_field == chamber_field
+        )
+        snapshot = self.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        chamber = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, chamber_field)
+        chamber_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_field)
+        line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+        chamber_to_line_flow = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, flow_field)
+        port_a_mass_flow = -chamber_to_line_flow
+        port_b_mass_flow = 0.0
+        port_a_inlet_h = chamber.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_a_mass_flow,
+            connected_h=line_properties.h,
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        port_b_inlet_h = chamber.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=port_b_mass_flow,
+            connected_h=chamber_properties.h,
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        port_a_energy_flow = port_a_mass_flow * port_a_inlet_h
+        port_b_energy_flow = port_b_mass_flow * port_b_inlet_h
+        boundary_work = -chamber_properties.p * chamber.volume_rate_m3_s()
+        thermal_energy_flow = chamber.thermal_energy_flow_w(
+            chamber_properties.T
+        )
+        return TestMqlVariableChamberRhsDiagnostic(
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            piston_alias=piston_alias,
+            chamber_pressure_pa=chamber_properties.p,
+            chamber_temperature_k=chamber_properties.T,
+            chamber_volume_m3=chamber.volume,
+            chamber_volume_rate_m3_s=chamber.volume_rate_m3_s(),
+            port_a_mass_flow_kg_s=port_a_mass_flow,
+            port_b_mass_flow_kg_s=port_b_mass_flow,
+            mass_derivative_kg_s=port_a_mass_flow + port_b_mass_flow,
+            port_a_energy_flow_w=port_a_energy_flow,
+            port_b_energy_flow_w=port_b_energy_flow,
+            boundary_work_w=boundary_work,
+            thermal_energy_flow_w=thermal_energy_flow,
+            energy_derivative_w=(
+                port_a_energy_flow
+                + port_b_energy_flow
+                + boundary_work
+                + thermal_energy_flow
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_line_rhs_diagnostic(
+        self,
+        *,
+        line_alias: str,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        time_s: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic:
+        if line_alias not in _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS:
+            raise KeyError(line_alias)
+        (
+            line_field,
+            chamber_field,
+            chamber_flow_field,
+            node_flow_field,
+        ) = _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[line_alias]
+        chamber_alias = _PNCH012_ALIAS_BY_SNAPSHOT_FIELD[chamber_field]
+        snapshot = self.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        line = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, line_field)
+        line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+        chamber_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_field)
+        chamber_to_line_flow = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_flow_field)
+        node_to_line_flow = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, node_flow_field)
+        p4_balance = snapshot.pneumatic.p4_port3_remote_balance
+        p4_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s = p4_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        node_connected_h = (
+            line_properties.h
+            if abs(p4_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12
+            else p4_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w / p4_port_2_mass_flow_kg_s
+        )
+        line_derivative = line.derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=chamber_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=chamber_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_2=node_connected_h,
+        )
+        port_1_inlet_h = (
+            chamber_properties.h if chamber_to_line_flow > 0.0 else line_properties.h
+        )
+        port_2_inlet_h = (
+            node_connected_h if node_to_line_flow > 0.0 else line_properties.h
+        )
+        thermal_energy_flow = (
+            line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * line.heat_transfer_area
+            * (line.external_temperature - line_properties.T)
+        )
+        return TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic(
+            line_alias=line_alias,
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            line_pressure_pa=line_properties.p,
+            line_temperature_k=line_properties.T,
+            chamber_pressure_pa=chamber_properties.p,
+            chamber_temperature_k=chamber_properties.T,
+            chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s=chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow_kg_s=node_to_line_flow,
+            mass_derivative_kg_s=line_derivative.m,
+            port_1_energy_flow_w=chamber_to_line_flow * port_1_inlet_h,
+            port_2_energy_flow_w=node_to_line_flow * port_2_inlet_h,
+            thermal_energy_flow_w=thermal_energy_flow,
+            energy_derivative_w=line_derivative.U,
+        )
+
+    def data_path_values(
+        self,
+        *,
+        time_s: float,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa
+
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else _default_full_state_data_paths()
+        snapshot = self.snapshot_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        rhs = self.rhs_at(time_s, state_vector)
+        chamber_properties_by_alias = {}
+        chamber_by_alias = {}
+        for _mass_alias, _piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            chamber = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, chamber_field)
+            chamber_by_alias[chamber.name] = chamber
+            chamber_properties_by_alias[chamber.name] = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_field)
+
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in snapshot.mechanical.states}
+        acceleration_by_mass_alias = {
+            alias: rhs[self.pneumatic_state_count + 2 * index]
+            for index, alias in enumerate(self.mechanical_closure.mass_aliases)
+        }
+        values_by_data_path = {}
+        for data_path in selected_paths:
+            signal, alias = self._split_data_path(data_path)
+            if alias in _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS:
+                (
+                    line_field,
+                    _chamber_field,
+                    chamber_flow_field,
+                    _node_flow_field,
+                ) = _PNL0001_LINE_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[alias]
+                if signal == "dm1":
+                    canonical_flow_kg_s = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_flow_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = -canonical_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3
+                elif signal == "p2":
+                    line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(
+                        line_properties.p
+                    )
+                elif signal == "t2":
+                    line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = line_properties.T
+                elif signal == "mgas":
+                    line = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, line_field)
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = line.gas_mass_g()
+                elif signal in {"re", "v", "ff"}:
+                    line = getattr(self.pneumatic_closure.components, line_field)
+                    line_properties = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, line_field)
+                    canonical_flow_kg_s = getattr(snapshot.pneumatic, chamber_flow_field)
+                    diagnostics = line.diagnostics(
+                        mass_flow_kg_s=-canonical_flow_kg_s,
+                        temperature_k=line_properties.T,
+                    )
+                    if signal == "re":
+                        values_by_data_path[data_path] = diagnostics.reynolds_number
+                    elif signal == "v":
+                        values_by_data_path[data_path] = diagnostics.gas_velocity_m_s
+                    else:
+                        values_by_data_path[data_path] = diagnostics.friction_factor
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices:
+                orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[alias]
+                if signal == "xv":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = orifice.opening
+                elif (
+                    signal == "dm2"
+                    and alias in _VARIABLE_ORIFICE_MASS_FLOW_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS
+                ):
+                    flow_kg_s = getattr(
+                        snapshot.pneumatic,
+                        _VARIABLE_ORIFICE_MASS_FLOW_DIAGNOSTIC_FIELDS[alias],
+                    )
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = flow_kg_s * 1.0e3
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in chamber_properties_by_alias:
+                chamber_properties = chamber_properties_by_alias[alias]
+                chamber = chamber_by_alias[alias]
+                if signal == "press":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(
+                        chamber_properties.p
+                    )
+                elif signal == "temp":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = chamber_properties.T
+                elif signal == "vol":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = chamber.volume_cm3()
+                elif signal in {"mgas", "mgas1"}:
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = chamber.gas_mass_g()
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons:
+                piston = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons[alias]
+                kinematics = snapshot.mechanical.piston_kinematics_by_alias[alias]
+                geometry = piston.geometry()
+                if signal == "vol1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(
+                        kinematics.port_3_displacement_m,
+                        kinematics.port_2_displacement_m,
+                    )
+                elif signal == "vvol1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(
+                        kinematics.port_3_velocity_m_s,
+                        kinematics.port_2_velocity_m_s,
+                    )
+                elif signal == "length":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = geometry.chamber_length_mm(
+                        kinematics.port_3_displacement_m,
+                        kinematics.port_2_displacement_m,
+                    )
+                elif signal == "x4":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_3_displacement_m
+                elif signal == "x5":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_2_displacement_m
+                elif signal == "v4":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_3_velocity_m_s
+                elif signal == "v5":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = kinematics.port_2_velocity_m_s
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            elif alias in state_by_alias:
+                mass_state = state_by_alias[alias]
+                if signal == "x1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = mass_state.displacement_m
+                elif signal == "v1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = mass_state.velocity_m_s
+                elif signal == "acc1":
+                    values_by_data_path[data_path] = acceleration_by_mass_alias[alias]
+                else:
+                    raise KeyError(data_path)
+            else:
+                raise KeyError(data_path)
+        return values_by_data_path
+
+    def data_path_series(
+        self,
+        *,
+        times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+        state_rows: list[list[float]],
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else _default_full_state_data_paths()
+        series = {data_path: [] for data_path in selected_paths}
+        for sample_index, time_value in enumerate(times):
+            state_vector = [row[sample_index] for row in state_rows]
+            values = self.data_path_values(
+                time_s=float(time_value),
+                state_vector=state_vector,
+                data_paths=selected_paths,
+            )
+            for data_path in selected_paths:
+                series[data_path].append(values[data_path])
+        return series
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _split_data_path(data_path: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if "@" not in data_path:
+            raise KeyError(data_path)
+        signal, alias = data_path.split("@", 1)
+        return signal, alias
+
+    def _force_by_mass_alias(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        pneumatic_snapshot: object,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        force_by_mass_alias = self._piston_force_by_mass_alias(pneumatic_snapshot)
+        elastic_force_by_mass_alias = self._elastic_endstop_force_by_mass_alias(
+            mechanical_snapshot
+        )
+        for mass_alias, contact_force in elastic_force_by_mass_alias.items():
+            force_by_mass_alias[mass_alias] = (
+                force_by_mass_alias.get(mass_alias, 0.0) - contact_force
+            )
+        force_by_mass_alias.update(
+            self._large_mass_force_by_alias(
+                time_s,
+                pneumatic_snapshot,
+                mechanical_snapshot,
+            )
+        )
+        return force_by_mass_alias
+
+    def _mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias(
+        self,
+        pneumatic_snapshot: object,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        return {
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2": sum(
+                self._elastic_endstop_force_by_mass_alias(mechanical_snapshot).values()
+            ),
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3": sum(
+                self._piston_force_by_mass_alias(pneumatic_snapshot).values()
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _large_mass_force_by_alias(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        pneumatic_snapshot: object,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        node_force = self._mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias(
+            pneumatic_snapshot,
+            mechanical_snapshot,
+        )
+        forcecon_1 = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_1"]
+        forcecon_2 = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_2"]
+        signals = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.piecewise_signals
+        return {
+            "mass_friction_endstops_18": (
+                node_force["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"]
+                - forcecon_2.force_at(time_s, signals)
+            ),
+            "mass_friction_endstops_19": (
+                forcecon_1.force_at(time_s, signals)
+                - node_force["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"]
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _piston_force_by_mass_alias(self, pneumatic_snapshot: object) -> dict[str, float]:
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa
+
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] = {}
+        for mass_alias, piston_alias, chamber_field in _PISTON_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            chamber = getattr(pneumatic_snapshot, chamber_field)
+            piston = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+            force_by_mass_alias[mass_alias] = (
+                pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(chamber.p) * piston.annulus_area_m2
+            )
+        return force_by_mass_alias
+
+    def _elastic_endstop_force_by_mass_alias(
+        self,
+        mechanical_snapshot: object,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in mechanical_snapshot.states}
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] = {}
+        for mass_alias, support_mass_alias, endstop_alias in _ELASTIC_ENDSTOP_FORCE_BINDINGS:
+            mass_state = state_by_alias[mass_alias]
+            support_state = state_by_alias[support_mass_alias]
+            endstop = self.mechanical_closure.assembly.elastic_endstops[
+                endstop_alias
+            ].endstop()
+            gap_mm = (support_state.displacement_m - mass_state.displacement_m) * 1.0e3
+            penetration_velocity_m_s = (
+                mass_state.velocity_m_s - support_state.velocity_m_s
+            )
+            force_by_mass_alias[mass_alias] = endstop.contact_force(
+                gap_mm,
+                penetration_velocity_m_s,
+            )
+        return force_by_mass_alias
+
+
+class AmesimStructuralComponent(Component):
+    def __init__(self, spec: dict[str, object]) -> None:
+        super().__init__(name=str(spec["alias"]))
+        self.spec = spec
+        self.submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+        self.component_name = str(spec["component_name"])
+        self.parameters = {
+            str(parameter["name"]): parameter
+            for parameter in spec.get("parameters", [])
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def port_names(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(str(port["name"]) for port in self.spec.get("ports", []))
+
+
+class TestMqlSystem:
+    """Structural Python port scaffold for AMESim model ``test_mql``."""
+
+    def __init__(self, archive_path: Path | None = None) -> None:
+        self.archive_path = archive_path or Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / AMESIM_ARCHIVE_RELATIVE_PATH
+        self.network = SimulationNetwork(name=MODEL_NAME)
+        self.pnl0001_assembly = self._build_pnl0001_assembly()
+        self.pnl0002_assembly = self._build_pnl0002_assembly()
+        self.pnl0003_assembly = self._build_pnl0003_assembly()
+        self.pnl00r_assembly = self._build_pnl00r_assembly()
+        self.node3_assembly = self._build_node3_assembly()
+        self.node4_assembly = self._build_node4_assembly()
+        self.mechanical_assembly = self._build_mechanical_assembly()
+        self.pneumatic_assembly = self._build_pneumatic_assembly()
+        pneumatic_components = self._pneumatic_components_by_alias()
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS:
+            alias = str(spec["alias"])
+            self.network.add_component(
+                pneumatic_components.get(alias, AmesimStructuralComponent(spec))
+            )
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            self.network.connect(
+                str(spec["source_component"]),
+                str(spec["source_port"]),
+                str(spec["target_component"]),
+                str(spec["target_port"]),
+            )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_pneumatic_assembly():
+        # Local import avoids a module cycle: test_mql_config reads constants from this module.
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_mechanical_assembly():
+        # Local import avoids a module cycle: test_mql_config reads constants from this module.
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly()
+
+    def _build_pnl0001_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    def _build_pnl0002_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    def _build_pnl0003_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    def _build_pnl00r_assembly(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+            build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly,
+        )
+
+        return build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(self.archive_path)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_node3_assembly():
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import build_test_mql_node3_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_node3_assembly()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _build_node4_assembly():
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import build_test_mql_node4_assembly
+
+        return build_test_mql_node4_assembly()
+
+    def _pneumatic_components_by_alias(self) -> dict[str, Component]:
+        return {
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_chambers,
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers,
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices,
+            **self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices,
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pneumatic_component_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self._pneumatic_components_by_alias())
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl0001_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl0001_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl0002_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl0002_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl0003_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl0003_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_pnl00r_line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.pnl00r_assembly.lines)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_node3_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.node3_assembly)
+
+    @property
+    def typed_node4_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.node4_assembly)
+
+    def _pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl0001_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL0001 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def _pnl0001_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        return self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+
+    def _pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+
+        spec = self._pnl0002_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+            remote_node_alias = spec.target_component
+            remote_port = spec.target_port
+        elif spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+            remote_node_alias = spec.source_component
+            remote_port = spec.source_port
+        else:
+            raise KeyError(f"No PNL0002 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+        if remote_node_alias not in self.node4_assembly:
+            raise KeyError(
+                f"PNL0002 line {spec.alias} remote endpoint is not a P4 node: "
+                f"{remote_node_alias}.{remote_port}"
+            )
+        return TestMqlP4NodePortConnection(
+            line_alias=spec.alias,
+            local_node_alias=node_alias,
+            local_port=port_name,
+            remote_node_alias=remote_node_alias,
+            remote_port=remote_port,
+        )
+
+    def _pnl0002_spec_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl0002_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL0002 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def _pnl0002_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        spec = self._pnl0002_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        return self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+
+    def _p4_primary_connection_for_node(self, node_alias: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection
+
+        spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, "port_2")
+        if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == "port_2":
+            chamber_alias = spec.target_component
+            chamber_port = spec.target_port
+        elif spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == "port_2":
+            chamber_alias = spec.source_component
+            chamber_port = spec.source_port
+        else:
+            raise KeyError(f"No PNL0001 primary line attached to {node_alias}.port_2")
+        return TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection(
+            line_alias=spec.alias,
+            node_alias=node_alias,
+            node_port="port_2",
+            chamber_alias=chamber_alias,
+            chamber_port=chamber_port,
+        )
+
+    def _p4_port4_orifice_connection_for_node(self, node_alias: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection
+
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            if spec["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+                continue
+            if spec["target_component"] == node_alias and spec["target_port"] == "port_4":
+                orifice_alias = str(spec["source_component"])
+                if orifice_alias in self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices:
+                    return TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection(
+                        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                        node_alias=node_alias,
+                        node_port="port_4",
+                        direct_line_alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                    )
+            if spec["source_component"] == node_alias and spec["source_port"] == "port_4":
+                orifice_alias = str(spec["target_component"])
+                if orifice_alias in self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices:
+                    return TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection(
+                        orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                        node_alias=node_alias,
+                        node_port="port_4",
+                        direct_line_alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                    )
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNVO orifice attached to {node_alias}.port_4")
+
+    def p4_node_neighborhood(self, node_alias: str):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood
+
+        if node_alias not in self.node4_assembly:
+            raise KeyError(f"Unknown P4 node: {node_alias}")
+        return TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood(
+            node_alias=node_alias,
+            primary=self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(node_alias),
+            port_1=self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(node_alias, "port_1"),
+            port_3=self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(node_alias, "port_3"),
+            port_4=self._p4_port4_orifice_connection_for_node(node_alias),
+        )
+
+    def _p4_node_alias_for_orifice_port_2(self, orifice_alias: str) -> str:
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            if spec["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+                continue
+            if (
+                spec["source_component"] == orifice_alias
+                and spec["source_port"] == "port_2"
+                and str(spec["target_component"]) in self.node4_assembly
+            ):
+                return str(spec["target_component"])
+            if (
+                spec["target_component"] == orifice_alias
+                and spec["target_port"] == "port_2"
+                and str(spec["source_component"]) in self.node4_assembly
+            ):
+                return str(spec["source_component"])
+        raise KeyError(f"No P4 node attached to {orifice_alias}.port_2")
+
+    def _pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl0003_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL0003 line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def _pnl0003_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(node_alias, port_name)
+        return self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+
+    def _pnl00r_line_for_node_port(self, node_alias: str, port_name: str):
+        for spec in self.pnl00r_assembly.specs:
+            if spec.source_component == node_alias and spec.source_port == port_name:
+                return self.pnl00r_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+            if spec.target_component == node_alias and spec.target_port == port_name:
+                return self.pnl00r_assembly.lines[spec.alias]
+        raise KeyError(f"No PNL00R line attached to {node_alias}.{port_name}")
+
+    def pneumatic_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.network.initial_state_vector()
+
+    def mechanical_mass_closure(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure
+
+        return TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure(self.mechanical_assembly)
+
+    def mechanical_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.mechanical_mass_closure().initial_state_vector()
+
+    def simulate_mechanical_masses(
+        self,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.mechanical_mass_closure()
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def full_state_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ) -> TestMqlFullStateClosure:
+        return TestMqlFullStateClosure(
+            pneumatic_closure=self.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+                spec,
+                inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+                resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+                use_inlet_line_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+                use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs=(
+                    use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs
+                ),
+            ),
+            mechanical_closure=self.mechanical_mass_closure(),
+            pneumatic_assembly=self.pneumatic_assembly,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_full_state_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+            use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs,
+        )
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs_at(t, state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_full_state_series_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+        use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ) -> TestMqlSimulationResult:
+        closure = self.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs,
+            use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs,
+        )
+        solution = integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs_at(t, state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5),
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+        times = [float(value) for value in solution.t]
+        state_rows = [list(row) for row in solution.y]
+        series = {
+            "time": times,
+            **closure.data_path_series(
+                times=times,
+                state_rows=state_rows,
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+            ),
+        }
+        return TestMqlSimulationResult(t=times, y=state_rows, series=series)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def pneumatic_branch_spec(
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+        source: str = "manual",
+    ):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec
+
+        return TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+            source=source,
+        )
+
+    def discover_pneumatic_branch_topology(self):
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate,
+            TestMqlPneumaticTopologyDiscovery,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_topology import (
+            discover_fixed_chamber_segments,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_topology import load_test_mql_cir_topology
+
+        topology = load_test_mql_cir_topology(self.archive_path)
+        chamber_segment_specs = discover_fixed_chamber_segments(
+            topology,
+            COMPONENT_SPECS,
+            CONNECTION_SPECS,
+        )
+
+        typed_aliases = set(self._pneumatic_components_by_alias())
+        component_submodels = {
+            str(component["alias"]): str(component["submodel"])
+            for component in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        }
+        blocked_candidates = []
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            source_component = str(spec["source_component"])
+            target_component = str(spec["target_component"])
+            source_is_typed = source_component in typed_aliases
+            target_is_typed = target_component in typed_aliases
+            if not (source_is_typed or target_is_typed):
+                continue
+
+            line_submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+            endpoint_submodels = {
+                component_submodels.get(source_component, ""),
+                component_submodels.get(target_component, ""),
+            }
+            if "PNRP17" in endpoint_submodels:
+                category = "piston-boundary"
+                reason = "requires pneumatic piston and mechanical coupling interpretation"
+            elif "STEP0" in endpoint_submodels:
+                category = "control-boundary"
+                reason = "requires modulated-orifice control signal evaluation"
+            elif endpoint_submodels & {"PN3NODE2", "P4NODE2"}:
+                category = "node-line-boundary"
+                reason = "requires AMESim node/line equations before full-network closure"
+            elif source_is_typed and target_is_typed:
+                category = "typed-direct"
+                reason = "direct typed connection is not a complete simulated subnetwork"
+            elif line_submodel != "DIRECT":
+                category = "line-boundary"
+                reason = "requires AMESim line equations before full-network closure"
+            else:
+                category = "component-boundary"
+                reason = "requires AMESim boundary component interpretation"
+
+            blocked_candidates.append(
+                TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate(
+                    connection_alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                    line_submodel=line_submodel,
+                    source_component=source_component,
+                    source_port=str(spec["source_port"]),
+                    target_component=target_component,
+                    target_port=str(spec["target_port"]),
+                    source_is_typed_pneumatic=source_is_typed,
+                    target_is_typed_pneumatic=target_is_typed,
+                    category=category,
+                    reason=reason,
+                )
+            )
+
+        return TestMqlPneumaticTopologyDiscovery(
+            branch_specs=(),
+            chamber_segment_specs=chamber_segment_specs,
+            blocked_candidates=tuple(blocked_candidates),
+        )
+
+    def pneumatic_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Build a reduced segment using absolute-pressure line boundaries.
+
+        Boundary values apply at the PNL0001/orifice interfaces, not at the nodes.
+        """
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents(
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            outlet_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pneumatic_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        """Integrate a reduced segment with absolute-pressure line boundaries."""
+        closure = self.pneumatic_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_pressure_pa=inlet_pressure_pa,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_temperature_k=inlet_temperature_k,
+            outlet_temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Insert the topology-derived inlet PNL0001 into a chamber segment."""
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            outlet_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pnl0001_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pnl0001_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=outlet_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            outlet_temperature_k=outlet_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Insert both topology-derived PNL0001 states into the segment."""
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.outlet_line_alias]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                outlet_line=outlet_line,
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            outlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=outlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=outlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        outlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        outlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            outlet_node_pressure_pa=outlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            outlet_node_temperature_k=outlet_node_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pn3_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        p4_boundary_pressure_pa: float = 15.3e6,
+        p4_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+    ):
+        """Close a PNL0001 chamber segment with the real outlet PN3 node.
+
+        The PN3 primary pressure/temperature is taken from the attached PNL0003
+        port-1 compliance. The PNL0003 port-2 side is connected through the
+        real PNVO001 orifice to a prescribed P4 pressure boundary.
+        """
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.outlet_line_alias]
+        node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(spec.outlet_node_alias, "port_2")
+        node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[node_line_spec.alias]
+        node_orifice_alias = (
+            node_line_spec.target_component
+            if node_line_spec.source_component == spec.outlet_node_alias
+            else node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        node_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[node_orifice_alias]
+        node_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            spec.outlet_node_alias, "port_1"
+        )
+        node = self.node3_assembly[spec.outlet_node_alias]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                outlet_line=outlet_line,
+                node_line=node_line,
+                node_resistance=node_resistance,
+                node_orifice=node_orifice,
+                node=node,
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            resistance_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            p4_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=p4_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=p4_boundary_temperature_k,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pn3_node_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        p4_boundary_pressure_pa: float = 15.3e6,
+        p4_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pn3_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            p4_boundary_pressure_pa=p4_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            p4_boundary_temperature_k=p4_boundary_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        use_inlet_line_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Close a PN3 chamber segment through the adjacent real P4 node.
+
+        The P4 primary pressure/temperature is supplied by the PNL0001 line on
+        P4 port 2. Ports 1 and 3 use the adjacent PNL0002 center compliances.
+        The next P4 nodes contribute their primary PNL0001/chamber states, and
+        PNVO upstream endpoints are closed through their adjacent PN3/PNL0003
+        subnets.
+        """
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+            TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentClosure,
+            TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        )
+
+        def pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(orifice_alias: str):
+            for line_spec in self.pnl0003_assembly.specs:
+                if (
+                    line_spec.target_component == orifice_alias
+                    and line_spec.target_port == "port_3"
+                    and line_spec.source_component in self.node3_assembly
+                ):
+                    return (
+                        self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[line_spec.alias],
+                        self.node3_assembly[line_spec.source_component],
+                    )
+                if (
+                    line_spec.source_component == orifice_alias
+                    and line_spec.source_port == "port_3"
+                    and line_spec.target_component in self.node3_assembly
+                ):
+                    return (
+                        self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[line_spec.alias],
+                        self.node3_assembly[line_spec.target_component],
+                    )
+            raise KeyError(f"No PN3/PNL0003 line attached to {orifice_alias}.port_3")
+
+        def other_node3_for_pnl00r(line_alias: str, local_node_alias: str):
+            for line_spec in self.pnl00r_assembly.specs:
+                if line_spec.alias != line_alias:
+                    continue
+                if line_spec.source_component == local_node_alias:
+                    return self.node3_assembly[line_spec.target_component]
+                if line_spec.target_component == local_node_alias:
+                    return self.node3_assembly[line_spec.source_component]
+            raise KeyError(f"No remote PN3 node found for {line_alias}")
+
+        def chamber_segment_for_inlet_node(node_alias: str):
+            chamber_specs = (
+                self.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs
+            )
+            for chamber_spec in chamber_specs:
+                if chamber_spec.inlet_node_alias == node_alias:
+                    return chamber_spec
+            raise KeyError(f"No fixed chamber segment starts at {node_alias}")
+
+        def chamber_segment_for_outlet_node(node_alias: str):
+            chamber_specs = (
+                self.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs
+            )
+            for chamber_spec in chamber_specs:
+                if chamber_spec.outlet_node_alias == node_alias:
+                    return chamber_spec
+            raise KeyError(f"No fixed chamber segment ends at {node_alias}")
+
+        inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.inlet_line_alias]
+        outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[spec.outlet_line_alias]
+        node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            spec.outlet_node_alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[node_line_spec.alias]
+        node_orifice_alias = (
+            node_line_spec.target_component
+            if node_line_spec.source_component == spec.outlet_node_alias
+            else node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_node_alias = self._p4_node_alias_for_orifice_port_2(node_orifice_alias)
+        p4_neighborhood = self.p4_node_neighborhood(p4_node_alias)
+        if p4_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias != node_orifice_alias:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"P4 neighborhood for {p4_node_alias} does not match "
+                f"{node_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        node_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        ]
+        node_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            spec.outlet_node_alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        node = self.node3_assembly[spec.outlet_node_alias]
+        p4_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_neighborhood.node_alias]
+        p4_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_neighborhood.primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_primary_chamber_alias = p4_neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_primary_chamber = self.network.components[p4_primary_chamber_alias]
+        p4_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_neighborhood.port_1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_neighborhood.port_3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_neighborhood = self.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            p4_neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node = self.node4_assembly[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.node_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber_alias = (
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_far_node_alias = p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port1_far_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port1_far_node_alias]
+        p4_port1_far_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port1_far_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_far_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_far_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port1_far_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port1_far_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_far_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_far_port1 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_far_node_alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_far_port1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_node_alias = p4_port1_far_port1.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port1_next_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port1_next_node_alias]
+        p4_port1_next_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port1_next_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port1_next_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port1_next_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_next_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_port1 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_node_alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_port1_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_port1.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_bridge_node_alias = p4_port1_next_port1.remote_node_alias
+        p4_bridge_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_bridge_node_alias]
+        p4_bridge_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_bridge_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_bridge_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_bridge_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_bridge_primary_chamber_alias = p4_bridge_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_bridge_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_bridge_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        ]
+        (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_node,
+        ) = pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(
+            p4_port1_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_neighborhood = self.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            p4_neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node = self.node4_assembly[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.node_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber_alias = (
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_far_node_alias = p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port3_far_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port3_far_node_alias]
+        p4_port3_far_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port3_far_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_far_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_far_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port3_far_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port3_far_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_far_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_far_port3 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_far_node_alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_far_port3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_node_alias = p4_port3_far_port3.remote_node_alias
+        p4_port3_next_node = self.node4_assembly[p4_port3_next_node_alias]
+        p4_port3_next_primary = self._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+            p4_port3_next_node_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_primary_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_primary.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_primary_chamber_alias = p4_port3_next_primary.chamber_alias
+        p4_port3_next_primary_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_next_primary_chamber_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_port3 = self._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_node_alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        if p4_port3_next_port3.remote_node_alias != p4_bridge_node_alias:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_port3.line_alias} does not connect back to "
+                f"{p4_bridge_node_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port3_next_port3_line = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_port3.line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.source_component
+            if p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.target_component
+            == p4_port3_next_node_alias
+            else p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.target_component
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node,
+        ) = pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(p4_port3_next_orifice_alias)
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_spec = chamber_segment_for_inlet_node(
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.inlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.volume_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.outlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node = other_node3_for_pnl00r(
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias
+            else p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_bridge_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        if (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec.source_component
+            != p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec.alias} is not fed by "
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec = chamber_segment_for_outlet_node(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_line_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_node = self.node3_assembly[
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_node_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias
+            else p4_port1_next_orifice_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        if (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.source_component != p4_port1_next_node_alias
+            or p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.target_component
+            != p4_port1_next_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_output_spec.alias} does not connect "
+                f"{p4_port1_next_node_alias}.port_4 to {p4_port1_next_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node = other_node3_for_pnl00r(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias
+            else p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_orifice_direct = self.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            p4_port1_far_node_alias
+        ).port_4
+        if (
+            p4_port1_far_orifice_direct.orifice_alias
+            != p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port1_far_node_alias}.port_4 does not use "
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec = (
+            chamber_segment_for_outlet_node(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_line_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber = self.network.components[
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_line_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice = (
+            self.pneumatic_assembly.fixed_orifices[
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias
+            ]
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        ]
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node,
+        ) = pnl0003_line_and_node_for_orifice(
+            p4_port3_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance = self._pnl00r_line_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node = other_node3_for_pnl00r(
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance.name,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec = self._pnl0003_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node.alias,
+            "port_2",
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.target_component
+            if p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+            == p4_port3_remote_resistance_node.alias
+            else p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_spec.source_component
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice = self.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ]
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec = self._pnl0001_spec_for_node_port(
+            p4_port3_far_node_alias,
+            "port_4",
+        )
+        if (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec.source_component
+            != p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec.alias} is not fed by "
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias}"
+            )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line = self.pnl0001_assembly.lines[
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_spec.alias
+        ]
+        volume = self.network.components[spec.volume_alias]
+        inlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.inlet_orifice_alias]
+        outlet_orifice = self.network.components[spec.outlet_orifice_alias]
+        if not isinstance(volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(p4_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_far_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_far_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_far_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_far_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_next_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port1_next_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        ):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_bridge_primary_chamber, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_bridge_primary_chamber_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(inlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.inlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(outlet_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{spec.outlet_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        if not isinstance(p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"{p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice"
+            )
+        return TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents(
+                inlet_line=inlet_line,
+                outlet_line=outlet_line,
+                node_line=node_line,
+                node_resistance=node_resistance,
+                node_orifice=node_orifice,
+                node=node,
+                p4_node=p4_node,
+                p4_primary_line=p4_primary_line,
+                p4_primary_chamber=p4_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_line=p4_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_remote_node=p4_port1_remote_node,
+                p4_port1_remote_primary_line=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+                p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_remote_port1_line=p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_far_node=p4_port1_far_node,
+                p4_port1_far_primary_line=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+                p4_port1_far_primary_chamber=p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_far_port1_line=p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_next_node=p4_port1_next_node,
+                p4_port1_next_primary_line=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+                p4_port1_next_primary_chamber=p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_next_port1_line=p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice=p4_port1_next_orifice,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_line=p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_node=p4_port1_next_orifice_node,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance,
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec
+                ),
+                p4_bridge_node=p4_bridge_node,
+                p4_bridge_primary_line=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+                p4_bridge_primary_chamber=p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice=p4_port1_remote_orifice,
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice_line=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice_node=p4_port1_remote_orifice_node,
+                p4_port3_line=p4_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_remote_node=p4_port3_remote_node,
+                p4_port3_remote_primary_line=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port3_remote_port3_line=p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_far_node=p4_port3_far_node,
+                p4_port3_far_primary_line=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+                p4_port3_far_primary_chamber=p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port3_far_port3_line=p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_next_node=p4_port3_next_node,
+                p4_port3_next_primary_line=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+                p4_port3_next_primary_chamber=p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+                p4_port3_next_port3_line=p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice=p4_port3_next_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_line=p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_node=p4_port3_next_orifice_node,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber=p4_port3_next_chamber,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_spec=p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance=p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node=p4_port3_next_resistance_node,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice=p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec
+                ),
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice=p4_port3_remote_orifice,
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_line=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_node=p4_port3_remote_orifice_node,
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance=p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance,
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node,
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line=(
+                    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line
+                ),
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice=(
+                    p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice
+                ),
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line=(
+                    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line
+                ),
+                volume=volume,
+                inlet_orifice=inlet_orifice,
+                outlet_orifice=outlet_orifice,
+                spec=spec,
+            ),
+            inlet_node=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            resistance_boundary=TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition(
+                pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+                temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+            ),
+            use_inlet_line_reference_rhs=use_inlet_line_reference_rhs,
+            use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs=(
+                use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        inlet_node_pressure_pa: float,
+        resistance_boundary_pressure_pa: float,
+        inlet_node_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        resistance_boundary_temperature_k: float = 293.15,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=inlet_node_pressure_pa,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary_pressure_pa,
+            inlet_node_temperature_k=inlet_node_temperature_k,
+            resistance_boundary_temperature_k=resistance_boundary_temperature_k,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def pneumatic_branch_closure_from_spec(self, spec):
+        return self.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name=spec.name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=spec.upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=spec.orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=spec.downstream_volume_alias,
+            spec=spec,
+        )
+
+    def pneumatic_branch_closure(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+        spec=None,
+    ):
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+            TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents,
+            TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec,
+            TestMqlPneumaticClosure,
+        )
+
+        upstream_volume = self.network.components[upstream_volume_alias]
+        orifice = self.network.components[orifice_alias]
+        downstream_volume = self.network.components[downstream_volume_alias]
+        if not isinstance(upstream_volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{upstream_volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(downstream_volume, AmesimPneumaticVolume):
+            raise TypeError(f"{downstream_volume_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic volume")
+        if not isinstance(orifice, AmesimPneumaticOrifice):
+            raise TypeError(f"{orifice_alias} is not an AMESim pneumatic orifice")
+
+        def initial_state_vector() -> list[float]:
+            return [
+                *upstream_volume.get_state_vector(),
+                *downstream_volume.get_state_vector(),
+            ]
+
+        def apply_state_vector(values: list[float]) -> None:
+            if len(values) != 4:
+                raise ValueError("two-volume pneumatic branch state vector requires four values")
+            upstream_volume.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+            downstream_volume.set_state_vector(values[2:])
+
+        branch_spec = spec or TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+        return TestMqlPneumaticClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents(
+                name=name,
+                upstream_volume=upstream_volume,
+                orifice=orifice,
+                downstream_volume=downstream_volume,
+                spec=branch_spec,
+            ),
+            initial_state_vector=initial_state_vector,
+            apply_state_vector=apply_state_vector,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+        self,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        closure = self.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+        run_config = config or SolveIVPConfig(t_stop=1.0e-4, max_step=1.0e-5)
+        return integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda t, state: closure.rhs(state),
+            initial_state=closure.initial_state_vector(),
+            config=run_config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def simulate_pneumatic_branch_from_spec(
+        self,
+        spec,
+        *,
+        config: SolveIVPConfig | None = None,
+        t_eval: list[float] | None = None,
+    ):
+        return self.simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+            name=spec.name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=spec.upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=spec.orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=spec.downstream_volume_alias,
+            config=config,
+            t_eval=t_eval,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution_from_spec(
+        self,
+        solution: object,
+        spec,
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        return self.evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution(
+            solution,
+            name=spec.name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=spec.upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=spec.orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=spec.downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+
+    def evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution(
+        self,
+        solution: object,
+        *,
+        name: str,
+        upstream_volume_alias: str,
+        orifice_alias: str,
+        downstream_volume_alias: str,
+    ) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        closure = self.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name=name,
+            upstream_volume_alias=upstream_volume_alias,
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            downstream_volume_alias=downstream_volume_alias,
+        )
+        series = {
+            "time": [],
+            f"{name}.flow": [],
+            f"{upstream_volume_alias}.p": [],
+            f"{upstream_volume_alias}.T": [],
+            f"{upstream_volume_alias}.m_flow": [],
+            f"{downstream_volume_alias}.p": [],
+            f"{downstream_volume_alias}.T": [],
+            f"{downstream_volume_alias}.m_flow": [],
+        }
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(solution.t):
+            state_vector = [row[index] for row in solution.y]
+            snapshot = closure.snapshot(state_vector)
+            series["time"].append(float(time_value))
+            series[f"{name}.flow"].append(snapshot.flow)
+            series[f"{upstream_volume_alias}.p"].append(snapshot.upstream.p)
+            series[f"{upstream_volume_alias}.T"].append(snapshot.upstream.T)
+            series[f"{upstream_volume_alias}.m_flow"].append(
+                closure.components.upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow
+            )
+            series[f"{downstream_volume_alias}.p"].append(snapshot.downstream.p)
+            series[f"{downstream_volume_alias}.T"].append(snapshot.downstream.T)
+            series[f"{downstream_volume_alias}.m_flow"].append(
+                closure.components.downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow
+            )
+        return series
+
+    def snapshot(self) -> TestMqlSnapshot:
+        return TestMqlSnapshot(
+            model_name=MODEL_NAME,
+            component_count=len(COMPONENT_SPECS),
+            connection_count=len(CONNECTION_SPECS),
+            continuous_state_count=int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0)),
+            discrete_state_count=int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_discrete_states", 0)),
+            global_parameters=dict(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS),
+            submodel_counts=dict(SUBMODEL_COUNTS),
+        )
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [0.0] * int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0))
+
+    def simulate(self, config: TestMqlRunConfig | None = None) -> TestMqlSimulationResult:
+        run_config = config or TestMqlRunConfig()
+        times = run_config.sample_times()
+        state_count = int(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0))
+        y = [[0.0 for _ in times] for _ in range(state_count)]
+        series = self.evaluate_solution(SimpleNamespace(t=times, y=y))
+        return TestMqlSimulationResult(t=times, y=y, series=series)
+
+    def evaluate_solution(self, solution: object) -> dict[str, list[float]]:
+        times = [float(value) for value in solution.t]
+        return {
+            "time": times,
+            "component_count": [float(len(COMPONENT_SPECS)) for _ in times],
+            "connection_count": [float(len(CONNECTION_SPECS)) for _ in times],
+            "continuous_state_count": [float(MODEL_INFO.get("num_states", 0)) for _ in times],
+            "discrete_state_count": [float(MODEL_INFO.get("num_discrete_states", 0)) for _ in times],
+        }
+
+    def component_specs_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]]:
+        grouped: dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]] = {}
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS:
+            grouped.setdefault(str(spec["submodel"]), []).append(spec)
+        return grouped
+
+    def connection_specs_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]]:
+        grouped: dict[str, list[dict[str, object]]] = {}
+        for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+            grouped.setdefault(str(spec["submodel"]), []).append(spec)
+        return grouped
+
+
+def build_test_mql() -> SimulationNetwork:
+    return TestMqlSystem().network
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_baseline.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_baseline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fff6c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_baseline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+    archive_path: Path,
+    *,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlBaselineRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else output_schema.data_paths()
+    baseline_series = observation_catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        amesim_results,
+        selected_paths,
+    )
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=baseline_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=data_paths is None,
+    )
+    return TestMqlBaselineRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_closure.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_closure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..984d9f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_closure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4213 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Callable
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+)
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic_line import (
+    AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+from PythonModels.core.medium import ThermodynamicProperties
+from PythonModels.core.ports import PortState
+from PythonModels.core.state import VolumeState
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode3,
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance,
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode4,
+    TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec:
+    name: str
+    upstream_volume_alias: str
+    orifice_alias: str
+    downstream_volume_alias: str
+    source: str = "manual"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate:
+    connection_alias: str
+    line_submodel: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    source_is_typed_pneumatic: bool
+    target_is_typed_pneumatic: bool
+    category: str
+    reason: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec:
+    name: str
+    inlet_node_alias: str
+    inlet_line_alias: str
+    inlet_orifice_alias: str
+    inlet_orifice_boundary_port: str
+    inlet_orifice_volume_port: str
+    volume_alias: str
+    volume_inlet_port: str
+    volume_outlet_port: str
+    outlet_orifice_alias: str
+    outlet_orifice_volume_port: str
+    outlet_orifice_boundary_port: str
+    outlet_line_alias: str
+    outlet_node_alias: str
+    source: str = "amesim-cir-topology"
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticTopologyDiscovery:
+    branch_specs: tuple[TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec, ...]
+    chamber_segment_specs: tuple[TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec, ...]
+    blocked_candidates: tuple[TestMqlPneumaticTopologyCandidate, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition:
+    pressure_pa: float
+    temperature_k: float
+
+    def properties(self, gas: AmesimPneumaticGas) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        if self.pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("boundary pressure must be positive")
+        if self.temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("boundary temperature must be positive")
+        return ThermodynamicProperties(
+            p=self.pressure_pa,
+            T=self.temperature_k,
+            rho=gas.density(self.pressure_pa, self.temperature_k),
+            u=gas.specific_internal_energy(self.temperature_k),
+            h=gas.specific_enthalpy(self.temperature_k),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents:
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_flow: float
+    outlet_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_to_line_flow: float
+    line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    node_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    node_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    resistance_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    node_to_resistance_flow: float
+    node_to_pnl0003_flow: float
+    pnl0003_center_flow: float
+    pnl0003_to_p4_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents:
+    inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    node_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    node_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_remote_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_remote_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_far_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port1_far_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_far_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_far_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port1_next_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_next_port1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+    p4_bridge_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_bridge_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_bridge_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_remote_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_far_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port3_far_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_far_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_far_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4
+    p4_port3_next_primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_primary_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_next_port3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+    volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlTwoStateOrificeLineFlows:
+    line_center_flow: float
+    line_to_boundary_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NeighborhoodLineFlows:
+    primary_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    port_1_line_flow: float
+    port_3_line_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlFixedChamberSegmentFlows:
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort:
+    flow_kg_s: float
+    node_h: float
+    connected_h: float
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort:
+    flow_kg_s: float
+    node_h: float
+    connected_h: float
+    port_mass_flow_kg_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+    inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_far_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_far_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_far_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_port1_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_bridge_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_bridge_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_far_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_far_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_far_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_primary_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_primary_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_port3_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2: ThermodynamicProperties
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line: ThermodynamicProperties
+    inlet_node: ThermodynamicProperties
+    resistance_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties
+    node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_remote_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_far_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_next_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_bridge_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_remote_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port3_far_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port3_next_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance
+    inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    node_to_resistance_flow: float
+    node_to_pnl0003_flow: float
+    pnl0003_center_flow: float
+    pnl0003_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_to_port1_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow: float
+    p4_to_port3_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow: float
+    p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow: float
+    p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow: float
+
+
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """PN3 chamber segment closed through the adjacent real P4 node.
+
+    The P4 primary pressure/temperature comes from the PNL0001 storage on
+    ``port_2``. P4 ports 1 and 3 are represented by the adjacent PNL0002 center
+    compliances; their far nodes remain prescribed pressure boundaries.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        resistance_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        use_inlet_line_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+        use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.resistance_boundary = resistance_boundary
+        self.use_inlet_line_reference_rhs = use_inlet_line_reference_rhs
+        self.use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs = (
+            use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs
+        )
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.node_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 112:
+            raise ValueError("PN3/P4 node chamber segment state vector requires one hundred twelve values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:4])
+        self.components.outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[4:6])
+        self.components.node_line.set_state_vector(values[6:10])
+        self.components.p4_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[10:12])
+        self.components.p4_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[12:14])
+        self.components.p4_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[14:16])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[16:18])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[18:20])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[20:22])
+        self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[22:24])
+        self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[24:26])
+        self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[26:28])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[28:30])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[30:32])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.set_state_vector(values[32:34])
+        self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[34:36])
+        self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[36:38])
+        self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[38:42])
+        self.components.p4_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[42:44])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[44:46])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[46:48])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[48:50])
+        self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[50:52])
+        self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[52:54])
+        self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[54:56])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.set_state_vector(values[56:58])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.set_state_vector(values[58:60])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.set_state_vector(values[60:62])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.set_state_vector(values[62:66])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.set_state_vector(values[66:68])
+        self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[68:72])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[72:76])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.set_state_vector(values[76:78])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[78:80])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.set_state_vector(values[80:82])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[82:84])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.set_state_vector(values[84:88])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.set_state_vector(values[88:90])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[90:92])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.set_state_vector(values[92:94])
+        self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[94:96])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.set_state_vector(values[96:100])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.set_state_vector(values[100:102])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.set_state_vector(values[102:106])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[106:108])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.set_state_vector(values[108:110])
+        self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[110:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        inlet_line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        outlet_line = self.components.outlet_line.properties()
+        node_line_port_1 = self.components.node_line.properties_1()
+        node_line_port_2 = self.components.node_line.properties_2()
+        p4_primary_line = self.components.p4_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_primary_chamber = self.components.p4_primary_chamber.properties()
+        p4_port1_line = self.components.p4_port1_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_port1_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_primary_line = self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_far_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_port1_line = self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_next_primary_line = self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_next_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_port1_line = self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.properties()
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_bridge_primary_line = self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_bridge_primary_chamber = self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.properties()
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_line = self.components.p4_port3_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_port3_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_primary_line = self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_far_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_port3_line = self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_primary_line = self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_primary_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_port3_line = self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber = self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.properties()
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.properties()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.properties_1()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2 = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.properties_2()
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line = (
+            self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.properties()
+        )
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        resistance_boundary = self.resistance_boundary.properties(
+            self.components.node_resistance.gas
+        )
+        chamber_segment_flows = self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+            chamber_properties=chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow = chamber_segment_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = chamber_segment_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow = chamber_segment_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = chamber_segment_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        node_to_resistance_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.node_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=node_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+        )
+        node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.node,
+            primary_properties=node_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        node_to_pnl0003_flow = -node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        pnl0003_center_flow = self.components.node_line.resistance_mass_flow()
+        pnl0003_to_p4_flow = self._line_to_p4_flow(
+            line=node_line_port_2,
+            p4_boundary=p4_primary_line,
+            orifice=self.components.node_orifice,
+        )
+
+        p4_node_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_node_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_to_port1_line_flow = p4_node_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_to_port3_line_flow = p4_node_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_remote_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_far_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow = p4_port1_far_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow = p4_port1_far_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_next_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow = p4_port1_next_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow = (
+            self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=p4_port1_next_primary_line.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=p4_port1_next_primary_line.T,
+            )
+        )
+        p4_bridge_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_bridge_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow = p4_bridge_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow = p4_bridge_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows = (
+            self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+                chamber_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+                inlet_line=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                inlet_line_properties=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+                ),
+                inlet_node_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+                inlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                outlet_line=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                outlet_line_properties=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                outlet_node_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+                outlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_far_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow = p4_port3_far_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow = p4_port3_far_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        p4_port3_next_line_flows = self._p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+            primary_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            primary_chamber_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_3_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_3_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_line_flows.primary_chamber_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow = p4_port3_next_line_flows.port_1_line_flow
+        p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_line_flows.port_3_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_flows = self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+            chamber_properties=p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows = (
+            self._fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+                chamber_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+                inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+                inlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+                inlet_node_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+                inlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+                ),
+                outlet_line=(
+                    self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+                ),
+                outlet_line_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line,
+                outlet_node_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+                outlet_orifice=(
+                    self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_node_to_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_flows.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    -p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s
+            * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_flows = (
+            self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+                line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line,
+                line_port_2_properties=(
+                    p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2
+                ),
+                boundary_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+                orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice,
+            )
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=(
+                    p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow = self._resistance_flow(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=inlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance = self._pn3_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow = (
+            -p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_flows = self._two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            line_port_2_properties=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            boundary_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_center_flow
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_flows.line_to_boundary_flow
+        )
+        p4_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_node_to_primary_line_flow = p4_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        p4_port1_remote_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_remote_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_far_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_far_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_remote_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_far_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_far_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port1_next_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_far_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port1_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port1_next_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_remote_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_far_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_remote_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_far_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_far_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_far_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_far_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_port3_next_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_far_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_port3_next_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+        p4_bridge_balance = self._p4_node_balance(
+            node=self.components.p4_bridge_node,
+            primary_properties=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_1=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_bridge_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port3_next_port3_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_3=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+                node_h=p4_bridge_primary_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_port1_next_port1_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=-p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+            ),
+            port_4=TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort(
+                flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+                node_h=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.h,
+                connected_h=p4_bridge_primary_line.h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            ),
+        )
+        p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow = (
+            p4_bridge_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        )
+
+        snapshot = TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            outlet_line=outlet_line,
+            node_line_port_1=node_line_port_1,
+            node_line_port_2=node_line_port_2,
+            p4_primary_line=p4_primary_line,
+            p4_boundary=p4_primary_line,
+            p4_primary_chamber=p4_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_line=p4_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_line=p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_remote_port1_line=p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_far_primary_line=p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            p4_port1_far_primary_chamber=p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_far_port1_line=p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_next_primary_line=p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            p4_port1_next_primary_chamber=p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_next_port1_line=p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_bridge_primary_line=p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            p4_bridge_primary_chamber=p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port3_line=p4_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_line=p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber=p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port3_remote_port3_line=p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_far_primary_line=p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            p4_port3_far_primary_chamber=p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port3_far_port3_line=p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_next_primary_line=p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            p4_port3_next_primary_chamber=p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            p4_port3_next_port3_line=p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line=p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber=p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line=p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line=p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber=p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2=p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line
+            ),
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            resistance_boundary=resistance_boundary,
+            node_balance=node_balance,
+            p4_balance=p4_balance,
+            p4_port1_remote_balance=p4_port1_remote_balance,
+            p4_port1_far_balance=p4_port1_far_balance,
+            p4_port1_next_balance=p4_port1_next_balance,
+            p4_bridge_balance=p4_bridge_balance,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance=p4_port1_remote_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance=p4_port1_next_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_balance
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_balance=p4_port3_remote_balance,
+            p4_port3_far_balance=p4_port3_far_balance,
+            p4_port3_next_balance=p4_port3_next_balance,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance=p4_port3_next_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance=p4_port3_next_resistance_node_balance,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance=p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance,
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_balance
+            ),
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            node_to_resistance_flow=node_to_resistance_flow,
+            node_to_pnl0003_flow=node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            pnl0003_center_flow=pnl0003_center_flow,
+            pnl0003_to_p4_flow=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_node_to_primary_line_flow=p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            p4_to_port1_line_flow=p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow=p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow=p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow=p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow=p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow=p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow=p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow=p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+            p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow=p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow=(
+                p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow=p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            p4_to_port3_line_flow=p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow=p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow=p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow=p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow=p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow=p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow=p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow=p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow=p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow=(
+                p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_center_flow
+            ),
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow=p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_chamber_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=orifice,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._line_to_p4_flow(
+            line=line,
+            p4_boundary=p4_boundary,
+            orifice=orifice,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _boundary_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = boundary.T if boundary.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(boundary.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+        *,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        node_h: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure._enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+            flow_kg_s=flow_kg_s,
+            node_h=node_h,
+            connected_h=connected_h,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        *,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        node_h: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_h = node_h if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_h
+        return port_mass_flow_kg_s * upstream_h
+
+    def _two_state_orifice_line_flows(
+        self,
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+        line_port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        boundary_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> TestMqlTwoStateOrificeLineFlows:
+        return TestMqlTwoStateOrificeLineFlows(
+            line_center_flow=line.resistance_mass_flow(),
+            line_to_boundary_flow=self._line_to_p4_flow(
+                line=line_port_2_properties,
+                p4_boundary=boundary_properties,
+                orifice=orifice,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _resistance_flow(
+        *,
+        resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> float:
+        return resistance.mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=port_1_properties.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=port_1_properties.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=port_2_properties.p,
+            port_2_temperature_k=port_2_properties.T,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _p4_neighborhood_line_flows(
+        *,
+        primary_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        primary_chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_3_line: AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+        port_3_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> TestMqlP4NeighborhoodLineFlows:
+        return TestMqlP4NeighborhoodLineFlows(
+            primary_chamber_to_line_flow=primary_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=primary_chamber_properties.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=primary_chamber_properties.T,
+            ),
+            port_1_line_flow=port_1_line.port_mass_flow(
+                port_pressure_pa=port_1_properties.p,
+                port_temperature_k=port_1_properties.T,
+            ),
+            port_3_line_flow=port_3_line.port_mass_flow(
+                port_pressure_pa=port_3_properties.p,
+                port_temperature_k=port_3_properties.T,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _fixed_chamber_segment_flows(
+        self,
+        *,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        inlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        outlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> TestMqlFixedChamberSegmentFlows:
+        return TestMqlFixedChamberSegmentFlows(
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node_properties.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node_properties.T,
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+                line=inlet_line_properties,
+                chamber=chamber_properties,
+                orifice=inlet_orifice,
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+                port_1_pressure_pa=outlet_node_properties.p,
+                port_1_temperature_k=outlet_node_properties.T,
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+                line=outlet_line_properties,
+                chamber=chamber_properties,
+                orifice=outlet_orifice,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _pn3_node_balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        node: TestMqlPneumaticNode3,
+        primary_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1: TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort,
+        port_3: TestMqlPn3NodeBalancePort,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+        return node.balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=primary_properties.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=primary_properties.p,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_1.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_1.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_1.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_3.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_3.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_3.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _pn3_node_port_2_connected_h(
+        *,
+        balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance,
+        fallback_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        mass_flow_kg_s = balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        if abs(mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+            return fallback_h
+        return balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w / mass_flow_kg_s
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _p4_node_port_2_connected_h(
+        *,
+        balance: TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance,
+        fallback_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        mass_flow_kg_s = balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        if abs(mass_flow_kg_s) <= 1.0e-12:
+            return fallback_h
+        return balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w / mass_flow_kg_s
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+        *,
+        gas,
+        node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        port_mass_flow_kg_s: float,
+        reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        stream_properties = (
+            node_properties if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_properties
+        )
+        return port_mass_flow_kg_s * gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+            stream_properties.p,
+            stream_properties.T,
+            reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+        )
+
+    def _p4_port3_remote_port_2_reference_h(
+        self,
+        *,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+        reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> float:
+        gas = self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.gas
+        port_2_mass_flow = snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        if abs(port_2_mass_flow) <= 1.0e-12:
+            return gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.p,
+                snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.T,
+                reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+            )
+        port_2_enthalpy_flow = sum(
+            (
+                self._reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                    gas=gas,
+                    node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_line,
+                    flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                    port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+                    reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                ),
+                self._reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                    gas=gas,
+                    node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+                    flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                    port_mass_flow_kg_s=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+                    reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                ),
+                self._reference_enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                    gas=gas,
+                    node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+                    connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                    port_mass_flow_kg_s=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+                    reference_temperature_k=reference_temperature_k,
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+        return port_2_enthalpy_flow / port_2_mass_flow
+
+    def _p4_node_balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        node: TestMqlPneumaticNode4,
+        primary_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1: TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort,
+        port_3: TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort,
+        port_4: TestMqlP4NodeBalancePort,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+        return node.balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=primary_properties.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=primary_properties.p,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_1.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_1.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_1.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_3.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_3.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_3.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_for_node_port(
+                flow_kg_s=port_4.flow_kg_s,
+                node_h=port_4.node_h,
+                connected_h=port_4.connected_h,
+                port_mass_flow_kg_s=port_4.port_mass_flow_kg_s,
+            ),
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=port_4.port_mass_flow_kg_s * 1.0e3,
+        )
+
+    def _write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+        self,
+        *,
+        spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        inlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        inlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        outlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        outlet_orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> None:
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=inlet_line,
+            line_properties=inlet_line_properties,
+            node_properties=inlet_node_properties,
+            node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=inlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_inlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=chamber_properties,
+        )
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=outlet_line,
+            line_properties=outlet_line_properties,
+            node_properties=outlet_node_properties,
+            node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=outlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_outlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=chamber_properties,
+        )
+
+    def _fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+        self,
+        *,
+        spec: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        inlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        outlet_line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        outlet_line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow: float,
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        inlet_derivative = inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=inlet_connected_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                inlet_line_properties.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else outlet_line_properties.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                inlet_line_properties.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else outlet_line_properties.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        outlet_derivative = outlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=outlet_connected_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        return inlet_derivative, chamber_derivative, outlet_derivative
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_primary_chamber_line(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber_to_line_flow: float,
+        node_to_line_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = chamber_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = chamber_to_line_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = line_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = node_to_line_flow
+        line.port_2.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+
+        chamber.port_a.p = chamber_properties.p
+        chamber.port_a.m_flow = -chamber_to_line_flow
+        chamber.port_a.h_outflow = chamber_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+        port_1_connected_reference_h: float | None = None,
+        port_2_connected_reference_h: float | None = None,
+        reference_temperature_k: float = 298.15,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        def specific_reference_h(
+            *,
+            port_flow: float,
+            connected: ThermodynamicProperties,
+            connected_reference_h: float | None,
+        ) -> float:
+            if port_flow > 0.0 and connected_reference_h is not None:
+                return connected_reference_h
+            if port_flow > 0.0:
+                pressure = connected.p
+                temperature = connected.T
+            else:
+                pressure = line_properties.p
+                temperature = line_properties.T
+            return line.gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(
+                pressure,
+                temperature,
+                reference_temperature=reference_temperature_k,
+            )
+
+        def reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            *,
+            port_flow: float,
+            connected: ThermodynamicProperties,
+            connected_reference_h: float | None,
+        ) -> float:
+            return port_flow * specific_reference_h(
+                port_flow=port_flow,
+                connected=connected,
+                connected_reference_h=connected_reference_h,
+            )
+
+        mass_derivative = port_1_flow + port_2_flow
+        heat_flow = (
+            line.heat_transfer_coefficient
+            * line.heat_transfer_area
+            * (line.external_temperature - line_properties.T)
+        )
+        enthalpy_flow = reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            port_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected=port_1_properties,
+            connected_reference_h=port_1_connected_reference_h,
+        ) + reference_enthalpy_flow(
+            port_flow=port_2_flow,
+            connected=port_2_properties,
+            connected_reference_h=port_2_connected_reference_h,
+        )
+        reference_offset_flow = (
+            line.gas.cp * reference_temperature_k - line.gas.cv * line_properties.T
+        ) * mass_derivative
+        temperature_derivative = (
+            enthalpy_flow + reference_offset_flow + heat_flow
+        ) / (line.state.m * line.gas.cv)
+        return VolumeState(
+            m=mass_derivative,
+            U=line.gas.cv
+            * (line.state.m * temperature_derivative + line_properties.T * mass_derivative),
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber_to_line_flow: float,
+        node_to_line_flow: float,
+        node_connected_h: float | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        derivative_method = (
+            line.derivatives_from_connections
+            if node_connected_h is None
+            else line.derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections
+        )
+        line_derivative = derivative_method(
+            port_1_m_flow=chamber_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=chamber_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_2=(
+                line_properties.h if node_connected_h is None else node_connected_h
+            ),
+        )
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=-chamber_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_a=line_properties.h,
+            port_b_m_flow=0.0,
+            connected_h_b=chamber_properties.h,
+            internal_h=chamber_properties.h,
+        )
+        return line_derivative, chamber_derivative
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_connection_line(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = port_1_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = port_1_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = port_2_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = port_2_flow
+        line.port_2.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _connection_line_derivative(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> VolumeState:
+        return line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected_h_1=port_1_properties.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+            connected_h_2=port_2_properties.h,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_two_state_connection_line(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = port_1_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = port_1_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = port_1_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = port_2_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = port_2_flow
+        line.port_2.h_outflow = port_2_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_orifice_ports(
+        *,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_a_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_a_flow: float,
+        port_b_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_b_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        orifice.port_a.p = port_a_properties.p
+        orifice.port_a.m_flow = port_a_flow
+        orifice.port_a.h_outflow = port_a_properties.h
+        orifice.port_b.p = port_b_properties.p
+        orifice.port_b.m_flow = port_b_flow
+        orifice.port_b.h_outflow = port_b_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _write_resistance_ports(
+        *,
+        resistance: AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+    ) -> None:
+        resistance.port_1.p = port_1_properties.p
+        resistance.port_1.m_flow = port_1_flow
+        resistance.port_1.h_outflow = port_1_properties.h
+        resistance.port_2.p = port_2_properties.p
+        resistance.port_2.m_flow = port_2_flow
+        resistance.port_2.h_outflow = port_2_properties.h
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+        port_1_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_1_flow: float,
+        port_2_connected_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        port_2_flow: float,
+        port_1_connected_h: float | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        return line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=port_1_flow,
+            connected_h_1=(
+                port_1_properties.h
+                if port_1_connected_h is None
+                else port_1_connected_h
+            ),
+            port_2_m_flow=port_2_flow,
+            connected_h_2=port_2_connected_properties.h,
+        )
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.spec,
+            chamber=self.components.volume,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.node_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.node_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=(
+                -snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+            ),
+            outlet_line=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_node_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_primary_chamber_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice,
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_fixed_chamber_segment(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice
+            ),
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_node_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_orifice=(
+                self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_resistance_ports(
+            resistance=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_two_state_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_connection_line(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+
+        self._write_orifice_ports(
+            orifice=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice,
+            port_a_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_a_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_b_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_b_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        (
+            inlet_derivative,
+            chamber_derivative,
+            outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.spec,
+            chamber=self.components.volume,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            outlet_connected_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+        if self.use_inlet_line_reference_rhs:
+            inlet_derivative = self._pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+                line=self.components.inlet_line,
+                line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+                port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+                port_1_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                port_2_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+                port_2_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            )
+        (
+            node_line_derivative_1,
+            node_line_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_primary_derivative,
+            p4_primary_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_primary_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_remote_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port1_remote_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_remote_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_far_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port1_far_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_far_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port1_next_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_port1_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_bridge_primary_derivative,
+            p4_bridge_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_node_connected_h = self._p4_node_port_2_connected_h(
+            balance=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance,
+            fallback_h=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port3_remote_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            node_connected_h=p4_port3_remote_node_connected_h,
+        )
+        if self.use_p4_port3_remote_primary_reference_rhs:
+            p4_port3_remote_primary_derivative = (
+                self._pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+                    line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+                    port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+                    port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+                    port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+                    port_2_connected_reference_h=(
+                        self._p4_port3_remote_port_2_reference_h(
+                            snapshot=snapshot
+                        )
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        p4_port3_remote_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_far_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port3_far_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_far_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_primary_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_derivative,
+        ) = self._primary_chamber_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber,
+            chamber_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_port3_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_1_connected_h=self._pn3_node_port_2_connected_h(
+                balance=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node_balance,
+                fallback_h=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h,
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_orifice_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_fixed_chamber_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_connected_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line_port_1
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_1,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port3_next_resistance_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_2,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_bridge_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative,
+            p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line,
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line=self.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line,
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line_port_1,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_1,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_output_derivative = self._connection_line_derivative(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_primary_line,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_line_port_2,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_1,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_2,
+        ) = self._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_far_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        (
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative,
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative,
+        ) = self._fixed_chamber_segment_derivatives(
+            spec=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            chamber=self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber,
+            inlet_line=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line
+            ),
+            inlet_connected_properties=snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line=(
+                self.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_line_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line
+            ),
+            outlet_connected_properties=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_port_1
+            ),
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=(
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line_to_chamber_flow
+            ),
+        )
+        return [
+            *inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_primary_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_far_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_far_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_far_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_port1_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_bridge_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_bridge_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_remote_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_far_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_far_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_far_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_primary_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_port3_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_resistance_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_remote_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_orifice_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_fixed_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_output_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_fixed_chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+        ]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents:
+    name: str
+    upstream_volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice
+    downstream_volume: AmesimPneumaticVolume
+    spec: TestMqlPneumaticBranchSpec | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchState:
+    name: str
+    upstream: ThermodynamicProperties
+    downstream: ThermodynamicProperties
+    flow: float
+    upstream_inlet_h: float
+    downstream_inlet_h: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot:
+    branch: TestMqlPneumaticBranchState
+
+    @property
+    def flow(self) -> float:
+        return self.branch.flow
+
+    @property
+    def upstream(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.branch.upstream
+
+    @property
+    def downstream(self) -> ThermodynamicProperties:
+        return self.branch.downstream
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticClosure:
+    """Minimal test_mql pneumatic closure following the existing Testmodel pattern.
+
+    The canonical branch flow is positive from ``upstream_volume`` through the
+    orifice port_a/port_b into ``downstream_volume``. Port ``m_flow`` values are
+    written with Modelica-style signs: positive means flow into that component.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents,
+        initial_state_vector: Callable[[], list[float]],
+        apply_state_vector: Callable[[list[float]], None],
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self._initial_state_vector = initial_state_vector
+        self._apply_state_vector = apply_state_vector
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self._initial_state_vector()
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        self._apply_state_vector(values)
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self._apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        upstream = self.components.upstream_volume.properties()
+        downstream = self.components.downstream_volume.properties()
+        flow = self._solve_branch_flow(upstream, downstream)
+        upstream_inlet_h = self.components.upstream_volume.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=-flow,
+            connected_h=downstream.h,
+            internal_h=upstream.h,
+        )
+        downstream_inlet_h = self.components.downstream_volume.connection_inlet_enthalpy(
+            port_m_flow=flow,
+            connected_h=upstream.h,
+            internal_h=downstream.h,
+        )
+        branch = TestMqlPneumaticBranchState(
+            name=self.components.name,
+            upstream=upstream,
+            downstream=downstream,
+            flow=flow,
+            upstream_inlet_h=upstream_inlet_h,
+            downstream_inlet_h=downstream_inlet_h,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(branch)
+        return TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot(branch=branch)
+
+    def _solve_branch_flow(
+        self,
+        upstream: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        downstream: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = upstream.T if upstream.p >= downstream.p else downstream.T
+        return self.components.orifice.mass_flow(
+            upstream.p,
+            downstream.p,
+            upstream_temperature,
+        )
+
+    def _write_port_states(self, branch: TestMqlPneumaticBranchState) -> None:
+        upstream_volume = self.components.upstream_volume
+        downstream_volume = self.components.downstream_volume
+        orifice = self.components.orifice
+
+        upstream_volume.port_a.p = branch.upstream.p
+        upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow = -branch.flow
+        upstream_volume.port_a.h_outflow = branch.upstream.h
+
+        orifice.port_a.p = branch.upstream.p
+        orifice.port_a.m_flow = branch.flow
+        orifice.port_a.h_outflow = branch.upstream.h
+        orifice.port_b.p = branch.downstream.p
+        orifice.port_b.m_flow = -branch.flow
+        orifice.port_b.h_outflow = branch.downstream.h
+
+        downstream_volume.port_a.p = branch.downstream.p
+        downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow = branch.flow
+        downstream_volume.port_a.h_outflow = branch.downstream.h
+
+    def branch_derivatives(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPneumaticSnapshot,
+    ) -> tuple[VolumeState, VolumeState]:
+        flow = snapshot.flow
+        upstream_derivative = self.components.upstream_volume.derivatives(
+            inlet_h=snapshot.branch.upstream_inlet_h,
+            m_flow=-flow,
+        )
+        downstream_derivative = self.components.downstream_volume.derivatives(
+            inlet_h=snapshot.branch.downstream_inlet_h,
+            m_flow=flow,
+        )
+        return upstream_derivative, downstream_derivative
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        upstream_derivative, downstream_derivative = self.branch_derivatives(snapshot)
+        return [
+            *upstream_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *downstream_derivative.as_vector(),
+        ]
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Boundary-reduced fixed chamber segment discovered from AMESim topology.
+
+    The two PNL0001 lines remain prescribed boundary interfaces in this first
+    closure. Their aliases are retained in the spec so line dynamics can be
+    inserted later without rediscovering the component path.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        outlet_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_boundary = inlet_boundary
+        self.outlet_boundary = outlet_boundary
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return self.components.volume.get_state_vector()
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 2:
+            raise ValueError("single-chamber segment state vector requires two values")
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values)
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        inlet_boundary = self.inlet_boundary.properties(self.components.volume.gas)
+        outlet_boundary = self.outlet_boundary.properties(self.components.volume.gas)
+        inlet_temperature = (
+            inlet_boundary.T if inlet_boundary.p >= chamber.p else chamber.T
+        )
+        outlet_temperature = (
+            chamber.T if chamber.p >= outlet_boundary.p else outlet_boundary.T
+        )
+        inlet_flow = self.components.inlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            inlet_boundary.p,
+            chamber.p,
+            inlet_temperature,
+        )
+        outlet_flow = self.components.outlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            chamber.p,
+            outlet_boundary.p,
+            outlet_temperature,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            chamber=chamber,
+            inlet_boundary=inlet_boundary,
+            outlet_boundary=outlet_boundary,
+            inlet_flow=inlet_flow,
+            outlet_flow=outlet_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        if port_name == "port_1":
+            return component.port_a
+        if port_name == "port_2":
+            return component.port_b
+        raise ValueError(f"unsupported pneumatic port: {port_name}")
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        inlet_orifice = self.components.inlet_orifice
+        outlet_orifice = self.components.outlet_orifice
+
+        inlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            inlet_orifice,
+            spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        inlet_volume_port = self._port(inlet_orifice, spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port)
+        inlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.inlet_boundary.p
+        inlet_boundary_port.m_flow = snapshot.inlet_flow
+        inlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.inlet_boundary.h
+        inlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        inlet_volume_port.m_flow = -snapshot.inlet_flow
+        inlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+        chamber_inlet_port.m_flow = snapshot.inlet_flow
+        chamber_outlet_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+
+        outlet_volume_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+        )
+        outlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        outlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        outlet_volume_port.m_flow = snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+        outlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.outlet_boundary.p
+        outlet_boundary_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_boundary.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_boundary.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        return derivative.as_vector()
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Fixed chamber segment with the topology-derived inlet PNL0001 state.
+
+    The inlet line has a closed causal boundary here: port-1 pressure and
+    temperature come from the PN3 node boundary, while port-2 flow comes from
+    the fixed orifice. The outlet line remains a boundary until its three-line
+    PN3 node balance is assembled.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        outlet_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.outlet_boundary = outlet_boundary
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 4:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0001/chamber segment state vector requires four values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        outlet_boundary = self.outlet_boundary.properties(self.components.volume.gas)
+        node_to_line_flow = self.components.inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node.T,
+        )
+        inlet_temperature = line.T if line.p >= chamber.p else chamber.T
+        line_to_chamber_flow = self.components.inlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            line.p,
+            chamber.p,
+            inlet_temperature,
+        )
+        outlet_temperature = (
+            chamber.T if chamber.p >= outlet_boundary.p else outlet_boundary.T
+        )
+        outlet_flow = self.components.outlet_orifice.mass_flow(
+            chamber.p,
+            outlet_boundary.p,
+            outlet_temperature,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            outlet_boundary=outlet_boundary,
+            node_to_line_flow=node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_flow=outlet_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        line = self.components.inlet_line
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        inlet_orifice = self.components.inlet_orifice
+        outlet_orifice = self.components.outlet_orifice
+
+        line.port_1.p = snapshot.inlet_node.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = snapshot.node_to_line_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = snapshot.inlet_line.h
+        line.port_2.p = snapshot.inlet_line.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = -snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+
+        inlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            inlet_orifice,
+            spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        inlet_volume_port = self._port(inlet_orifice, spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port)
+        inlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.inlet_line.p
+        inlet_boundary_port.m_flow = snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+        inlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.inlet_line.h
+        inlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        inlet_volume_port.m_flow = -snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+        inlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+        chamber_inlet_port.m_flow = snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow
+        chamber_outlet_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+
+        outlet_volume_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+        )
+        outlet_boundary_port = self._port(
+            outlet_orifice,
+            spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+        )
+        outlet_volume_port.p = snapshot.chamber.p
+        outlet_volume_port.m_flow = snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_volume_port.h_outflow = snapshot.chamber.h
+        outlet_boundary_port.p = snapshot.outlet_boundary.p
+        outlet_boundary_port.m_flow = -snapshot.outlet_flow
+        outlet_boundary_port.h_outflow = snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        line_derivative = self.components.inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.inlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_boundary.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        return [*line_derivative.as_vector(), *chamber_derivative.as_vector()]
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Six-state fixed chamber segment with both PNL0001 compliance states.
+
+    Generated C shows that both line instances receive ``t1/p1`` from their
+    PN3 nodes and send their explicit ``t2/p2`` states to the fixed orifices.
+    The reduced closure therefore prescribes node pressure/temperature at both
+    resistive port-1 boundaries while keeping both line storage states native.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        outlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.outlet_node = outlet_node
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 6:
+            raise ValueError("PNL0001 pair/chamber state vector requires six values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:4])
+        self.components.outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[4:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        inlet_line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        outlet_line = self.components.outlet_line.properties()
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        outlet_node = self.outlet_node.properties(self.components.outlet_line.gas)
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node.T,
+        )
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.outlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=outlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=outlet_node.T,
+        )
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+        )
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=outlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            outlet_line=outlet_line,
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            outlet_node=outlet_node,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_chamber_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= chamber.p else chamber.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, chamber.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+
+        self._write_line_side(
+            line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.inlet_node,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_inlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+        self._write_line_side(
+            line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.outlet_node,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_outlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+
+    def _write_line_side(
+        self,
+        *,
+        line: AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+        line_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        node_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        node_to_line_flow: float,
+        line_to_chamber_flow: float,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        orifice_boundary_port: str,
+        orifice_volume_port: str,
+        chamber_port: PortState,
+        chamber_properties: ThermodynamicProperties,
+    ) -> None:
+        line.port_1.p = node_properties.p
+        line.port_1.m_flow = node_to_line_flow
+        line.port_1.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        line.port_2.p = line_properties.p
+        line.port_2.m_flow = -line_to_chamber_flow
+
+        boundary_port = self._port(orifice, orifice_boundary_port)
+        volume_port = self._port(orifice, orifice_volume_port)
+        boundary_port.p = line_properties.p
+        boundary_port.m_flow = line_to_chamber_flow
+        boundary_port.h_outflow = line_properties.h
+        volume_port.p = chamber_properties.p
+        volume_port.m_flow = -line_to_chamber_flow
+        volume_port.h_outflow = chamber_properties.h
+        chamber_port.m_flow = line_to_chamber_flow
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        inlet_derivative = self.components.inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.inlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        outlet_derivative = self.components.outlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.outlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        return [
+            *inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+        ]
+
+
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentClosure:
+    """Boundary-reduced chamber segment closed by one real PN3 node.
+
+    ``pneumatic_88`` supplies the PN3 primary pressure/temperature from its
+    port-1 compliance. The node has no storage, so the sum of the port-1
+    PNL00R flow and port-3 PNL0001 flow is written as the opposite port-1
+    flow into the PNL0003 state.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        components: TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentComponents,
+        inlet_node: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        resistance_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+        p4_boundary: TestMqlPneumaticBoundaryCondition,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.components = components
+        self.inlet_node = inlet_node
+        self.resistance_boundary = resistance_boundary
+        self.p4_boundary = p4_boundary
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [
+            *self.components.inlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.volume.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.outlet_line.get_state_vector(),
+            *self.components.node_line.get_state_vector(),
+        ]
+
+    def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
+        if len(values) != 10:
+            raise ValueError("PN3 node/chamber segment state vector requires ten values")
+        self.components.inlet_line.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+        self.components.volume.set_state_vector(values[2:4])
+        self.components.outlet_line.set_state_vector(values[4:6])
+        self.components.node_line.set_state_vector(values[6:])
+
+    def snapshot(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float] | None = None,
+    ) -> TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot:
+        if state_vector is not None:
+            self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
+        inlet_line = self.components.inlet_line.properties()
+        chamber = self.components.volume.properties()
+        outlet_line = self.components.outlet_line.properties()
+        node_line_port_1 = self.components.node_line.properties_1()
+        node_line_port_2 = self.components.node_line.properties_2()
+        inlet_node = self.inlet_node.properties(self.components.inlet_line.gas)
+        resistance_boundary = self.resistance_boundary.properties(
+            self.components.node_resistance.gas
+        )
+        p4_boundary = self.p4_boundary.properties(self.components.node_line.gas)
+        inlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.inlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=inlet_node.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=inlet_node.T,
+        )
+        outlet_node_to_line_flow = self.components.outlet_line.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=node_line_port_1.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=node_line_port_1.T,
+        )
+        inlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+        )
+        outlet_line_to_chamber_flow = self._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=outlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+        )
+        node_to_resistance_flow = self.components.node_resistance.mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=node_line_port_1.p,
+            port_1_temperature_k=node_line_port_1.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=resistance_boundary.p,
+            port_2_temperature_k=resistance_boundary.T,
+        )
+        node_balance = self.components.node.balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=node_line_port_1.T,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=node_line_port_1.p,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+                flow_kg_s=node_to_resistance_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=resistance_boundary.h,
+            ),
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=node_to_resistance_flow * 1.0e3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self._enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+                flow_kg_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+                node_h=node_line_port_1.h,
+                connected_h=outlet_line.h,
+            ),
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=outlet_node_to_line_flow * 1.0e3,
+        )
+        node_to_pnl0003_flow = -node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3
+        pnl0003_center_flow = self.components.node_line.resistance_mass_flow()
+        pnl0003_to_p4_flow = self._line_to_p4_flow(
+            line=node_line_port_2,
+            p4_boundary=p4_boundary,
+            orifice=self.components.node_orifice,
+        )
+        snapshot = TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot(
+            inlet_line=inlet_line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            outlet_line=outlet_line,
+            node_line_port_1=node_line_port_1,
+            node_line_port_2=node_line_port_2,
+            inlet_node=inlet_node,
+            resistance_boundary=resistance_boundary,
+            p4_boundary=p4_boundary,
+            node_balance=node_balance,
+            inlet_node_to_line_flow=inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            inlet_line_to_chamber_flow=inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            outlet_node_to_line_flow=outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            outlet_line_to_chamber_flow=outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            node_to_resistance_flow=node_to_resistance_flow,
+            node_to_pnl0003_flow=node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            pnl0003_center_flow=pnl0003_center_flow,
+            pnl0003_to_p4_flow=pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        self._write_port_states(snapshot)
+        return snapshot
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_chamber_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        chamber: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        return TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._line_to_chamber_flow(
+            line=line,
+            chamber=chamber,
+            orifice=orifice,
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _line_to_p4_flow(
+        *,
+        line: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        p4_boundary: ThermodynamicProperties,
+        orifice: AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    ) -> float:
+        upstream_temperature = line.T if line.p >= p4_boundary.p else p4_boundary.T
+        return orifice.mass_flow(line.p, p4_boundary.p, upstream_temperature)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _port(
+        component: AmesimPneumaticVolume | AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        port_name: str,
+    ) -> PortState:
+        return TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentClosure._port(component, port_name)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _enthalpy_flow_from_node(
+        *,
+        flow_kg_s: float,
+        node_h: float,
+        connected_h: float,
+    ) -> float:
+        return flow_kg_s * (node_h if flow_kg_s >= 0.0 else connected_h)
+
+    def _write_port_states(
+        self,
+        snapshot: TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentSnapshot,
+    ) -> None:
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        chamber_inlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_inlet_port)
+        chamber_outlet_port = self._port(chamber, spec.volume_outlet_port)
+
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=self.components.inlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.inlet_node,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.inlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.inlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.inlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_inlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+        TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentClosure._write_line_side(
+            self,
+            line=self.components.outlet_line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.outlet_line,
+            node_properties=snapshot.node_line_port_1,
+            node_to_line_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            line_to_chamber_flow=snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            orifice=self.components.outlet_orifice,
+            orifice_boundary_port=spec.outlet_orifice_boundary_port,
+            orifice_volume_port=spec.outlet_orifice_volume_port,
+            chamber_port=chamber_outlet_port,
+            chamber_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+        )
+        node_line = self.components.node_line
+        node_line.port_1.p = snapshot.node_line_port_1.p
+        node_line.port_1.m_flow = snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow
+        node_line.port_1.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_1.h
+        node_line.port_2.p = snapshot.node_line_port_2.p
+        node_line.port_2.m_flow = -snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+        node_line.port_2.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_2.h
+
+        node_orifice = self.components.node_orifice
+        node_orifice.port_a.p = snapshot.node_line_port_2.p
+        node_orifice.port_a.m_flow = snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+        node_orifice.port_a.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_2.h
+        node_orifice.port_b.p = snapshot.p4_boundary.p
+        node_orifice.port_b.m_flow = -snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+        node_orifice.port_b.h_outflow = snapshot.p4_boundary.h
+
+        resistance = self.components.node_resistance
+        resistance.port_1.p = snapshot.node_line_port_1.p
+        resistance.port_1.m_flow = snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow
+        resistance.port_1.h_outflow = snapshot.node_line_port_1.h
+        resistance.port_2.p = snapshot.resistance_boundary.p
+        resistance.port_2.m_flow = -snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow
+        resistance.port_2.h_outflow = snapshot.resistance_boundary.h
+
+    def rhs(self, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        inlet_derivative = self.components.inlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.inlet_node.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        outlet_derivative = self.components.outlet_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            connected_h_1=snapshot.node_line_port_1.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+            connected_h_2=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        chamber = self.components.volume
+        spec = self.components.spec
+        chamber_derivative = chamber.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_1").m_flow,
+            connected_h_a=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_1"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            port_b_m_flow=self._port(chamber, "port_2").m_flow,
+            connected_h_b=(
+                snapshot.inlet_line.h
+                if spec.volume_inlet_port == "port_2"
+                else snapshot.outlet_line.h
+            ),
+            internal_h=snapshot.chamber.h,
+        )
+        node_line_derivative_1, node_line_derivative_2 = (
+            self.components.node_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+                port_1_m_flow=snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+                connected_h_1=snapshot.node_line_port_1.h,
+                port_2_m_flow=-snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+                connected_h_2=snapshot.p4_boundary.h,
+            )
+        )
+        return [
+            *inlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *chamber_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *outlet_derivative.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_1.as_vector(),
+            *node_line_derivative_2.as_vector(),
+        ]
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_computed.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_computed.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e13bfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_computed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import m3_to_cm3
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import TestMqlComparisonResult
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import (
+    TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    build_test_mql_output_schema,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlValidatedOutput,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import build_test_mql_variable_catalog
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog
+    output_schema: TestMqlOutputSchema
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly
+    output: TestMqlValidatedOutput
+    comparison: TestMqlComparisonResult
+
+    @property
+    def sample_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.times)
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.output.data_paths)
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_piston_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_geometry(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedGeometryRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    pneumatic_assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_piston_geometry_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+            amesim_results,
+            mechanical_assembly,
+            pneumatic_assembly,
+        ),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedGeometryRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        pneumatic_assembly=pneumatic_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_line_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = _compute_line_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog)
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedLineRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_pneumatic_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_chamber_duplicate_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+        **_compute_orifice_reversed_series(amesim_results, observation_catalog),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def run_test_mql_computed_mechanical_relations(
+    archive_path: Path,
+) -> TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun:
+    amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(archive_path)
+    observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(amesim_results)
+    output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+        amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+    )
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    mechanical_assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    output_series = {
+        **_compute_mass_duplicate_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_inactive_mass_force_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+        **_compute_zero_force_source_series(amesim_results, mechanical_assembly),
+    }
+    output_data_paths = tuple(output_series)
+    output = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=amesim_results.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output_series,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        data_paths=output_data_paths,
+    )
+    comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+        times=output.times,
+        series_by_data_path=output.series_by_data_path,
+        schema=output_schema,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=output.data_paths,
+    )
+    return TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsRun(
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        observation_catalog=observation_catalog,
+        output_schema=output_schema,
+        mechanical_assembly=mechanical_assembly,
+        output=output,
+        comparison=comparison,
+    )
+
+
+def _compute_piston_geometry_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.pistons):
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{alias}")
+        v4 = amesim_results.series(f"v4@{alias}")
+        v5 = amesim_results.series(f"v5@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"length@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_length_mm(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"vvol1@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(v4, v5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_variable_chamber_volume_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    pneumatic_assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for chamber_alias in sorted(pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers):
+        chamber = pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers[chamber_alias]
+        piston_alias = _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias)
+        piston = mechanical_assembly.pistons[piston_alias]
+        geometry = piston.geometry()
+        x4 = amesim_results.series(f"x4@{piston_alias}")
+        x5 = amesim_results.series(f"x5@{piston_alias}")
+        dead_volume_cm3 = m3_to_cm3(chamber.dead_volume)
+        series_by_data_path[f"vol@{chamber_alias}"] = tuple(
+            dead_volume_cm3 + geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(port4, port5)
+            for port4, port5 in zip(x4, x5)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _piston_alias_for_variable_chamber(chamber_alias: str) -> str:
+    if not chamber_alias.startswith("pn_c1"):
+        raise ValueError(f"Unexpected PNCH012 alias: {chamber_alias}")
+    return chamber_alias.replace("pn_c1", "pn_brp2", 1)
+
+
+def _compute_mass_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        for signal_name in ("x1", "v1", "acc1"):
+            source_path = f"{signal_name}@{alias}"
+            duplicate_path = f"{signal_name}dup@{alias}"
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(
+                -value for value in amesim_results.series(source_path)
+            )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_inactive_mass_force_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.masses):
+        mass = mechanical_assembly.masses[alias].endstop()
+        x1 = amesim_results.series(f"x1@{alias}")
+        v1 = amesim_results.series(f"v1@{alias}")
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fmin@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.lower_static_force_magnitude(displacement)
+            for displacement in x1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Fvisc@{alias}"] = tuple(
+            mass.viscous_friction_force(velocity)
+            for velocity in v1
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[f"Ffric@{alias}"] = tuple(0.0 for _ in x1)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_zero_force_source_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    return {
+        f"fzero@{alias}": tuple(0.0 for _ in amesim_results.times)
+        for alias in sorted(mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources)
+    }
+
+
+def _compute_chamber_duplicate_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.chambers.bindings:
+        pressure_series = amesim_results.series(binding.pressure_path)
+        temperature_series = amesim_results.series(binding.temperature_path)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.pressure_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(pressure_series)
+        for duplicate_path in binding.temperature_duplicate_paths:
+            series_by_data_path[duplicate_path] = tuple(temperature_series)
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_orifice_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.orifices.bindings:
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_mass_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_mass_flow_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
+
+def _compute_line_reversed_series(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for binding in observation_catalog.lines.by_submodel("PNL00R"):
+        if len(binding.mass_flow_paths) != 2 or len(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(f"Expected two PNL00R flow paths for {binding.alias}.")
+        primary_mass_path, reversed_mass_path = binding.mass_flow_paths
+        primary_enthalpy_path, reversed_enthalpy_path = binding.enthalpy_flow_paths
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_mass_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_mass_path)
+        )
+        series_by_data_path[reversed_enthalpy_path] = tuple(
+            -value for value in amesim_results.series(primary_enthalpy_path)
+        )
+    return series_by_data_path
+
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_config.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..487936c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import ast
+import operator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+from typing import Any
+
+from PythonModels.core.peng_robinson import HELIUM_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import COMPONENT_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+
+
+_BINARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.Add: operator.add,
+    ast.Sub: operator.sub,
+    ast.Mult: operator.mul,
+    ast.Div: operator.truediv,
+    ast.Pow: operator.pow,
+}
+_UNARY_OPERATORS = {
+    ast.UAdd: operator.pos,
+    ast.USub: operator.neg,
+}
+
+
+class TestMqlExpressionError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when an AMESim parameter expression cannot be resolved safely."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedParameter:
+    name: str
+    title: str
+    raw_value: str
+    units: str
+    value: float | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_numeric(self) -> bool:
+        return self.value is not None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    alias: str
+    component_name: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    parameters: dict[str, TestMqlResolvedParameter]
+
+    def parameter_value(self, name: str) -> float:
+        parameter = self.parameters[name]
+        if parameter.value is None:
+            raise KeyError(f"Parameter {name!r} on {self.alias!r} is not numeric")
+        return parameter.value
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlConfig:
+    raw_global_parameters: dict[str, str]
+    global_parameters: dict[str, float]
+    fluid: PengRobinsonFluid
+    components: tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_amesim_specs(cls) -> "TestMqlConfig":
+        raw_globals = dict(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS)
+        numeric_globals = {
+            name: value
+            for name, raw in raw_globals.items()
+            if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(raw, {})) is not None
+        }
+        components = tuple(
+            _resolve_component(spec, numeric_globals)
+            for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        )
+        return cls(
+            raw_global_parameters=raw_globals,
+            global_parameters=numeric_globals,
+            fluid=HELIUM_PR,
+            components=components,
+        )
+
+    def component(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+        for component in self.components:
+            if component.alias == alias:
+                return component
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def components_by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlResolvedComponent, ...]:
+        return tuple(component for component in self.components if component.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def _resolve_component(
+    spec: dict[str, Any],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> TestMqlResolvedComponent:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter in spec.get("parameters", []):
+        name = str(parameter["name"])
+        raw_value = str(parameter["value"])
+        parameters[name] = TestMqlResolvedParameter(
+            name=name,
+            title=str(parameter["title"]),
+            raw_value=raw_value,
+            units=str(parameter["units"]),
+            value=resolve_numeric_expression(raw_value, variables),
+        )
+    return TestMqlResolvedComponent(
+        alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+        component_name=str(spec["component_name"]),
+        submodel=str(spec["submodel"]),
+        label=str(spec["label"]),
+        parameters=parameters,
+    )
+
+
+def resolve_numeric_expression(
+    expression: str,
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float | None:
+    expression = expression.strip()
+    if not expression:
+        return None
+    normalized = expression.replace("^", "**")
+    try:
+        parsed = ast.parse(normalized, mode="eval")
+        value = float(_eval_node(parsed.body, variables))
+    except (SyntaxError, TestMqlExpressionError, ValueError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):
+        return None
+    return value if isfinite(value) else None
+
+
+def _eval_node(node: ast.AST, variables: dict[str, float]) -> float:
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Constant) and isinstance(node.value, (int, float)):
+        return float(node.value)
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Name):
+        if node.id not in variables:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unknown variable: {node.id}")
+        return float(variables[node.id])
+    if isinstance(node, ast.BinOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _BINARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported binary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_BINARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.left, variables), _eval_node(node.right, variables)))
+    if isinstance(node, ast.UnaryOp):
+        operator_type = type(node.op)
+        if operator_type not in _UNARY_OPERATORS:
+            raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported unary operator: {operator_type}")
+        return float(_UNARY_OPERATORS[operator_type](_eval_node(node.operand, variables)))
+    raise TestMqlExpressionError(f"Unsupported expression node: {type(node)}")
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_line_parameters.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_line_parameters.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e79298f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_line_parameters.py
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import CONNECTION_SPECS, GLOBAL_PARAMETERS
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import resolve_numeric_expression
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_center_temperature_k: float
+    initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    polytropic_constant: float
+    heat_transfer_coefficient: float
+    external_temperature_k: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+    mode: int
+    initial_temperature_1_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa: float
+    initial_temperature_2_k: float
+    initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+    @property
+    def initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa(self) -> float:
+        return self.initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa + AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+    alias: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    diameter_mm: float
+    length_m: float
+    relative_roughness: float
+    gas_type_index: int
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0001 geometry and initial states from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0001"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0001":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0001 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0001Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0001 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0002 geometry and center compliance initial state."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0002"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0002":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0002 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _ivar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0002Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_center_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "tctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "pctr", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0002 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL0003 geometry and both compliance initial states."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL0003"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL0003":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL0003 line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        state_values = _evar_values(block)
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl0003Spec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                polytropic_constant=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "k", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                heat_transfer_coefficient=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "kth", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                external_temperature_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "extemp", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                mode=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "mode", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_1_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p1", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_temperature_2_k=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "t2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "p2", state_values, numeric_globals
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL0003 parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]:
+    """Load resolved PNL00R geometry from the AMESim source."""
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    numeric_globals = {
+        name: value
+        for name, expression in GLOBAL_PARAMETERS.items()
+        if (value := resolve_numeric_expression(expression, {})) is not None
+    }
+    connections = {
+        str(connection["alias"]): connection
+        for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        if connection["submodel"] == "PNL00R"
+    }
+    specs = []
+    for block in re.findall(r"<LINE>.*?</LINE>", cir_text, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        if _optional_text(block, "SUB_NAME") != "PNL00R":
+            continue
+        alias = _required_text(block, "ALIAS")
+        connection = connections.get(alias)
+        if connection is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"PNL00R line {alias!r} is absent from CONNECTION_SPECS")
+        real_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "RPARAM")
+        integer_parameters = _parameter_expressions(block, "IPARAM")
+        specs.append(
+            TestMqlPnl00rSpec(
+                alias=alias,
+                source_component=str(connection["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(connection["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(connection["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(connection["target_port"]),
+                diameter_mm=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "diam", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                length_m=_required_numeric(alias, "le", real_parameters, numeric_globals),
+                relative_roughness=_required_numeric(
+                    alias, "rr", real_parameters, numeric_globals
+                ),
+                gas_type_index=int(
+                    _required_numeric(alias, "gi", integer_parameters, numeric_globals)
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+    if set(connections) != {spec.alias for spec in specs}:
+        missing = sorted(set(connections) - {spec.alias for spec in specs})
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing PNL00R parameter blocks: {missing}")
+    return tuple(specs)
+
+
+def _parameter_expressions(block: str, tag_name: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    parameters = {}
+    for parameter_block in re.findall(
+        rf"<{tag_name}>.*?</{tag_name}>",
+        block,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    ):
+        parameters[_required_text(parameter_block, "VARNAME")] = _required_text(
+            parameter_block,
+            "VALUE",
+        )
+    return parameters
+
+
+def _ivar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<IVAR>.*?</IVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _evar_values(block: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    values = {}
+    for variable_block in re.findall(r"<EVAR>.*?</EVAR>", block, flags=re.DOTALL):
+        value = _optional_text(variable_block, "VALUE")
+        if value:
+            values[_required_text(variable_block, "VARNAME")] = value
+    return values
+
+
+def _required_numeric(
+    alias: str,
+    name: str,
+    expressions: dict[str, str],
+    variables: dict[str, float],
+) -> float:
+    if name not in expressions:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing {name!r} on line {alias!r}")
+    value = resolve_numeric_expression(expressions[name], variables)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Cannot resolve {name!r}={expressions[name]!r} on line {alias!r}"
+        )
+    return value
+
+
+def _required_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str:
+    value = _optional_text(block, tag_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {tag_name}")
+    return value
+
+
+def _optional_text(block: str, tag_name: str) -> str | None:
+    match = re.search(rf"<{tag_name}>(.*?)</{tag_name}>", block, flags=re.DOTALL)
+    return match.group(1).strip() if match is not None else None
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_lines.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_lines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d437bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_lines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS = ("PNL0001", "PNL0002", "PNL0003", "PNL00R")
+_LINE_PATTERN_RE = re.compile(r"\(([^()]+)\)\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineConnection:
+    index: int
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    source_component: str
+    source_port: str
+    target_component: str
+    target_port: str
+    label: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    signal_names: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def has_compliance(self) -> bool:
+        return "C" in self.pattern
+
+    @property
+    def has_resistance(self) -> bool:
+        return "R" in self.pattern
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    lines: tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.lines)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineConnection:
+        for line in self.lines:
+            if line.alias == alias:
+                return line
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineConnection, ...]:
+        return tuple(line for line in self.lines if line.submodel == submodel)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(line.submodel for line in self.lines))
+
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(line.alias for line in self.lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_assembly(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineAssembly:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+    lines = []
+    for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        submodel = str(spec["submodel"])
+        if submodel not in TEST_MQL_PNEUMATIC_LINE_SUBMODELS:
+            continue
+        data_paths = variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(str(spec["alias"]))
+        signal_names = tuple(path.rsplit("@", 1)[0] for path in data_paths)
+        lines.append(
+            TestMqlLineConnection(
+                index=int(spec["index"]),
+                alias=str(spec["alias"]),
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pattern=_line_pattern(str(spec["label"]), submodel),
+                source_component=str(spec["source_component"]),
+                source_port=str(spec["source_port"]),
+                target_component=str(spec["target_component"]),
+                target_port=str(spec["target_port"]),
+                label=str(spec["label"]),
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+                signal_names=signal_names,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineAssembly(lines=tuple(lines))
+
+
+def _line_pattern(label: str, submodel: str) -> str:
+    match = _LINE_PATTERN_RE.search(label)
+    if match is not None:
+        return match.group(1)
+    if submodel == "PNL00R":
+        return "R"
+    return submodel
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_mechanical.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_mechanical.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b8481f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_mechanical.py
@@ -0,0 +1,544 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_mechanical import (
+    AmesimElasticEndstop,
+    AmesimMassFrictionEndstops,
+    AmesimPistonGeometry,
+    circular_area,
+    mm_to_m,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+MM_TO_M = 1.0e-3
+N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M = 1.0e3
+N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S = 1.0e3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    alias: str
+    piston_diameter_m: float
+    rod_diameter_m: float
+    zero_displacement_m: float
+    piston_area_m2: float
+    rod_area_m2: float
+    annulus_area_m2: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def geometry(self) -> AmesimPistonGeometry:
+        return AmesimPistonGeometry(
+            piston_diameter_m=self.piston_diameter_m,
+            rod_diameter_m=self.rod_diameter_m,
+            zero_length_m=self.zero_displacement_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    mass_kg: float
+    xmin_m: float
+    xmax_m: float
+    min_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    max_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    min_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    max_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    min_penetration_m: float
+    max_penetration_m: float
+    stiction_force_n: float
+    coulomb_friction_n: float
+    viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    windage_n_per_m2_per_s2: float
+    stick_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    reset_velocity_threshold_m_s: float
+    rest_coeff: float
+    stribeck_constant_m_s: float
+    use_friction: bool
+    stop_type: int
+    initial_velocity_m_s: float
+    initial_displacement_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimMassFrictionEndstops:
+        return AmesimMassFrictionEndstops(
+            mass_kg=self.mass_kg,
+            lower_limit_m=self.xmin_m,
+            upper_limit_m=self.xmax_m,
+            lower_stiffness_n_per_m=self.min_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            upper_stiffness_n_per_m=self.max_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            lower_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.min_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            upper_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.max_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=self.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s,
+            coulomb_friction_n=self.coulomb_friction_n,
+            stiction_force_n=self.stiction_force_n,
+            windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=self.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    alias: str
+    gap_m: float
+    contact_stiffness_n_per_m: float
+    contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s: float
+    spring_diameter_m: float
+    wire_diameter_m: float
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def endstop(self) -> AmesimElasticEndstop:
+        return AmesimElasticEndstop(
+            contact_stiffness_n_per_m=self.contact_stiffness_n_per_m,
+            contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=self.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s,
+            gap0_m=self.gap_m,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    alias: str
+    port_count: int
+    sum_mode: int
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    t_start_s: float
+    starts: tuple[float, ...]
+    ends: tuple[float, ...]
+    durations_s: tuple[float, ...]
+    stage_count: int
+    is_cyclic: bool
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.stage_count <= 0:
+            return 0.0
+        elapsed = max(time_s - self.t_start_s, 0.0)
+        active_durations = self.durations_s[: self.stage_count]
+        total_duration = sum(active_durations)
+        if self.is_cyclic and total_duration > 0.0:
+            elapsed = elapsed % total_duration
+
+        stage_start_time = 0.0
+        for index, duration in enumerate(active_durations):
+            stage_end_time = stage_start_time + duration
+            if elapsed < stage_end_time or index == self.stage_count - 1:
+                if duration <= 0.0:
+                    return self.ends[index]
+                fraction = (elapsed - stage_start_time) / duration
+                return self.starts[index] + fraction * (self.ends[index] - self.starts[index])
+            stage_start_time = stage_end_time
+        return self.ends[self.stage_count - 1]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    alias: str
+    signal_alias: str
+    target_mass_alias: str
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def force_at(
+        self,
+        time_s: float,
+        signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec],
+    ) -> float:
+        return signals[self.signal_alias].output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonSpec]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopSpec]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec]
+    piecewise_signals: dict[str, TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorSpec]
+    zero_force_sources: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+            + len(self.piecewise_signals)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.pistons,
+                *self.masses,
+                *self.elastic_endstops,
+                *self.mechanical_nodes,
+                *self.piecewise_signals,
+                *self.force_connectors,
+                *self.zero_force_sources,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassState:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    displacement_m: float
+
+    def as_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        return [self.velocity_m_s, self.displacement_m]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonKinematics:
+    alias: str
+    port_2_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_2_displacement_m: float
+    port_3_velocity_m_s: float
+    port_3_displacement_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+    states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...]
+    node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]
+    piston_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]
+
+    @property
+    def state_count(self) -> int:
+        return 2 * len(self.states)
+
+
+class TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure:
+    def __init__(self, assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly) -> None:
+        self.assembly = assembly
+        self.mass_aliases = tuple(assembly.masses)
+
+    def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
+        state: list[float] = []
+        for alias in self.mass_aliases:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[alias]
+            state.extend([spec.initial_velocity_m_s, spec.initial_displacement_m])
+        return state
+
+    def snapshot(self, state_vector: list[float] | None = None) -> TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot:
+        values = self.initial_state_vector() if state_vector is None else list(state_vector)
+        if len(values) != 2 * len(self.mass_aliases):
+            raise ValueError("mechanical mass state vector requires two values per mass")
+        states = tuple(
+            TestMqlMechanicalMassState(
+                alias=alias,
+                velocity_m_s=values[2 * index],
+                displacement_m=values[2 * index + 1],
+            )
+            for index, alias in enumerate(self.mass_aliases)
+        )
+        node_kinematics = self._node_kinematics_by_alias(states)
+        return TestMqlMechanicalMassSnapshot(
+            states=states,
+            node_kinematics_by_alias=node_kinematics,
+            piston_kinematics_by_alias=self._piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+                states,
+                node_kinematics,
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def _node_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        front = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_18"]
+        rear = state_by_alias["mass_friction_endstops_19"]
+        return {
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2",
+                velocities_m_s={port: -front.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: -front.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3": TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics(
+                alias="dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3",
+                velocities_m_s={port: rear.velocity_m_s for port in range(1, 9)},
+                displacements_m={port: rear.displacement_m for port in range(1, 9)},
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def _piston_kinematics_by_alias(
+        self,
+        states: tuple[TestMqlMechanicalMassState, ...],
+        node_kinematics_by_alias: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeKinematics],
+    ) -> dict[str, TestMqlPistonKinematics]:
+        state_by_alias = {state.alias: state for state in states}
+        rear_node = node_kinematics_by_alias["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"]
+        piston_bindings = (
+            ("pn_brp2_8", "mass_friction_endstops_10", 8),
+            ("pn_brp2_9", "mass_friction_endstops_11", 7),
+            ("pn_brp2_10", "mass_friction_endstops_12", 6),
+            ("pn_brp2_11", "mass_friction_endstops_13", 5),
+            ("pn_brp2_12", "mass_friction_endstops_14", 4),
+            ("pn_brp2_13", "mass_friction_endstops_15", 3),
+            ("pn_brp2_14", "mass_friction_endstops_16", 2),
+            ("pn_brp2_15", "mass_friction_endstops_17", 1),
+        )
+        return {
+            piston_alias: TestMqlPistonKinematics(
+                alias=piston_alias,
+                port_2_velocity_m_s=state_by_alias[mass_alias].velocity_m_s,
+                port_2_displacement_m=state_by_alias[mass_alias].displacement_m,
+                port_3_velocity_m_s=rear_node.velocities_m_s[rear_node_port],
+                port_3_displacement_m=rear_node.displacements_m[rear_node_port],
+            )
+            for piston_alias, mass_alias, rear_node_port in piston_bindings
+        }
+
+    def rhs(
+        self,
+        state_vector: list[float],
+        *,
+        force_by_mass_alias: dict[str, float] | None = None,
+        constrained_mass_aliases: set[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> list[float]:
+        snapshot = self.snapshot(state_vector)
+        force_by_mass_alias = force_by_mass_alias or {}
+        constrained_mass_aliases = constrained_mass_aliases or set()
+        derivatives: list[float] = []
+        for state in snapshot.states:
+            spec = self.assembly.masses[state.alias]
+            mass = spec.endstop()
+            applied_force = force_by_mass_alias.get(state.alias, 0.0)
+            acceleration, velocity = mass.derivatives(
+                velocity_m_s=state.velocity_m_s,
+                displacement_m=state.displacement_m,
+                port_1_force_n=applied_force,
+            )
+            if state.alias in constrained_mass_aliases and _limit_constraint_holds(
+                spec,
+                state,
+                applied_force,
+            ):
+                acceleration = 0.0
+                velocity = 0.0
+            derivatives.extend([acceleration, velocity])
+        return derivatives
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None = None,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    if variable_catalog is None and amesim_results is not None:
+        variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results)
+
+    pistons = {
+        component.alias: _build_piston(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNRP17")
+    }
+    masses = {
+        component.alias: _build_mass(component, variable_catalog, amesim_results)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("MECMAS21")
+    }
+    elastic_endstops = {
+        component.alias: _build_elastic_endstop(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LSTP00A")
+    }
+    mechanical_nodes = {
+        component.alias: _build_mechanical_node(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("LMECHN1")
+    }
+    piecewise_signals = {
+        component.alias: _build_piecewise_signal(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("UD00")
+    }
+    force_connectors = {
+        component.alias: _build_force_connector(component, variable_catalog)
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("FORC")
+    }
+    zero_force_sources = tuple(component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("F000"))
+    return TestMqlMechanicalAssembly(
+        pistons=pistons,
+        masses=masses,
+        elastic_endstops=elastic_endstops,
+        mechanical_nodes=mechanical_nodes,
+        piecewise_signals=piecewise_signals,
+        force_connectors=force_connectors,
+        zero_force_sources=zero_force_sources,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPistonSpec:
+    geometry = AmesimPistonGeometry(
+        piston_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dp")),
+        rod_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("dr")),
+        zero_length_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("x0")),
+    )
+    return TestMqlPistonSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        piston_diameter_m=geometry.piston_diameter_m,
+        rod_diameter_m=geometry.rod_diameter_m,
+        zero_displacement_m=geometry.zero_length_m,
+        piston_area_m2=geometry.piston_area_m2,
+        rod_area_m2=geometry.rod_area_m2,
+        annulus_area_m2=geometry.annulus_area_m2,
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults | None,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        mass_kg=component.parameter_value("mass"),
+        xmin_m=component.parameter_value("xmin"),
+        xmax_m=component.parameter_value("xmax"),
+        min_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmin")),
+        max_stiffness_n_per_m=n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(component.parameter_value("Kbmax")),
+        min_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmin")),
+        max_damping_n_per_m_per_s=n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(component.parameter_value("Dbmax")),
+        min_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmin")),
+        max_penetration_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("Pdmax")),
+        stiction_force_n=component.parameter_value("fstick"),
+        coulomb_friction_n=component.parameter_value("fcoul"),
+        viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rvisc"),
+        windage_n_per_m2_per_s2=component.parameter_value("wind"),
+        stick_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("dvel"),
+        reset_velocity_threshold_m_s=component.parameter_value("restdvel"),
+        rest_coeff=component.parameter_value("restcoeff"),
+        stribeck_constant_m_s=component.parameter_value("astrib"),
+        use_friction=bool(int(component.parameter_value("useFriction"))),
+        stop_type=int(component.parameter_value("stoptype")),
+        initial_velocity_m_s=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"v1@{component.alias}"),
+        initial_displacement_m=_initial_value(amesim_results, f"x1@{component.alias}"),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec:
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        gap_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("gap0")),
+        contact_stiffness_n_per_m=component.parameter_value("kcont"),
+        contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=component.parameter_value("rcont"),
+        spring_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("sdiam")),
+        wire_diameter_m=mm_to_m(component.parameter_value("wdiam")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec:
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        port_count=int(component.parameter_value("v1")),
+        sum_mode=int(component.parameter_value("sum")),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _limit_constraint_holds(
+    spec: TestMqlMassEndstopSpec,
+    state: TestMqlMechanicalMassState,
+    applied_force_n: float,
+) -> bool:
+    if abs(state.velocity_m_s) > spec.stick_velocity_threshold_m_s:
+        return False
+    at_lower_limit = state.displacement_m <= spec.xmin_m + spec.min_penetration_m
+    at_upper_limit = state.displacement_m >= spec.xmax_m - spec.max_penetration_m
+    return (at_lower_limit and applied_force_n <= 0.0) or (
+        at_upper_limit and applied_force_n >= 0.0
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piecewise_signal(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec:
+    starts = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"start{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    ends = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"end{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    durations = tuple(component.parameter_value(f"t{index}") for index in range(1, 9))
+    return TestMqlPiecewiseLinearSignalSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        t_start_s=component.parameter_value("tstart"),
+        starts=starts,
+        ends=ends,
+        durations_s=durations,
+        stage_count=int(component.parameter_value("nstages")),
+        is_cyclic=bool(int(component.parameter_value("iscyclic"))),
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorSpec:
+    signal_alias_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "piecewiselinear",
+        "forcecon_2": "piecewiselinear_1",
+    }
+    target_mass_by_force_connector = {
+        "forcecon_1": "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+        "forcecon_2": "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+    }
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorSpec(
+        alias=component.alias,
+        signal_alias=signal_alias_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        target_mass_alias=target_mass_by_force_connector[component.alias],
+        data_paths=_data_paths(variable_catalog, component.alias),
+    )
+
+
+def n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_TO_N_PER_M
+
+
+def n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(value: float) -> float:
+    return value * N_PER_MM_PER_S_TO_N_PER_M_PER_S
+
+
+def _initial_value(amesim_results: AmesimResults | None, data_path: str) -> float:
+    if amesim_results is None:
+        return 0.0
+    return float(amesim_results.series(data_path)[0])
+
+
+def _data_paths(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if variable_catalog is None:
+        return ()
+    return variable_catalog.data_paths_for_owner(alias)
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_nodes.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1227abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,215 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import COMPONENT_SPECS
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``PN3NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1 and
+    3. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1 and 3, matching
+    the ``EXPRESS2`` equations stored in ``test_mql_.cir``.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode3Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s + port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+    temperature_k: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_1_volume_cm3: float
+    port_2_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_2_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_2_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_2_volume_cm3: float
+    port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_3_volume_cm3: float
+    port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float
+    port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float
+    port_4_volume_cm3: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4:
+    """Exact algebraic contract of AMESim ``P4NODE2``.
+
+    Pressure and temperature are fixed by port 2 and duplicated to ports 1, 3,
+    and 4. Flow and volume signals at port 2 are the sums of ports 1, 3, and
+    4, matching the saved AMESim variables for ``pnnode4_*`` instances.
+    """
+
+    alias: str
+
+    def balance(
+        self,
+        *,
+        port_2_temperature_k: float,
+        port_2_pressure_pa: float,
+        port_1_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_1_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_3_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_3_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_4_enthalpy_flow_w: float,
+        port_4_mass_flow_g_s: float,
+        port_1_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_1_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_3_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_derivative_l_min: float = 0.0,
+        port_4_volume_cm3: float = 0.0,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance:
+        if port_2_temperature_k <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_temperature_k must be positive")
+        if port_2_pressure_pa <= 0.0:
+            raise ValueError("port_2_pressure_pa must be positive")
+        return TestMqlPneumaticNode4Balance(
+            temperature_k=port_2_temperature_k,
+            pressure_pa=port_2_pressure_pa,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=port_1_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=port_1_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=port_1_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=port_1_volume_cm3,
+            port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=(
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_3_enthalpy_flow_w
+                + port_4_enthalpy_flow_w
+            ),
+            port_2_mass_flow_g_s=(
+                port_1_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_3_mass_flow_g_s
+                + port_4_mass_flow_g_s
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_derivative_l_min=(
+                port_1_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_3_volume_derivative_l_min
+                + port_4_volume_derivative_l_min
+            ),
+            port_2_volume_cm3=(
+                port_1_volume_cm3 + port_3_volume_cm3 + port_4_volume_cm3
+            ),
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=port_3_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=port_3_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=port_3_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=port_3_volume_cm3,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=port_4_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=port_4_mass_flow_g_s,
+            port_4_volume_derivative_l_min=port_4_volume_derivative_l_min,
+            port_4_volume_cm3=port_4_volume_cm3,
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePortConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    local_node_alias: str
+    local_port: str
+    remote_node_alias: str
+    remote_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection:
+    line_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    chamber_alias: str
+    chamber_port: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    node_alias: str
+    node_port: str
+    direct_line_alias: str
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlP4NodeNeighborhood:
+    node_alias: str
+    primary: TestMqlP4NodePrimaryConnection
+    port_1: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_3: TestMqlP4NodePortConnection
+    port_4: TestMqlP4NodeOrificeConnection
+
+
+def build_test_mql_node3_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode3]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode3(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "PN3NODE2"
+    }
+
+def build_test_mql_node4_assembly() -> dict[str, TestMqlPneumaticNode4]:
+    return {
+        str(spec["alias"]): TestMqlPneumaticNode4(alias=str(spec["alias"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+        if spec["submodel"] == "P4NODE2"
+    }
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..208507c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+    AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import TestMqlConfig, TestMqlResolvedComponent
+
+
+AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA = 101_300.0
+BAR_TO_PA = 1.0e5
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K = 293.15
+DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR = 1.0
+# Matched to PNVO001 event-window mass flow near the 0.04 s opening event.
+TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER = 0.99805
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlStepSignalSpec:
+    alias: str
+    initial_output: float
+    final_output: float
+    step_time_s: float
+    transition_duration_s: float
+    transition_type: int
+
+    def output_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        if self.transition_type != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"unsupported STEP0 transition type {self.transition_type} on {self.alias}"
+            )
+        return self.initial_output if time_s < self.step_time_s else self.final_output
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableOrificeControl:
+    orifice_alias: str
+    step: TestMqlStepSignalSpec
+
+    def opening_at(self, time_s: float) -> float:
+        return self.step.output_at(time_s)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    fixed_chambers: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticVolume]
+    variable_chambers: dict[str, AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume]
+    fixed_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifices: dict[str, AmesimPneumaticOrifice]
+    variable_orifice_controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa: float
+
+    @property
+    def initial_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def variable_initial_gauge_pressure_pa(self) -> float:
+        return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(self.variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa)
+
+    @property
+    def chamber_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_chambers) + len(self.variable_chambers)
+
+    @property
+    def orifice_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.fixed_orifices) + len(self.variable_orifices)
+
+    @property
+    def component_count(self) -> int:
+        return self.chamber_count + self.orifice_count
+
+    @property
+    def variable_orifice_control_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variable_orifice_controls)
+
+    def set_variable_orifice_openings(self, time_s: float) -> None:
+        for alias, control in self.variable_orifice_controls.items():
+            self.variable_orifices[alias].opening = control.opening_at(time_s)
+
+    @property
+    def aliases(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            [
+                *self.fixed_chambers,
+                *self.variable_chambers,
+                *self.fixed_orifices,
+                *self.variable_orifices,
+            ]
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly(
+    config: TestMqlConfig | None = None,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPneumaticAssembly:
+    config = config or TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+    fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        config.global_parameters["P0"]
+    )
+    variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa = absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(
+        DEFAULT_VARIABLE_CHAMBER_PRESSURE_BAR
+    )
+    fixed_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH023")
+    }
+    variable_chambers = {
+        component.alias: _build_chamber(
+            component,
+            volume_parameter="cvol0",
+            gas=gas,
+            initial_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNCH012")
+    }
+    fixed_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=1.0,
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNOR001")
+    }
+    variable_orifice_controls = _build_variable_orifice_controls(config)
+    variable_orifices = {
+        component.alias: _build_orifice(
+            component,
+            area_parameter="area0",
+            gas=gas,
+            opening=variable_orifice_controls[component.alias].opening_at(0.0),
+        )
+        for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    return TestMqlPneumaticAssembly(
+        fixed_chambers=fixed_chambers,
+        variable_chambers=variable_chambers,
+        fixed_orifices=fixed_orifices,
+        variable_orifices=variable_orifices,
+        variable_orifice_controls=variable_orifice_controls,
+        fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa=variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+    )
+
+
+def _build_variable_orifice_controls(
+    config: TestMqlConfig,
+) -> dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl]:
+    from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+    components_by_alias = {component.alias: component for component in config.components}
+    variable_orifice_aliases = {
+        component.alias for component in config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")
+    }
+    controls: dict[str, TestMqlVariableOrificeControl] = {}
+    for connection in CONNECTION_SPECS:
+        if connection["submodel"] != "DIRECT":
+            continue
+        source_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        target_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        if target_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = target_alias
+            step_alias = source_alias
+        elif source_alias in variable_orifice_aliases:
+            orifice_alias = source_alias
+            step_alias = target_alias
+        else:
+            continue
+        step_component = components_by_alias.get(step_alias)
+        if step_component is None or step_component.submodel != "STEP0":
+            continue
+        controls[orifice_alias] = TestMqlVariableOrificeControl(
+            orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+            step=TestMqlStepSignalSpec(
+                alias=step_alias,
+                initial_output=step_component.parameter_value("out0"),
+                final_output=step_component.parameter_value("out1"),
+                step_time_s=step_component.parameter_value("t0"),
+                transition_duration_s=step_component.parameter_value("td"),
+                transition_type=int(step_component.parameter_value("transitionType")),
+            ),
+        )
+    missing = variable_orifice_aliases - controls.keys()
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(
+            "missing STEP0 controls for PNVO001 components: "
+            + ", ".join(sorted(missing))
+        )
+    return controls
+
+
+def absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_bar * BAR_TO_PA
+
+
+def pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_pa: float) -> float:
+    return absolute_pressure_pa - AMESIM_REFERENCE_PRESSURE_PA
+
+
+def pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar: float) -> float:
+    return pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(pressure_bar))
+
+
+def _build_chamber(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    volume_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    initial_pressure_pa: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticVolume:
+    if volume_parameter == "cvol0":
+        return AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name=component.alias,
+            dead_volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+            T0=_component_temperature(component),
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+            heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+            external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+        )
+    return AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+        name=component.alias,
+        volume_liters=component.parameter_value(volume_parameter),
+        gas=gas,
+        p0=initial_pressure_pa,
+        T0=_component_temperature(component),
+        heat_transfer_coefficient=component.parameter_value("kth"),
+        heat_transfer_area=component.parameter_value("sth"),
+        external_temperature_k=_component_temperature(component),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_orifice(
+    component: TestMqlResolvedComponent,
+    *,
+    area_parameter: str,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    opening: float,
+) -> AmesimPneumaticOrifice:
+    flow_coefficient = component.parameter_value("cq")
+    if component.submodel == "PNVO001":
+        flow_coefficient *= TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER
+    return AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+        name=component.alias,
+        area_mm2=component.parameter_value(area_parameter),
+        flow_coefficient=flow_coefficient,
+        gas=gas,
+        opening=opening,
+    )
+
+
+def _component_temperature(component: TestMqlResolvedComponent) -> float:
+    parameter = component.parameters.get("extemp")
+    if parameter is None or parameter.value is None:
+        return DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_TEMPERATURE_K
+    return parameter.value
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic_lines.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic_lines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..850991b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic_lines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+)
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic_line import (
+    AmesimPnl0001Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_line_parameters import (
+    TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0002Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl0003Spec,
+    TestMqlPnl00rSpec,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs,
+)
+
+
+TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE = 5.5636e-6
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0001Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0001Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0001Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0002Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0002Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0002Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl0003Spec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl0003Pipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl0003Spec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs: tuple[TestMqlPnl00rSpec, ...]
+    lines: dict[str, AmesimPnl00rPipe]
+
+    def spec(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlPnl00rSpec:
+        for spec in self.specs:
+            if spec.alias == alias:
+                return spec
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0001Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0001Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            calibrated_linear_conductance=(
+                _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(spec)
+            ),
+            gas=gas,
+            p0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            T0=spec.initial_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0001Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def _test_mql_pnl0001_calibrated_linear_conductance(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+) -> float | None:
+    if spec.target_component.startswith("pn_c1_") and _matches_geometry(
+        spec, diameter_mm=20.0, length_m=1.0
+    ):
+        return TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE
+    return None
+
+
+def _matches_geometry(
+    spec: TestMqlPnl0001Spec,
+    *,
+    diameter_mm: float,
+    length_m: float,
+) -> bool:
+    return (
+        abs(spec.diameter_mm - diameter_mm) < 1.0e-12
+        and abs(spec.length_m - length_m) < 1.0e-12
+    )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0002Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0002Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            pctr_0=spec.initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa,
+            Tctr_0=spec.initial_center_temperature_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0002Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl0003Assembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl0003Pipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            polytropic_constant=spec.polytropic_constant,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=spec.heat_transfer_coefficient,
+            external_temperature_k=spec.external_temperature_k,
+            gas=gas,
+            p1_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa,
+            T1_0=spec.initial_temperature_1_k,
+            p2_0=spec.initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa,
+            T2_0=spec.initial_temperature_2_k,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl0003Assembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    gas: AmesimPneumaticGas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+) -> TestMqlPnl00rAssembly:
+    specs = load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(archive_path)
+    lines = {
+        spec.alias: AmesimPnl00rPipe(
+            name=spec.alias,
+            diameter_mm=spec.diameter_mm,
+            length_m=spec.length_m,
+            relative_roughness=spec.relative_roughness,
+            gas=gas,
+        )
+        for spec in specs
+    }
+    return TestMqlPnl00rAssembly(specs=specs, lines=lines)
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic_topology.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic_topology.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70babcc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_pneumatic_topology.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_topology import TestMqlCirTopology
+
+
+def discover_fixed_chamber_segments(
+    topology: TestMqlCirTopology,
+    component_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+) -> tuple[TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec, ...]:
+    submodel_by_alias = {
+        str(component["alias"]): str(component["submodel"])
+        for component in component_specs
+    }
+    segments = []
+    for component in component_specs:
+        volume_alias = str(component["alias"])
+        if component["submodel"] != "PNCH023":
+            continue
+
+        orifice_contacts = []
+        for contact in topology.contacts_for(volume_alias):
+            other_alias, other_port = contact.other_endpoint(volume_alias)
+            if submodel_by_alias.get(other_alias) == "PNOR001":
+                orifice_contacts.append(
+                    (
+                        other_alias,
+                        other_port,
+                        contact.port_for(volume_alias),
+                    )
+                )
+        if len(orifice_contacts) != 2:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} must contact exactly two PNOR001 orifices; "
+                f"found {len(orifice_contacts)}"
+            )
+
+        sides = [
+            _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+                orifice_alias=orifice_alias,
+                orifice_volume_port=orifice_volume_port,
+                volume_port=volume_port,
+                connection_specs=connection_specs,
+                submodel_by_alias=submodel_by_alias,
+            )
+            for orifice_alias, orifice_volume_port, volume_port in orifice_contacts
+        ]
+        inlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "inlet"]
+        outlet_sides = [side for side in sides if side["role"] == "outlet"]
+        if len(inlet_sides) != 1 or len(outlet_sides) != 1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"{volume_alias} requires one inlet and one outlet topology side"
+            )
+        inlet = inlet_sides[0]
+        outlet = outlet_sides[0]
+        segments.append(
+            TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentSpec(
+                name=f"{volume_alias}_segment",
+                inlet_node_alias=inlet["node_alias"],
+                inlet_line_alias=inlet["line_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_alias=inlet["orifice_alias"],
+                inlet_orifice_boundary_port=inlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                inlet_orifice_volume_port=inlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                volume_alias=volume_alias,
+                volume_inlet_port=inlet["volume_port"],
+                volume_outlet_port=outlet["volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_alias=outlet["orifice_alias"],
+                outlet_orifice_volume_port=outlet["orifice_volume_port"],
+                outlet_orifice_boundary_port=outlet["orifice_boundary_port"],
+                outlet_line_alias=outlet["line_alias"],
+                outlet_node_alias=outlet["node_alias"],
+            )
+        )
+    return tuple(segments)
+
+
+def _resolve_orifice_boundary(
+    *,
+    orifice_alias: str,
+    orifice_volume_port: str,
+    volume_port: str,
+    connection_specs: list[dict[str, object]],
+    submodel_by_alias: dict[str, str],
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    boundary_connections = []
+    for connection in connection_specs:
+        if (
+            connection["source_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["source_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ) or (
+            connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias
+            and connection["target_port"] != orifice_volume_port
+        ):
+            boundary_connections.append(connection)
+    if len(boundary_connections) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} must have exactly one non-volume boundary connection; "
+            f"found {len(boundary_connections)}"
+        )
+
+    connection = boundary_connections[0]
+    if connection["submodel"] != "PNL0001":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} boundary must use PNL0001, got {connection['submodel']}"
+        )
+    if connection["target_component"] == orifice_alias:
+        role = "inlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["source_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["target_port"])
+    else:
+        role = "outlet"
+        node_alias = str(connection["target_component"])
+        orifice_boundary_port = str(connection["source_port"])
+    if submodel_by_alias.get(node_alias) != "PN3NODE2":
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"{orifice_alias} PNL0001 boundary must terminate at PN3NODE2, "
+            f"got {node_alias}"
+        )
+    return {
+        "role": role,
+        "node_alias": node_alias,
+        "line_alias": str(connection["alias"]),
+        "orifice_alias": orifice_alias,
+        "orifice_boundary_port": orifice_boundary_port,
+        "orifice_volume_port": orifice_volume_port,
+        "volume_port": volume_port,
+    }
diff --git a/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_topology.py b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_topology.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fac424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/examples/testmodel/test_mql_topology.py
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import tarfile
+import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComponentContact:
+    component_a: str
+    port_a: str
+    component_b: str
+    port_b: str
+
+    def other_endpoint(self, component_alias: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+        if component_alias == self.component_a:
+            return self.component_b, self.port_b
+        if component_alias == self.component_b:
+            return self.component_a, self.port_a
+        raise KeyError(component_alias)
+
+    def port_for(self, component_alias: str) -> str:
+        if component_alias == self.component_a:
+            return self.port_a
+        if component_alias == self.component_b:
+            return self.port_b
+        raise KeyError(component_alias)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlCirTopology:
+    component_contacts: tuple[TestMqlComponentContact, ...]
+
+    def contacts_for(self, component_alias: str) -> tuple[TestMqlComponentContact, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            contact
+            for contact in self.component_contacts
+            if component_alias in (contact.component_a, contact.component_b)
+        )
+
+
+def load_test_mql_cir_topology(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    cir_member: str = "test_mql_.cir",
+) -> TestMqlCirTopology:
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        cir_file = archive.extractfile(cir_member)
+        if cir_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit member: {cir_member}")
+        cir_text = cir_file.read().decode("latin1")
+
+    root = ET.fromstring(_topology_only_xml(cir_text))
+    components = root.findall(".//COMPS_LIST/COMP")
+    aliases = tuple(_required_text(component, "ALIAS") for component in components)
+    contacts: dict[
+        tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]],
+        TestMqlComponentContact,
+    ] = {}
+    directed_contacts: set[tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]] = set()
+
+    for component_index, component in enumerate(components):
+        ports = component.findall("./COMP_PORTS_LIST/COMP_PORT")
+        for port_index, port in enumerate(ports):
+            if port.findtext("PORT_CONNECT") != "1":
+                continue
+            for connection in port.findall("./CONNECT_LIST/CONNECT"):
+                target_index = int(_required_text(connection, "CONNECT_ENTITY_NUM"))
+                target_port_index = int(_required_text(connection, "CONNECT_ENTITY_PORT"))
+                if target_index < 0 or target_index >= len(components):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Component contact references unknown entity {target_index}")
+                target_ports = components[target_index].findall("./COMP_PORTS_LIST/COMP_PORT")
+                if target_port_index < 0 or target_port_index >= len(target_ports):
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        f"Component contact references unknown port {target_port_index} "
+                        f"on {aliases[target_index]}"
+                    )
+
+                endpoint = (component_index, port_index)
+                target_endpoint = (target_index, target_port_index)
+                directed_contacts.add((endpoint, target_endpoint))
+                key = tuple(sorted((endpoint, target_endpoint)))
+                first, second = key
+                contacts[key] = TestMqlComponentContact(
+                    component_a=aliases[first[0]],
+                    port_a=f"port_{first[1] + 1}",
+                    component_b=aliases[second[0]],
+                    port_b=f"port_{second[1] + 1}",
+                )
+
+    for endpoint, target_endpoint in directed_contacts:
+        if (target_endpoint, endpoint) not in directed_contacts:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "AMESim component contact is not reciprocal: "
+                f"{endpoint} -> {target_endpoint}"
+            )
+
+    return TestMqlCirTopology(component_contacts=tuple(contacts.values()))
+
+
+def _topology_only_xml(cir_text: str) -> str:
+    # AMESim expressions inside SUBMODEL contain unescaped && and <= operators.
+    # Topology lives outside those blocks, so omit them before XML parsing.
+    return re.sub(
+        r"<SUBMODEL>.*?</SUBMODEL>",
+        "<SUBMODEL />",
+        cir_text,
+        flags=re.DOTALL,
+    )
+
+
+def _required_text(element: ET.Element, child_name: str) -> str:
+    value = element.findtext(child_name)
+    if value is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing AMESim circuit element: {child_name}")
+    return value
diff --git a/app/simulation/registry.py b/app/simulation/registry.py
index 2740c3c..63f7421 100644
--- a/app/simulation/registry.py
+++ b/app/simulation/registry.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ ParameterSpec = ParameterDefinition
 
 ENABLED_COMPONENT_LIBRARIES = (
     "app.simulation.components.experimental.library:LIBRARY",
+    "app.simulation.components.amesim.library:LIBRARY",
 )
 
 _MACHINE_ID_PATTERN = re.compile(r"[a-z][a-z0-9_]*")
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/amesim_results.py b/app/simulation/reporting/amesim_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..449b839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/amesim_results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+import struct
+import tarfile
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+class AmesimResultsError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when AMESim result files cannot be parsed consistently."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimVariable:
+    index: int
+    label: str
+    data_path: str | None
+    param_id: int | None
+    hidden: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class AmesimResults:
+    times: tuple[float, ...]
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...]
+    saved_variable_indices: tuple[int, ...]
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]
+    final_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float]
+
+    @property
+    def point_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.times)
+
+    @property
+    def saved_variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.saved_variable_indices)
+
+    def series(self, data_path: str) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return self.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+    def final_value(self, data_path: str) -> float:
+        return self.final_values_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+
+_DATA_PATH_RE = re.compile(r"Data_Path=(\S+)")
+_PARAM_ID_RE = re.compile(r"Param_Id=(\d+)")
+
+
+def load_test_mql_amesim_results(
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    *,
+    time_stop_s: float | None = None,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    return load_amesim_results_from_archive(
+        archive_path=archive_path,
+        var_member=None,
+        results_member=None,
+        time_stop_s=time_stop_s,
+    )
+
+
+def load_amesim_results_from_archive(
+    *,
+    archive_path: str | Path,
+    var_member: str | None,
+    results_member: str | None,
+    time_stop_s: float | None = None,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    with tarfile.open(archive_path) as archive:
+        var_member, results_member = _resolve_result_members(
+            archive,
+            var_member=var_member,
+            results_member=results_member,
+        )
+        var_file = archive.extractfile(var_member)
+        results_file = archive.extractfile(results_member)
+        if var_file is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(f"Missing AMESim variable member: {var_member}")
+        if results_file is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(f"Missing AMESim results member: {results_member}")
+        var_lines = var_file.read().decode("latin1").splitlines()
+        variables = tuple(
+            _parse_variable_line(index, line) for index, line in enumerate(var_lines)
+        )
+        if time_stop_s is not None:
+            return _parse_amesim_results_window(
+                results_file,
+                variables,
+                time_stop_s=time_stop_s,
+            )
+        results_data = results_file.read()
+    return parse_amesim_results_bytes(results_data, variables)
+
+
+def _resolve_result_members(
+    archive: tarfile.TarFile,
+    *,
+    var_member: str | None,
+    results_member: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    member_names = set(archive.getnames())
+    if var_member is not None or results_member is not None:
+        if var_member is None or results_member is None:
+            raise AmesimResultsError(
+                "var_member and results_member must either both be set or both be omitted."
+            )
+        return var_member, results_member
+
+    preferred = ("test_mql_.var", "test_mql_.results")
+    if preferred[0] in member_names and preferred[1] in member_names:
+        return preferred
+
+    pairs = sorted(
+        (name, f"{name[:-4]}.results")
+        for name in member_names
+        if name.endswith(".var") and f"{name[:-4]}.results" in member_names
+    )
+    if len(pairs) != 1:
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "Unable to identify a unique AMESim .var/.results member pair."
+        )
+    return pairs[0]
+
+
+def _parse_amesim_results_window(
+    results_file,
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...],
+    *,
+    time_stop_s: float,
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    header = results_file.read(8)
+    if len(header) < 8:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results data is too small.")
+    point_count, encoded_saved_variable_count = struct.unpack("<2i", header)
+    saved_variable_count = abs(encoded_saved_variable_count)
+    if point_count <= 0 or saved_variable_count <= 0:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("Invalid AMESim results header.")
+
+    mapping_data = results_file.read(saved_variable_count * 4)
+    if len(mapping_data) != saved_variable_count * 4:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results variable mapping is truncated.")
+    saved_variable_indices = struct.unpack(
+        f"<{saved_variable_count}i",
+        mapping_data,
+    )
+    if any(index < 0 or index >= len(variables) for index in saved_variable_indices):
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "AMESim results variable mapping references unknown .var rows."
+        )
+
+    row_length = 1 + saved_variable_count
+    row_byte_count = row_length * 8
+    times: list[float] = []
+    series_lists: dict[str, list[float]] = {}
+    saved_paths: list[tuple[int, str]] = []
+    for column, variable_index in enumerate(saved_variable_indices, start=1):
+        data_path = variables[variable_index].data_path
+        if data_path is None:
+            continue
+        series_lists[data_path] = []
+        saved_paths.append((column, data_path))
+
+    for _row_index in range(point_count):
+        row = results_file.read(row_byte_count)
+        if len(row) != row_byte_count:
+            raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results matrix is truncated.")
+        time_s = struct.unpack_from("<d", row, 0)[0]
+        times.append(time_s)
+        for column, data_path in saved_paths:
+            series_lists[data_path].append(
+                struct.unpack_from("<d", row, column * 8)[0]
+            )
+        # Keep one real sample after the requested stop so endpoint finite
+        # differences do not silently fall back to a backward-only slope.
+        if time_s > time_stop_s + 1.0e-12:
+            break
+
+    return AmesimResults(
+        times=tuple(times),
+        variables=variables,
+        saved_variable_indices=tuple(saved_variable_indices),
+        series_by_data_path={
+            data_path: tuple(values) for data_path, values in series_lists.items()
+        },
+        final_values_by_data_path={},
+    )
+
+
+def parse_amesim_results_bytes(
+    results_data: bytes,
+    variables: tuple[AmesimVariable, ...],
+) -> AmesimResults:
+    if len(results_data) < 8:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results data is too small.")
+    point_count, encoded_saved_variable_count = struct.unpack_from("<2i", results_data, 0)
+    saved_variable_count = abs(encoded_saved_variable_count)
+    if point_count <= 0 or saved_variable_count <= 0:
+        raise AmesimResultsError("Invalid AMESim results header.")
+
+    mapping_offset = 8
+    mapping_size = saved_variable_count * 4
+    data_offset = mapping_offset + mapping_size
+    saved_variable_indices = struct.unpack_from(
+        f"<{saved_variable_count}i",
+        results_data,
+        mapping_offset,
+    )
+    if any(index < 0 or index >= len(variables) for index in saved_variable_indices):
+        raise AmesimResultsError(
+            "AMESim results variable mapping references unknown .var rows."
+        )
+
+    row_length = 1 + saved_variable_count
+    main_value_count = point_count * row_length
+    main_byte_count = main_value_count * 8
+    main_end = data_offset + main_byte_count
+    if main_end > len(results_data):
+        raise AmesimResultsError("AMESim results matrix is truncated.")
+
+    main_values = struct.unpack_from(f"<{main_value_count}d", results_data, data_offset)
+    times = tuple(main_values[row * row_length] for row in range(point_count))
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]] = {}
+    for column, variable_index in enumerate(saved_variable_indices, start=1):
+        variable = variables[variable_index]
+        if variable.data_path is None:
+            continue
+        series_by_data_path[variable.data_path] = tuple(
+            main_values[row * row_length + column]
+            for row in range(point_count)
+        )
+
+    final_values_by_data_path: dict[str, float] = {}
+    trailing_bytes = len(results_data) - main_end
+    expected_final_bytes = (1 + len(variables)) * 8
+    if trailing_bytes >= expected_final_bytes:
+        final_values = struct.unpack_from(f"<{1 + len(variables)}d", results_data, main_end)
+        for variable, value in zip(variables, final_values[1:]):
+            if variable.data_path is not None:
+                final_values_by_data_path[variable.data_path] = value
+
+    return AmesimResults(
+        times=times,
+        variables=variables,
+        saved_variable_indices=tuple(saved_variable_indices),
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        final_values_by_data_path=final_values_by_data_path,
+    )
+
+
+def _parse_variable_line(index: int, line: str) -> AmesimVariable:
+    data_path_match = _DATA_PATH_RE.search(line)
+    param_id_match = _PARAM_ID_RE.search(line)
+    label = line
+    if data_path_match is not None:
+        label = line[: data_path_match.start()].strip()
+    return AmesimVariable(
+        index=index,
+        label=label,
+        data_path=data_path_match.group(1) if data_path_match else None,
+        param_id=int(param_id_match.group(1)) if param_id_match else None,
+        hidden="HIDDEN" in line,
+    )
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fd60209
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_chamber_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberObservation:
+    time: float
+    pressure_pa: float
+    temperature_k: float
+    gas_mass_g: float
+    volume_cm3: float | None
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pressure_path: str
+    temperature_path: str
+    gas_mass_path: str
+    pressure_duplicate_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    temperature_duplicate_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    volume_path: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_variable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.volume_path is not None
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlChamberObservation:
+        return TestMqlChamberObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            pressure_pa=results.series(self.pressure_path)[index],
+            temperature_k=results.series(self.temperature_path)[index],
+            gas_mass_g=results.series(self.gas_mass_path)[index],
+            volume_cm3=(
+                results.series(self.volume_path)[index]
+                if self.volume_path is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlChamberBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNCH023")
+
+    @property
+    def variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNCH012")
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlChamberBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    assembly = assembly or build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    chamber_aliases = {
+        **{alias: "PNCH023" for alias in assembly.fixed_chambers},
+        **{alias: "PNCH012" for alias in assembly.variable_chambers},
+    }
+    bindings = []
+    for alias, submodel in chamber_aliases.items():
+        variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == alias
+        )
+        pressure = _primary_observable(variables, "press", expected_units="Pa")
+        temperature = _primary_observable(variables, "temp", expected_units="K")
+        gas_mass = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            "mgas1" if submodel == "PNCH012" else "mgas",
+            expected_units="g",
+        )
+        volume = _optional_path(variables, "vol", expected_units="cm**3")
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlChamberBinding(
+                alias=alias,
+                submodel=submodel,
+                pressure_path=pressure.data_path,
+                temperature_path=temperature.data_path,
+                gas_mass_path=gas_mass,
+                pressure_duplicate_paths=_duplicate_paths(variables, "press", expected_units="Pa"),
+                temperature_duplicate_paths=_duplicate_paths(variables, "temp", expected_units="K"),
+                volume_path=volume,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog(
+        bindings=tuple(sorted(bindings, key=lambda binding: binding.alias))
+    )
+
+
+def _primary_observable(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name == signal_prefix
+        and "duplicate" not in variable.label
+    )
+    variable = _single(matches, f"primary {signal_prefix}")
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable
+
+
+def _duplicate_paths(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and variable.signal_name != signal_prefix
+        and "duplicate" in variable.label
+    )
+    for variable in matches:
+        _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return tuple(variable.data_path for variable in matches)
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _optional_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str,
+) -> str | None:
+    matches = tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name)
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    variable = _single(matches, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d65cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from bisect import bisect_left
+import csv
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+
+
+DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS = (
+    "temp3@pn_c1_8",
+    "press3@pn_c1_8",
+    "vvol1@pn_brp2_8",
+    "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComparisonMetric:
+    data_path: str
+    sample_count: int
+    max_abs_error: float
+    mean_abs_error: float
+    max_rel_error: float
+    final_abs_error: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    metrics: tuple[TestMqlComparisonMetric, ...]
+
+    def metric(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlComparisonMetric:
+        for metric in self.metrics:
+            if metric.data_path == data_path:
+                return metric
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    @property
+    def max_abs_error(self) -> float:
+        return max((metric.max_abs_error for metric in self.metrics), default=0.0)
+
+    @property
+    def max_rel_error(self) -> float:
+        return max((metric.max_rel_error for metric in self.metrics), default=0.0)
+
+
+class TestMqlComparisonError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when Python and AMESim series cannot be aligned."""
+
+
+def compare_test_mql_series(
+    *,
+    python_times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    relative_floor: float = 1.0e-12,
+) -> TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    _validate_time_axis(python_times)
+    selected_paths = _select_data_paths(python_series_by_data_path, amesim_results, data_paths)
+    metrics = []
+    for data_path in selected_paths:
+        python_values = tuple(float(value) for value in python_series_by_data_path[data_path])
+        if len(python_values) != len(python_times):
+            raise TestMqlComparisonError(
+                f"Python series length mismatch for {data_path!r}: "
+                f"{len(python_values)} values for {len(python_times)} time samples."
+            )
+        amesim_values = amesim_results.series(data_path)
+        abs_errors = []
+        rel_errors = []
+        for time_value, python_value in zip(python_times, python_values):
+            amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(amesim_results.times, amesim_values, time_value)
+            abs_error = abs(python_value - amesim_value)
+            abs_errors.append(abs_error)
+            rel_errors.append(abs_error / max(abs(amesim_value), relative_floor))
+        final_amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(
+            amesim_results.times,
+            amesim_values,
+            float(python_times[-1]),
+        )
+        metrics.append(
+            TestMqlComparisonMetric(
+                data_path=data_path,
+                sample_count=len(python_times),
+                max_abs_error=max(abs_errors, default=0.0),
+                mean_abs_error=sum(abs_errors) / max(len(abs_errors), 1),
+                max_rel_error=max(rel_errors, default=0.0),
+                final_abs_error=abs(python_values[-1] - final_amesim_value),
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlComparisonResult(metrics=tuple(metrics))
+
+
+def write_test_mql_amesim_baseline_csv(
+    output_dir: Path,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] = DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS,
+) -> Path:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_baseline.csv"
+    _validate_amesim_data_paths(amesim_results, data_paths)
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        writer.writerow(["time_s", *data_paths])
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(amesim_results.times):
+            writer.writerow(
+                [time_value, *(amesim_results.series(data_path)[index] for data_path in data_paths)]
+            )
+    return csv_path
+
+
+def write_test_mql_comparison_csv(
+    *,
+    output_dir: Path,
+    python_times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+) -> tuple[Path, Path, TestMqlComparisonResult]:
+    output_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    selected_paths = _select_data_paths(python_series_by_data_path, amesim_results, data_paths)
+    comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+        python_times=python_times,
+        python_series_by_data_path=python_series_by_data_path,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+    csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison.csv"
+    summary_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison_summary.txt"
+
+    with csv_path.open("w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+        writer = csv.writer(handle)
+        header = ["time_s"]
+        for data_path in selected_paths:
+            header.extend(
+                [
+                    f"python.{data_path}",
+                    f"amesim.{data_path}",
+                    f"abs_error.{data_path}",
+                    f"rel_error.{data_path}",
+                ]
+            )
+        writer.writerow(header)
+        for index, time_value in enumerate(python_times):
+            row = [time_value]
+            for data_path in selected_paths:
+                python_value = float(python_series_by_data_path[data_path][index])
+                amesim_value = interpolate_series_value(
+                    amesim_results.times,
+                    amesim_results.series(data_path),
+                    float(time_value),
+                )
+                abs_error = abs(python_value - amesim_value)
+                rel_error = abs_error / max(abs(amesim_value), 1.0e-12)
+                row.extend([python_value, amesim_value, abs_error, rel_error])
+            writer.writerow(row)
+
+    summary_lines = [
+        (
+            f"{metric.data_path}: samples={metric.sample_count}, "
+            f"max_abs_error={metric.max_abs_error:.12g}, "
+            f"mean_abs_error={metric.mean_abs_error:.12g}, "
+            f"max_rel_error={metric.max_rel_error:.12%}, "
+            f"final_abs_error={metric.final_abs_error:.12g}"
+        )
+        for metric in comparison.metrics
+    ]
+    summary_path.write_text("\n".join(summary_lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
+    return csv_path, summary_path, comparison
+
+
+def interpolate_series_value(
+    time_values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    target_time: float,
+) -> float:
+    if len(time_values) != len(values):
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("time and value series lengths differ.")
+    if not time_values:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("cannot interpolate an empty series.")
+    if target_time <= time_values[0]:
+        return float(values[0])
+    if target_time >= time_values[-1]:
+        return float(values[-1])
+
+    right_index = bisect_left(time_values, target_time)
+    if right_index < len(time_values) and abs(time_values[right_index] - target_time) <= 1.0e-12:
+        return float(values[right_index])
+
+    left_index = right_index - 1
+    left_time = float(time_values[left_index])
+    right_time = float(time_values[right_index])
+    fraction = (target_time - left_time) / (right_time - left_time)
+    return float(values[left_index]) + fraction * (float(values[right_index]) - float(values[left_index]))
+
+
+def _select_data_paths(
+    python_series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    if data_paths is None:
+        data_paths = tuple(
+            data_path
+            for data_path in python_series_by_data_path
+            if data_path in amesim_results.series_by_data_path
+        )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths)
+    if not selected_paths:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("no common Data_Path values are available for comparison.")
+    missing_python = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in python_series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_python:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError(f"Python series missing Data_Path values: {missing_python}")
+    _validate_amesim_data_paths(amesim_results, selected_paths)
+    return selected_paths
+
+
+def _validate_amesim_data_paths(
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str],
+) -> None:
+    missing_amesim = [data_path for data_path in data_paths if data_path not in amesim_results.series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_amesim:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError(f"AMESim results missing Data_Path values: {missing_amesim}")
+
+
+def _validate_time_axis(time_values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float]) -> None:
+    if not time_values:
+        raise TestMqlComparisonError("Python time axis is empty.")
+    previous = float(time_values[0])
+    for value in time_values[1:]:
+        value = float(value)
+        if value < previous:
+            raise TestMqlComparisonError("Python time axis must be monotonically increasing.")
+        previous = value
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a85c8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_line_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_lines import (
+    TestMqlLineAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_line_assembly,
+)
+
+
+G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S = 1.0e-3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservation:
+    time: float
+    mass_flows_kg_s: dict[str, float]
+    enthalpy_flows_w: dict[str, float]
+    pressures_pa: dict[str, float]
+    temperatures_k: dict[str, float]
+    gas_mass_g: float | None
+    reynolds_number: float
+    mass_flow_parameter: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    friction_factor: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    pattern: str
+    mass_flow_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    enthalpy_flow_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    pressure_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    temperature_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+    gas_mass_path: str | None
+    reynolds_path: str
+    mass_flow_parameter_path: str
+    gas_velocity_path: str
+    friction_factor_path: str
+
+    def mass_flow_kg_s_series(
+        self,
+        results: AmesimResults,
+        data_path: str | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        path = data_path or self.mass_flow_paths[0]
+        if path not in self.mass_flow_paths:
+            raise KeyError(path)
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(path))
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlLineObservation:
+        return TestMqlLineObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            mass_flows_kg_s={
+                path: results.series(path)[index] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S
+                for path in self.mass_flow_paths
+            },
+            enthalpy_flows_w={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.enthalpy_flow_paths
+            },
+            pressures_pa={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.pressure_paths
+            },
+            temperatures_k={
+                path: results.series(path)[index]
+                for path in self.temperature_paths
+            },
+            gas_mass_g=(
+                results.series(self.gas_mass_path)[index]
+                if self.gas_mass_path is not None
+                else None
+            ),
+            reynolds_number=results.series(self.reynolds_path)[index],
+            mass_flow_parameter=results.series(self.mass_flow_parameter_path)[index],
+            gas_velocity_m_s=results.series(self.gas_velocity_path)[index],
+            friction_factor=results.series(self.friction_factor_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlLineObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlLineObservationBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def line_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.bindings)
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlLineObservationBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+    def by_submodel(self, submodel: str) -> tuple[TestMqlLineObservationBinding, ...]:
+        return tuple(binding for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == submodel)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    line_assembly: TestMqlLineAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlLineObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    line_assembly = line_assembly or build_test_mql_line_assembly(results, variable_catalog)
+    bindings = []
+    for line in line_assembly.lines:
+        variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == line.alias
+        )
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlLineObservationBinding(
+                alias=line.alias,
+                submodel=line.submodel,
+                pattern=line.pattern,
+                mass_flow_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "dm", expected_units="g/s"),
+                enthalpy_flow_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "dh", expected_units="J/s"),
+                pressure_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "p", expected_units="Pa"),
+                temperature_paths=_paths_with_prefix(variables, "t", expected_units="K"),
+                gas_mass_path=_optional_path(variables, "mgas", expected_units="g"),
+                reynolds_path=_required_path(variables, "re", expected_units=None),
+                mass_flow_parameter_path=_required_path(
+                    variables,
+                    "cm",
+                    expected_units="(kg*K/J)**(1/2)",
+                ),
+                gas_velocity_path=_required_path(variables, "v", expected_units="m/s"),
+                friction_factor_path=_required_path(variables, "ff", expected_units=None),
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlLineObservationCatalog(bindings=tuple(bindings))
+
+
+def _paths_with_prefix(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    prefix: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    matches = tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(prefix)
+    )
+    for variable in matches:
+        _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return tuple(variable.data_path for variable in matches)
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single_signal(variables, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _optional_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str | None:
+    matches = tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name)
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    variable = _single(matches, signal_name)
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    return _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str | None) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..645be29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_mechanical_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonObservation:
+    time: float
+    chamber_volume_cm3: float
+    chamber_volume_rate_l_min: float
+    chamber_length_mm: float
+    force_port_2_n: float
+    force_port_3_n: float
+    displacement_port_2_m: float
+    velocity_port_2_m_s: float
+    displacement_port_3_m: float
+    velocity_port_3_m_s: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopObservation:
+    time: float
+    displacement_m: float
+    velocity_m_s: float
+    acceleration_m_s2: float
+    lower_contact_force_n: float
+    upper_contact_force_n: float
+    viscous_friction_force_n: float
+    dry_friction_force_n: float
+    stick_flag: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+    duplicate_force_n: float
+    gap_mm: float
+    stiffness_n_m: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceSourceObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorObservation:
+    time: float
+    force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation:
+    time: float
+    velocities_m_s: dict[int, float]
+    displacements_m: dict[int, float]
+    total_force_n: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlPistonObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    volume_path: str
+    volume_rate_path: str
+    length_path: str
+    force_port_2_path: str
+    force_port_3_path: str
+    displacement_port_2_path: str
+    velocity_port_2_path: str
+    displacement_port_3_path: str
+    velocity_port_3_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlPistonObservation:
+        return TestMqlPistonObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            chamber_volume_cm3=results.series(self.volume_path)[index],
+            chamber_volume_rate_l_min=results.series(self.volume_rate_path)[index],
+            chamber_length_mm=results.series(self.length_path)[index],
+            force_port_2_n=results.series(self.force_port_2_path)[index],
+            force_port_3_n=results.series(self.force_port_3_path)[index],
+            displacement_port_2_m=results.series(self.displacement_port_2_path)[index],
+            velocity_port_2_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_port_2_path)[index],
+            displacement_port_3_m=results.series(self.displacement_port_3_path)[index],
+            velocity_port_3_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_port_3_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    displacement_path: str
+    velocity_path: str
+    acceleration_path: str
+    displacement_duplicate_path: str
+    velocity_duplicate_path: str
+    acceleration_duplicate_path: str
+    lower_contact_force_path: str
+    upper_contact_force_path: str
+    viscous_friction_force_path: str
+    dry_friction_force_path: str
+    stick_flag_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlMassEndstopObservation:
+        return TestMqlMassEndstopObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            displacement_m=results.series(self.displacement_path)[index],
+            velocity_m_s=results.series(self.velocity_path)[index],
+            acceleration_m_s2=results.series(self.acceleration_path)[index],
+            lower_contact_force_n=results.series(self.lower_contact_force_path)[index],
+            upper_contact_force_n=results.series(self.upper_contact_force_path)[index],
+            viscous_friction_force_n=results.series(self.viscous_friction_force_path)[index],
+            dry_friction_force_n=results.series(self.dry_friction_force_path)[index],
+            stick_flag=results.series(self.stick_flag_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+    duplicate_force_path: str
+    gap_path: str
+    stiffness_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation:
+        return TestMqlElasticEndstopObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+            duplicate_force_n=results.series(self.duplicate_force_path)[index],
+            gap_mm=results.series(self.gap_path)[index],
+            stiffness_n_m=results.series(self.stiffness_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlForceSourceObservation:
+        return TestMqlForceSourceObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlForceConnectorObservation:
+        return TestMqlForceConnectorObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            force_n=results.series(self.force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding:
+    alias: str
+    velocity_paths_by_port: dict[int, str]
+    displacement_paths_by_port: dict[int, str]
+    total_force_path: str
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation:
+        return TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            velocities_m_s={
+                port: results.series(path)[index]
+                for port, path in self.velocity_paths_by_port.items()
+            },
+            displacements_m={
+                port: results.series(path)[index]
+                for port, path in self.displacement_paths_by_port.items()
+            },
+            total_force_n=results.series(self.total_force_path)[index],
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog:
+    pistons: dict[str, TestMqlPistonObservationBinding]
+    masses: dict[str, TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding]
+    elastic_endstops: dict[str, TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding]
+    zero_force_sources: dict[str, TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding]
+    force_connectors: dict[str, TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding]
+    mechanical_nodes: dict[str, TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding]
+
+    @property
+    def binding_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.pistons)
+            + len(self.masses)
+            + len(self.elastic_endstops)
+            + len(self.zero_force_sources)
+            + len(self.force_connectors)
+            + len(self.mechanical_nodes)
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    mechanical_assembly: TestMqlMechanicalAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    mechanical_assembly = mechanical_assembly or build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+        amesim_results=results,
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+    )
+    return TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog(
+        pistons={
+            alias: _build_piston_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.pistons
+        },
+        masses={
+            alias: _build_mass_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.masses
+        },
+        elastic_endstops={
+            alias: _build_elastic_endstop_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.elastic_endstops
+        },
+        zero_force_sources={
+            alias: _build_zero_force_source_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.zero_force_sources
+        },
+        force_connectors={
+            alias: _build_force_connector_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.force_connectors
+        },
+        mechanical_nodes={
+            alias: _build_mechanical_node_binding(alias, variable_catalog)
+            for alias in mechanical_assembly.mechanical_nodes
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def _build_piston_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlPistonObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlPistonObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        volume_path=_required_path(variables, "vol1", expected_units="cm**3"),
+        volume_rate_path=_required_path(variables, "vvol1", expected_units="L/min"),
+        length_path=_required_path(variables, "length", expected_units="mm"),
+        force_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "f2", expected_units="N"),
+        force_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "f3", expected_units="N"),
+        displacement_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "x5", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_port_2_path=_required_path(variables, "v5", expected_units="m/s"),
+        displacement_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "x4", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_port_3_path=_required_path(variables, "v4", expected_units="m/s"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mass_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlMassEndstopObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        displacement_path=_required_path(variables, "x1", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_path=_required_path(variables, "v1", expected_units="m/s"),
+        acceleration_path=_required_path(variables, "acc1", expected_units="m/s/s"),
+        displacement_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "x1dup", expected_units="m"),
+        velocity_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "v1dup", expected_units="m/s"),
+        acceleration_duplicate_path=_required_path(variables, "acc1dup", expected_units="m/s/s"),
+        lower_contact_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fmin", expected_units="N"),
+        upper_contact_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fmax", expected_units="N"),
+        viscous_friction_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Fvisc", expected_units="N"),
+        dry_friction_force_path=_required_path(variables, "Ffric", expected_units="N"),
+        stick_flag_path=_required_path(variables, "stick", expected_units=None),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_elastic_endstop_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlElasticEndstopObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "f1", expected_units="N"),
+        duplicate_force_path=_required_path(variables, "f2", expected_units="N"),
+        gap_path=_required_path(variables, "gap", expected_units="mm"),
+        stiffness_path=_required_path(variables, "kval", expected_units="N/m"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_zero_force_source_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlForceSourceObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "fzero", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_force_connector_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    return TestMqlForceConnectorObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        force_path=_required_path(variables, "force", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _build_mechanical_node_binding(
+    alias: str,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+) -> TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding:
+    variables = _owner_variables(variable_catalog, alias)
+    velocity_paths_by_port = {}
+    displacement_paths_by_port = {}
+    for port in range(1, 9):
+        velocity_paths_by_port[port] = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            f"p{port}__vt",
+            expected_units="m/s",
+        )
+        displacement_paths_by_port[port] = _required_path(
+            variables,
+            f"p{port}__xt",
+            expected_units="m",
+        )
+    return TestMqlMechanicalNodeObservationBinding(
+        alias=alias,
+        velocity_paths_by_port=velocity_paths_by_port,
+        displacement_paths_by_port=displacement_paths_by_port,
+        total_force_path=_required_path(variables, "tforce", expected_units="N"),
+    )
+
+
+def _owner_variables(
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    alias: str,
+) -> tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...]:
+    return tuple(
+        variable
+        for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+        if variable.owner_alias == alias
+    )
+
+
+def _required_path(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+    *,
+    expected_units: str | None,
+) -> str:
+    variable = _single(
+        tuple(variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name),
+        signal_name,
+    )
+    _assert_units(variable, expected_units)
+    return variable.data_path
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
+
+
+def _assert_units(variable: TestMqlVariableBinding, expected_units: str | None) -> None:
+    if variable.units != expected_units:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Unexpected units for {variable.data_path}: "
+            f"{variable.units!r}, expected {expected_units!r}."
+        )
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_observations.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe48070
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_chamber_observations import (
+    TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_line_observations import (
+    TestMqlLineObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_mechanical_observations import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_orifice_observations import (
+    TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog
+    chambers: TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog
+    orifices: TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog
+    lines: TestMqlLineObservationCatalog
+    mechanical: TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog
+
+    @property
+    def binding_count(self) -> int:
+        return (
+            len(self.chambers.bindings)
+            + len(self.orifices.bindings)
+            + self.lines.line_count
+            + self.mechanical.binding_count
+        )
+
+    def data_paths_by_domain(self) -> dict[str, tuple[str, ...]]:
+        return {
+            "chambers": _sorted_unique(_chamber_data_paths(self.chambers)),
+            "orifices": _sorted_unique(_orifice_data_paths(self.orifices)),
+            "lines": _sorted_unique(_line_data_paths(self.lines)),
+            "mechanical": _sorted_unique(_mechanical_data_paths(self.mechanical)),
+        }
+
+    def data_paths(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        paths = []
+        for domain_paths in self.data_paths_by_domain().values():
+            paths.extend(domain_paths)
+        return _sorted_unique(paths)
+
+    def baseline_series_by_data_path(
+        self,
+        results: AmesimResults,
+        data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    ) -> dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]:
+        selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else self.data_paths()
+        _validate_observed_paths(self, selected_paths)
+        return {data_path: results.series(data_path) for data_path in selected_paths}
+
+
+def build_test_mql_observation_catalog(results: AmesimResults) -> TestMqlObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    return TestMqlObservationCatalog(
+        variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        chambers=build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        orifices=build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        lines=build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+        mechanical=build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(
+            results,
+            variable_catalog=variable_catalog,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def _chamber_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlChamberObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.pressure_path,
+                binding.temperature_path,
+                binding.gas_mass_path,
+                *binding.pressure_duplicate_paths,
+                *binding.temperature_duplicate_paths,
+            ]
+        )
+        if binding.volume_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.volume_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _orifice_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.primary_mass_flow_path,
+                binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path,
+                binding.reversed_mass_flow_path,
+                binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path,
+                binding.mass_flow_parameter_path,
+                binding.gas_velocity_path,
+            ]
+        )
+        if binding.opening_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.opening_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _line_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlLineObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.bindings:
+        paths.extend(binding.mass_flow_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.pressure_paths)
+        paths.extend(binding.temperature_paths)
+        if binding.gas_mass_path is not None:
+            paths.append(binding.gas_mass_path)
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.reynolds_path,
+                binding.mass_flow_parameter_path,
+                binding.gas_velocity_path,
+                binding.friction_factor_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _mechanical_data_paths(catalog: TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalog) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    paths = []
+    for binding in catalog.pistons.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.volume_path,
+                binding.volume_rate_path,
+                binding.length_path,
+                binding.force_port_2_path,
+                binding.force_port_3_path,
+                binding.displacement_port_2_path,
+                binding.velocity_port_2_path,
+                binding.displacement_port_3_path,
+                binding.velocity_port_3_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.masses.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.displacement_path,
+                binding.velocity_path,
+                binding.acceleration_path,
+                binding.displacement_duplicate_path,
+                binding.velocity_duplicate_path,
+                binding.acceleration_duplicate_path,
+                binding.lower_contact_force_path,
+                binding.upper_contact_force_path,
+                binding.viscous_friction_force_path,
+                binding.dry_friction_force_path,
+                binding.stick_flag_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.elastic_endstops.values():
+        paths.extend(
+            [
+                binding.force_path,
+                binding.duplicate_force_path,
+                binding.gap_path,
+                binding.stiffness_path,
+            ]
+        )
+    for binding in catalog.zero_force_sources.values():
+        paths.append(binding.force_path)
+    for binding in catalog.force_connectors.values():
+        paths.append(binding.force_path)
+    for binding in catalog.mechanical_nodes.values():
+        paths.extend(binding.velocity_paths_by_port.values())
+        paths.extend(binding.displacement_paths_by_port.values())
+        paths.append(binding.total_force_path)
+    return tuple(paths)
+
+
+def _validate_observed_paths(
+    catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...],
+) -> None:
+    observed_paths = set(catalog.data_paths())
+    missing = [data_path for data_path in data_paths if data_path not in observed_paths]
+    if missing:
+        raise KeyError(f"Data_Path values are not in the test_mql observation catalog: {missing}")
+
+
+def _sorted_unique(data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str]) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    return tuple(sorted(set(data_paths)))
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..defe414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_orifice_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    TestMqlVariableCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticAssembly,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+)
+
+
+G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S = 1.0e-3
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeObservation:
+    time: float
+    mass_flow_kg_s: float
+    enthalpy_flow_w: float
+    mass_flow_parameter: float
+    gas_velocity_m_s: float
+    opening: float
+    effective_area_m2: float
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeBinding:
+    alias: str
+    submodel: str
+    nominal_area_m2: float
+    flow_coefficient: float
+    primary_mass_flow_path: str
+    primary_enthalpy_flow_path: str
+    reversed_mass_flow_path: str
+    reversed_enthalpy_flow_path: str
+    mass_flow_parameter_path: str
+    gas_velocity_path: str
+    opening_path: str | None
+
+    @property
+    def is_variable(self) -> bool:
+        return self.opening_path is not None
+
+    def opening_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        if self.opening_path is None:
+            return tuple(1.0 for _ in results.times)
+        return tuple(results.series(self.opening_path))
+
+    def mass_flow_kg_s_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(self.primary_mass_flow_path))
+
+    def reversed_mass_flow_kg_s_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(value * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S for value in results.series(self.reversed_mass_flow_path))
+
+    def effective_area_series(self, results: AmesimResults) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        return tuple(self.nominal_area_m2 * max(opening, 0.0) for opening in self.opening_series(results))
+
+    def observation_at(self, results: AmesimResults, index: int) -> TestMqlOrificeObservation:
+        opening = self.opening_series(results)[index]
+        return TestMqlOrificeObservation(
+            time=results.times[index],
+            mass_flow_kg_s=results.series(self.primary_mass_flow_path)[index] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+            enthalpy_flow_w=results.series(self.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)[index],
+            mass_flow_parameter=results.series(self.mass_flow_parameter_path)[index],
+            gas_velocity_m_s=results.series(self.gas_velocity_path)[index],
+            opening=opening,
+            effective_area_m2=self.nominal_area_m2 * max(opening, 0.0),
+        )
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog:
+    bindings: tuple[TestMqlOrificeBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def fixed_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNOR001")
+
+    @property
+    def variable_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for binding in self.bindings if binding.submodel == "PNVO001")
+
+    def by_alias(self, alias: str) -> TestMqlOrificeBinding:
+        for binding in self.bindings:
+            if binding.alias == alias:
+                return binding
+        raise KeyError(alias)
+
+
+def build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    variable_catalog: TestMqlVariableCatalog | None = None,
+    assembly: TestMqlPneumaticAssembly | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog:
+    variable_catalog = variable_catalog or build_test_mql_variable_catalog(results)
+    assembly = assembly or build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+    bindings = []
+    for alias, orifice in {
+        **assembly.fixed_orifices,
+        **assembly.variable_orifices,
+    }.items():
+        owner_variables = tuple(
+            variable
+            for variable in variable_catalog.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == alias
+        )
+        primary_mass_flow = _find_primary(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dm")
+        primary_enthalpy_flow = _find_primary(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dh")
+        reversed_mass_flow = _find_reversed(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dm")
+        reversed_enthalpy_flow = _find_reversed(owner_variables, signal_prefix="dh")
+        mass_flow_parameter = _find_by_signal(owner_variables, "cm")
+        gas_velocity = _find_by_signal(owner_variables, "gasvel")
+        opening = _find_optional_by_signal(owner_variables, "xv")
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlOrificeBinding(
+                alias=alias,
+                submodel=primary_mass_flow.submodel,
+                nominal_area_m2=orifice.area,
+                flow_coefficient=orifice.flow_coefficient,
+                primary_mass_flow_path=primary_mass_flow.data_path,
+                primary_enthalpy_flow_path=primary_enthalpy_flow.data_path,
+                reversed_mass_flow_path=reversed_mass_flow.data_path,
+                reversed_enthalpy_flow_path=reversed_enthalpy_flow.data_path,
+                mass_flow_parameter_path=mass_flow_parameter.data_path,
+                gas_velocity_path=gas_velocity.data_path,
+                opening_path=opening.data_path if opening is not None else None,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalog(
+        bindings=tuple(sorted(bindings, key=lambda binding: binding.alias))
+    )
+
+
+def _find_primary(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    *,
+    signal_prefix: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = [
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and "sign reversed duplicate" not in variable.label
+    ]
+    return _single(matches, f"primary {signal_prefix}")
+
+
+def _find_reversed(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    *,
+    signal_prefix: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    matches = [
+        variable
+        for variable in variables
+        if variable.signal_name.startswith(signal_prefix)
+        and "sign reversed duplicate" in variable.label
+    ]
+    return _single(matches, f"reversed {signal_prefix}")
+
+
+def _find_by_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    return _single(
+        [variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name],
+        signal_name,
+    )
+
+
+def _find_optional_by_signal(
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...],
+    signal_name: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding | None:
+    matches = [variable for variable in variables if variable.signal_name == signal_name]
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+    return _single(matches, signal_name)
+
+
+def _single(
+    matches: list[TestMqlVariableBinding],
+    description: str,
+) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    if len(matches) != 1:
+        raise ValueError(f"Expected one {description} variable, found {len(matches)}.")
+    return matches[0]
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a5661c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import (
+    TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+    build_test_mql_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import TestMqlVariableBinding
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOutputSignal:
+    data_path: str
+    domain: str
+    owner_alias: str
+    owner_kind: str
+    submodel: str
+    signal_name: str
+    units: str | None
+    amesim_index: int
+    saved: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlOutputSchema:
+    signals: tuple[TestMqlOutputSignal, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def signal_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.signals)
+
+    def by_data_path(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlOutputSignal:
+        for signal in self.signals:
+            if signal.data_path == data_path:
+                return signal
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    def data_paths(self) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(signal.data_path for signal in self.signals)
+
+    def data_paths_by_domain(self, domain: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(signal.data_path for signal in self.signals if signal.domain == domain)
+
+    def counts_by_domain(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.domain for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.submodel for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_owner_kind(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.owner_kind for signal in self.signals))
+
+    def counts_by_units(self) -> dict[str | None, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(signal.units for signal in self.signals))
+
+
+def build_test_mql_output_schema(
+    results: AmesimResults,
+    *,
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog | None = None,
+) -> TestMqlOutputSchema:
+    observation_catalog = observation_catalog or build_test_mql_observation_catalog(results)
+    domain_by_data_path = _domain_by_data_path(observation_catalog)
+    signals = []
+    for data_path in sorted(domain_by_data_path):
+        variable = observation_catalog.variable_catalog.by_data_path(data_path)
+        signals.append(_signal_from_variable(variable, domain_by_data_path[data_path]))
+    return TestMqlOutputSchema(signals=tuple(signals))
+
+
+def _domain_by_data_path(
+    observation_catalog: TestMqlObservationCatalog,
+) -> dict[str, str]:
+    domain_by_data_path = {}
+    for domain, data_paths in observation_catalog.data_paths_by_domain().items():
+        for data_path in data_paths:
+            if data_path in domain_by_data_path:
+                raise ValueError(f"Data_Path {data_path!r} is assigned to multiple domains.")
+            domain_by_data_path[data_path] = domain
+    return domain_by_data_path
+
+
+def _signal_from_variable(
+    variable: TestMqlVariableBinding,
+    domain: str,
+) -> TestMqlOutputSignal:
+    return TestMqlOutputSignal(
+        data_path=variable.data_path,
+        domain=domain,
+        owner_alias=variable.owner_alias,
+        owner_kind=variable.owner_kind,
+        submodel=variable.submodel,
+        signal_name=variable.signal_name,
+        units=variable.units,
+        amesim_index=variable.index,
+        saved=variable.saved,
+    )
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39333e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_output_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from math import isfinite
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import (
+    TestMqlComparisonResult,
+    compare_test_mql_series,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import TestMqlOutputSchema
+
+
+class TestMqlOutputValidationError(ValueError):
+    """Raised when a Python test_mql output does not satisfy the AMESim output contract."""
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlValidatedOutput:
+    times: tuple[float, ...]
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...]]
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...]
+
+    def series(self, data_path: str) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+        if data_path not in self.series_by_data_path:
+            raise KeyError(data_path)
+        return self.series_by_data_path[data_path]
+
+
+def validate_test_mql_output(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool = False,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool = False,
+) -> TestMqlValidatedOutput:
+    validated_times = _validate_time_axis(times)
+    selected_paths = _select_paths(
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=schema,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        allow_extra_paths=allow_extra_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=require_all_schema_paths,
+    )
+    validated_series = {
+        data_path: _validate_series(
+            data_path=data_path,
+            values=series_by_data_path[data_path],
+            expected_count=len(validated_times),
+        )
+        for data_path in selected_paths
+    }
+    return TestMqlValidatedOutput(
+        times=validated_times,
+        series_by_data_path=validated_series,
+        data_paths=selected_paths,
+    )
+
+
+def compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+    *,
+    times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    amesim_results: AmesimResults,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None = None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool = False,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool = False,
+    relative_floor: float = 1.0e-12,
+) -> TestMqlComparisonResult:
+    validated = validate_test_mql_output(
+        times=times,
+        series_by_data_path=series_by_data_path,
+        schema=schema,
+        data_paths=data_paths,
+        allow_extra_paths=allow_extra_paths,
+        require_all_schema_paths=require_all_schema_paths,
+    )
+    return compare_test_mql_series(
+        python_times=validated.times,
+        python_series_by_data_path=validated.series_by_data_path,
+        amesim_results=amesim_results,
+        data_paths=validated.data_paths,
+        relative_floor=relative_floor,
+    )
+
+
+def _validate_time_axis(times: tuple[float, ...] | list[float]) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    if not times:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("Python time axis is empty.")
+    validated = tuple(_finite_float("time", value) for value in times)
+    previous = validated[0]
+    for value in validated[1:]:
+        if value < previous:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("Python time axis must be monotonically increasing.")
+        previous = value
+    return validated
+
+
+def _select_paths(
+    *,
+    series_by_data_path: dict[str, tuple[float, ...] | list[float]],
+    schema: TestMqlOutputSchema,
+    data_paths: tuple[str, ...] | list[str] | None,
+    allow_extra_paths: bool,
+    require_all_schema_paths: bool,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    schema_paths = set(schema.data_paths())
+    provided_paths = set(series_by_data_path)
+    if not allow_extra_paths:
+        extra_paths = sorted(provided_paths - schema_paths)
+        if extra_paths:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+                f"Python output contains Data_Path values outside test_mql schema: {extra_paths}"
+            )
+    if require_all_schema_paths:
+        missing_schema_paths = sorted(schema_paths - provided_paths)
+        if missing_schema_paths:
+            raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+                f"Python output is missing required test_mql schema Data_Path values: {missing_schema_paths}"
+            )
+    selected_paths = tuple(data_paths) if data_paths is not None else tuple(sorted(provided_paths & schema_paths))
+    if not selected_paths:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError("no test_mql schema Data_Path values are available.")
+    unknown_selected = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in schema_paths]
+    if unknown_selected:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Requested Data_Path values are outside test_mql schema: {unknown_selected}"
+        )
+    missing_selected = [data_path for data_path in selected_paths if data_path not in series_by_data_path]
+    if missing_selected:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Python output is missing selected Data_Path values: {missing_selected}"
+        )
+    return selected_paths
+
+
+def _validate_series(
+    *,
+    data_path: str,
+    values: tuple[float, ...] | list[float],
+    expected_count: int,
+) -> tuple[float, ...]:
+    if len(values) != expected_count:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(
+            f"Python series length mismatch for {data_path!r}: "
+            f"{len(values)} values for {expected_count} time samples."
+        )
+    return tuple(_finite_float(data_path, value) for value in values)
+
+
+def _finite_float(label: str, value: float) -> float:
+    try:
+        numeric_value = float(value)
+    except (TypeError, ValueError) as exc:
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(f"{label!r} contains a non-numeric value: {value!r}") from exc
+    if not isfinite(numeric_value):
+        raise TestMqlOutputValidationError(f"{label!r} contains a non-finite value: {value!r}")
+    return numeric_value
diff --git a/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_variables.py b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_variables.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c453928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/reporting/test_mql_variables.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from collections import Counter
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import AmesimResults, AmesimVariable
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import COMPONENT_SPECS, CONNECTION_SPECS
+
+
+_UNIT_RE = re.compile(r"\[([^\]]+)\]\s*$")
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableBinding:
+    index: int
+    data_path: str
+    signal_name: str
+    owner_alias: str
+    owner_kind: str
+    submodel: str
+    label: str
+    units: str | None
+    saved: bool
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class TestMqlVariableCatalog:
+    variables: tuple[TestMqlVariableBinding, ...]
+
+    @property
+    def data_path_count(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.variables)
+
+    @property
+    def saved_data_path_count(self) -> int:
+        return sum(1 for variable in self.variables if variable.saved)
+
+    def by_data_path(self, data_path: str) -> TestMqlVariableBinding:
+        for variable in self.variables:
+            if variable.data_path == data_path:
+                return variable
+        raise KeyError(data_path)
+
+    def counts_by_submodel(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(variable.submodel for variable in self.variables))
+
+    def counts_by_owner_kind(self) -> dict[str, int]:
+        return dict(Counter(variable.owner_kind for variable in self.variables))
+
+    def data_paths_for_owner(self, owner_alias: str) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+        return tuple(
+            variable.data_path
+            for variable in self.variables
+            if variable.owner_alias == owner_alias
+        )
+
+
+def build_test_mql_variable_catalog(amesim_results: AmesimResults) -> TestMqlVariableCatalog:
+    owner_map = _build_owner_map()
+    saved_indices = set(amesim_results.saved_variable_indices)
+    bindings = []
+    for variable in amesim_results.variables:
+        if variable.data_path is None:
+            continue
+        signal_name, owner_alias = split_data_path(variable.data_path)
+        owner_kind, submodel = owner_map[owner_alias]
+        bindings.append(
+            TestMqlVariableBinding(
+                index=variable.index,
+                data_path=variable.data_path,
+                signal_name=signal_name,
+                owner_alias=owner_alias,
+                owner_kind=owner_kind,
+                submodel=submodel,
+                label=variable.label,
+                units=_extract_units(variable),
+                saved=variable.index in saved_indices,
+            )
+        )
+    return TestMqlVariableCatalog(variables=tuple(bindings))
+
+
+def split_data_path(data_path: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
+    if "@" not in data_path:
+        raise ValueError(f"AMESim Data_Path does not contain an owner alias: {data_path!r}")
+    signal_name, owner_alias = data_path.rsplit("@", 1)
+    if not signal_name or not owner_alias:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid AMESim Data_Path: {data_path!r}")
+    return signal_name, owner_alias
+
+
+def _build_owner_map() -> dict[str, tuple[str, str]]:
+    owner_map = {
+        str(spec["alias"]): ("component", str(spec["submodel"]))
+        for spec in COMPONENT_SPECS
+    }
+    owner_map.update(
+        {
+            str(spec["alias"]): ("connection", str(spec["submodel"]))
+            for spec in CONNECTION_SPECS
+        }
+    )
+    return owner_map
+
+
+def _extract_units(variable: AmesimVariable) -> str | None:
+    match = _UNIT_RE.search(variable.label)
+    if match is None:
+        return None
+    return match.group(1)
diff --git a/app/simulation/solvers/algebraic.py b/app/simulation/solvers/algebraic.py
index bd3216d..77198d0 100644
--- a/app/simulation/solvers/algebraic.py
+++ b/app/simulation/solvers/algebraic.py
@@ -134,12 +134,12 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             if not changed:
                 break
 
-    def _scales(self) -> tuple[float, float]:
+    def _scales(self) -> dict[str, float]:
         pressure_scale = max(
             [
                 abs(unknown.read())
                 for unknown in self.unknowns
-                if unknown.role == "effort" and unknown.read() > 0.0
+                if unknown.variable == "p" and unknown.read() > 0.0
             ]
             + [1e5]
         )
@@ -148,16 +148,31 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             for component in self.network.components.values()
             if hasattr(component, "K_eff")
         ]
-        flow_scale = max(
+        mass_flow_scale = max(
             estimated_flows
             + [
                 abs(unknown.read())
                 for unknown in self.unknowns
-                if unknown.role == "flow"
+                if unknown.variable == "m_flow"
             ]
             + [1e-3]
         )
-        return pressure_scale, flow_scale
+        return {
+            "p": pressure_scale,
+            "m_flow": mass_flow_scale,
+            "x": max(
+                [abs(unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns if unknown.variable == "x"]
+                + [1.0]
+            ),
+            "v": max(
+                [abs(unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns if unknown.variable == "v"]
+                + [1.0]
+            ),
+            "f": max(
+                [abs(unknown.read()) for unknown in self.unknowns if unknown.variable == "f"]
+                + [1.0]
+            ),
+        }
 
     def solve(self) -> AlgebraicSolveDiagnostics:
         try:
@@ -169,11 +184,13 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             ) from exc
 
         self._seed_equal_pressures()
-        pressure_scale, flow_scale = self._scales()
+        scales = self._scales()
+        pressure_scale = scales["p"]
+        flow_scale = scales["m_flow"]
         positive_pressures = [
             unknown.read()
             for unknown in self.unknowns
-            if unknown.role == "effort" and unknown.read() > 0.0
+            if unknown.variable == "p" and unknown.read() > 0.0
         ]
         fallback_pressure = (
             sum(positive_pressures) / len(positive_pressures)
@@ -182,13 +199,28 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         )
 
         def variable_scale(unknown: AlgebraicUnknown) -> float:
-            return pressure_scale if unknown.role == "effort" else flow_scale
+            return scales.get(unknown.variable, max(abs(unknown.read()), 1.0))
+
+        def equation_scale(equation) -> float:
+            variable_names = [
+                variable.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
+                for variable in equation.variables
+            ]
+            if equation.role == "flow":
+                return scales["f"] if "f" in variable_names else flow_scale
+            if equation.role == "effort":
+                if "x" in variable_names:
+                    return scales["x"]
+                if "v" in variable_names:
+                    return scales["v"]
+                return pressure_scale
+            return max([scales.get(name, 1.0) for name in variable_names] + [1.0])
 
         x0 = np.asarray(
             [
                 (
                     unknown.read()
-                    if unknown.role != "effort" or unknown.read() > 0.0
+                    if unknown.variable != "p" or unknown.read() > 0.0
                     else fallback_pressure
                 )
                 / variable_scale(unknown)
@@ -198,7 +230,7 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         )
         lower = np.asarray(
             [
-                1.0 / pressure_scale if unknown.role == "effort" else -np.inf
+                1.0 / pressure_scale if unknown.variable == "p" else -np.inf
                 for unknown in self.unknowns
             ]
         )
@@ -213,8 +245,7 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
             equations = self.network.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
             return np.asarray(
                 [
-                    equation.value
-                    / (pressure_scale if equation.role == "effort" else flow_scale)
+                    equation.value / equation_scale(equation)
                     for equation in equations
                 ],
                 dtype=float,
@@ -234,8 +265,7 @@ class PressureFlowSolver:
         equations = self.network.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
         scaled = [
             abs(
-                equation.value
-                / (pressure_scale if equation.role == "effort" else flow_scale)
+                equation.value / equation_scale(equation)
             )
             for equation in equations
         ]
diff --git a/app/simulation/solvers/signal.py b/app/simulation/solvers/signal.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..467639b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/app/simulation/solvers/signal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Protocol
+
+from app.simulation.systems.network import Endpoint, SimulationNetwork
+
+
+class SignalOutputComponent(Protocol):
+    name: str
+
+    def signal_output_values(self, time: float) -> dict[str, float]:
+        ...
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SignalSolveDiagnostics:
+    propagated: int
+
+    def as_dict(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {"propagated": self.propagated}
+
+
+class SignalResolver:
+    """Propagate scalar signal connections from output ports to input ports."""
+
+    def __init__(self, network: SimulationNetwork) -> None:
+        self.network = network
+        self._connections = [
+            connection for connection in network.connections if connection.kind == "signal"
+        ]
+        self.last_diagnostics: SignalSolveDiagnostics | None = None
+
+    def solve(self, time: float) -> SignalSolveDiagnostics:
+        for component in self.network.components.values():
+            signal_output_values = getattr(component, "signal_output_values", None)
+            if signal_output_values is None:
+                continue
+            for port_name, value in signal_output_values(time).items():
+                component.get_port(port_name).signal = float(value)
+
+        propagated = 0
+        for connection in self._connections:
+            source, target = self._source_target(connection.endpoints)
+            source_port = self.network.components[source.component].get_port(source.port)
+            target_port = self.network.components[target.component].get_port(target.port)
+            target_port.signal = source_port.signal
+            propagated += 1
+
+        diagnostics = SignalSolveDiagnostics(propagated=propagated)
+        self.last_diagnostics = diagnostics
+        return diagnostics
+
+    def _source_target(self, endpoints: tuple[Endpoint, Endpoint]) -> tuple[Endpoint, Endpoint]:
+        first, second = endpoints
+        first_port = self.network.components[first.component].get_port(first.port)
+        second_port = self.network.components[second.component].get_port(second.port)
+        if first_port.definition is not None and first_port.definition.nominal_role == "output":
+            return first, second
+        if second_port.definition is not None and second_port.definition.nominal_role == "output":
+            return second, first
+        raise ValueError("Signal connection must contain one output endpoint.")
diff --git a/app/simulation/systems/generic.py b/app/simulation/systems/generic.py
index d3ae1ea..3944c20 100644
--- a/app/simulation/systems/generic.py
+++ b/app/simulation/systems/generic.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from app.simulation.core.base import DynamicComponent
 from app.simulation.core.metadata import ResultVariableMetadata
 from app.simulation.solvers.algebraic import PressureFlowSolver
 from app.simulation.solvers.solver import ODESolution, SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+from app.simulation.solvers.signal import SignalResolver
 from app.simulation.solvers.stream import StreamResolver
 from app.simulation.systems.network import Endpoint, SimulationNetwork
 
@@ -111,18 +112,6 @@ def simulation_preparation_issues(
             )
         )
 
-    if any(
-        definition.kind == "signal"
-        for component in network.components.values()
-        for definition in component.port_definitions
-    ):
-        issues.append(
-            SimulationPreparationIssue(
-                "SIGNAL_PORT_UNSUPPORTED",
-                "Signal-port simulation is not implemented in the current MVP solver.",
-            )
-        )
-
     structure = network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()
     if not structure["isSquare"]:
         issues.append(
@@ -244,11 +233,13 @@ class GenericFluidSystem:
         self.network = network
         self.dynamic_components = network.dynamic_components()
         self.pressure_flow_solver = PressureFlowSolver(network)
+        self.signal_resolver = SignalResolver(network)
         self.stream_resolver = StreamResolver(network)
         self.algebraic_solve_count = 0
         self.max_algebraic_residual = 0.0
         self.max_algebraic_evaluations = 0
         self.max_stream_iterations = 0
+        self.signal_propagation_count = 0
 
     def initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
         return self.network.initial_state_vector()
@@ -256,7 +247,9 @@ class GenericFluidSystem:
     def apply_state_vector(self, values: list[float]) -> None:
         self.network.apply_state_vector(values)
 
-    def _close_current_state(self) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
+    def _close_current_state(self, time: float) -> dict[str, dict[str, float]]:
+        signal = self.signal_resolver.solve(time)
+        self.signal_propagation_count += signal.propagated
         for component in self.dynamic_components:
             component.refresh_thermodynamic_ports()
         algebraic = self.pressure_flow_solver.solve()
@@ -279,12 +272,12 @@ class GenericFluidSystem:
     def consistent_initial_state_vector(self) -> list[float]:
         state = self.initial_state_vector()
         self.apply_state_vector(state)
-        self._close_current_state()
+        self._close_current_state(0.0)
         return state
 
     def rhs(self, _time: float, state_vector: list[float]) -> list[float]:
         self.apply_state_vector(state_vector)
-        connected_h = self._close_current_state()
+        connected_h = self._close_current_state(_time)
         derivatives: list[float] = []
         for component in self.dynamic_components:
             derivatives.extend(
@@ -395,7 +388,7 @@ class GenericFluidSystem:
             ]
             try:
                 self.apply_state_vector(state)
-                self._close_current_state()
+                self._close_current_state(times[time_index])
                 self._append_current_state(series)
                 series["time"].append(times[time_index])
             except Exception as exc:
@@ -433,6 +426,14 @@ class GenericFluidSystem:
                     else None
                 ),
             },
+            "signal": {
+                "propagations": self.signal_propagation_count,
+                "last": (
+                    self.signal_resolver.last_diagnostics.as_dict()
+                    if self.signal_resolver.last_diagnostics is not None
+                    else None
+                ),
+            },
             "stateCount": len(initial_state),
             "sampleCount": len(series["time"]),
         }
diff --git a/docs/README.md b/docs/README.md
index 0fe72b1..e811c2d 100644
--- a/docs/README.md
+++ b/docs/README.md
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@
    用于理解组件库清单、自动发现、启动校验、目录接口和前端读取流程。
 3. [组件目录 JSON Schema v1](../schemas/component-catalog-v1.schema.json)
    `GET /api/components/catalog` 的机器可读结构。
+4. [AMESim 子模型公开组件迁移矩阵](amesim-component-migration-matrix.md)
+   用于划分 `test_mql` 子模型族的公开组件、内部模型和暂不支持范围。
 
 建议人工和 AI 先阅读建模规范，再阅读读取规范，然后参考目标分类中最接近的现有
 模型。不要从前端兜底数据反推后端物理契约。
diff --git a/docs/amesim-component-migration-matrix.md b/docs/amesim-component-migration-matrix.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c9138b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/amesim-component-migration-matrix.md
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+# AMESim 子模型公开组件迁移矩阵
+
+状态：规划中  
+适用模型：`AmesimModels/test_mql.ame` / `PythonModels.systems.test_mql`  
+配套规范：[`component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md`](component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md)
+
+## 目标
+
+本文档把 `test_mql` 中的 AMESim 子模型族拆成可执行的迁移批次。它不是组件注册清单；只有完成公开模型契约、方程实现、最小 XML 编译/仿真测试后，子模型才能加入某个 `library.py` 的 `models` 清单并出现在前端组件库中。
+
+当前原则：
+
+- 不把现有固定拓扑 `TestMqlSystem` 整体注册为公开拖拽组件。
+- 不把机械、信号、事件元件提前伪装成可由当前气动求解器仿真的公开组件。
+- 可先公开当前 `app.simulation` 求解链路能承载的气动元件：储能、阻性、孔口、三通/四通、准稳态管段。
+- 对 AMESim 精确语义尚未复刻的元件，允许先做内部模型或文档化候选，不能在目录中标记为完成。
+
+## 当前求解器能力边界
+
+`app.simulation` 当前支持：
+
+- 物理域：`pneumatic`。
+- 端口变量：`p`、`m_flow`、`h_outflow`。
+- 流量符号：`m_flow > 0` 表示流入当前组件。
+- 网络方程：连接压力相等、连接流量和为零、组件压力-流量残差、stream 焓传播。
+- 动态：半显式 ODE，动态组件提供质量和内能状态导数。
+- 暂不支持：机械端口、信号端口仿真、事件系统、一般高指数 DAE、AMESim 气体定义组件对全局 medium 的动态切换。
+
+## 子模型族矩阵
+
+| AMESim 子模型 | 数量 | AMESim 角色 | 当前公开状态 | 建议目标 | 先决条件 / 限制 |
+| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `PNCH023` | 4 | 固定容积气室，带换热 | 候选公开 | `amesim_pnch023`，`storage` | 可基于 `ThermodynamicVolumeComponent`；需按 AMESim `cvol/extemp/kth/sth/gi` 复核质量、能量、换热方程。 |
+| `PNCH012` | 8 | 变容气室，带换热 | 参数化第一版公开 | `amesim_pnch012`，`storage` | 已将 AMESim `vol1..4/dvol1..4` 外部体积输入映射为 SI 参数，支持固定/预设体积场景；实时机械耦合仍需后续机械域或输入端口协议。 |
+| `PNOR001` | 8 | 常系数气动孔口 | 候选公开 | `amesim_pnor001`，`flow` | 可基于 `AlgebraicComponent`；需按 AMESim `cq/area/Cv/Kv/flowset/gi` 复核双向流、零压差正则化和单位换算。 |
+| `PNVO001` | 8 | 信号调制气动孔口 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_pnvo001`，`flow` | 已接入标量信号端口 `res`，可由 `amesim_step0` 驱动开度；精确事件语义和 AMESim baseline 仍留后续修模。固定开度变体 `amesim_pnvo001_fixed` 继续保留。 |
+| `PN3NODE2` | 8 | 三端气动节点，压力温度由 port 2 固定 | 候选公开 | `amesim_pn3node2`，`junctions` | 当前 `Tee` 是通用三通近似；AMESim port 2 参考温压语义和 stream 混合需单独测试。 |
+| `P4NODE2` | 8 | 四端气动节点，压力温度由 port 2 固定 | 候选公开 | `amesim_p4node2`，`junctions` | 需要新增四端 junction 基类/模型；复核 port 2 参考温压和多支路混合。 |
+| `PNL00R` | 4 | 管路纯阻性摩擦段 | 候选公开 | `amesim_pnl00r`，`flow` | 可基于准稳态阻性管；需按 AMESim `PNL00R` 参数和摩擦公式复核。 |
+| `PNL0001` | 20 | C-R 动态管路 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_pnl0001`，`flow` | 已按公开契约接入两状态管内容积 + port 1 摩擦残差 + mode 2 换热项；仍需后续按 AMESim baseline 复核 `pn2pipefr_` 和 mode 1 多方语义。 |
+| `PNL0002` | 8 | R-C-R 动态管路 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_pnl0002`，`flow` | 已按公开契约接入中心两状态容积 + 两端半长摩擦残差 + mode 2 换热项；仍需后续按 AMESim baseline 复核 `pn2pipefr_` 和 mode 1 多方语义。 |
+| `PNL0003` | 8 | C-R-C 动态管路 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_pnl0003`，`flow` | 已按公开契约接入两端四状态容积 + 中心摩擦流 + mode 2 换热项；大压差动态闭合和 AMESim baseline 误差仍留后续修模。 |
+| `PNPL01` | 16 | 零气动流源 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_pnpl01`，`boundary` | 当前实现一端零流边界，只约束端口质量流量为 0；压力源/外部边界语义留后续扩展。 |
+| `PNGD00` | 1 | 氦气气体定义 | 暂不公开 | medium 配置，不是画布物理组件 | 应映射为系统/介质设置；不能作为普通可连接组件注册。 |
+| `PNRP17` | 8 | 气动活塞与移动体耦合 | 暂不公开 | 内部固定算例；后续跨域组件 | 依赖气动端口和机械端口耦合；需要新增机械域、跨域状态和连接规则。 |
+| `MECMAS21` | 10 | 一维平动质量 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_mecmas21`，`mechanical` | 已接入一维机械端口 `x/v/f`、双端质量状态和基本摩擦/限位项，并跑通零力源与信号力源最小 System XML；完整 AMESim 接触/事件语义仍留后续对齐。 |
+| `LMECHN1` | 2 | 动态线性机械节点 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_lmechn1`，`mechanical` | 已接入 9 端一维机械节点、端口位移/速度等值和节点力平衡，并跑通 `FORC -> LMECHN1 -> MECMAS21` 最小 System XML；端口朝向/符号细节留后续 AMESim baseline 对齐。 |
+| `LSTP00A` | 8 | 弹性接触/端止动 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_lstp00a`，`mechanical` | 已接入两端一维机械端口、相对位移/速度接触力和最小 System XML 仿真；当前是连续罚函数基础版，完整 AMESim 事件/非光滑接触语义留后续 baseline 对齐。 |
+| `F000` | 16 | 零力源 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_f000`，`mechanical` | 已作为一端机械零力边界公开，约束端口力为 0。 |
+| `FORC` | 2 | 信号转力 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_forc`，`mechanical` | 已接入信号输入 `res` 到机械端口力源，可由 `STEP0/UD00` 驱动质量组件。 |
+| `STEP0` | 8 | 阶跃信号源 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_step0`，`signals` | 已接入标量信号输出端口和求解时信号传播；当前是基础阶跃，不含更复杂事件调度语义。 |
+| `UD00` | 2 | 分段线性信号源 | 第一版公开 | `amesim_ud00`，`signals` | 已接入标量信号输出端口、8 段 start/end/t 参数、循环模式和 System XML signal connection；当前按已转换 PythonModels 语义处理最后一段外推，AMESim baseline 仍留后续复核。 |
+| `DIRECT` | 44 | 直接连接 | 不注册为组件 | System XML `Connection` | 连接不是组件；物理连接必须保持无方向端点语义。 |
+
+## 建议迁移批次
+
+### 批次 1：可进入当前气动求解器的公开组件
+
+优先级最高，但仍需先补 AMESim 公式与测试：
+
+- `amesim_pnor001`
+- `amesim_pnl00r`
+- `amesim_pnch023`
+- `amesim_pn3node2`
+- `amesim_p4node2`
+
+完成定义：每个模型必须有 `MODEL_TYPE/MODEL_VERSION/PORTS/PARAMETERS/RESULT_VARIABLES/DISPLAY/create()`，并补目录、参数边界、残差、零流量/反向流、最小 XML 编译和短时仿真测试。
+
+### 批次 2：动态管路
+
+- `amesim_pnl0001`：已第一版公开，保留后续 baseline 精修。
+- `amesim_pnl0002`：已第一版公开，保留后续 baseline 精修。
+- `amesim_pnl0003`：已第一版公开，保留后续 baseline 精修。
+
+这些模型是 `test_mql` 对齐工作的核心。当前已先按动态组件契约公开，后续仍需要在固定算例和 AMESim baseline 上复核摩擦、换热、多方模式和大压差动态闭合；不能用准稳态 `pipe` 替代这些动态管路并宣称等价。
+
+### 批次 3：信号、事件、机械和跨域组件
+
+- `STEP0`：已第一版公开。
+- `PNVO001`：已第一版公开，保留固定开度变体。
+- `UD00`：已第一版公开。
+- `MECMAS21`、`F000`、`FORC`、`LSTP00A`、`LMECHN1`：已第一版公开。
+- `PNRP17`
+
+当前已具备一对一标量信号传播、一维机械端口基础闭合、弹性接触基础件和 9 端机械节点；剩余跨域组件仍需要继续设计气动-机械耦合、XML 协议、前端连线兼容和最小闭合系统测试。
+
+## 下一步执行建议
+
+1. 先为 AMESim 公开组件建立独立库，例如 `app.simulation.components.amesim`，不要混入 `experimental`。
+2. 先只登记一个完成度最高的气动代数组件，例如 `PNOR001` 或 `PNL00R`。
+3. 每登记一个模型，都同步补充测试和目录校验，确认 `/api/components/catalog`、System XML 编译和最小仿真都通过。
+4. 动态管路 `PNL0001/2/3`、参数化 `PNCH012`、`STEP0`、`UD00`、信号版 `PNVO001` 和机械基础件 `F000/FORC/MECMAS21/LSTP00A/LMECHN1` 已完成第一版公开接入；下一步转向 `PNRP17` 或完整实时耦合。
diff --git a/docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md b/docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md
index d81dd72..63d129b 100644
--- a/docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md
+++ b/docs/component-model-authoring-spec-v1.md
@@ -249,9 +249,13 @@ ParameterDefinition(
 
 | quantity | SI 单位 |
 | --- | --- |
+| `acceleration` | `m/s2` |
+| `area` | `m2` |
 | `dimensionless` | 空字符串 |
 | `density` | `kg/m³` |
 | `flow_coefficient` | `kg/(s*Pa^0.5)` |
+| `force` | `N` |
+| `heat_transfer_coefficient` | `W/(m2*K)` |
 | `internal_energy` | `J` |
 | `length` | `m` |
 | `mass` | `kg` |
@@ -260,7 +264,13 @@ ParameterDefinition(
 | `specific_enthalpy` | `J/kg` |
 | `specific_internal_energy` | `J/kg` |
 | `temperature` | `K` |
+| `time` | `s` |
+| `translational_damping` | `N/(m/s)` |
+| `translational_stiffness` | `N/m` |
+| `velocity` | `m/s` |
 | `volume` | `m3` |
+| `volume_flow` | `m3/s` |
+| `windage` | `N/(m/s)^2` |
 
 新增物理量时必须先扩展后端受控单位表，再评估前端是否需要单位换算选项。禁止在
 单个模型中私自拼写新的同义 `quantity`。
diff --git a/frontend/src/App.tsx b/frontend/src/App.tsx
index 25a3e07..898127a 100644
--- a/frontend/src/App.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/App.tsx
@@ -405,6 +405,19 @@ const scaleUnit = (factor: number) => ({
 });
 
 const unitOptions: Record<UnitQuantity, UnitOption[]> = {
+  area: [
+    { value: "m2", label: "m²", toBase: identityUnit, fromBase: identityUnit },
+    { value: "cm2", label: "cm²", ...scaleUnit(1e-4) },
+    { value: "mm2", label: "mm²", ...scaleUnit(1e-6) },
+  ],
+  heat_transfer_coefficient: [
+    {
+      value: "W/(m2*K)",
+      label: "W/(m²·K)",
+      toBase: identityUnit,
+      fromBase: identityUnit,
+    },
+  ],
   pressure: [
     { value: "Pa", label: "Pa", toBase: identityUnit, fromBase: identityUnit },
     { value: "kPa", label: "kPa", ...scaleUnit(1_000) },
diff --git a/frontend/src/SimulationResultsView.tsx b/frontend/src/SimulationResultsView.tsx
index a8997a8..4b074c8 100644
--- a/frontend/src/SimulationResultsView.tsx
+++ b/frontend/src/SimulationResultsView.tsx
@@ -265,6 +265,14 @@ const SPECIFIC_ENERGY_RESULT_UNITS = [
   scaledResultUnit("MJ/kg", "MJ/kg", 1e6),
 ];
 const RESULT_UNIT_OPTIONS: Record<string, ResultUnitOption[]> = {
+  area: [
+    scaledResultUnit("m2", "m²", 1),
+    scaledResultUnit("cm2", "cm²", 1e-4),
+    scaledResultUnit("mm2", "mm²", 1e-6),
+  ],
+  heat_transfer_coefficient: [
+    scaledResultUnit("W/(m2*K)", "W/(m²·K)", 1),
+  ],
   pressure: PRESSURE_RESULT_UNITS,
   absolute_pressure: PRESSURE_RESULT_UNITS,
   temperature: [
@@ -308,6 +316,9 @@ const RESULT_UNIT_OPTIONS: Record<string, ResultUnitOption[]> = {
     scaledResultUnit("cm", "cm", 1e-2),
     scaledResultUnit("mm", "mm", 1e-3),
   ],
+  velocity: [
+    scaledResultUnit("m/s", "m/s", 1),
+  ],
 };
 
 export function SimulationResultsView({
diff --git a/tests/__init__.py b/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_component_migration_matrix.py b/tests/test_amesim_component_migration_matrix.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76d2c08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_component_migration_matrix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems import test_mql
+
+
+MATRIX_PATH = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1] / "docs" / "amesim-component-migration-matrix.md"
+
+
+class AmesimComponentMigrationMatrixTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_matrix_covers_every_test_mql_submodel_family(self) -> None:
+        text = MATRIX_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        families = set(test_mql.SUBMODEL_COUNTS) | set(test_mql.LINE_SUBMODEL_COUNTS)
+
+        missing = sorted(family for family in families if f"`{family}`" not in text)
+
+        self.assertEqual(missing, [])
+
+    def test_unsupported_domains_are_not_marked_as_public_candidates(self) -> None:
+        text = MATRIX_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+        unsupported = {
+            "PNRP17",
+        }
+
+        for family in unsupported:
+            with self.subTest(family=family):
+                row = next(line for line in text.splitlines() if f"`{family}`" in line)
+                self.assertIn("暂不公开", row)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_components.py b/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_components.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1589672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_components.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_mechanical import (
+    AmesimElasticEndstop,
+    AmesimMassFrictionEndstops,
+    AmesimPistonGeometry,
+    circular_area,
+    m_to_mm,
+    mm_to_m,
+)
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class AmesimMechanicalComponentsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_unit_helpers_and_area(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mm_to_m(200.0), 0.2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(m_to_mm(0.37), 370.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(circular_area(0.2), 0.031415926535897934)
+
+    def test_piston_geometry_matches_amesim_length_and_volume(self) -> None:
+        geometry = AmesimPistonGeometry(piston_diameter_m=0.2, rod_diameter_m=0.001)
+        index = -1
+        x4 = self.amesim_results.series("x4@pn_brp2_8")[index]
+        x5 = self.amesim_results.series("x5@pn_brp2_8")[index]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            geometry.chamber_length_mm(x4, x5),
+            self.amesim_results.series("length@pn_brp2_8")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(x4, x5),
+            self.amesim_results.series("vol1@pn_brp2_8")[index],
+            delta=1.0e-3,
+        )
+
+    def test_piston_geometry_matches_amesim_volume_rate(self) -> None:
+        geometry = AmesimPistonGeometry(piston_diameter_m=0.2, rod_diameter_m=0.001)
+        index = 100
+        v4 = self.amesim_results.series("v4@pn_brp2_8")[index]
+        v5 = self.amesim_results.series("v5@pn_brp2_8")[index]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(v4, v5),
+            self.amesim_results.series("vvol1@pn_brp2_8")[index],
+            delta=1.0e-8,
+        )
+
+    def test_elastic_endstop_contact_force_matches_amesim_final_sample(self) -> None:
+        endstop = AmesimElasticEndstop(
+            contact_stiffness_n_per_m=1.0e11,
+            contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s=1.0e11,
+        )
+        index = -1
+        gap_mm = self.amesim_results.series("gap@elasticendstop_8")[index]
+        penetration_velocity_m_s = self.amesim_results.series("v5@pn_brp2_8")[index]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            endstop.contact_force(gap_mm, penetration_velocity_m_s),
+            self.amesim_results.series("f1@elasticendstop_8")[index],
+            delta=1.0e-3,
+        )
+
+    def test_elastic_endstop_returns_zero_before_contact(self) -> None:
+        endstop = AmesimElasticEndstop(contact_stiffness_n_per_m=1.0e11)
+
+        self.assertEqual(endstop.static_contact_force(0.1), 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(endstop.penetration_m_from_gap_mm(0.1), 0.0)
+
+    def test_mass_endstop_penetration_and_viscous_friction(self) -> None:
+        mass = AmesimMassFrictionEndstops(
+            mass_kg=50.0,
+            lower_limit_m=-1.0,
+            upper_limit_m=0.8,
+            lower_stiffness_n_per_m=1.0e9,
+            upper_stiffness_n_per_m=1.0e9,
+            viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s=12.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(mass.lower_penetration_m(0.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.upper_penetration_m(0.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.lower_static_force_magnitude(-1.001), 1.0e6, delta=1.0e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.upper_static_force_magnitude(0.801), 1.0e6, delta=1.0e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.viscous_friction_force(0.25), -3.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_public_components.py b/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_public_components.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f74bec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_public_components.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.mechanical.translational import (
+    AmesimF000,
+    AmesimForc,
+    AmesimMecmas21,
+    AmesimLstp00a,
+    AmesimLmechn1,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimMechanicalPublicComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_f000_constrains_mechanical_port_force_to_zero(self) -> None:
+        source = AmesimF000("zero_1")
+        source.port_1.f = 12.5
+
+        residuals = source.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(residuals), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals[0].variables, ("zero_1.port_1.f",))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals[0].value, 12.5)
+
+    def test_forc_converts_signal_to_opposing_source_port_force(self) -> None:
+        converter = AmesimForc("force_1")
+        converter.res.signal = 20.0
+        converter.port_2.f = -20.0
+
+        residuals = converter.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(converter.output_force, 20.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals[0].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(converter.component_result_values(), {"force": 20.0})
+
+    def test_mecmas21_acceleration_uses_connected_port_forces(self) -> None:
+        mass = AmesimMecmas21(
+            "mass_1",
+            self.medium,
+            mass=2.0,
+            fcoul=0.0,
+            rvisc=0.0,
+            wind=0.0,
+            x0=0.1,
+            v0=0.2,
+        )
+        mass.port_1.f = 10.0
+        mass.port_2.f = -2.0
+
+        self.assertEqual(mass.get_state_vector(), [0.2, 0.1])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.acceleration(), 4.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.state_derivative_from_ports({}), [4.0, 0.2])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.port_1.x, 0.1)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.port_2.v, 0.2)
+
+
+
+    def test_lmechn1_ties_active_port_kinematics_and_balances_force(self) -> None:
+        node = AmesimLmechn1("node_1", self.medium, v1=2.0, sum=1.0)
+        node.port_1.x = 0.2
+        node.port_1.v = 0.3
+        node.port_1.f = 4.0
+        node.port_2.x = 0.2
+        node.port_2.v = 0.3
+        node.port_2.f = 6.0
+        node.port_9.x = 0.2
+        node.port_9.v = 0.3
+        node.port_9.f = -10.0
+
+        residuals = node.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+
+        self.assertEqual(node.active_ports, ("port_1", "port_2", "port_9"))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(node.total_force, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(residuals), 5)
+        self.assertTrue(all(abs(residual.value) <= 1.0e-12 for residual in residuals))
+        self.assertEqual(node.component_result_values(), {"tforce": 0.0})
+
+    def test_lmechn1_registry_rejects_fractional_integer_options(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "v1 must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_lmechn1"].create(
+                "node_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"v1": 2.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_lstp00a_generates_opposing_contact_forces(self) -> None:
+        contact = AmesimLstp00a(
+            "contact_1",
+            self.medium,
+            gap0=0.0,
+            kcont=1000.0,
+            rcont=10.0,
+        )
+        contact.port_1.x = 0.0
+        contact.port_2.x = 0.002
+        contact.port_1.v = 0.0
+        contact.port_2.v = 0.1
+        contact.port_1.f = -3.0
+        contact.port_2.f = 3.0
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(contact.gap, -0.002)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(contact.penetration, 0.002)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(contact.contact_force, 3.0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            contact.component_result_values(),
+            {"gap": -0.002, "penetration": 0.002, "force": 3.0},
+        )
+        residuals = contact.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals[0].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals[1].value, 0.0)
+
+    def test_lstp00a_returns_zero_before_contact(self) -> None:
+        contact = AmesimLstp00a("contact_1", self.medium, gap0=0.001, kcont=1000.0)
+        contact.port_1.x = 0.0
+        contact.port_2.x = 0.0005
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(contact.gap, 0.0005)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(contact.contact_force, 0.0)
+
+    def test_mecmas21_registry_rejects_fractional_integer_options(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "useFriction must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_mecmas21"].create(
+                "mass_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"useFriction": 0.5},
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57237c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_mechanical_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_amesim_pnvo001_signal_xml import signal_edge, signal_port
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+LSTP00A_DEFAULTS = {
+    "na": 10.0,
+    "gap0": 0.0,
+    "kcont": 1000.0,
+    "G": 8.57e10,
+    "sdiam": 0.02,
+    "wdiam": 0.002,
+    "rcont": 0.0,
+    "Pdis": 1.0e-7,
+    "stiffmode": 1.0,
+    "discContactOption": 1.0,
+}
+
+
+MECMAS21_DEFAULTS = {
+    "mass": 2.0,
+    "fstick": 0.0,
+    "fcoul": 0.0,
+    "rvisc": 0.0,
+    "wind": 0.0,
+    "dvel": 1.0e-6,
+    "restdvel": 1.0e-6,
+    "restcoeff": 0.65,
+    "astrib": 1.0e-3,
+    "xmin": -1.0,
+    "Kbmin": 1.0e9,
+    "Dbmin": 1.0e4,
+    "Pdmin": 1.0e-4,
+    "xmax": 1.0,
+    "Kbmax": 1.0e9,
+    "Dbmax": 1.0e4,
+    "Pdmax": 1.0e-4,
+    "theta": 0.0,
+    "useFriction": 1.0,
+    "stoptype": 4.0,
+    "discContactOption": 1.0,
+    "strib": 1.0,
+    "frictionType": 1.0,
+    "v0": 0.0,
+    "x0": 0.0,
+}
+
+
+def mechanical_port(name: str, side: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    return physical_port(name, "bidirectional", side, domain="mechanical")
+
+
+def zero_force_mass_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-mechanical-zero-force-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node("zero_left", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "right")]),
+            component_node(
+                "mass_1",
+                "amesim_mecmas21",
+                [mechanical_port("port_1", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+                MECMAS21_DEFAULTS,
+            ),
+            component_node("zero_right", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "left")]),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "zero_left", "port_1", "mass_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "mass_1", "port_2", "zero_right", "port_1"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.02, "step": 0.01, "max_step": 0.01, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+def signal_force_mass_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    parameters = dict(MECMAS21_DEFAULTS)
+    parameters["mass"] = 2.0
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-mechanical-signal-force-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "force_signal",
+                "amesim_ud00",
+                [signal_port("out", "output", "right")],
+                {
+                    "tstart": 0.0,
+                    "start1": 10.0,
+                    "end1": 10.0,
+                    "t1": 1.0,
+                    "start2": 10.0,
+                    "end2": 10.0,
+                    "t2": 0.0,
+                    "start3": 10.0,
+                    "end3": 10.0,
+                    "t3": 0.0,
+                    "start4": 10.0,
+                    "end4": 10.0,
+                    "t4": 0.0,
+                    "start5": 10.0,
+                    "end5": 10.0,
+                    "t5": 0.0,
+                    "start6": 10.0,
+                    "end6": 10.0,
+                    "t6": 0.0,
+                    "start7": 10.0,
+                    "end7": 10.0,
+                    "t7": 0.0,
+                    "start8": 10.0,
+                    "end8": 10.0,
+                    "t8": 0.0,
+                    "nstages": 1.0,
+                    "iscyclic": 0.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "force_1",
+                "amesim_forc",
+                [signal_port("res", "input", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "mass_1",
+                "amesim_mecmas21",
+                [mechanical_port("port_1", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+                parameters,
+            ),
+            component_node("zero_right", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "left")]),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            signal_edge("signal-1", "force_signal", "out", "force_1", "res"),
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "force_1", "port_2", "mass_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "mass_1", "port_2", "zero_right", "port_1"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.02, "step": 0.01, "max_step": 0.005, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+def elastic_contact_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    left_parameters = dict(MECMAS21_DEFAULTS)
+    left_parameters["x0"] = 0.0
+    right_parameters = dict(MECMAS21_DEFAULTS)
+    right_parameters["x0"] = 0.001
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-mechanical-elastic-contact-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node("zero_left", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "right")]),
+            component_node(
+                "mass_left",
+                "amesim_mecmas21",
+                [mechanical_port("port_1", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+                left_parameters,
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "contact_1",
+                "amesim_lstp00a",
+                [mechanical_port("port_1", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+                LSTP00A_DEFAULTS,
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "mass_right",
+                "amesim_mecmas21",
+                [mechanical_port("port_1", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+                right_parameters,
+            ),
+            component_node("zero_right", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "left")]),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "zero_left", "port_1", "mass_left", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "mass_left", "port_2", "contact_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "contact_1", "port_2", "mass_right", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-4", "mass_right", "port_2", "zero_right", "port_1"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.02, "step": 0.01, "max_step": 0.005, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+def force_node_mass_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    node_ports = [mechanical_port(f"port_{index}", "left") for index in range(1, 9)]
+    node_ports.append(mechanical_port("port_9", "right"))
+    zero_nodes = [
+        component_node(f"zero_{index}", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "right")])
+        for index in range(2, 9)
+    ]
+    zero_edges = [
+        physical_edge(f"edge-zero-{index}", f"zero_{index}", "port_1", "node_1", f"port_{index}")
+        for index in range(2, 9)
+    ]
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-mechanical-node-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "step_1",
+                "amesim_step0",
+                [signal_port("out", "output", "right")],
+                {"initial": 10.0, "final": 10.0, "time": 0.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "force_1",
+                "amesim_forc",
+                [signal_port("res", "input", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+            ),
+            component_node("node_1", "amesim_lmechn1", node_ports, {"v1": 8.0, "sum": 1.0}),
+            *zero_nodes,
+            component_node(
+                "mass_1",
+                "amesim_mecmas21",
+                [mechanical_port("port_1", "left"), mechanical_port("port_2", "right")],
+                MECMAS21_DEFAULTS,
+            ),
+            component_node("zero_right", "amesim_f000", [mechanical_port("port_1", "left")]),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            signal_edge("signal-1", "step_1", "out", "force_1", "res"),
+            physical_edge("edge-force", "force_1", "port_2", "node_1", "port_1"),
+            *zero_edges,
+            physical_edge("edge-mass", "node_1", "port_9", "mass_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-right", "mass_1", "port_2", "zero_right", "port_1"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.02, "step": 0.01, "max_step": 0.005, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimMechanicalXmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+
+    def test_force_node_mass_project_compiles_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(force_node_mass_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(force_node_mass_project())
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["step_1.out.signal"], [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["force_1.res.signal"], [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["series"]["mass_1.a"][0], 5.0)
+        self.assertGreater(result["series"]["mass_1.v"][-1], 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(result["series"]["mass_1.x"][-1], 0.0)
+
+    def test_elastic_contact_project_compiles_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(elastic_contact_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(elastic_contact_project())
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.01, 0.02])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["series"]["contact_1.force"][0], 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["series"]["mass_left.a"][0], 0.5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["series"]["mass_right.a"][0], -0.5)
+        self.assertGreater(result["series"]["mass_left.x"][-1], 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(result["series"]["mass_right.x"][-1], 0.001)
+
+    def test_zero_force_mechanical_project_compiles_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(zero_force_mass_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(zero_force_mass_project())
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.01, 0.02])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["mass_1.v"], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["mass_1.x"], [0.0, 0.0, 0.0])
+
+    def test_signal_force_mechanical_project_compiles_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(signal_force_mass_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(signal_force_mass_project())
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["force_signal.out.signal"], [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["force_1.res.signal"], [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result["series"]["mass_1.a"][0], 5.0)
+        self.assertGreater(result["series"]["mass_1.v"][-1], 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(result["series"]["mass_1.x"][-1], 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnch012_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnch012_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0008310
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnch012_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers import AmesimPnch012
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnch012ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_parameterized_volume_contract(self) -> None:
+        chamber = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnch012"].create(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(chamber, AmesimPnch012)
+        self.assertEqual(set(chamber.ports), {"port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"})
+        self.assertEqual(len(chamber.get_state_vector()), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.parameter_values["cvol0"], 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.total_volume(), 0.015)
+
+    def test_total_volume_adds_four_external_volume_parameters(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch012(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            cvol0=0.015,
+            vol1=0.001,
+            vol2=0.002,
+            vol3=0.003,
+            vol4=0.004,
+            dvol1=1.0e-6,
+            dvol2=2.0e-6,
+            dvol3=-1.0e-6,
+            dvol4=0.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.total_volume(), 0.025)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.total_volume_rate(), 2.0e-6)
+
+    def test_initial_state_uses_total_volume_pressure_and_temperature(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch012(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            cvol0=0.015,
+            vol1=0.010,
+            p0=200000.0,
+            T0=300.0,
+        )
+        props = chamber.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.p, 200000.0, delta=1.0e-8)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.T, 300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.port_1.p, props.p)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.port_4.p, props.p)
+
+    def test_pressure_flow_residuals_bind_all_ports_to_chamber_state(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch012("chamber_1", self.medium)
+        chamber.properties()
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in chamber.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(residuals),
+            {
+                "port_1_pressure_state",
+                "port_2_pressure_state",
+                "port_3_pressure_state",
+                "port_4_pressure_state",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(all(abs(residual.value) < 1.0e-9 for residual in residuals.values()))
+
+    def test_derivative_sums_four_mass_flows_and_boundary_work(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch012(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            dvol1=1.0e-6,
+            kth=2.0,
+            sth=0.5,
+            extemp=310.0,
+        )
+        props = chamber.properties()
+        chamber.port_1.m_flow = 0.2
+        chamber.port_2.m_flow = -0.1
+        chamber.port_3.m_flow = 0.05
+        chamber.port_4.m_flow = 0.0
+
+        derivative = chamber.state_derivative_from_ports(
+            {
+                "port_1": props.h + 1000.0,
+                "port_2": props.h - 1000.0,
+                "port_3": props.h + 500.0,
+                "port_4": props.h,
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative[0], 0.15)
+        self.assertLess(derivative[1], 0.2 * (props.h + 1000.0) + 0.05 * (props.h + 500.0))
+
+    def test_results_include_total_volume_and_volume_rate(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch012("chamber_1", self.medium, vol1=0.001, dvol1=1.0e-6)
+
+        values = chamber.component_result_values()
+
+        self.assertIn("vol", values)
+        self.assertIn("dvol", values)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(values["vol"], 0.016)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(values["dvol"], 1.0e-6)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnch012_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnch012_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6b55d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnch012_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def _pnpl_node(index: int) -> object:
+    return component_node(
+        f"boundary_{index}",
+        "amesim_pnpl01",
+        [physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left")],
+        {},
+    )
+
+
+def amesim_pnch012_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnch012-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "chamber_1",
+                "amesim_pnch012",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                    physical_port("port_3", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_4", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cvol0": 0.015,
+                    "kth": 0.0,
+                    "sth": 0.7,
+                    "extemp": 300.0,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "p0": 200000.0,
+                    "T0": 300.0,
+                    "vol1": 0.001,
+                    "vol2": 0.0,
+                    "vol3": 0.0,
+                    "vol4": 0.0,
+                    "dvol1": 0.0,
+                    "dvol2": 0.0,
+                    "dvol3": 0.0,
+                    "dvol4": 0.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            _pnpl_node(1),
+            _pnpl_node(2),
+            _pnpl_node(3),
+            _pnpl_node(4),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "chamber_1", "port_1", "boundary_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "chamber_1", "port_2", "boundary_2", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "chamber_1", "port_3", "boundary_3", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-4", "chamber_1", "port_4", "boundary_4", "port_1"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.002, "step": 0.001, "max_step": 0.001, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnch012XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnch012_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnch012_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["chamber_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnch012")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnch012_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnch012_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1.vol", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnch023_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnch023_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..673083c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnch023_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.storage.chambers import AmesimPnch023
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnch023ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_amesim_parameter_contract(self) -> None:
+        chamber = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnch023"].create(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(chamber, AmesimPnch023)
+        self.assertEqual(set(chamber.ports), {"port_1", "port_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(chamber.parameter_values),
+            {"cvol", "kth", "sth", "extemp", "gi", "p0", "T0"},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.parameter_values["cvol"], 0.057)
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.gi, 1)
+
+    def test_rejects_fractional_gas_index(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "gi must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnch023"].create(
+                "chamber_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"gi": 1.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_initial_state_matches_requested_pressure_temperature(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch023(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            cvol=0.057,
+            p0=15300000.0,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+
+        props = chamber.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.p, 15300000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.T, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.port_1.p, props.p)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.port_2.p, props.p)
+
+    def test_two_port_derivative_conserves_mass_and_adds_heat_transfer(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch023(
+            "chamber_1",
+            self.medium,
+            kth=10.0,
+            sth=2.0,
+            extemp=310.0,
+            T0=300.0,
+        )
+        props = chamber.properties()
+        chamber.port_1.m_flow = 0.2
+        chamber.port_2.m_flow = -0.1
+
+        derivative = chamber.state_derivative_from_ports(
+            {
+                "port_1": props.h + 1000.0,
+                "port_2": props.h - 1000.0,
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative[0], 0.1)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            derivative[1],
+            0.2 * (props.h + 1000.0) - 0.1 * props.h + 10.0 * 2.0 * 10.0,
+        )
+
+    def test_pressure_residuals_bind_both_ports_to_state(self) -> None:
+        chamber = AmesimPnch023("chamber_1", self.medium, p0=200000.0, T0=300.0)
+        chamber.port_1.p = 200100.0
+        chamber.port_2.p = 199900.0
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in chamber.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(residuals), {"port_1_pressure_state", "port_2_pressure_state"})
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_1_pressure_state"].value, 100.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_2_pressure_state"].value, -100.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnch023_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnch023_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4220d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnch023_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pnch023_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnch023-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 101000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "orifice_1",
+                "orifice",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right"),
+                ],
+                {"K": 1e-8, "opening": 1.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "chamber_1",
+                "amesim_pnch023",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cvol": 0.057,
+                    "kth": 0.0,
+                    "sth": 0.1,
+                    "extemp": 293.15,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "p0": 100000.0,
+                    "T0": 293.15,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pipe_1",
+                "amesim_pnl00r",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {"diam": 0.02, "le": 1.0, "rr": 1.0e-5, "gi": 1.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "orifice_1", "port_a"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "orifice_1", "port_b", "chamber_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "chamber_1", "port_2", "pipe_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-4", "pipe_1", "port_2", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnch023XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnch023_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnch023_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["chamber_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnch023")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnch023_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnch023_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1.p", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_components.py b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_components.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe8f876
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_components.py
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+    AmesimPneumaticGas,
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+    AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+    cm3_to_m3,
+    compressible_orifice_mass_flow,
+    diameter_mm_to_area_m2,
+    kg_to_g,
+    liters_to_m3,
+    m3_to_cm3,
+    mm2_to_m2,
+)
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticComponentsTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_unit_conversions(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(liters_to_m3(15.0), 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(m3_to_cm3(0.015), 15000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(cm3_to_m3(15000.0), 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(kg_to_g(1.25), 1250.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mm2_to_m2(78.5), 78.5e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diameter_mm_to_area_m2(10.0), 7.853981633974483e-5)
+
+    def test_reference_enthalpy_uses_amesim_operating_temperature_baseline(self) -> None:
+        gas = AmesimPneumaticGas(cp=5193.0, cv=3116.0)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(298.15), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(290.2036),
+            5193.0 * (290.2036 - 298.15),
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            gas.reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(
+                gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(287.7322),
+            ),
+            287.7322,
+        )
+
+    def test_pressure_reference_enthalpy_includes_real_gas_departure(self) -> None:
+        gas = AmesimPneumaticGas(cp=5193.0, cv=3116.0)
+
+        ideal_reference_h = gas.specific_reference_enthalpy(287.7322)
+        pressure_reference_h = gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(13_839_965.0, 287.7322)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(ideal_reference_h, -54099.6354, delta=0.001)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pressure_reference_h - ideal_reference_h,
+            11936.1,
+            delta=0.1,
+        )
+
+    def test_pressure_transport_enthalpy_restores_absolute_energy_offset(self) -> None:
+        gas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS
+        pressure = 13_839_965.0
+        temperature = 287.7322
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            gas.pressure_transport_enthalpy(pressure, temperature),
+            gas.pressure_reference_enthalpy(pressure, temperature)
+            + gas.cp * 298.15,
+        )
+
+    def test_reference_temperature_from_enthalpy_rejects_non_positive_cp(self) -> None:
+        gas = AmesimPneumaticGas(cp=0.0, cv=3116.0)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "cp must be positive"):
+            gas.reference_temperature_from_specific_enthalpy(42.0)
+
+    def test_volume_initial_state_matches_requested_pressure_temperature(self) -> None:
+        volume = AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="pn_general_chamber",
+            volume_liters=57.0,
+            p0=15.3e6,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        props = volume.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.p, 15.3e6, delta=15.3e6 * 1.0e-12)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.T, 293.15)
+        self.assertGreater(props.rho, 20.0)
+        self.assertLess(props.rho, 30.0)
+
+    def test_volume_reports_amesim_style_observables(self) -> None:
+        volume = AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="pn_general_chamber",
+            volume_liters=57.0,
+            p0=15.3e6,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(volume.volume_cm3(), 57000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            volume.pressure_gauge_pa(reference_pressure_pa=101_300.0),
+            15198700.0,
+        )
+        self.assertGreater(volume.gas_mass_g(), 1300.0)
+
+    def test_volume_balances_two_connections_with_stream_enthalpy(self) -> None:
+        volume = AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="pn_general_chamber",
+            volume_liters=57.0,
+            p0=15.3e6,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        internal_h = volume.properties().h
+
+        derivative = volume.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=0.2,
+            connected_h_a=internal_h + 1000.0,
+            port_b_m_flow=-0.1,
+            connected_h_b=internal_h - 1000.0,
+            internal_h=internal_h,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative.m, 0.1)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            derivative.U,
+            0.2 * (internal_h + 1000.0) - 0.1 * internal_h,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(volume.port_a.p, volume.port_b.p)
+
+    def test_volume_applies_amesim_heat_exchange_to_energy_derivative(self) -> None:
+        volume = AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="heated_chamber",
+            volume_liters=15.0,
+            p0=100000.0,
+            T0=300.0,
+            heat_transfer_coefficient=1500.0,
+            heat_transfer_area=0.7,
+            external_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+        props = volume.properties()
+
+        derivative = volume.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=0.0,
+            connected_h_a=props.h,
+            port_b_m_flow=0.0,
+            connected_h_b=props.h,
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            derivative.U,
+            1500.0 * 0.7 * (293.15 - 300.0),
+        )
+
+    def test_variable_volume_tracks_external_volume(self) -> None:
+        volume = AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="pn_c1_8",
+            dead_volume_liters=15.0,
+            p0=100000.0,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(volume.volume_cm3(), 15000.0)
+        volume.set_external_volume_m3(cm3_to_m3(34242.54636512914))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(volume.volume_cm3(), 49242.54636512914)
+
+    def test_variable_volume_boundary_work_uses_external_volume_rate(self) -> None:
+        volume = AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="pn_c1_8",
+            dead_volume_liters=15.0,
+            p0=100000.0,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        props = volume.properties()
+        volume.set_external_volume_m3(0.0, external_volume_rate_m3_s=2.0e-6)
+
+        derivative = volume.derivatives_from_two_connections(
+            port_a_m_flow=0.0,
+            connected_h_a=props.h,
+            port_b_m_flow=0.0,
+            connected_h_b=props.h,
+            internal_h=props.h,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative.m, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative.U, -props.p * 2.0e-6)
+
+    def test_orifice_effective_area_clamps_opening(self) -> None:
+        orifice = AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+            name="pn_variable_orifice",
+            area_mm2=78.5,
+            opening=1.4,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(orifice.effective_area, 78.5e-6)
+
+        orifice.opening = -0.25
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(orifice.effective_area, 0.0)
+
+    def test_orifice_returns_signed_mass_flow(self) -> None:
+        orifice = AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+            name="pn_orifice_18",
+            area_mm2=78.5,
+            flow_coefficient=0.9,
+        )
+
+        forward = orifice.mass_flow(15.3e6, 1.0e6, 293.15)
+        reverse = orifice.mass_flow(1.0e6, 15.3e6, 293.15)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(reverse, -forward)
+        self.assertEqual(orifice.mass_flow(1.0e6, 1.0e6, 293.15), 0.0)
+
+    def test_choked_flow_is_independent_of_lower_downstream_pressure(self) -> None:
+        base = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=15.3e6,
+            downstream_pressure=1.0e6,
+            upstream_temperature=293.15,
+            area=78.5e-6,
+            flow_coefficient=0.9,
+            gas=HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        )
+        lower_back_pressure = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=15.3e6,
+            downstream_pressure=0.1e6,
+            upstream_temperature=293.15,
+            area=78.5e-6,
+            flow_coefficient=0.9,
+            gas=HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(base, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(lower_back_pressure, base)
+
+    def test_subcritical_flow_decreases_as_back_pressure_rises(self) -> None:
+        low_back_pressure = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=1.0e6,
+            downstream_pressure=0.6e6,
+            upstream_temperature=293.15,
+            area=78.5e-6,
+            flow_coefficient=0.9,
+        )
+        high_back_pressure = compressible_orifice_mass_flow(
+            upstream_pressure=1.0e6,
+            downstream_pressure=0.9e6,
+            upstream_temperature=293.15,
+            area=78.5e-6,
+            flow_coefficient=0.9,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(low_back_pressure, high_back_pressure)
+        self.assertGreater(high_back_pressure, 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_line_components.py b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_line_components.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f73603
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_line_components.py
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic_line import (
+    AmesimPnl0002Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl0003Pipe,
+    AmesimPnl00rPipe,
+)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002PipeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.pipe = AmesimPnl0002Pipe(
+            name="pneumatic_86",
+            diameter_mm=20.0,
+            length_m=2.0,
+            relative_roughness=0.045 / 20.0,
+            pctr_0=100_000.0,
+            Tctr_0=293.15,
+        )
+
+    def test_initial_state_uses_center_compliance(self) -> None:
+        properties = self.pipe.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.volume, 6.283185307179586e-4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pipe.get_state_vector()), 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(properties.p, 100_000.0, delta=1.0e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(properties.T, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.port_1.p, properties.p)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.port_2.p, properties.p)
+
+    def test_port_flow_enters_center_from_higher_external_pressure(self) -> None:
+        forward = self.pipe.port_mass_flow(
+            port_pressure_pa=101_000.0,
+            port_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+        reverse = self.pipe.port_mass_flow(
+            port_pressure_pa=99_000.0,
+            port_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+
+    def test_connection_derivatives_conserve_two_external_port_flows(self) -> None:
+        properties = self.pipe.properties()
+
+        derivative = self.pipe.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=0.2,
+            connected_h_1=properties.h + 1000.0,
+            port_2_m_flow=-0.1,
+            connected_h_2=properties.h - 1000.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative.m, 0.1)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0003PipeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.pipe = AmesimPnl0003Pipe(
+            name="pneumatic_88",
+            diameter_mm=20.0,
+            length_m=0.3,
+            relative_roughness=0.045 / 20.0,
+            p1_0=15.3e6,
+            p2_0=15.3e6,
+            T1_0=293.15,
+            T2_0=293.15,
+        )
+
+    def test_initial_state_uses_two_half_volume_compliances(self) -> None:
+        port_1 = self.pipe.properties_1()
+        port_2 = self.pipe.properties_2()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.volume, 9.424777960769381e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.compliance_volume, self.pipe.volume / 2.0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pipe.get_state_vector()), 4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(port_1.p, 15.3e6, delta=1.0e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(port_2.p, 15.3e6, delta=1.0e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(port_1.T, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(port_2.T, 293.15)
+
+    def test_center_resistance_flow_follows_end_pressure_gradient(self) -> None:
+        state = self.pipe.get_state_vector()
+        state[0] *= 1.01
+        state[1] *= 1.01
+        self.pipe.set_state_vector(state)
+
+        forward = self.pipe.resistance_mass_flow()
+        state[0] /= 1.01 * 1.01
+        state[1] /= 1.01 * 1.01
+        state[2] *= 1.01
+        state[3] *= 1.01
+        self.pipe.set_state_vector(state)
+        reverse = self.pipe.resistance_mass_flow()
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+
+    def test_connection_derivatives_conserve_internal_center_flow_mass(self) -> None:
+        state = self.pipe.get_state_vector()
+        state[0] *= 1.01
+        state[1] *= 1.01
+        self.pipe.set_state_vector(state)
+
+        d1, d2 = self.pipe.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=0.2,
+            connected_h_1=self.pipe.properties_1().h + 1000.0,
+            port_2_m_flow=-0.1,
+            connected_h_2=self.pipe.properties_2().h - 1000.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(d1.m + d2.m, 0.1)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00rPipeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.pipe = AmesimPnl00rPipe(
+            name="pneumatic_100",
+            diameter_mm=14.0,
+            length_m=1.0,
+            relative_roughness=0.045 / 14.0,
+        )
+
+    def test_stateless_resistance_flow_follows_pressure_gradient(self) -> None:
+        forward = self.pipe.mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            port_2_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+        reverse = self.pipe.mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            port_2_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(abs(forward), abs(reverse), delta=abs(forward) * 0.01)
+
+    def test_diagnostics_expose_darcy_terms(self) -> None:
+        diagnostics = self.pipe.diagnostics(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=1.0e-4,
+            pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+            temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostics.reynolds_number, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostics.gas_velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostics.pressure_drop_pa, 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_node_components.py b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_node_components.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f15ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_node_components.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.junctions.nodes import (
+    AmesimP4Node2,
+    AmesimPn3Node2,
+)
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticNodeComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pn3node2_declares_bidirectional_pneumatic_ports(self) -> None:
+        node = AmesimPn3Node2.create(
+            name="pn3_1",
+            medium=IdealGasMedium(),
+            parameters={},
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(node.ports), {"port_1", "port_2", "port_3"})
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(
+                definition.domain == "pneumatic"
+                and definition.nominal_role == "bidirectional"
+                for definition in node.port_definitions
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(node.parameter_values, {})
+
+    def test_pn3node2_residuals_use_port_2_as_pressure_reference(self) -> None:
+        node = AmesimPn3Node2("pn3_1")
+        node.port_1.p = 101000.0
+        node.port_2.p = 100000.0
+        node.port_3.p = 99000.0
+        node.port_1.m_flow = 0.2
+        node.port_2.m_flow = -0.3
+        node.port_3.m_flow = 0.1
+
+        residuals = {residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual for residual in node.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()}
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(residuals), {"port_1_pressure_reference", "port_3_pressure_reference", "mass_flow_balance"})
+        self.assertEqual(residuals["port_1_pressure_reference"].value, 1000.0)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals["port_3_pressure_reference"].value, -1000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["mass_flow_balance"].value, 0.0)
+
+    def test_p4node2_residuals_cover_four_ports(self) -> None:
+        node = AmesimP4Node2("p4_1")
+        node.port_1.p = 100000.0
+        node.port_2.p = 100000.0
+        node.port_3.p = 100000.0
+        node.port_4.p = 100000.0
+        node.port_1.m_flow = 0.1
+        node.port_2.m_flow = 0.2
+        node.port_3.m_flow = -0.4
+        node.port_4.m_flow = 0.1
+
+        residuals = node.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(residuals), 4)
+        self.assertTrue(all(residual.value == 0.0 for residual in residuals))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            residuals[-1].variables,
+            (
+                "p4_1.port_1.m_flow",
+                "p4_1.port_2.m_flow",
+                "p4_1.port_3.m_flow",
+                "p4_1.port_4.m_flow",
+            ),
+        )
+
+    def test_node_stream_outflow_uses_incoming_weighted_mix(self) -> None:
+        node = AmesimP4Node2("p4_1")
+        node.port_1.m_flow = 0.25
+        node.port_2.m_flow = 0.75
+        node.port_3.m_flow = -0.5
+        node.port_4.m_flow = -0.5
+
+        node.update_stream_outflows(
+            {
+                "port_1": 100.0,
+                "port_2": 300.0,
+                "port_3": 900.0,
+                "port_4": 1200.0,
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(node.port_1.h_outflow, 250.0)
+        self.assertEqual(node.port_2.h_outflow, 250.0)
+        self.assertEqual(node.port_3.h_outflow, 250.0)
+        self.assertEqual(node.port_4.h_outflow, 250.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_node_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_node_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b016c27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pneumatic_node_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pn3node_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pn3node-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 500000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "orifice_1",
+                "orifice",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right"),
+                ],
+                {"K": 1e-5, "opening": 1.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "node_1",
+                "amesim_pn3node2",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                    physical_port("port_3", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pipe_1",
+                "pipe",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "length": 1.0,
+                    "diameter": 0.02,
+                    "lambda_darcy": 0.02,
+                    "p0": 100000.0,
+                    "T0": 300.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pipe_2",
+                "pipe",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "length": 1.0,
+                    "diameter": 0.02,
+                    "lambda_darcy": 0.02,
+                    "p0": 100000.0,
+                    "T0": 300.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_2",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "orifice_1", "port_a"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "orifice_1", "port_b", "node_1", "port_2"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "node_1", "port_1", "pipe_1", "port_a"),
+            physical_edge("edge-4", "pipe_1", "port_b", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+            physical_edge("edge-5", "node_1", "port_3", "pipe_2", "port_a"),
+            physical_edge("edge-6", "pipe_2", "port_b", "tank_2", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPneumaticNodeXmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pn3node_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pn3node_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("node_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["node_1"].model_type, "amesim_pn3node2")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pn3node_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pn3node_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("node_1.port_2.p", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e08eb75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes import AmesimPnl0001
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_amesim_parameter_contract(self) -> None:
+        pipe = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl0001"].create(
+            "pnl_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(pipe, AmesimPnl0001)
+        self.assertEqual(set(pipe.ports), {"port_1", "port_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(pipe.parameter_values),
+            {
+                "diam",
+                "le",
+                "rr",
+                "k",
+                "kth",
+                "extemp",
+                "gi",
+                "mode",
+                "p0",
+                "T0",
+            },
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(pipe.get_state_vector()), 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.volume, 7.853981633974483e-5)
+
+    def test_rejects_fractional_integer_parameters(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "gi must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl0001"].create(
+                "pnl_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"gi": 1.5},
+            )
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "mode must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl0001"].create(
+                "pnl_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"mode": 1.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_initial_state_uses_pipe_volume_pressure_and_temperature(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0001(
+            "pnl_1",
+            self.medium,
+            diam=0.014,
+            le=1.0,
+            rr=0.045 / 14.0,
+            p0=15.3e6,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        props = pipe.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.volume, 1.539380400258999e-4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.p, 15.3e6, delta=1.0e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.T, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.port_2.p, props.p)
+
+    def test_resistance_flow_follows_pressure_gradient(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0001(
+            "pnl_1",
+            self.medium,
+            diam=0.014,
+            le=1.0,
+            rr=0.045 / 14.0,
+            p0=15.3e6,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        props = pipe.properties()
+
+        forward = pipe.mass_flow(15.31e6, props.p, props.T)
+        reverse = pipe.mass_flow(15.29e6, props.p, props.T)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(abs(forward), abs(reverse), delta=abs(forward) * 0.02)
+
+    def test_pressure_flow_residuals_do_not_force_storage_mass_balance(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0001("pnl_1", self.medium)
+        pipe.port_1.p = 101000.0
+        pipe.port_2.m_flow = -1.0e-4
+        props = pipe.properties()
+        pipe.port_1.m_flow = pipe.mass_flow(pipe.port_1.p, pipe.port_2.p, props.T)
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in pipe.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(residuals),
+            {"port_2_pressure_state", "port_1_pressure_flow_relation"},
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_2_pressure_state"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_1_pressure_flow_relation"].value, 0.0)
+
+    def test_connection_derivative_preserves_two_port_accumulation(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0001("pnl_1", self.medium, kth=2.0, extemp=310.0)
+        props = pipe.properties()
+        pipe.port_1.m_flow = 0.2
+        pipe.port_2.m_flow = -0.1
+
+        derivative = pipe.state_derivative_from_ports(
+            {
+                "port_1": props.h + 1000.0,
+                "port_2": props.h - 1000.0,
+            }
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative[0], 0.1)
+        self.assertGreater(derivative[1], 0.0)
+
+    def test_results_include_thermodynamic_and_pipe_diagnostics(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0001("pnl_1", self.medium)
+        pipe.port_1.p = 101000.0
+
+        values = pipe.component_result_values()
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(values),
+            {"m", "U", "p", "T", "rho", "u", "h", "re", "cm", "v", "ff"},
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_pipe.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_pipe.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0818eb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_pipe.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic_line import AmesimPnl0001Pipe
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001PipeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.pipe = AmesimPnl0001Pipe(
+            name="pneumatic_96",
+            diameter_mm=14.0,
+            length_m=1.0,
+            relative_roughness=0.045 / 14.0,
+            p0=15.3e6,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+
+    def test_initial_state_uses_real_pipe_volume_and_two_states(self) -> None:
+        properties = self.pipe.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.volume, 1.539380400258999e-4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pipe.get_state_vector()), 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(properties.p, 15.3e6, delta=1.0e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(properties.T, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.pipe.gas_mass_g(), 3.716965219188, places=10)
+
+    def test_resistance_flow_follows_pressure_gradient(self) -> None:
+        forward = self.pipe.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+        reverse = self.pipe.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(abs(forward), abs(reverse), delta=abs(forward) * 0.01)
+
+    def test_pn2pipefr_candidate_flow_follows_pressure_gradient(self) -> None:
+        forward = self.pipe.pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+            port_2_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+        reverse = self.pipe.pn2pipefr_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+            port_2_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(abs(forward), abs(reverse), delta=abs(forward) * 0.01)
+
+    def test_calibrated_linear_conductance_overrides_darcy_flow(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0001Pipe(
+            name="linear",
+            diameter_mm=20.0,
+            length_m=1.0,
+            relative_roughness=0.045 / 20.0,
+            calibrated_linear_conductance=5.5636e-6,
+            p0=200000.0,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        flow = pipe.resistance_mass_flow(
+            port_1_pressure_pa=180000.0,
+            port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            flow,
+            5.5636e-6 * (180000.0 - 200000.0) / (293.15 ** 0.5),
+        )
+
+    def test_diagnostics_reproduce_laminar_friction_contract(self) -> None:
+        diagnostics = self.pipe.diagnostics(mass_flow_kg_s=8.90603914774626e-6)
+
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostics.reynolds_number, 40.0)
+        self.assertLess(diagnostics.reynolds_number, 45.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            diagnostics.friction_factor,
+            64.0 / diagnostics.reynolds_number,
+        )
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostics.gas_velocity_m_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostics.pressure_drop_pa, 0.0)
+
+    def test_darcy_pressure_drop_for_state_uses_supplied_density_state(self) -> None:
+        diagnostics = self.pipe.diagnostics(mass_flow_kg_s=8.90603914774626e-6)
+        pressure_drop = self.pipe.darcy_pressure_drop_for_state(
+            mass_flow_kg_s=8.90603914774626e-6,
+            pressure_pa=self.pipe.properties().p,
+            temperature_k=self.pipe.properties().T,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pressure_drop, diagnostics.pressure_drop_pa)
+
+    def test_connection_derivative_preserves_mass_and_stream_direction(self) -> None:
+        internal = self.pipe.properties()
+        derivative = self.pipe.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=0.2,
+            connected_h_1=internal.h + 1000.0,
+            port_2_m_flow=-0.1,
+            connected_h_2=internal.h - 1000.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative.m, 0.1)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            derivative.U,
+            0.2 * (internal.h + 1000.0) / self.pipe.gas.gamma
+            - 0.1 * internal.u,
+        )
+
+    def test_transport_enthalpy_derivative_preserves_pn2vol_energy_basis(self) -> None:
+        internal = self.pipe.properties()
+        derivative = self.pipe.derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=0.2,
+            connected_h_1=internal.h + 1000.0,
+            port_2_m_flow=-0.1,
+            connected_h_2=internal.h - 1000.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative.m, 0.1)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            derivative.U,
+            0.2 * (internal.h + 1000.0) - 0.1 * internal.h,
+        )
+        temperature_derivative = (
+            derivative.U - internal.u * derivative.m
+        ) / (self.pipe.state.m * self.pipe.gas.cv)
+        expected_temperature_derivative = (
+            0.2 * (internal.h + 1000.0 - internal.u)
+            - 0.1 * (internal.h - internal.u)
+        ) / (self.pipe.state.m * self.pipe.gas.cv)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(temperature_derivative, expected_temperature_derivative)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b1d654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0001_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pnl0001_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnl0001-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 500000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pnl_1",
+                "amesim_pnl0001",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "diam": 0.01,
+                    "le": 1.0,
+                    "rr": 1.0e-5,
+                    "k": 1.35,
+                    "kth": 0.0,
+                    "extemp": 300.0,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "mode": 2.0,
+                    "p0": 300000.0,
+                    "T0": 300.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "resistance_1",
+                "amesim_pnl00r",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {"diam": 0.01, "le": 0.5, "rr": 1.0e-5, "gi": 1.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "pnl_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "pnl_1", "port_2", "resistance_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "resistance_1", "port_2", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0001XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnl0001_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnl0001_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["pnl_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnl0001")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnl0001_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnl0001_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1.re", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1.m", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl0002_pnl0003_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0002_pnl0003_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7be92d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0002_pnl0003_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes import AmesimPnl0002, AmesimPnl0003
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_contract(self) -> None:
+        pipe = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl0002"].create("pnl_2", self.medium, {})
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(pipe, AmesimPnl0002)
+        self.assertEqual(set(pipe.ports), {"port_1", "port_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(len(pipe.get_state_vector()), 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.resistance_length, pipe.le / 2.0)
+
+    def test_center_compliance_initial_state(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0002(
+            "pnl_2",
+            self.medium,
+            diam=0.02,
+            le=2.0,
+            rr=0.045 / 20.0,
+            p0=100000.0,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        props = pipe.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.volume, 6.283185307179586e-4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.p, 100000.0, delta=1.0e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(props.T, 293.15)
+
+    def test_port_flows_enter_center_from_higher_external_pressure(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0002("pnl_2", self.medium, p0=100000.0, T0=293.15)
+        center = pipe.properties()
+
+        forward = pipe.port_mass_flow(101000.0, center.p, center.T)
+        reverse = pipe.port_mass_flow(99000.0, center.p, center.T)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+
+    def test_pressure_flow_residuals_use_two_port_resistances(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0002("pnl_2", self.medium, p0=100000.0, T0=293.15)
+        center = pipe.properties()
+        pipe.port_1.p = 101000.0
+        pipe.port_2.p = 99000.0
+        pipe.port_1.m_flow = pipe.port_mass_flow(pipe.port_1.p, center.p, center.T)
+        pipe.port_2.m_flow = pipe.port_mass_flow(pipe.port_2.p, center.p, center.T)
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in pipe.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(residuals),
+            {"port_1_pressure_flow_relation", "port_2_pressure_flow_relation"},
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_1_pressure_flow_relation"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_2_pressure_flow_relation"].value, 0.0)
+
+    def test_connection_derivative_accumulates_two_external_flows(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0002("pnl_2", self.medium)
+        props = pipe.properties()
+        pipe.port_1.m_flow = 0.2
+        pipe.port_2.m_flow = -0.1
+
+        derivative = pipe.state_derivative_from_ports(
+            {"port_1": props.h + 1000.0, "port_2": props.h - 1000.0}
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative[0], 0.1)
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0003ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_contract(self) -> None:
+        pipe = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl0003"].create("pnl_3", self.medium, {})
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(pipe, AmesimPnl0003)
+        self.assertEqual(set(pipe.ports), {"port_1", "port_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(len(pipe.get_state_vector()), 4)
+
+    def test_initial_state_uses_two_half_volume_compliances(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0003(
+            "pnl_3",
+            self.medium,
+            diam=0.02,
+            le=0.3,
+            rr=0.045 / 20.0,
+            p1_0=15.3e6,
+            T1_0=293.15,
+            p2_0=15.3e6,
+            T2_0=293.15,
+        )
+        port_1 = pipe.properties_1()
+        port_2 = pipe.properties_2()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.volume, 9.424777960769381e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.compliance_volume, pipe.volume / 2.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(port_1.p, 15.3e6, delta=1.0e-5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(port_2.p, 15.3e6, delta=1.0e-5)
+
+    def test_center_resistance_flow_follows_end_pressure_gradient(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0003("pnl_3", self.medium, p1_0=101000.0, p2_0=100000.0)
+        forward = pipe.resistance_mass_flow()
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0003("pnl_3", self.medium, p1_0=100000.0, p2_0=101000.0)
+        reverse = pipe.resistance_mass_flow()
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+
+    def test_pressure_flow_residuals_bind_both_port_pressures_to_states(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0003("pnl_3", self.medium)
+        pipe.properties_1()
+        pipe.properties_2()
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in pipe.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(residuals), {"port_1_pressure_state", "port_2_pressure_state"})
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_1_pressure_state"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(residuals["port_2_pressure_state"].value, 0.0)
+
+    def test_connection_derivative_conserves_external_and_center_flows(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0003("pnl_3", self.medium, p1_0=101000.0, p2_0=100000.0)
+        port_1 = pipe.properties_1()
+        port_2 = pipe.properties_2()
+        pipe.port_1.m_flow = 0.2
+        pipe.port_2.m_flow = -0.1
+
+        derivative = pipe.state_derivative_from_ports(
+            {"port_1": port_1.h + 1000.0, "port_2": port_2.h - 1000.0}
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(derivative[0] + derivative[2], 0.1)
+
+    def test_results_include_two_thermodynamic_sides_and_center_flow(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl0003("pnl_3", self.medium, p1_0=101000.0, p2_0=100000.0)
+
+        values = pipe.component_result_values()
+
+        self.assertIn("m1", values)
+        self.assertIn("m2", values)
+        self.assertIn("dmctr", values)
+        self.assertIn("re", values)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl0002_pnl0003_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0002_pnl0003_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32ba243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl0002_pnl0003_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def _storage_nodes(*, source_pressure: float = 500000.0, sink_pressure: float = 100000.0) -> list:
+    return [
+        component_node(
+            "cylinder_1",
+            "cylinder",
+            [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+            {"volume": 0.01, "p0": source_pressure, "T0": 300.0},
+        ),
+        component_node(
+            "tank_1",
+            "tank",
+            [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+            {"volume": 0.1, "p0": sink_pressure, "T0": 300.0},
+        ),
+    ]
+
+
+def _dynamic_pipe_params() -> dict[str, float]:
+    return {
+        "diam": 0.01,
+        "le": 1.0,
+        "rr": 1.0e-5,
+        "k": 1.35,
+        "kth": 0.0,
+        "extemp": 300.0,
+        "gi": 1.0,
+        "mode": 2.0,
+        "p0": 300000.0,
+        "T0": 300.0,
+    }
+
+
+def _resistance_node(name: str) -> object:
+    return component_node(
+        name,
+        "amesim_pnl00r",
+        [
+            physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+            physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+        ],
+        {"diam": 0.01, "le": 0.5, "rr": 1.0e-5, "gi": 1.0},
+    )
+
+
+def amesim_pnl0002_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnl0002-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            _storage_nodes()[0],
+            component_node(
+                "pnl_2",
+                "amesim_pnl0002",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                _dynamic_pipe_params(),
+            ),
+            _storage_nodes()[1],
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "pnl_2", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "pnl_2", "port_2", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.002, "step": 0.001, "max_step": 0.001, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+def amesim_pnl0003_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    params = {
+        key: value
+        for key, value in _dynamic_pipe_params().items()
+        if key not in {"p0", "T0"}
+    }
+    params.update({"p1_0": 300000.0, "T1_0": 300.0, "p2_0": 300000.0, "T2_0": 300.0})
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnl0003-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            _storage_nodes(source_pressure=300000.0, sink_pressure=300000.0)[0],
+            _resistance_node("resistance_1"),
+            component_node(
+                "pnl_3",
+                "amesim_pnl0003",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                params,
+            ),
+            _resistance_node("resistance_2"),
+            _storage_nodes(source_pressure=300000.0, sink_pressure=300000.0)[1],
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "resistance_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "resistance_1", "port_2", "pnl_3", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "pnl_3", "port_2", "resistance_2", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-4", "resistance_2", "port_2", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.002, "step": 0.001, "max_step": 0.001, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl0002Pnl0003XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnl0002_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnl0002_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("pnl_2", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["pnl_2"].model_type, "amesim_pnl0002")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnl0002_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnl0002_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_2.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_2.m", result["series"])
+
+    def test_pnl0003_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnl0003_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("pnl_3", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["pnl_3"].model_type, "amesim_pnl0003")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnl0003_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnl0003_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_3.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_3.dmctr", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl00r_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl00r_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..620f297
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl00r_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.pipes import AmesimPnl00r
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00rComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_amesim_parameter_contract(self) -> None:
+        pipe = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl00r"].create(
+            "pnl_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(pipe, AmesimPnl00r)
+        self.assertEqual(set(pipe.ports), {"port_1", "port_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(set(pipe.parameter_values), {"diam", "le", "rr", "gi"})
+        self.assertEqual(pipe.parameter_values["diam"], 0.01)
+        self.assertEqual(pipe.gi, 1)
+
+    def test_rejects_fractional_gas_index(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "gi must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnl00r"].create(
+                "pnl_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"gi": 1.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_zero_pressure_drop_has_zero_flow_and_finite_results(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl00r("pnl_1", self.medium)
+        pipe.port_1.p = 100000.0
+        pipe.port_2.p = 100000.0
+        pipe.port_1.m_flow = 0.0
+        pipe.port_2.m_flow = 0.0
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in pipe.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(pipe.mass_flow(100000.0, 100000.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals["mass_flow_balance"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals["pressure_flow_relation"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(set(pipe.component_result_values()), {"re", "cm", "v", "ff"})
+
+    def test_mass_flow_is_bidirectional_by_pressure_order(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl00r("pnl_1", self.medium, diam=0.014, le=1.0, rr=0.045 / 14.0)
+
+        forward = pipe.mass_flow(501000.0, 500000.0)
+        reverse = pipe.mass_flow(500000.0, 501000.0)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(forward, -reverse, delta=abs(forward) * 0.02)
+
+    def test_friction_factor_transitions_from_laminar_to_turbulent(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl00r("pnl_1", self.medium, rr=1e-5)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pipe.friction_factor(100.0), 64.0 / 100.0)
+        self.assertGreater(pipe.friction_factor(100000.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(pipe.friction_factor(100000.0), 0.1)
+
+    def test_darcy_pressure_drop_uses_flow_sign(self) -> None:
+        pipe = AmesimPnl00r("pnl_1", self.medium)
+        density = self.medium.density(500000.0, 300.0)
+
+        forward = pipe.darcy_pressure_drop(0.01, density=density, temperature=300.0)
+        reverse = pipe.darcy_pressure_drop(-0.01, density=density, temperature=300.0)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(forward, -reverse)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnl00r_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnl00r_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c4cae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnl00r_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pnl00r_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnl00r-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 500000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pnl_1",
+                "amesim_pnl00r",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {"diam": 0.01, "le": 1.0, "rr": 1.0e-5, "gi": 1.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "pnl_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "pnl_1", "port_2", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnl00rXmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnl00r_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnl00r_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["pnl_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnl00r")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnl00r_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnl00r_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("pnl_1.re", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnor001_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnor001_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..275058f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnor001_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices import AmesimPnor001
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnor001ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_amesim_parameter_contract(self) -> None:
+        orifice = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnor001"].create(
+            "pnor_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(orifice, AmesimPnor001)
+        self.assertEqual(set(orifice.ports), {"port_1", "port_2"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(orifice.parameter_values),
+            {"cq", "area", "Cv", "Kv", "gi", "flowset"},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(orifice.parameter_values["area"], 5.0e-6)
+        self.assertEqual(orifice.flowset, 1)
+
+    def test_rejects_fractional_integer_parameters(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "flowset must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnor001"].create(
+                "pnor_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"flowset": 1.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_zero_pressure_drop_has_zero_flow_and_finite_results(self) -> None:
+        orifice = AmesimPnor001("pnor_1", self.medium)
+        orifice.port_1.p = 100000.0
+        orifice.port_2.p = 100000.0
+        orifice.port_1.m_flow = 0.0
+        orifice.port_2.m_flow = 0.0
+
+        residuals = {
+            residual.id.rsplit(":", 1)[1]: residual
+            for residual in orifice.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(orifice.mass_flow(100000.0, 100000.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals["mass_flow_balance"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals["pressure_flow_relation"].value, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(set(orifice.component_result_values()), {"cm", "gasvel"})
+
+    def test_mass_flow_is_bidirectional_by_pressure_order(self) -> None:
+        orifice = AmesimPnor001("pnor_1", self.medium)
+
+        forward = orifice.mass_flow(500000.0, 100000.0)
+        reverse = orifice.mass_flow(100000.0, 500000.0)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(forward, -reverse)
+
+    def test_cv_and_kv_modes_produce_positive_equivalent_area(self) -> None:
+        cv_orifice = AmesimPnor001(
+            "pnor_cv",
+            self.medium,
+            flowset=2.0,
+            Cv=0.5,
+        )
+        kv_orifice = AmesimPnor001(
+            "pnor_kv",
+            self.medium,
+            flowset=3.0,
+            Kv=0.4,
+        )
+
+        self.assertGreater(cv_orifice.effective_area, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(kv_orifice.effective_area, 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnor001_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnor001_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a7004b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnor001_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pnor001_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnor001-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 500000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pnor_1",
+                "amesim_pnor001",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cq": 0.72,
+                    "area": 5.0e-6,
+                    "Cv": 0.5,
+                    "Kv": 0.4,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "flowset": 1.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pipe_1",
+                "pipe",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "length": 1.0,
+                    "diameter": 0.02,
+                    "lambda_darcy": 0.02,
+                    "p0": 100000.0,
+                    "T0": 300.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "pnor_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "pnor_1", "port_2", "pipe_1", "port_a"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "pipe_1", "port_b", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnor001XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnor001_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnor001_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("pnor_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["pnor_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnor001")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnor001_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnor001_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("pnor_1.port_1.m_flow", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("pnor_1.gasvel", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnpl01_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnpl01_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4207865
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnpl01_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.boundary.sources import AmesimPnpl01
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnpl01ComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_zero_flow_boundary_contract(self) -> None:
+        source = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnpl01"].create(
+            "plug_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(source, AmesimPnpl01)
+        self.assertEqual(set(source.ports), {"port_1"})
+        self.assertEqual(source.parameter_values, {})
+
+    def test_zero_flow_residual_uses_port_mass_flow(self) -> None:
+        source = AmesimPnpl01("plug_1")
+        source.port_1.m_flow = 0.125
+
+        residuals = source.pressure_flow_equation_residuals()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(residuals), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(residuals[0].id, "plug_1:zero_mass_flow")
+        self.assertEqual(residuals[0].variables, ("plug_1.port_1.m_flow",))
+        self.assertEqual(residuals[0].value, 0.125)
+
+    def test_stream_outflow_tracks_connected_enthalpy_when_available(self) -> None:
+        source = AmesimPnpl01("plug_1")
+
+        source.update_stream_outflows({"port_1": 123.0})
+
+        self.assertEqual(source.port_1.h_outflow, 123.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnpl01_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnpl01_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6469239
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnpl01_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pnpl01_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnpl01-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "chamber_1",
+                "amesim_pnch023",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cvol": 0.057,
+                    "kth": 0.0,
+                    "sth": 0.1,
+                    "extemp": 293.15,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "p0": 100000.0,
+                    "T0": 293.15,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "plug_1",
+                "amesim_pnpl01",
+                [physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left")],
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "plug_2",
+                "amesim_pnpl01",
+                [physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left")],
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "chamber_1", "port_1", "plug_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "chamber_1", "port_2", "plug_2", "port_1"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnpl01XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnpl01_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnpl01_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("plug_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["plug_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnpl01")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnpl01_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnpl01_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(abs(value) < 1.0e-12 for value in result["series"]["plug_1.port_1.m_flow"])
+        )
+        self.assertIn("chamber_1.p", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_fixed_component.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_fixed_component.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f5d0c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_fixed_component.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices import AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001FixedOpeningComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_default_create_preserves_fixed_opening_contract(self) -> None:
+        valve = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnvo001_fixed"].create(
+            "valve_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(valve, AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening)
+        self.assertEqual(set(valve.ports), {"port_2", "port_3"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(valve.parameter_values),
+            {"cq", "area0", "Cv", "Kv", "gi", "flowset", "opening"},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(valve.opening, 1.0)
+
+    def test_rejects_fractional_flowset(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "flowset must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnvo001_fixed"].create(
+                "valve_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"flowset": 1.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_opening_scales_effective_area(self) -> None:
+        valve = AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening(
+            "valve_1",
+            self.medium,
+            area0=2.0e-6,
+            opening=0.25,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.maximum_area, 2.0e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.effective_area, 0.5e-6)
+        self.assertEqual(valve.component_result_values()["xv"], 0.25)
+
+    def test_zero_opening_blocks_flow(self) -> None:
+        valve = AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening("valve_1", self.medium, opening=0.0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(valve.mass_flow(500000.0, 100000.0), 0.0)
+
+    def test_mass_flow_is_bidirectional_by_pressure_order(self) -> None:
+        valve = AmesimPnvo001FixedOpening("valve_1", self.medium, opening=0.5)
+
+        forward = valve.mass_flow(500000.0, 100000.0)
+        reverse = valve.mass_flow(100000.0, 500000.0)
+
+        self.assertGreater(forward, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(reverse, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(forward, -reverse)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_fixed_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_fixed_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11e8f14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_fixed_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_pnvo001_fixed_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnvo001-fixed-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 150000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "valve_1",
+                "amesim_pnvo001_fixed",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_3", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cq": 0.72,
+                    "area0": 5.0e-6,
+                    "Cv": 0.5,
+                    "Kv": 0.4,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "flowset": 1.0,
+                    "opening": 0.5,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "pipe_1",
+                "amesim_pnl00r",
+                [
+                    physical_port("port_1", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {"diam": 0.02, "le": 1.0, "rr": 1.0e-5, "gi": 1.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "valve_1", "port_2"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "valve_1", "port_3", "pipe_1", "port_1"),
+            physical_edge("edge-3", "pipe_1", "port_2", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={
+            "t_start": 0.0,
+            "t_stop": 0.002,
+            "step": 0.001,
+            "max_step": 0.001,
+            "method": "BDF",
+        },
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001FixedOpeningXmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_pnvo001_fixed_reactflow_project_compiles(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnvo001_fixed_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("valve_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["valve_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnvo001_fixed")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_pnvo001_fixed_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnvo001_fixed_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertIn("valve_1.xv", result["series"])
+        self.assertIn("valve_1.port_2.m_flow", result["series"])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_signal_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_signal_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..451bbbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_pnvo001_signal_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def signal_port(name: str, role: str, side: str) -> dict[str, str | None]:
+    return {
+        "name": name,
+        "kind": "signal",
+        "domain": "signal",
+        "nominalRole": role,
+        "positiveFlowDirection": None,
+        "side": side,
+    }
+
+
+def signal_edge(edge_id: str, source: str, source_port: str, target: str, target_port: str) -> dict[str, str]:
+    return {
+        "id": edge_id,
+        "source": source,
+        "sourceHandle": source_port,
+        "target": target,
+        "targetHandle": target_port,
+    }
+
+
+def amesim_pnvo001_signal_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-pnvo001-signal-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "step_1",
+                "amesim_step0",
+                [signal_port("out", "output", "right")],
+                {"initial": 1.0, "final": 1.0, "time": 0.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 300000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "valve_1",
+                "amesim_pnvo001",
+                [
+                    signal_port("res", "input", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_3", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cq": 0.72,
+                    "area0": 5.0e-6,
+                    "Cv": 0.5,
+                    "Kv": 0.4,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "flowset": 1.0,
+                    "opening0": 0.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            signal_edge("signal-1", "step_1", "out", "valve_1", "res"),
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "valve_1", "port_2"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "valve_1", "port_3", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.002, "step": 0.001, "max_step": 0.001, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimPnvo001SignalXmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_signal_project_compiles_with_signal_connection(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_pnvo001_signal_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("step_1", network.components)
+        self.assertIn("valve_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["valve_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnvo001")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_signal_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_pnvo001_signal_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["step_1.out.signal"], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["valve_1.res.signal"], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        self.assertIn("valve_1.xv", result["series"])
+        self.assertGreater(result["diagnostics"]["signal"]["propagations"], 0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_results.py b/tests/test_amesim_results.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..679c763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_results.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+from unittest.mock import Mock
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import (
+    _resolve_result_members,
+    load_test_mql_amesim_results,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class AmesimResultsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_reads_binary_results_shape(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.point_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.saved_variable_count, 1116)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.results.variables), 1278)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.results.final_values_by_data_path), 1100)
+
+    def test_time_axis_matches_amesim_simulation(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.results.times[0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.results.times[1], 0.01)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.results.times[-1], 10.0)
+
+    def test_variable_mapping_preserves_data_paths(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.saved_variable_indices[:2], (0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.variables[0].data_path, "temp3@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.variables[1].data_path, "press3@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertIn("vvol1@pn_brp2_8", self.results.series_by_data_path)
+        self.assertIn("vol1@pn_brp2_8", self.results.series_by_data_path)
+
+    def test_series_values_match_known_amesim_samples(self) -> None:
+        temp3 = self.results.series("temp3@pn_c1_8")
+        press3 = self.results.series("press3@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(temp3[0], 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(press3[0], -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(temp3[-1], self.results.final_value("temp3@pn_c1_8"))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(press3[-1], self.results.final_value("press3@pn_c1_8"))
+
+    def test_window_loader_keeps_one_sample_after_stop(self) -> None:
+        results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME, time_stop_s=0.04)
+
+        self.assertEqual(results.point_count, 6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(results.times[-2], 0.04)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(results.times[-1], 0.05)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(results.series("temp@pn_c1_8")),
+            results.point_count,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(results.final_values_by_data_path, {})
+
+    def test_auto_detects_renamed_result_members(self) -> None:
+        archive = Mock()
+        archive.getnames.return_value = (
+            "renamed_model_.var",
+            "renamed_model_.results",
+            "renamed_model_.sim",
+        )
+
+        pair = _resolve_result_members(
+            archive,
+            var_member=None,
+            results_member=None,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            pair,
+            ("renamed_model_.var", "renamed_model_.results"),
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_signal_components.py b/tests/test_amesim_signal_components.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93b3110
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_signal_components.py
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.flow.orifices import AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.signals.sources import AmesimStep0, AmesimUd00
+from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
+from app.simulation.registry import COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY
+from app.simulation.solvers.signal import SignalResolver
+from app.simulation.systems.network import SimulationNetwork
+
+
+class AmesimSignalComponentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.medium = IdealGasMedium()
+
+    def test_step0_output_switches_at_step_time(self) -> None:
+        step = AmesimStep0("step_1", self.medium, initial=0.2, final=0.8, time=0.5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(step.output_at(0.49), 0.2)
+        self.assertEqual(step.output_at(0.5), 0.8)
+        self.assertEqual(step.signal_output_values(0.5), {"out": 0.8})
+
+
+    def test_ud00_output_interpolates_piecewise_signal(self) -> None:
+        signal = AmesimUd00(
+            "piecewise_1",
+            self.medium,
+            tstart=0.5,
+            starts=(0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            ends=(10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            durations=(1.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            nstages=3,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(0.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(1.0), 5.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(2.5), 15.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(5.0), 35.0)
+        self.assertEqual(signal.signal_output_values(2.5), {"out": 15.0})
+
+    def test_ud00_can_cycle_active_stages(self) -> None:
+        signal = AmesimUd00(
+            "piecewise_1",
+            self.medium,
+            starts=(0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            ends=(10.0, 20.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            durations=(1.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            nstages=2,
+            iscyclic=True,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(0.25), 2.5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(1.25), 12.5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(signal.output_at(2.25), 2.5)
+
+    def test_ud00_registry_rejects_fractional_stage_controls(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "nstages must be an integer"):
+            COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_ud00"].create(
+                "piecewise_1",
+                self.medium,
+                {"nstages": 1.5},
+            )
+
+    def test_pnvo001_signal_opening_reads_res_port(self) -> None:
+        valve = COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY["amesim_pnvo001"].create(
+            "valve_1",
+            self.medium,
+            {"opening0": 0.25},
+        )
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(valve, AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening)
+        self.assertEqual(set(valve.ports), {"res", "port_2", "port_3"})
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.opening, 0.25)
+        valve.res.signal = 1.5
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.opening, 1.0)
+        valve.res.signal = -0.5
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.opening, 0.0)
+
+    def test_signal_resolver_propagates_step_to_valve_input(self) -> None:
+        network = SimulationNetwork("signal-smoke")
+        step = AmesimStep0("step_1", self.medium, initial=0.0, final=0.75, time=0.1)
+        valve = AmesimPnvo001SignalOpening("valve_1", self.medium, opening0=0.0)
+        network.add_component(step)
+        network.add_component(valve)
+        network.connect("step_1", "out", "valve_1", "res", connection_id="signal-1")
+
+        resolver = SignalResolver(network)
+        resolver.solve(0.2)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(step.out.signal, 0.75)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.res.signal, 0.75)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(valve.opening, 0.75)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_amesim_ud00_xml.py b/tests/test_amesim_ud00_xml.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51fa88b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_amesim_ud00_xml.py
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from app.main import (
+    ReactFlowProjectPayload,
+    build_reactflow_system_xml,
+    compile_reactflow_network,
+    run_system_xml_simulation,
+)
+from app.system_xml import validate_system_xml_document
+from tests.test_amesim_pnvo001_signal_xml import signal_edge, signal_port
+from tests.test_generic_system_xml_simulation import component_node, physical_edge
+from tests.test_system_xml_protocol import physical_port
+
+
+def amesim_ud00_signal_project() -> ReactFlowProjectPayload:
+    return ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+        name="amesim-ud00-signal-smoke",
+        nodes=[
+            component_node(
+                "piecewise_1",
+                "amesim_ud00",
+                [signal_port("out", "output", "right")],
+                {
+                    "tstart": 0.0,
+                    "start1": 1.0,
+                    "end1": 1.0,
+                    "t1": 1.0,
+                    "start2": 1.0,
+                    "end2": 1.0,
+                    "t2": 0.0,
+                    "start3": 1.0,
+                    "end3": 1.0,
+                    "t3": 0.0,
+                    "start4": 1.0,
+                    "end4": 1.0,
+                    "t4": 0.0,
+                    "start5": 1.0,
+                    "end5": 1.0,
+                    "t5": 0.0,
+                    "start6": 1.0,
+                    "end6": 1.0,
+                    "t6": 0.0,
+                    "start7": 1.0,
+                    "end7": 1.0,
+                    "t7": 0.0,
+                    "start8": 1.0,
+                    "end8": 1.0,
+                    "t8": 0.0,
+                    "nstages": 1.0,
+                    "iscyclic": 0.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "cylinder_1",
+                "cylinder",
+                [physical_port("port_b", "outlet", "right")],
+                {"volume": 0.01, "p0": 300000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "valve_1",
+                "amesim_pnvo001",
+                [
+                    signal_port("res", "input", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_2", "bidirectional", "left"),
+                    physical_port("port_3", "bidirectional", "right"),
+                ],
+                {
+                    "cq": 0.72,
+                    "area0": 5.0e-6,
+                    "Cv": 0.5,
+                    "Kv": 0.4,
+                    "gi": 1.0,
+                    "flowset": 1.0,
+                    "opening0": 0.0,
+                },
+            ),
+            component_node(
+                "tank_1",
+                "tank",
+                [physical_port("port_a", "inlet", "left")],
+                {"volume": 0.1, "p0": 100000.0, "T0": 300.0},
+            ),
+        ],
+        edges=[
+            signal_edge("signal-1", "piecewise_1", "out", "valve_1", "res"),
+            physical_edge("edge-1", "cylinder_1", "port_b", "valve_1", "port_2"),
+            physical_edge("edge-2", "valve_1", "port_3", "tank_1", "port_a"),
+        ],
+        simulation={"t_start": 0.0, "t_stop": 0.002, "step": 0.001, "max_step": 0.001, "method": "BDF"},
+    )
+
+
+class AmesimUd00XmlTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_signal_project_compiles_with_signal_connection(self) -> None:
+        network = compile_reactflow_network(amesim_ud00_signal_project())
+
+        self.assertIn("piecewise_1", network.components)
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["piecewise_1"].model_type, "amesim_ud00")
+        self.assertEqual(network.components["valve_1"].model_type, "amesim_pnvo001")
+        self.assertTrue(network.pressure_flow_structure_dict()["isSquare"])
+
+    def test_signal_system_xml_validates_and_simulates(self) -> None:
+        xml = build_reactflow_system_xml(amesim_ud00_signal_project())
+        report = validate_system_xml_document(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(report.valid, report.as_dict())
+        result = run_system_xml_simulation(xml)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"], result["message"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.001, 0.002])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["piecewise_1.out.signal"], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["valve_1.res.signal"], [1.0, 1.0, 1.0])
+        self.assertIn("valve_1.xv", result["series"])
+        self.assertGreater(result["diagnostics"]["signal"]["propagations"], 0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_component_catalog.py b/tests/test_component_catalog.py
index 0353446..ce85478 100644
--- a/tests/test_component_catalog.py
+++ b/tests/test_component_catalog.py
@@ -14,10 +14,14 @@ from app.simulation.registry import (
 class ComponentCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self) -> None:
         self.catalog = get_component_catalog()
-        self.library = self.catalog["libraries"][0]
+        self.libraries = {
+            library["id"]: library for library in self.catalog["libraries"]
+        }
+        self.library = self.libraries["experimental"]
         self.components = {
             component["modelType"]: component
-            for component in self.library["components"]
+            for library in self.catalog["libraries"]
+            for component in library["components"]
         }
 
     def test_experimental_library_is_exposed_as_temporary(self) -> None:
@@ -35,6 +39,122 @@ class ComponentCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
             ["storage", "flow", "junctions"],
         )
 
+
+    def test_amesim_library_exposes_pneumatic_models(self) -> None:
+        library = self.libraries["amesim"]
+        components = {
+            component["modelType"]: component for component in library["components"]
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(library["label"], "AMESim 组件库")
+        self.assertEqual([category["id"] for category in library["categories"]], ["storage", "flow", "junctions", "boundary", "signals", "mechanical"])
+        self.assertEqual(set(components), {"amesim_pnpl01", "amesim_step0", "amesim_ud00", "amesim_f000", "amesim_forc", "amesim_mecmas21", "amesim_lstp00a", "amesim_lmechn1", "amesim_pnch023", "amesim_pnch012", "amesim_pnor001", "amesim_pnvo001_fixed", "amesim_pnvo001", "amesim_pnl00r", "amesim_pnl0001", "amesim_pnl0002", "amesim_pnl0003", "amesim_pn3node2", "amesim_p4node2"})
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [port["name"] for port in components["amesim_p4node2"]["ports"]],
+            ["port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnpl01"]["category"]["id"], "boundary")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_pnpl01"]["ports"]], ["port_1"])
+
+        pnch_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnch023"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnch023"]["category"]["id"], "storage")
+        self.assertEqual(pnch_parameters["cvol"]["quantity"], "volume")
+        self.assertEqual(pnch_parameters["kth"]["quantity"], "heat_transfer_coefficient")
+
+        pnch012_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnch012"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnch012"]["category"]["id"], "storage")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_pnch012"]["ports"]], ["port_1", "port_2", "port_3", "port_4"])
+        self.assertEqual(pnch012_parameters["cvol0"]["quantity"], "volume")
+        self.assertEqual(pnch012_parameters["dvol1"]["unit"], "m3/s")
+
+        pnor_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnor001"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnor001"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        self.assertEqual(pnor_parameters["area"]["quantity"], "area")
+        self.assertEqual(pnor_parameters["area"]["unit"], "m2")
+        pnvo_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnvo001_fixed"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnvo001_fixed"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        self.assertEqual(pnvo_parameters["opening"]["maximum"], 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_pnvo001_fixed"]["ports"]], ["port_2", "port_3"])
+
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_step0"]["category"]["id"], "signals")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_step0"]["ports"]], ["out"])
+        ud00_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_ud00"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_ud00"]["category"]["id"], "signals")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_ud00"]["ports"]], ["out"])
+        self.assertEqual(ud00_parameters["tstart"]["quantity"], "time")
+        self.assertEqual(ud00_parameters["nstages"]["maximum"], 8.0)
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_f000"]["category"]["id"], "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_f000"]["ports"]], ["port_1"])
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_f000"]["ports"][0]["domain"], "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_forc"]["category"]["id"], "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_forc"]["ports"]], ["res", "port_2"])
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_forc"]["ports"][1]["domain"], "mechanical")
+        mecmas_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_mecmas21"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_mecmas21"]["category"]["id"], "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_mecmas21"]["ports"]], ["port_1", "port_2"])
+        self.assertEqual(mecmas_parameters["mass"]["unit"], "kg")
+        self.assertEqual(mecmas_parameters["Kbmin"]["unit"], "N/m")
+        lstp_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_lstp00a"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_lstp00a"]["category"]["id"], "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_lstp00a"]["ports"]], ["port_1", "port_2"])
+        self.assertEqual(lstp_parameters["gap0"]["unit"], "m")
+        self.assertEqual(lstp_parameters["kcont"]["unit"], "N/m")
+        lmechn_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_lmechn1"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_lmechn1"]["category"]["id"], "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_lmechn1"]["ports"]], [f"port_{index}" for index in range(1, 10)])
+        self.assertEqual(lmechn_parameters["v1"]["maximum"], 8.0)
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnvo001"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        self.assertEqual([port["name"] for port in components["amesim_pnvo001"]["ports"]], ["res", "port_2", "port_3"])
+
+        pnl_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnl00r"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnl00r"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        self.assertEqual(pnl_parameters["diam"]["quantity"], "length")
+        self.assertEqual(pnl_parameters["le"]["unit"], "m")
+
+        pnl0001_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnl0001"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnl0001"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        self.assertEqual(pnl0001_parameters["kth"]["quantity"], "heat_transfer_coefficient")
+        self.assertEqual(pnl0001_parameters["p0"]["unit"], "Pa")
+
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnl0002"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        self.assertEqual(components["amesim_pnl0003"]["category"]["id"], "flow")
+        pnl0003_parameters = {
+            parameter["name"]: parameter
+            for parameter in components["amesim_pnl0003"]["parameters"]
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(pnl0003_parameters["p1_0"]["unit"], "Pa")
+        self.assertEqual(pnl0003_parameters["T2_0"]["quantity"], "temperature")
+
     def test_every_registered_component_is_in_the_catalog(self) -> None:
         self.assertEqual(
             set(self.components),
diff --git a/tests/test_component_registry.py b/tests/test_component_registry.py
index c5cb666..88909e5 100644
--- a/tests/test_component_registry.py
+++ b/tests/test_component_registry.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 import unittest
 
 from app.simulation.components.experimental.library import LIBRARY
+from app.simulation.components.amesim.library import LIBRARY as AMESIM_LIBRARY
 from app.simulation.core.base import AlgebraicComponent
 from app.simulation.core.catalog import ComponentDisplaySpec, PortDisplaySpec
 from app.simulation.core.medium import IdealGasMedium
@@ -23,13 +24,64 @@ class ComponentRegistryTests(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(models, COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY)
         self.assertEqual(
             tuple(models),
-            ("cylinder", "tank", "pipe", "orifice", "tee"),
+            (
+                "cylinder",
+                "tank",
+                "pipe",
+                "orifice",
+                "tee",
+                "amesim_pnpl01",
+                "amesim_step0",
+                "amesim_ud00",
+                "amesim_f000",
+                "amesim_forc",
+                "amesim_mecmas21",
+                "amesim_lstp00a",
+                "amesim_lmechn1",
+                "amesim_pnch023",
+                "amesim_pnch012",
+                "amesim_pnor001",
+                "amesim_pnvo001_fixed",
+                "amesim_pnvo001",
+                "amesim_pnl00r",
+                "amesim_pnl0001",
+                "amesim_pnl0002",
+                "amesim_pnl0003",
+                "amesim_pn3node2",
+                "amesim_p4node2",
+            ),
         )
         self.assertNotIn(
             "app.simulation.components.experimental.flow.pipe:Pipe",
             LIBRARY.models,
         )
 
+
+    def test_amesim_library_is_enabled_as_separate_public_boundary(self) -> None:
+        libraries, models = discover_component_registries()
+
+        self.assertIn("amesim", libraries)
+        self.assertEqual(libraries["amesim"], AMESIM_LIBRARY)
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnpl01"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_step0"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_ud00"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_f000"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_forc"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_mecmas21"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_lstp00a"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_lmechn1"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnch023"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnch012"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnor001"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnvo001_fixed"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnvo001"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnl00r"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnl0001"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnl0002"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pnl0003"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_pn3node2"].library.id, "amesim")
+        self.assertEqual(models["amesim_p4node2"].library.id, "amesim")
+
     def test_every_public_model_owns_its_catalog_contract(self) -> None:
         for model_type, spec in COMPONENT_MODEL_REGISTRY.items():
             with self.subTest(model_type=model_type):
@@ -37,10 +89,10 @@ class ComponentRegistryTests(unittest.TestCase):
                 self.assertIn("MODEL_VERSION", declarations)
                 self.assertIn("DISPLAY", declarations)
                 self.assertIn("create", declarations)
-                self.assertEqual(spec.display.library_id, LIBRARY.id)
+                self.assertEqual(spec.display.library_id, spec.library.id)
                 self.assertIn(
                     spec.display.category_id,
-                    LIBRARY.category_by_id,
+                    spec.library.category_by_id,
                 )
 
     def test_display_ports_must_match_physical_ports(self) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/test_core_solver.py b/tests/test_core_solver.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fe9d8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_core_solver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+import sys
+import types
+import unittest
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig, integrate_ode
+
+
+class IntegrateOdeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_scipy_solver_receives_step_size_controls(self) -> None:
+        calls: list[dict[str, object]] = []
+
+        def fake_solve_ivp(**kwargs):
+            calls.append(kwargs)
+            return object()
+
+        scipy_module = types.ModuleType("scipy")
+        integrate_module = types.ModuleType("scipy.integrate")
+        integrate_module.solve_ivp = fake_solve_ivp
+        scipy_module.integrate = integrate_module
+
+        with patch.dict(
+            sys.modules,
+            {"scipy": scipy_module, "scipy.integrate": integrate_module},
+        ):
+            integrate_ode(
+                rhs=lambda _time, state: state,
+                initial_state=[1.0],
+                config=SolveIVPConfig(
+                    t_start=0.0,
+                    t_stop=1.0,
+                    max_step=1.0e-4,
+                    first_step=1.0e-8,
+                ),
+                t_eval=[0.0, 1.0],
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(calls[0]["max_step"], 1.0e-4)
+        self.assertEqual(calls[0]["first_step"], 1.0e-8)
+
+    def test_scipy_solver_omits_unset_first_step(self) -> None:
+        calls: list[dict[str, object]] = []
+
+        def fake_solve_ivp(**kwargs):
+            calls.append(kwargs)
+            return object()
+
+        scipy_module = types.ModuleType("scipy")
+        integrate_module = types.ModuleType("scipy.integrate")
+        integrate_module.solve_ivp = fake_solve_ivp
+        scipy_module.integrate = integrate_module
+
+        with patch.dict(
+            sys.modules,
+            {"scipy": scipy_module, "scipy.integrate": integrate_module},
+        ):
+            integrate_ode(
+                rhs=lambda _time, state: state,
+                initial_state=[1.0],
+                config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0),
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(calls[0]["max_step"], 1.0e-3)
+        self.assertNotIn("first_step", calls[0])
+
+    def test_scipy_stepwise_solver_can_cancel_before_start(self) -> None:
+        result = integrate_ode(
+            rhs=lambda _time, state: state,
+            initial_state=[1.0],
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0),
+            cancel_check=lambda: True,
+        )
+
+        self.assertFalse(result.success)
+        self.assertEqual(result.status, "cancelled")
+        self.assertEqual(result.t, [0.0])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_peng_robinson.py b/tests/test_peng_robinson.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..080202b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_peng_robinson.py
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.core.peng_robinson import AIR_PR, HELIUM_PR, NITROGEN_PR, PengRobinsonFluid
+
+
+class PengRobinsonTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_helium_near_ideal_at_atmospheric_condition(self) -> None:
+        z = HELIUM_PR.compressibility_factor(101_325.0, 300.0)
+        density = HELIUM_PR.density(101_325.0, 300.0)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(z, 1.0, delta=1.0e-3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(density, 0.1625, delta=0.002)
+
+    def test_helium_density_pressure_round_trip(self) -> None:
+        pressure = 15.3e6
+        temperature = 293.15
+        density = HELIUM_PR.density(pressure, temperature)
+
+        self.assertGreater(HELIUM_PR.compressibility_factor(pressure, temperature), 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            HELIUM_PR.pressure_from_density(temperature, density),
+            pressure,
+            delta=pressure * 1.0e-12,
+        )
+
+    def test_helium_residual_enthalpy_is_small_at_atmosphere(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            HELIUM_PR.residual_specific_enthalpy(101_300.0, 298.15),
+            17.834,
+            delta=0.01,
+        )
+
+    def test_helium_residual_enthalpy_captures_high_pressure_departure(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            HELIUM_PR.residual_specific_enthalpy(13_839_965.0, 287.7322),
+            11953.9,
+            delta=0.1,
+        )
+
+    def test_air_reference_remains_available_for_other_models(self) -> None:
+        z = AIR_PR.compressibility_factor(101_325.0, 300.0)
+        density = AIR_PR.density(101_325.0, 300.0)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(z, 1.0, delta=1.0e-3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(density, 1.177, delta=0.01)
+
+    def test_nitrogen_can_return_multiple_roots(self) -> None:
+        roots = NITROGEN_PR.compressibility_roots(1.0e6, 100.0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(roots), 3)
+        self.assertLess(roots[0], roots[-1])
+        self.assertEqual(NITROGEN_PR.compressibility_factor(1.0e6, 100.0, phase="liquid"), roots[0])
+        self.assertEqual(NITROGEN_PR.compressibility_factor(1.0e6, 100.0, phase="vapor"), roots[-1])
+
+    def test_custom_fluid_can_be_defined_explicitly(self) -> None:
+        fluid = PengRobinsonFluid(
+            name="custom_helium",
+            molar_mass=0.004002602,
+            critical_temperature=5.1953,
+            critical_pressure=227_460.0,
+            acentric_factor=-0.385,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fluid.specific_gas_constant, 2077.3, delta=0.5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fluid.compressibility_factor(1.0e6, 298.15), HELIUM_PR.compressibility_factor(1.0e6, 298.15))
+
+    def test_rejects_invalid_states(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            HELIUM_PR.compressibility_factor(0.0, 300.0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            HELIUM_PR.density(101_325.0, 0.0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            HELIUM_PR.pressure_from_density(300.0, -1.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_run_test_mql_baseline.py b/tests/test_run_test_mql_baseline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a4ea30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_run_test_mql_baseline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.scripts.run_test_mql_baseline import (
+    TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig,
+    TestMqlBaselinePathConfig,
+    TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig,
+    format_test_mql_baseline_summary,
+    run_test_mql_baseline,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class RunTestMqlBaselineScriptTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_baseline_script_writes_summary_for_selected_paths(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            output_dir = Path(tmpdir)
+            run, returned_output_dir = run_test_mql_baseline(
+                TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig(
+                    paths=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig(
+                        archive_path=TEST_MQL_AME,
+                        output_dir=output_dir,
+                    ),
+                    execution=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig(
+                        data_paths=("press@pn_c1_8", "vol1@pn_brp2_8"),
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+            summary_path = output_dir / "test_mql_baseline_summary.txt"
+            summary = summary_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+        self.assertEqual(returned_output_dir, output_dir)
+        self.assertEqual(run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(run.signal_count, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(run.comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+        self.assertIn("Mode: AMESim baseline passthrough", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Samples: 1002", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Compared signals: 2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Max absolute error: 0.0", summary)
+
+    def test_baseline_script_can_skip_summary_file(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            output_dir = Path(tmpdir)
+            run, returned_output_dir = run_test_mql_baseline(
+                TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig(
+                    paths=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig(
+                        archive_path=TEST_MQL_AME,
+                        output_dir=output_dir,
+                    ),
+                    execution=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig(
+                        write_summary=False,
+                        data_paths=("press@pn_c1_8",),
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+            self.assertEqual(returned_output_dir, output_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(run.signal_count, 1)
+            self.assertFalse((output_dir / "test_mql_baseline_summary.txt").exists())
+
+    def test_format_test_mql_baseline_summary(self) -> None:
+        run, _ = run_test_mql_baseline(
+            TestMqlBaselineScriptConfig(
+                paths=TestMqlBaselinePathConfig(archive_path=TEST_MQL_AME),
+                execution=TestMqlBaselineExecutionConfig(
+                    write_summary=False,
+                    data_paths=("press@pn_c1_8",),
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        summary = format_test_mql_baseline_summary(run)
+
+        self.assertIn("Model: test_mql", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Output schema signals: 858", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Compared signals: 1", summary)
+        self.assertTrue(summary.endswith("\n"))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py b/tests/test_run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79fb6ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_run_test_mql_full_state_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1024 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic
+
+from PythonModels.scripts.run_test_mql_full_state_comparison import (
+    TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig,
+    TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig,
+    TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig,
+    TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison,
+    TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic,
+    TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic,
+    format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary,
+    format_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_summary,
+    format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison_summary,
+    format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_summary,
+    run_test_mql_full_state_comparison,
+    _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp,
+    _series_sample_bracket,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class RunTestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_uses_internal_energy_mass_offset(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS
+
+        gas = HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS
+        result = _ideal_pn2vol_reference_dtemp(
+            gas=gas,
+            mass_kg=0.002,
+            temperature_k=320.0,
+            mass_derivative_kg_s=0.1,
+            enthalpy_flow_w=-100.0,
+            heat_flow_w=5.0,
+        )
+
+        expected = (
+            -100.0
+            + (gas.cp * 298.15 - gas.cv * 320.0) * 0.1
+            + 5.0
+        ) / (0.002 * gas.cv)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result, expected)
+
+    def test_series_sample_bracket_distinguishes_exact_and_interpolated_times(self) -> None:
+        times = (0.04000000000000009, 0.050000000000000114)
+
+        exact_left, exact_right = _series_sample_bracket(
+            times=times,
+            time_s=0.04,
+        )
+        interpolated_left, interpolated_right = _series_sample_bracket(
+            times=times,
+            time_s=0.041,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(exact_left, exact_right)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(exact_left, 0.04)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(interpolated_left, 0.04)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(interpolated_right, 0.05)
+
+    def test_full_state_script_writes_summary_and_comparison_csv(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            output_dir = Path(tmpdir)
+            run, returned_output_dir = run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(
+                TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig(
+                    paths=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig(
+                        archive_path=TEST_MQL_AME,
+                        output_dir=output_dir,
+                    ),
+                    execution=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig(
+                        data_paths=(
+                            "press@pn_c1_8",
+                            "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+                            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+                            "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+                            "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+                        ),
+                        solver=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=0.0),
+                        t_eval=(0.0,),
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+            summary_path = output_dir / "test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary.txt"
+            csv_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison.csv"
+            csv_summary_path = output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison_summary.txt"
+            summary = summary_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+            csv_header = csv_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8").splitlines()[0]
+            csv_summary_exists = csv_summary_path.exists()
+
+        self.assertEqual(returned_output_dir, output_dir)
+        self.assertEqual(run.sample_count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(run.signal_count, 5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(run.comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0, delta=1.0e-8)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            run.metrics_by_max_abs_error()[0].data_path,
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+        )
+        diagnostic = run.signal_diagnostic("press@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(diagnostic.data_path, "press@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.initial_python_value, -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.final_python_value, -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.final_abs_error, 0.0, delta=1.0e-8)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            run.diagnostics_by_final_abs_error()[0].data_path,
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+        )
+        flow_diagnostic = run.pnl0001_mass_flow_diagnostic()
+        self.assertEqual(flow_diagnostic.data_path, "dm1@pneumatic_69")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(flow_diagnostic.initial_python_dm1_g_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(flow_diagnostic.initial_amesim_dm1_g_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            flow_diagnostic.initial_python_canonical_kg_s,
+            -flow_diagnostic.initial_python_dm1_g_s * 1.0e-3,
+        )
+        pnvo_diagnostic = run.pnvo_diagnostic()
+        self.assertEqual(pnvo_diagnostic.alias, "pn_morifice_1")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pnvo_diagnostic.initial_python_opening, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pnvo_diagnostic.initial_amesim_opening, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pnvo_diagnostic.initial_python_mass_flow_kg_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pnvo_diagnostic.initial_amesim_mass_flow_kg_s, 0.0)
+        chamber_diagnostic = run.chamber_rhs_diagnostic("pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber_diagnostic.chamber_alias, "pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber_diagnostic.piston_alias, "pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber_diagnostic.chamber_volume_m3, 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            chamber_diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+            chamber_diagnostic.port_a_energy_flow_w
+            + chamber_diagnostic.port_b_energy_flow_w
+            + chamber_diagnostic.boundary_work_w
+            + chamber_diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w,
+        )
+        self.assertTrue(csv_summary_exists)
+        self.assertIn("Mode: Python 132 full-state closure comparison", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Compared signals: 5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("AMESim first saved interval: 0.010000000000000023", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Final time aligns with AMESim sample: True", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Largest absolute error: press@pn_c1_8=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Largest final endpoint error: press@pn_c1_8=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Metrics by max absolute error:", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Endpoint diagnostics by final absolute error:", summary)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "PNL0001 canonical mass-flow diagnostic: dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            summary,
+        )
+        self.assertIn("equals -AMESim dm1 * 1e-3", summary)
+        self.assertIn("PNVO diagnostic: pn_morifice_1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("final_python_opening=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("final_python_mass_flow_kg_s=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Largest endpoint chamber RHS breakdown: pn_c1_8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("piston_alias=pn_brp2_8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("mass_derivative_kg_s=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("boundary_work_w=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("thermal_energy_flow_w=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("final_python=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("final_amesim=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python.press@pn_c1_8", csv_header)
+        self.assertIn("amesim.vol1@pn_brp2_8", csv_header)
+        self.assertIn("python.dm1@pneumatic_69", csv_header)
+        self.assertIn("python.xv@pn_morifice_1", csv_header)
+        self.assertIn("python.dm2@pn_morifice_1", csv_header)
+
+    def test_default_execution_aligns_first_amesim_saved_sample(self) -> None:
+        execution = TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig()
+
+        self.assertEqual(execution.solver.t_stop, 0.01)
+        self.assertEqual(execution.solver.max_step, 1.0e-3)
+        self.assertEqual(execution.t_eval, (0.0, 0.01))
+        self.assertIn("xv@pn_morifice_1", execution.data_paths)
+        self.assertIn("dm2@pn_morifice_1", execution.data_paths)
+
+    def test_formats_pnvo_event_boundary_diagnostic(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = (
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+        )
+        diagnostic = TestMqlPnvoEventBoundaryDiagnostic(
+            orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+            event_time_s=0.04,
+            integration_stop_time_s=0.039999999999999994,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+            python_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": -1090.9,
+                "dm1@pneumatic_69": -0.00949,
+                "xv@pn_morifice_1": 1.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 502.945,
+            },
+            amesim_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": -1146.38,
+                "dm1@pneumatic_69": -0.00667,
+                "xv@pn_morifice_1": 1.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 497.824,
+            },
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(diagnostic.orifice_alias, "pn_morifice_1")
+        self.assertLess(diagnostic.integration_stop_time_s, diagnostic.event_time_s)
+        self.assertEqual(diagnostic.abs_error("xv@pn_morifice_1"), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            diagnostic.abs_error("dm2@pn_morifice_1"),
+            5.121,
+        )
+        summary = format_test_mql_pnvo_event_boundary_summary(diagnostic)
+        self.assertIn("PNVO event boundary diagnostic (pn_morifice_1)", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Observation side: right-continuous STEP0 opening", summary)
+        self.assertTrue(summary.endswith("\n"))
+
+    def test_formats_pnvo_event_window_diagnostic_with_samples(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = (
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+            "temp@pn_c1_8",
+            "vol@pn_c1_8",
+            "mgas1@pn_c1_8",
+            "p2@pneumatic_69",
+            "t2@pneumatic_69",
+            "mgas@pneumatic_69",
+            "re@pneumatic_69",
+            "v@pneumatic_69",
+            "ff@pneumatic_69",
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+        )
+        sample = TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSampleDiagnostic(
+            time_s=0.05,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+            python_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": 219127.9,
+                "temp@pn_c1_8": 372.3,
+                "vol@pn_c1_8": 15000.0,
+                "mgas1@pn_c1_8": 5.46,
+                "p2@pneumatic_69": 93250.0,
+                "t2@pneumatic_69": 293.15,
+                "mgas@pneumatic_69": 0.53,
+                "re@pneumatic_69": 1.41e6,
+                "v@pneumatic_69": 832.0,
+                "ff@pneumatic_69": 0.0243,
+                "dm1@pneumatic_69": 443.2,
+                "xv@pn_morifice_1": 1.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 463.7,
+            },
+            amesim_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": 187060.0,
+                "temp@pn_c1_8": 296.1,
+                "vol@pn_c1_8": 15000.0,
+                "mgas1@pn_c1_8": 5.47,
+                "p2@pneumatic_69": 1484689.6,
+                "t2@pneumatic_69": 296.1,
+                "mgas@pneumatic_69": 0.81,
+                "re@pneumatic_69": 1.35e6,
+                "v@pneumatic_69": 519.8,
+                "ff@pneumatic_69": 0.0241,
+                "dm1@pneumatic_69": 419.9,
+                "xv@pn_morifice_1": 1.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 456.8,
+            },
+            amesim_sample_left_time_s=0.05,
+            amesim_sample_right_time_s=0.05,
+            pnl0001_rhs_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnl0001LineRhsDiagnostic(
+                    line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                    chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                    line_pressure_pa=1034250.0,
+                    line_temperature_k=293.15,
+                    chamber_pressure_pa=320427.9,
+                    chamber_temperature_k=379.9,
+                    chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s=-0.4432,
+                    node_to_line_flow_kg_s=0.4210,
+                    mass_derivative_kg_s=-0.0222,
+                    port_1_energy_flow_w=-404000.0,
+                    port_2_energy_flow_w=384000.0,
+                    thermal_energy_flow_w=0.0,
+                    energy_derivative_w=-20000.0,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pnl0001_pressure_loss_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnl0001PressureLossCalibrationDiagnostic(
+                    line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                    chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_cm=0.0159,
+                    amesim_dm1_g_s=419.9,
+                    amesim_mass_flow_magnitude_kg_s=0.4199,
+                    amesim_line_gauge_pressure_pa=1484689.6,
+                    amesim_chamber_gauge_pressure_pa=187060.0,
+                    amesim_line_temperature_k=296.1,
+                    amesim_pressure_drop_pa=1297629.6,
+                    current_darcy_pressure_drop_pa=422633.2,
+                    pressure_drop_multiplier=3.07,
+                    candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1_g_s=424.2,
+                    candidate_pn2pipefr_to_amesim_dm1_ratio=1.01,
+                    amesim_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa=5.56e-6,
+                    python_linear_conductance_kg_s_sqrt_k_per_pa=1.06e-5,
+                    python_to_amesim_linear_conductance_ratio=1.91,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pnvo_flow_parameter_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnvoFlowParameterDiagnostic(
+                    orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_cm=0.0158,
+                    amesim_dm2_g_s=456.8,
+                    amesim_opening=1.0,
+                    amesim_gas_velocity_m_s=885.9,
+                    python_opening=1.0,
+                    python_flow_coefficient=0.45,
+                    python_effective_area_m2=78.5e-6,
+                    python_line_pressure_pa=15310000.0,
+                    python_boundary_pressure_pa=1586000.0,
+                    python_upstream_pressure_pa=15310000.0,
+                    python_upstream_temperature_k=293.15,
+                    python_mass_flow_kg_s=0.4637,
+                    python_cm=0.0147,
+                    python_to_amesim_cm_ratio=0.93,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pnvo_upstream_enthalpy_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnvoUpstreamEnthalpyDiagnostic(
+                    orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+                    upstream_line_alias="pneumatic_87",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_orifice_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-18851.7,
+                    amesim_orifice_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=456.8,
+                    amesim_orifice_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=18851.7,
+                    amesim_orifice_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=-456.8,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_center_enthalpy_flow_w=15823.7,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_center_mass_flow_g_s=-454.2,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k=287.7,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa=13.871e6,
+                    amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_reference_temperature_k=290.2,
+                    amesim_orifice_port_2_implied_temperature_delta_to_line_k=2.5,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_flow_w=-24714.8,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_reference_enthalpy_error_w=-5863.1,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_flow_w=-19240.8,
+                    amesim_upstream_line_port_2_real_gas_reference_enthalpy_error_w=-389.1,
+                    python_orifice_to_node_flow_kg_s=0.4637,
+                    python_upstream_line_port_2_temperature_k=282.2,
+                    python_upstream_line_port_2_pressure_pa=13.84e6,
+                    python_current_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=679490.8,
+                    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-38478.5,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-32998.5,
+                    python_current_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=698342.5,
+                    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=-19626.8,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=-14146.8,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pnl0003_energy_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnl0003EnergyDiagnostic(
+                    line_alias="pneumatic_87",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_port_1_temperature_k=293.1,
+                    amesim_port_2_temperature_k=287.7,
+                    amesim_port_1_pressure_pa=15.2e6,
+                    amesim_port_2_pressure_pa=13.9e6,
+                    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=-8.5,
+                    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=85.0,
+                    amesim_center_mass_flow_g_s=-454.2,
+                    amesim_center_enthalpy_flow_w=15823.7,
+                    amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=-456.8,
+                    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=18851.7,
+                    amesim_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=-462.7,
+                    amesim_port_1_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=15908.7,
+                    amesim_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=-2.6,
+                    amesim_port_2_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=3028.0,
+                    python_pn3_node_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=-333.0,
+                    python_pn3_node_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=-119.9,
+                    python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=452.9,
+                    python_pn3_node_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=461.4,
+                    amesim_port_1_mass_estimate_g=1.12,
+                    amesim_port_2_mass_estimate_g=1.05,
+                    python_port_1_mass_g=1.11,
+                    python_port_2_mass_g=1.04,
+                    python_port_1_mass_error_to_amesim_g=-0.01,
+                    python_port_2_mass_error_to_amesim_g=-0.01,
+                    amesim_total_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=-470.0,
+                    amesim_total_mass_derivative_backward_g_s=-540.0,
+                    amesim_total_mass_derivative_forward_g_s=-400.0,
+                    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=-465.3,
+                    amesim_total_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=4.7,
+                    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_equivalent_g_s=454.2,
+                    amesim_center_flow_python_sign_error_g_s=-0.2,
+                    python_center_mass_flow_g_s=454.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s=-454.2,
+                    amesim_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s=454.2,
+                    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_g_s=337.0,
+                    python_port_1_external_mass_flow_error_g_s=15.1,
+                    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_g_s=-454.0,
+                    python_port_1_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s=0.2,
+                    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=-117.0,
+                    python_port_1_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=345.7,
+                    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_g_s=-456.4,
+                    python_port_2_external_mass_flow_error_g_s=0.4,
+                    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_g_s=454.0,
+                    python_port_2_center_mass_derivative_error_g_s=-0.2,
+                    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=-2.4,
+                    python_port_2_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=0.2,
+                    python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_g_s=453.5,
+                    python_amesim_state_darcy_center_mass_flow_error_g_s=-0.7,
+                    python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_g_s=455.0,
+                    python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_mass_flow_error_g_s=0.8,
+                    amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w=15700.0,
+                    amesim_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w=-123.7,
+                    python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_estimate_w=16100.0,
+                    python_center_ideal_reference_port_1_error_w=276.3,
+                    python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_estimate_w=16200.0,
+                    python_center_ideal_reference_port_2_error_w=376.3,
+                    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_estimate_w=8300.0,
+                    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_1_error_w=-7523.7,
+                    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_estimate_w=8400.0,
+                    python_center_real_gas_reference_port_2_error_w=-7423.7,
+                    python_total_mass_derivative_kg_s=-0.47,
+                    python_port_1_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w=80.0,
+                    python_port_1_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w=15800.0,
+                    python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=15880.0,
+                    python_port_1_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w=-28.7,
+                    python_port_2_reference_external_enthalpy_flow_w=19000.0,
+                    python_port_2_reference_center_enthalpy_flow_w=-15800.0,
+                    python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=3200.0,
+                    python_port_2_reference_storage_enthalpy_error_w=172.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=80.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=14000.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=-13200.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    python_port_1_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=75.0,
+                    python_port_1_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=13900.0,
+                    python_port_1_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=-13100.0,
+                    python_port_1_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=6000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=-5000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=-1500.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    python_port_2_external_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=6100.0,
+                    python_port_2_center_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=-5100.0,
+                    python_port_2_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=-1650.0,
+                    python_port_2_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=-210.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s=-420.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s=100.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=-540.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_backward_k_s=-600.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_temperature_derivative_forward_k_s=120.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s=-220.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_k_s=-530.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s=-10.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pn2vol_dtemp_residual_k_s=10.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=-2100000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=-5400000.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=-3100000.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=900000.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-2200000.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=-100000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=-6100000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=800000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-5300000.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=100000.0,
+                    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=-3000000.0,
+                    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=950000.0,
+                    python_port_1_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-2050000.0,
+                    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=-6000000.0,
+                    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=850000.0,
+                    python_port_2_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-5150000.0,
+                    python_port_1_temperature_k=293.15,
+                    python_port_2_temperature_k=282.2,
+                    python_port_1_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+                    python_port_2_pressure_pa=13.8e6,
+                    python_port_1_mass_derivative_kg_s=-0.46,
+                    python_port_2_mass_derivative_kg_s=-0.01,
+                    python_port_1_current_dtemp_k_s=0.0,
+                    python_port_2_current_dtemp_k_s=-1200.0,
+                    python_port_1_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s=-100.0,
+                    python_port_2_real_gas_reference_dtemp_k_s=-650.0,
+                    python_port_2_amesim_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=-610.0,
+                    python_port_2_amesim_external_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=-620.0,
+                    python_port_2_amesim_external_center_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=-630.0,
+                    python_port_2_temperature_error_to_amesim_k=-5.5,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pneumatic_96_inlet_line_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPneumatic96InletLineDiagnostic(
+                    line_alias="pneumatic_96",
+                    node_alias="pn_node3_8",
+                    orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+                    chamber_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_line_pressure_pa=14256386.8,
+                    amesim_line_temperature_k=289.8,
+                    amesim_line_mass_g=3.51,
+                    amesim_line_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=-6.0,
+                    amesim_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s=452.2,
+                    amesim_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=446.2,
+                    amesim_storage_mass_derivative_from_ports_g_s=-6.0,
+                    amesim_storage_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=0.0,
+                    amesim_chamber_pressure_pa=15131788.1,
+                    amesim_chamber_temperature_k=291.9,
+                    amesim_node_pressure_pa=13887929.6,
+                    amesim_node_temperature_k=288.9,
+                    amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=149.5,
+                    amesim_line_pressure_derivative_fd_pa_s=-17835932.3,
+                    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=1234.0,
+                    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_dtemp_component_k_s=-724.0,
+                    amesim_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=-351.0,
+                    amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_sum_k_s=159.0,
+                    amesim_reference_temperature_derivative_residual_k_s=9.5,
+                    amesim_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=-30562435.9,
+                    amesim_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=12794597.7,
+                    amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-17767838.2,
+                    amesim_pressure_derivative_eos_residual_pa_s=68094.1,
+                    python_line_pressure_pa=14257000.0,
+                    python_line_temperature_k=290.1,
+                    python_line_mass_g=3.52,
+                    python_line_pressure_error_pa=613.2,
+                    python_line_temperature_error_k=0.3,
+                    python_line_mass_error_g=0.01,
+                    python_line_to_node_mass_flow_g_s=453.0,
+                    python_line_to_node_mass_flow_error_g_s=0.8,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_g_s=447.0,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=0.8,
+                    python_storage_mass_derivative_g_s=-6.0,
+                    python_storage_mass_derivative_error_g_s=0.0,
+                    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_g_s=451.0,
+                    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_mass_flow_error_g_s=-1.2,
+                    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s=452.8,
+                    python_line_to_node_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=0.6,
+                    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_g_s=452.0,
+                    python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=-0.2,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_g_s=445.8,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_mass_flow_error_g_s=-0.4,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_g_s=446.6,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s=0.4,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_g_s=446.0,
+                    python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_mass_flow_error_g_s=-0.2,
+                    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_g_s=-6.0,
+                    python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_mass_derivative_error_g_s=0.0,
+                    python_chamber_pressure_pa=15131800.0,
+                    python_chamber_temperature_k=292.0,
+                    python_current_temperature_derivative_k_s=261.9,
+                    python_port_1_current_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    python_port_2_current_dtemp_component_k_s=261.9,
+                    python_heat_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    python_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=112.4,
+                    python_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=-17917501.3,
+                    python_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=650331.8,
+                    python_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-17267169.5,
+                    python_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=568762.8,
+                    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=0.0,
+                    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-710.0,
+                    python_reference_port_1_dtemp_component_k_s=0.0,
+                    python_reference_port_2_dtemp_component_k_s=-65.3,
+                    python_reference_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=-382.2,
+                    python_reference_temperature_derivative_k_s=-447.5,
+                    python_reference_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=-597.0,
+                    python_reference_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+                        -17917501.3
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+                        -22045000.0
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-39962501.3,
+                    python_reference_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+                        -21955100.0
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_mass_offset_dtemp_component_k_s=(
+                        -351.0
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_k_s=(
+                        -416.3
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=(
+                        -565.8
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_mass_component_pa_s=(
+                        -25407051.3
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_temperature_component_pa_s=(
+                        -20500000.0
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=(
+                        -45907051.3
+                    ),
+                    python_reference_amesim_storage_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=(
+                        -27999648.2
+                    ),
+                    python_active_temperature_derivative_k_s=261.9,
+                    python_active_temperature_derivative_error_k_s=112.4,
+                    python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_sum_pa_s=-17267169.5,
+                    python_active_pressure_derivative_eos_error_pa_s=568762.8,
+                    python_chamber_pressure_error_pa=11.9,
+                    python_chamber_temperature_error_k=0.1,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pnl0001_energy_flow_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnl0001EnergyFlowDiagnostic(
+                    line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                    chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                    node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-4248.6,
+                    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=419.9,
+                    amesim_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-18664.2,
+                    amesim_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=438.3,
+                    amesim_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w=-22912.8,
+                    python_port_1_internal_energy_flow_w=-378000.0,
+                    python_port_2_internal_energy_flow_w=398000.0,
+                    python_current_energy_derivative_w=20000.0,
+                    python_direct_enthalpy_port_1_flow_w=-629000.0,
+                    python_direct_enthalpy_port_2_flow_w=663000.0,
+                    python_direct_enthalpy_energy_derivative_w=34000.0,
+                    python_direct_minus_current_energy_derivative_w=14000.0,
+                    python_p4_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=640000.0,
+                    python_p4_node_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=430.0,
+                    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_j_kg=1488372.1,
+                    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_temperature_k=286.6,
+                    python_p4_node_port_2_connected_h_delta_to_line_h_j_kg=-34000.0,
+                    python_p4_node_port_2_counterfactual_dtemp_k_s=-5100.0,
+                    reference_temperature_k=298.15,
+                    amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_estimate_w=-4467.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_reference_enthalpy_error_w=-218.4,
+                    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dm2i_g_s=-419.9,
+                    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dh2i_w=4467.0,
+                    amesim_candidate_storage_enthalpy_sum_w=-14197.2,
+                    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_k_s=-5480.0,
+                    amesim_candidate_pn2pipefr_dtemp_residual_k_s=-5420.3,
+                    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-10760.0,
+                    python_reference_node_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-18500.0,
+                    python_reference_observed_port_enthalpy_sum_w=-29260.0,
+                    python_reference_port_1_to_amesim_error_w=-6511.4,
+                    python_reference_node_port_2_to_amesim_error_w=164.2,
+                    python_reference_sum_to_amesim_error_w=-6347.2,
+                    python_current_line_temperature_derivative_k_s=0.0,
+                    amesim_line_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=277.3,
+                    amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_plus_dh1_k_s=-9000.0,
+                    amesim_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s=-5600.0,
+                    python_reference_pn2vol2_dtemp_node_minus_dh1_k_s=-11200.0,
+                ),
+            ),
+            p4_node_enthalpy_breakdown_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlP4NodeEnthalpyBreakdownDiagnostic(
+                    node_alias="pnnode4_16",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-1000.0,
+                    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=-30.0,
+                    amesim_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=-2000.0,
+                    amesim_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=-40.0,
+                    amesim_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=-15664.2,
+                    amesim_port_4_mass_flow_g_s=508.3,
+                    amesim_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-18664.2,
+                    amesim_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=438.3,
+                    python_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-900.0,
+                    python_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=-29.0,
+                    python_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=-2100.0,
+                    python_port_3_mass_flow_g_s=-41.0,
+                    python_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=643000.0,
+                    python_port_4_mass_flow_g_s=500.0,
+                    python_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=640000.0,
+                    python_port_2_mass_flow_g_s=430.0,
+                    python_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-800.0,
+                    python_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=-1700.0,
+                    python_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=-16000.0,
+                    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-18500.0,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-790.0,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=-1685.0,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=-15750.0,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_flow_w=-18225.0,
+                    python_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=658664.2,
+                    python_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=164.2,
+                    python_real_gas_reference_port_2_enthalpy_error_w=439.2,
+                ),
+            ),
+            pnch012_energy_equation_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnch012EnergyEquationDiagnostic(
+                    chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                    piston_alias="pn_brp2_8",
+                    line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+                    time_s=0.05,
+                    amesim_port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=-4248.6,
+                    amesim_port_1_mass_flow_g_s=419.9,
+                    amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_fd_g_s=370.8,
+                    amesim_chamber_mass_derivative_residual_g_s=49.1,
+                    amesim_chamber_temperature_derivative_fd_k_s=5134.6,
+                    amesim_chamber_volume_rate_fd_m3_s=0.001004,
+                    amesim_piston_volume_rate_m3_s=2.5e-8,
+                    amesim_heat_flow_w=-0.0,
+                    amesim_boundary_work_fd_volume_w=-289.5,
+                    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_k_s=8090.0,
+                    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_fd_volume_residual_k_s=2955.4,
+                    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_k_s=8107.0,
+                    amesim_pn2vol_reference_dtemp_piston_volume_residual_k_s=2972.4,
+                    python_port_a_mass_flow_kg_s=-0.42,
+                    python_current_energy_derivative_w=-28000.0,
+                    python_current_chamber_temperature_derivative_k_s=-7800.0,
+                    reference_temperature_k=298.15,
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+        diagnostic = TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic(
+            orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+            event_time_s=0.04,
+            final_time_s=0.05,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+            segment_diagnostics=(
+                TestMqlPnvoEventWindowSegmentDiagnostic(
+                    t_start=0.048,
+                    t_stop=0.05,
+                    method="BDF",
+                    rtol=1.0e-5,
+                    atol=1.0e-8,
+                    max_step=1.0e-5,
+                    rhs_evaluations=8154,
+                    success=True,
+                    message="success",
+                ),
+            ),
+            sample_diagnostics=(sample,),
+            python_values_by_data_path=sample.python_values_by_data_path,
+            amesim_values_by_data_path=sample.amesim_values_by_data_path,
+        )
+
+        summary = format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_summary(diagnostic)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.abs_error("dm2@pn_morifice_1"), 6.9)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(sample.abs_error("press@pn_c1_8"), 32067.9)
+        self.assertIn("PNVO event window diagnostic (pn_morifice_1)", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Sample comparisons:", summary)
+        self.assertFalse(sample.amesim_values_are_interpolated)
+        self.assertIn("t=0.05 (amesim=exact@0.05)", summary)
+        self.assertIn("rhs=8154", summary)
+        self.assertIn("rhs@pneumatic_69", summary)
+        self.assertIn("dm_dt=-0.0222", summary)
+        self.assertIn("pressure_loss@pneumatic_69", summary)
+        self.assertIn("cm=0.0159", summary)
+        self.assertIn("dp_multiplier=3.07", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_pn2pipefr_dm1=424.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_pn2pipefr_ratio=1.01", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_linear_k=5.56e-06", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_linear_k=1.06e-05", summary)
+        self.assertIn("linear_k_ratio=1.91", summary)
+        self.assertIn("flow_parameter@pn_morifice_1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_cm=0.0158", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_cm=0.0147", summary)
+        self.assertIn("cm_ratio=0.93", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_gasvel=885.9", summary)
+        self.assertIn("pnvo_upstream_enthalpy@pn_morifice_1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dh2=-18851.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_line_dhctr=15823.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_implied_t2=290.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_implied_t2_delta=2.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_ref_dh2=-24714.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_real_ref_dh2=-19240.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_real_ref_dh2_error=-389.1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_current_dh2=679490.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_dh2=-38478.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_real_ref_dh2=-32998.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("inlet_line@pneumatic_96", summary)
+        self.assertIn("node=pn_node3_8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("orifice=pn_orifice_18", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_line_to_node_dm1=452.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_orifice_to_line_dm2=446.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_line_to_node_dm=453.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_line_to_node_dm_error=0.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_storage_dm_error=0.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_line_to_node_amesim_node_line_dm=452.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_orifice_to_line_amesim_line_chamber_dm=446.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_storage_amesim_boundary_states_dm_error=0.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fd_dT=149.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT_m_offset=-351.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_current_dT=261.9", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT_error=112.4", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dP_error=568762.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_dT=-447.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_dT_error=-597.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_dP_error=-21955100.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_amesim_storage_dT=-416.3", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_amesim_storage_dP_error=-27999648.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_active_dT=261.9", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_active_dP_error=568762.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("pnl0003_energy@pneumatic_87", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_sdm1=-462.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_sdh2=3028.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_node_dm1=-333.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_node_dm3=-119.9", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_node_to_line_dm=452.9", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_node_to_line_dm_error=461.4", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_m2=1.05", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_m2=1.04", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_m2_error=-0.01", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fd_dmgas=-470.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_back_dmgas=-540.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fwd_dmgas=-400.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_storage_dmgas=-465.3", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_storage_dmgas_residual=4.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dmctr_py_sign=454.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_center_dm=454.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_sdm1_center=-454.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_sdm2_center=454.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm1_ext=337.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm1_ext_error=15.1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm1_center=-454.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm1_center_error=0.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm1=-117.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm1_error=345.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm2_ext=-456.4", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm2_ext_error=0.4", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm2_center=454.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm2_center_error=-0.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm2=-2.4", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_sdm2_error=0.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_state_darcy_center_dm=453.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_state_darcy_center_dm_error=-0.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_dm=455.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_state_pn2pipefr_center_dm_error=0.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_center_real_p1_error=-123.7", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_center_ideal_p2=16200.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_center_dm_error=-0.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dmgas_dt=-0.47", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_sdh1=15880.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_sdh2_error=172.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT1_ext_h=80.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT1_ctr_h=14000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT1_m_offset=-13200.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT1_ext_h=75.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT1_ctr_h=13900.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT1_m_offset=-13100.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT2_ext_h=6000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT2_ctr_h=-5000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dT2_m_offset=-1500.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT2_ext_h=6100.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT2_ctr_h=-5100.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dT2_m_offset=-1650.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_back_dT2=-600.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fwd_dT2=120.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_pn2vol_dT2=-530.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fd_dP1=-2100000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dP1_m=-3100000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dP1_T=900000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dP1_residual=-100000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dP2_sum=-5300000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dP1_sum=-2050000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_dP2_T=850000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_real_ref_dT2=-650.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_center_dT2=-610.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_ext_dT2=-620.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_amesim_ext_ctr_dT2=-630.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_t2_error=-5.5", summary)
+        self.assertIn("energy_flow@pneumatic_69", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dh1=-4248.6", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_node_dh2=-18664.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("direct_h_dU_dt=34000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_node_dh2=640000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_node_dm2=430.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_node_h2=1488372.1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_node_t2=286.6", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_node_h2_delta=-34000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_node_counterfactual_dT=-5100.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("ref_dh1_est=-4467.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("ref_dh1_error=-218.4", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_dm2i=-419.9", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_dh2i=4467.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_storage_sdh=-14197.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_pn2pipefr_dT=-5480.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_dh1=-10760.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_node_dh2=-18500.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_sdh=-29260.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_sdh_error=-6347.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_current_dT=0.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fd_dT=277.3", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_pn2vol2_dT_node_plus_dh1=-9000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_pn2vol2_dT_node_minus_dh1=-11200.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("p4_node_enthalpy@pnnode4_16", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_real_ref_p2_dh_error=439.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_p4_dh=-15664.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_p4_dh=643000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_p2_dh=-18500.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_ref_p2_dh_error=164.2", summary)
+        self.assertIn("pnch012_energy@pn_c1_8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fd_dmgas=370.8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_dmgas_residual=49.1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_fd_dvol=0.001004", summary)
+        self.assertIn("amesim_pn2vol_ref_dT_fdvol=8090.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("python_current_dT=-7800.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Final comparison:", summary)
+        self.assertTrue(summary.endswith("\n"))
+
+    def test_formats_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = ("press@pn_c1_8", "dm2@pn_morifice_1")
+        default_diagnostic = TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic(
+            orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+            event_time_s=0.04,
+            final_time_s=0.05,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+            segment_diagnostics=(),
+            sample_diagnostics=(),
+            python_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": 1.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 10.0,
+            },
+            amesim_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": 4.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 8.0,
+            },
+        )
+        candidate_diagnostic = TestMqlPnvoEventWindowDiagnostic(
+            orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+            event_time_s=0.04,
+            final_time_s=0.05,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+            segment_diagnostics=(),
+            sample_diagnostics=(),
+            python_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": 3.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 13.0,
+            },
+            amesim_values_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": 4.0,
+                "dm2@pn_morifice_1": 8.0,
+            },
+        )
+        metric = TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateMetricComparison(
+            time_s=0.0401,
+            metric_name="p96:p2_abs_error_pa",
+            default_abs_error=32000.0,
+            candidate_abs_error=3600.0,
+        )
+        diagnostic = TestMqlPnvoEventWindowCandidateComparisonDiagnostic(
+            orifice_alias="pn_morifice_1",
+            event_time_s=0.04,
+            final_time_s=0.05,
+            default_diagnostic=default_diagnostic,
+            candidate_diagnostic=candidate_diagnostic,
+            metric_comparisons=(metric,),
+        )
+
+        summary = format_test_mql_pnvo_event_window_candidate_comparison_summary(
+            diagnostic
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(metric.abs_error_delta, -28400.0)
+        self.assertIn("PNVO event window candidate comparison", summary)
+        self.assertIn("negative delta means the candidate reduced error", summary)
+        self.assertIn("t=0.0401 - p96:p2_abs_error_pa", summary)
+        self.assertIn("default_abs_error=32000.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("candidate_abs_error=3600.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("delta=-28400.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Final comparison:", summary)
+        self.assertIn("press@pn_c1_8", summary)
+        self.assertIn("delta=-2.0", summary)
+        self.assertIn("dm2@pn_morifice_1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("delta=3.0", summary)
+        self.assertTrue(summary.endswith("\n"))
+
+    def test_full_state_script_can_skip_artifact_files(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
+            output_dir = Path(tmpdir)
+            run, returned_output_dir = run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(
+                TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig(
+                    paths=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig(
+                        archive_path=TEST_MQL_AME,
+                        output_dir=output_dir,
+                    ),
+                    execution=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig(
+                        write_summary=False,
+                        write_comparison_csv=False,
+                        data_paths=("press@pn_c1_8",),
+                        solver=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=0.0),
+                        t_eval=(0.0,),
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+
+            self.assertEqual(returned_output_dir, output_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(run.signal_count, 1)
+            self.assertFalse((output_dir / "test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary.txt").exists())
+            self.assertFalse((output_dir / "test_mql_amesim_comparison.csv").exists())
+
+    def test_format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(self) -> None:
+        run, _ = run_test_mql_full_state_comparison(
+            TestMqlFullStateComparisonScriptConfig(
+                paths=TestMqlFullStateComparisonPathConfig(archive_path=TEST_MQL_AME),
+                execution=TestMqlFullStateComparisonExecutionConfig(
+                    write_summary=False,
+                    write_comparison_csv=False,
+                    data_paths=("press@pn_c1_8",),
+                    solver=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=0.0),
+                    t_eval=(0.0,),
+                ),
+            )
+        )
+
+        summary = format_test_mql_full_state_comparison_summary(run)
+
+        self.assertIn("Model: test_mql", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Output schema signals: 858", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Compared signals: 1", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Largest absolute error: press@pn_c1_8=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Largest final endpoint error: press@pn_c1_8=", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Metrics by max absolute error:", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Endpoint diagnostics by final absolute error:", summary)
+        self.assertIn("Largest endpoint chamber RHS breakdown: pn_c1_8", summary)
+        self.assertTrue(summary.endswith("\n"))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_baseline.py b/tests/test_test_mql_baseline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb82017
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_baseline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_baseline import run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlBaselinePassthroughTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_full_baseline_passthrough_satisfies_output_contract_with_zero_error(self) -> None:
+        run = run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+        self.assertEqual(run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(run.signal_count, 858)
+        self.assertEqual(run.output_schema.signal_count, 858)
+        self.assertEqual(run.observation_catalog.binding_count, 114)
+        self.assertEqual(len(run.comparison.metrics), 858)
+        self.assertEqual(run.comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(run.comparison.max_rel_error, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(run.output.data_paths, run.output_schema.data_paths())
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(run.output.series("press@pn_c1_8")[-1], 4310310.457796034)
+
+    def test_selected_baseline_passthrough_preserves_requested_order(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = (
+            "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+        )
+
+        run = run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(TEST_MQL_AME, data_paths=data_paths)
+
+        self.assertEqual(run.signal_count, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(run.output.data_paths, data_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(metric.data_path for metric in run.comparison.metrics), data_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(run.comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_baseline_passthrough_rejects_unobserved_data_path(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            run_test_mql_baseline_passthrough(
+                TEST_MQL_AME,
+                data_paths=("not_a_signal@not_an_owner",),
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_branch_simulation.py b/tests/test_test_mql_branch_simulation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9869c22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_branch_simulation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticBranchSimulationTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_simulate_pneumatic_branch_returns_ode_solution(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        solution = system.simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+            name="sample_branch",
+            upstream_volume_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+            orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+            downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0e-5, max_step=1.0e-6),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-6, 1.0e-5],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 4)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [3, 3, 3, 3])
+
+    def test_evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution_reports_branch_series(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+        solution = system.simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+            name="sample_branch",
+            upstream_volume_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+            orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+            downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0e-5, max_step=1.0e-6),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-6, 1.0e-5],
+        )
+
+        series = system.evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution(
+            solution,
+            name="sample_branch",
+            upstream_volume_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+            orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+            downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(series["time"], [0.0, 5.0e-6, 1.0e-5])
+        self.assertIn("sample_branch.flow", series)
+        self.assertIn("pn_general_chamber.p", series)
+        self.assertIn("pn_c1_8.p", series)
+        self.assertEqual(len(series["sample_branch.flow"]), 3)
+        self.assertGreater(series["sample_branch.flow"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(series["pn_general_chamber.p"][0], series["pn_general_chamber.p"][-1])
+        self.assertLess(series["pn_c1_8.p"][0], series["pn_c1_8.p"][-1])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            series["pn_general_chamber.m_flow"][0],
+            -series["sample_branch.flow"][0],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            series["pn_c1_8.m_flow"][0],
+            series["sample_branch.flow"][0],
+        )
+
+    def test_pneumatic_branch_spec_drives_closure_and_simulation(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+        spec = system.pneumatic_branch_spec(
+            name="sample_branch",
+            upstream_volume_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+            orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+            downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+            source="manual-test",
+        )
+
+        closure = system.pneumatic_branch_closure_from_spec(spec)
+        solution = system.simulate_pneumatic_branch_from_spec(
+            spec,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0e-5, max_step=1.0e-6),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 1.0e-5],
+        )
+        series = system.evaluate_pneumatic_branch_solution_from_spec(solution, spec)
+
+        self.assertIs(closure.components.spec, spec)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.source, "manual-test")
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 2)
+        self.assertIn("sample_branch.flow", series)
+        self.assertGreater(series["sample_branch.flow"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(series["pn_general_chamber.p"][0], series["pn_general_chamber.p"][-1])
+        self.assertLess(series["pn_c1_8.p"][0], series["pn_c1_8.p"][-1])
+
+    def test_discover_pneumatic_branch_topology_reports_blocked_candidates(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        discovery = system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology()
+
+        self.assertEqual(discovery.branch_specs, ())
+        self.assertEqual(len(discovery.blocked_candidates), 48)
+        candidates = {
+            candidate.connection_alias: candidate
+            for candidate in discovery.blocked_candidates
+        }
+        chamber_candidate = candidates["pneumatic_69"]
+        self.assertEqual(chamber_candidate.line_submodel, "PNL0001")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber_candidate.source_component, "pnnode4_16")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber_candidate.target_component, "pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertFalse(chamber_candidate.source_is_typed_pneumatic)
+        self.assertTrue(chamber_candidate.target_is_typed_pneumatic)
+        self.assertIn("node/line", chamber_candidate.reason)
+
+        orifice_candidate = candidates["pneumatic_96"]
+        self.assertEqual(orifice_candidate.line_submodel, "PNL0001")
+        self.assertEqual(orifice_candidate.source_component, "pn_node3_8")
+        self.assertEqual(orifice_candidate.target_component, "pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertFalse(orifice_candidate.source_is_typed_pneumatic)
+        self.assertTrue(orifice_candidate.target_is_typed_pneumatic)
+        self.assertIn("node/line", orifice_candidate.reason)
+
+    def test_simulate_pneumatic_branch_rejects_invalid_component_aliases(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            system.simulate_pneumatic_branch(
+                name="invalid_branch",
+                upstream_volume_alias="pn_brp2_8",
+                orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+                downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+                config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=0.0),
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_chamber_observations.py b/tests/test_test_mql_chamber_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a2cc92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_chamber_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_chamber_observations import (
+    build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlChamberObservationCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.catalog = build_test_mql_chamber_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def test_builds_expected_chamber_observation_bindings(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.bindings), 12)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.fixed_count, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.variable_count, 8)
+
+        fixed = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_general_chamber")
+        variable = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_c1_8")
+
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.submodel, "PNCH023")
+        self.assertFalse(fixed.is_variable)
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.pressure_path, "press@pn_general_chamber")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.temperature_path, "temp@pn_general_chamber")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.gas_mass_path, "mgas@pn_general_chamber")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.pressure_duplicate_paths, ("press2@pn_general_chamber",))
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.temperature_duplicate_paths, ("temp2@pn_general_chamber",))
+        self.assertIsNone(fixed.volume_path)
+        self.assertEqual(variable.submodel, "PNCH012")
+        self.assertTrue(variable.is_variable)
+        self.assertEqual(variable.pressure_path, "press@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.temperature_path, "temp@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.gas_mass_path, "mgas1@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            variable.pressure_duplicate_paths,
+            ("press3@pn_c1_8", "press2@pn_c1_8", "press4@pn_c1_8"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            variable.temperature_duplicate_paths,
+            ("temp3@pn_c1_8", "temp2@pn_c1_8", "temp4@pn_c1_8"),
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(variable.volume_path, "vol@pn_c1_8")
+
+    def test_fixed_chamber_observation_matches_amesim_samples(self) -> None:
+        observation = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_general_chamber").observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.time, self.amesim_results.times[-1])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.pressure_pa, 4310273.332655074)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.temperature_k, 179.646447269399)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.gas_mass_g, 666.3851161956942)
+        self.assertIsNone(observation.volume_cm3)
+
+    def test_variable_chamber_observation_matches_amesim_samples(self) -> None:
+        observation = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_c1_8").observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.pressure_pa, 4310310.457796034)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.temperature_k, 293.1143259012449)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.gas_mass_g, 353.6887889918552)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.volume_cm3, 49242.54636512914)
+
+    def test_initial_pressure_conventions_are_preserved(self) -> None:
+        fixed = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_general_chamber").observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            0,
+        )
+        variable = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_c1_8").observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed.pressure_pa, 15198699.999999998)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable.pressure_pa, -1299.99999999999)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed.temperature_k, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable.temperature_k, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable.volume_cm3, 15000.0)
+
+    def test_duplicate_pressure_and_temperature_paths_match_primary_series(self) -> None:
+        for binding in self.catalog.bindings:
+            pressure = self.amesim_results.series(binding.pressure_path)
+            temperature = self.amesim_results.series(binding.temperature_path)
+            with self.subTest(alias=binding.alias):
+                for duplicate_path in binding.pressure_duplicate_paths:
+                    duplicate = self.amesim_results.series(duplicate_path)
+                    self.assertLess(
+                        max(abs(a - b) for a, b in zip(pressure, duplicate)),
+                        1.0e-12,
+                    )
+                for duplicate_path in binding.temperature_duplicate_paths:
+                    duplicate = self.amesim_results.series(duplicate_path)
+                    self.assertLess(
+                        max(abs(a - b) for a, b in zip(temperature, duplicate)),
+                        1.0e-12,
+                    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_chamber_segment.py b/tests/test_test_mql_chamber_segment.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e722624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_chamber_segment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticChamberSegmentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.discovery = self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology()
+        self.spec = self.discovery.chamber_segment_specs[0]
+
+    def test_discovers_four_fixed_chamber_segments_from_real_topology(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.discovery.chamber_segment_specs), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.volume_alias, "pn_general_chamber")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.inlet_node_alias, "pn_node3_8")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.inlet_line_alias, "pneumatic_96")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.inlet_orifice_alias, "pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.volume_inlet_port, "port_2")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.outlet_orifice_alias, "pn_orifice_19")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.outlet_line_alias, "pneumatic_97")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.outlet_node_alias, "pn_node3_9")
+        self.assertEqual(self.spec.source, "amesim-cir-topology")
+
+    def test_segment_closure_writes_real_amesim_port_directions(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pneumatic_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_pressure_pa=16.0e6,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=1.0e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.inlet_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.outlet_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.volume.port_b.m_flow,
+            snapshot.inlet_flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.volume.port_a.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.outlet_flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.inlet_orifice.port_b.m_flow,
+            snapshot.inlet_flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.outlet_orifice.port_a.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.outlet_flow,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0], snapshot.inlet_flow - snapshot.outlet_flow)
+
+    def test_segment_closure_handles_reverse_boundary_pressures(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pneumatic_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_pressure_pa=1.0e6,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=16.0e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertLess(snapshot.inlet_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(snapshot.outlet_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0], snapshot.inlet_flow - snapshot.outlet_flow)
+
+    def test_simulates_topology_derived_segment_with_prescribed_boundaries(self) -> None:
+        solution = self.system.simulate_pneumatic_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_pressure_pa=16.0e6,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=14.0e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(
+                t_start=0.0,
+                t_stop=1.0e-5,
+                max_step=1.0e-6,
+            ),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-6, 1.0e-5],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 2)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [3, 3])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_closure.py b/tests/test_test_mql_closure.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc698fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_closure.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_closure import (
+    TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents,
+    TestMqlPneumaticClosure,
+)
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticClosureTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _make_closure(
+        self,
+        *,
+        upstream_pressure: float = 15.3e6,
+        downstream_pressure: float = 1.0e5,
+    ) -> TestMqlPneumaticClosure:
+        upstream = AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="source_chamber",
+            volume_liters=57.0,
+            p0=upstream_pressure,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        downstream = AmesimPneumaticVolume.from_liters(
+            name="target_chamber",
+            volume_liters=15.0,
+            p0=downstream_pressure,
+            T0=293.15,
+        )
+        orifice = AmesimPneumaticOrifice.from_mm2(
+            name="branch_orifice",
+            area_mm2=78.5,
+            flow_coefficient=0.9,
+        )
+
+        def initial_state_vector() -> list[float]:
+            return [*upstream.get_state_vector(), *downstream.get_state_vector()]
+
+        def apply_state_vector(values: list[float]) -> None:
+            if len(values) != 4:
+                raise ValueError("two-volume closure state vector requires four values")
+            upstream.set_state_vector(values[:2])
+            downstream.set_state_vector(values[2:])
+
+        return TestMqlPneumaticClosure(
+            components=TestMqlPneumaticBranchComponents(
+                name="source_to_target",
+                upstream_volume=upstream,
+                orifice=orifice,
+                downstream_volume=downstream,
+            ),
+            initial_state_vector=initial_state_vector,
+            apply_state_vector=apply_state_vector,
+        )
+
+    def test_snapshot_writes_modelica_style_port_flow_signs(self) -> None:
+        closure = self._make_closure()
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.orifice.port_a.m_flow,
+            snapshot.flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.orifice.port_b.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow,
+            snapshot.flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.orifice.port_a.p,
+            snapshot.upstream.p,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.orifice.port_b.p,
+            snapshot.downstream.p,
+        )
+
+    def test_rhs_uses_canonical_flow_for_volume_mass_balance(self) -> None:
+        closure = self._make_closure()
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0], -snapshot.flow)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[2], snapshot.flow)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0] + rhs[2], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[1], -snapshot.flow * snapshot.upstream.h)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[3], snapshot.flow * snapshot.upstream.h)
+
+    def test_reverse_pressure_reverses_canonical_flow_and_port_signs(self) -> None:
+        closure = self._make_closure(
+            upstream_pressure=1.0e5,
+            downstream_pressure=15.3e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertLess(snapshot.flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(closure.components.upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(closure.components.downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0], -snapshot.flow)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[2], snapshot.flow)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0] + rhs[2], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[1], -snapshot.flow * snapshot.downstream.h)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[3], snapshot.flow * snapshot.downstream.h)
+
+    def test_snapshot_can_apply_explicit_state_vector(self) -> None:
+        closure = self._make_closure()
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[0] *= 0.99
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.upstream_volume.state.m,
+            state[0],
+        )
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.upstream.p, snapshot.downstream.p)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_comparison.py b/tests/test_test_mql_comparison.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65fcf54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_comparison.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import (
+    DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS,
+    TestMqlComparisonError,
+    compare_test_mql_series,
+    interpolate_series_value,
+    write_test_mql_amesim_baseline_csv,
+    write_test_mql_comparison_csv,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlComparisonTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_exact_amesim_series_compare_with_zero_error(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = ("temp3@pn_c1_8", "press3@pn_c1_8")
+        python_series = {
+            data_path: self.amesim_results.series(data_path)
+            for data_path in data_paths
+        }
+
+        comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+            python_times=self.amesim_results.times,
+            python_series_by_data_path=python_series,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(comparison.metrics), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.metric("temp3@pn_c1_8").sample_count, 1002)
+
+    def test_coarse_python_times_are_interpolated_against_amesim(self) -> None:
+        data_path = "temp3@pn_c1_8"
+        python_times = self.amesim_results.times[::100]
+        python_series = {
+            data_path: tuple(
+                interpolate_series_value(
+                    self.amesim_results.times,
+                    self.amesim_results.series(data_path),
+                    time_value,
+                )
+                for time_value in python_times
+            )
+        }
+
+        comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+            python_times=python_times,
+            python_series_by_data_path=python_series,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=(data_path,),
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.metric(data_path).sample_count, len(python_times))
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_offset_series_reports_abs_and_relative_error(self) -> None:
+        data_path = "temp3@pn_c1_8"
+        python_series = {
+            data_path: tuple(value + 1.0 for value in self.amesim_results.series(data_path))
+        }
+
+        comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+            python_times=self.amesim_results.times,
+            python_series_by_data_path=python_series,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=(data_path,),
+        )
+        metric = comparison.metric(data_path)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(metric.mean_abs_error, 1.0)
+        self.assertGreater(metric.max_rel_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_missing_data_path_is_rejected(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaises(TestMqlComparisonError):
+            compare_test_mql_series(
+                python_times=self.amesim_results.times,
+                python_series_by_data_path={"missing@component": (1.0,) * 1002},
+                amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            )
+
+    def test_writes_baseline_and_comparison_csv_files(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = DEFAULT_TEST_MQL_ALIGNMENT_PATHS[:2]
+        python_series = {
+            data_path: self.amesim_results.series(data_path)
+            for data_path in data_paths
+        }
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as temp_dir:
+            output_dir = Path(temp_dir)
+            baseline_path = write_test_mql_amesim_baseline_csv(
+                output_dir,
+                self.amesim_results,
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+            )
+            comparison_path, summary_path, comparison = write_test_mql_comparison_csv(
+                output_dir=output_dir,
+                python_times=self.amesim_results.times,
+                python_series_by_data_path=python_series,
+                amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+                data_paths=data_paths,
+            )
+
+            self.assertTrue(baseline_path.exists())
+            self.assertTrue(comparison_path.exists())
+            self.assertTrue(summary_path.exists())
+            self.assertIn("time_s,temp3@pn_c1_8,press3@pn_c1_8", baseline_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+            self.assertEqual(comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_computed.py b/tests/test_test_mql_computed.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..96b5c18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_computed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_computed import (
+    run_test_mql_computed_geometry,
+    run_test_mql_computed_line_relations,
+    run_test_mql_computed_mechanical_relations,
+    run_test_mql_computed_piston_geometry,
+    run_test_mql_computed_pneumatic_relations,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlComputedPistonGeometryTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.computed_run = run_test_mql_computed_piston_geometry(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_computed_piston_geometry_outputs_schema_valid_series(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.mechanical_assembly.pistons), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.signal_count, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.comparison.metrics), 24)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.output_schema.signal_count, 858)
+
+    def test_computed_piston_geometry_output_paths_are_expected(self) -> None:
+        paths = self.computed_run.output.data_paths
+
+        self.assertIn("length@pn_brp2_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("vol1@pn_brp2_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("vvol1@pn_brp2_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("length@pn_brp2_15", paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("length@")]), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("vol1@")]), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("vvol1@")]), 8)
+
+    def test_computed_piston_geometry_matches_amesim_with_tight_error_bounds(self) -> None:
+        for data_path in self.computed_run.output.data_paths:
+            metric = self.computed_run.comparison.metric(data_path)
+            with self.subTest(data_path=data_path):
+                if data_path.startswith("length@"):
+                    self.assertLessEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 3.0e-13)
+                elif data_path.startswith("vol1@"):
+                    self.assertLessEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 8.0e-12)
+                elif data_path.startswith("vvol1@"):
+                    self.assertLessEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 3.0e-11)
+                else:
+                    self.fail(f"Unexpected computed piston geometry path: {data_path}")
+
+    def test_computed_piston_geometry_final_samples_match_expected_values(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("length@pn_brp2_8")[-1],
+            1090.0013536465842,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("vol1@pn_brp2_8")[-1],
+            34242.54636512914,
+            delta=1.0e-9,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("vvol1@pn_brp2_8")[-1],
+            8.360141002531034e-07,
+            delta=1.0e-11,
+        )
+
+
+class TestMqlComputedGeometryTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.computed_run = run_test_mql_computed_geometry(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_computed_geometry_outputs_schema_valid_series(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.mechanical_assembly.pistons), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.pneumatic_assembly.variable_chambers), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.signal_count, 32)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.comparison.metrics), 32)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.output_schema.signal_count, 858)
+
+    def test_computed_geometry_includes_variable_chamber_volume_paths(self) -> None:
+        paths = self.computed_run.output.data_paths
+
+        self.assertIn("vol@pn_c1_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("vol@pn_c1_15", paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("vol@pn_c1")]), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("length@")]), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("vol1@")]), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("vvol1@")]), 8)
+
+    def test_computed_variable_chamber_volumes_match_amesim_with_tight_error_bounds(self) -> None:
+        for data_path in self.computed_run.output.data_paths:
+            metric = self.computed_run.comparison.metric(data_path)
+            with self.subTest(data_path=data_path):
+                if data_path.startswith("vol@pn_c1"):
+                    self.assertLessEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 8.0e-12)
+
+    def test_computed_variable_chamber_volume_final_samples_match_expected_values(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("vol@pn_c1_8")[-1],
+            49242.54636512914,
+            delta=1.0e-9,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("vol@pn_c1_15")[-1],
+            49242.546365149814,
+            delta=1.0e-9,
+        )
+
+
+class TestMqlComputedLineRelationsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.computed_run = run_test_mql_computed_line_relations(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_computed_line_relations_outputs_schema_valid_series(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.observation_catalog.lines.by_submodel("PNL00R")), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.signal_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.comparison.metrics), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.output_schema.signal_count, 858)
+
+    def test_computed_line_relations_include_expected_paths(self) -> None:
+        paths = self.computed_run.output.data_paths
+
+        self.assertIn("dm2@pneumatic_100", paths)
+        self.assertIn("dh2@pneumatic_100", paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("dm2@")]), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("dh2@")]), 4)
+
+    def test_computed_line_relations_match_amesim_exactly(self) -> None:
+        for data_path in self.computed_run.output.data_paths:
+            metric = self.computed_run.comparison.metric(data_path)
+            with self.subTest(data_path=data_path):
+                self.assertEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_computed_line_relations_final_samples_match_expected_values(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("dm2@pneumatic_100")[-1],
+            1.4837698580885316e-30,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("dh2@pneumatic_100")[-1],
+            -1.2638893078048237e-28,
+        )
+
+
+class TestMqlComputedPneumaticRelationsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.computed_run = run_test_mql_computed_pneumatic_relations(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_computed_pneumatic_relations_outputs_schema_valid_series(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.observation_catalog.chambers.fixed_count, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.observation_catalog.chambers.variable_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.observation_catalog.orifices.fixed_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.observation_catalog.orifices.variable_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.signal_count, 88)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.comparison.metrics), 88)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.output_schema.signal_count, 858)
+
+    def test_computed_pneumatic_relations_include_expected_paths(self) -> None:
+        paths = self.computed_run.output.data_paths
+
+        self.assertIn("press2@pn_c1_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("temp2@pn_c1_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("dm2@pn_orifice_18", paths)
+        self.assertIn("dh2@pn_orifice_18", paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("press")]), 28)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("temp")]), 28)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("dm")]), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("dh")]), 16)
+
+    def test_computed_pneumatic_relations_match_amesim_exactly(self) -> None:
+        for data_path in self.computed_run.output.data_paths:
+            metric = self.computed_run.comparison.metric(data_path)
+            with self.subTest(data_path=data_path):
+                self.assertEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_computed_pneumatic_relations_final_samples_match_expected_values(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("press2@pn_c1_8")[-1],
+            4310310.457796034,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("temp2@pn_c1_8")[-1],
+            293.1143259012449,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("dm2@pn_orifice_18")[-1],
+            -0.009097746783809915,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("dh2@pn_orifice_18")[-1],
+            1.1281175640493923,
+        )
+
+
+class TestMqlComputedMechanicalRelationsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.computed_run = run_test_mql_computed_mechanical_relations(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_computed_mechanical_relations_outputs_schema_valid_series(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.sample_count, 1002)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.mechanical_assembly.masses), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.signal_count, 76)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.computed_run.comparison.metrics), 76)
+        self.assertEqual(self.computed_run.output_schema.signal_count, 858)
+
+    def test_computed_mechanical_relations_include_expected_paths(self) -> None:
+        paths = self.computed_run.output.data_paths
+
+        self.assertIn("x1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10", paths)
+        self.assertIn("v1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10", paths)
+        self.assertIn("acc1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10", paths)
+        self.assertIn("Fmin@mass_friction_endstops_10", paths)
+        self.assertIn("Fvisc@mass_friction_endstops_10", paths)
+        self.assertIn("Ffric@mass_friction_endstops_10", paths)
+        self.assertIn("fzero@zeroforcesource_17", paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("x1dup@")]), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("v1dup@")]), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("acc1dup@")]), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("Fmin@")]), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("Fvisc@")]), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("Ffric@")]), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len([path for path in paths if path.startswith("fzero@")]), 16)
+
+    def test_computed_mechanical_relations_match_amesim_exactly(self) -> None:
+        for data_path in self.computed_run.output.data_paths:
+            metric = self.computed_run.comparison.metric(data_path)
+            with self.subTest(data_path=data_path):
+                self.assertEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_computed_mechanical_relations_final_samples_match_expected_values(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("x1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10")[-1],
+            -0.3700013536465843,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("v1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10")[-1],
+            -4.435303434246023e-10,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("acc1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10")[-1],
+            3.5662378650158644e-07,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("Fmin@mass_friction_endstops_10")[-1],
+            0.0,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("Fvisc@mass_friction_endstops_10")[-1],
+            0.0,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("Ffric@mass_friction_endstops_10")[-1],
+            0.0,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.computed_run.output.series("fzero@zeroforcesource_17")[-1],
+            0.0,
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_config.py b/tests/test_test_mql_config.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d16ab58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_config.py
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_config import TestMqlConfig, resolve_numeric_expression
+
+
+class TestMqlConfigTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_resolves_global_parameters(self) -> None:
+        config = TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["D1"], 20.0)
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["D2"], 20.0)
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["D3"], 14.0)
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["P0"], 153.0)
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["Pdq"], 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["V"], 15.0)
+        self.assertEqual(config.global_parameters["cf"], 0.45)
+        self.assertEqual(config.fluid.name, "helium")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(config.fluid.specific_gas_constant, 2077.3, delta=0.5)
+
+    def test_resolves_amesim_parameter_expressions(self) -> None:
+        variables = {"D2": 20.0, "P0": 153.0, "cf": 0.45}
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(resolve_numeric_expression("3.14*10^2/4", variables), 78.5)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(resolve_numeric_expression("0.045/D2", variables), 0.00225)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(resolve_numeric_expression("cf", variables), 0.45)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            resolve_numeric_expression("(P0-1.01300000000000e+00)/1.00000000000000e-05", variables),
+            15198700.0,
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(resolve_numeric_expression("predefined nitrogen (N2)", variables))
+
+    def test_groups_components_by_submodel(self) -> None:
+        config = TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(config.components_by_submodel("PNRP17")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(config.components_by_submodel("PNCH012")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(config.components_by_submodel("PNOR001")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(config.components_by_submodel("PNVO001")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(config.components_by_submodel("PNGD00")), 1)
+
+    def test_resolves_representative_component_parameters(self) -> None:
+        config = TestMqlConfig.from_amesim_specs()
+
+        piston = config.component("pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(piston.submodel, "PNRP17")
+        self.assertEqual(piston.parameter_value("dp"), 200.0)
+        self.assertEqual(piston.parameter_value("dr"), 1.0)
+
+        fixed_orifice = config.component("pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed_orifice.submodel, "PNOR001")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed_orifice.parameter_value("area"), 78.5)
+
+        variable_orifice = config.component("pn_morifice_11")
+        self.assertEqual(variable_orifice.submodel, "PNVO001")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_orifice.parameter_value("cq"), 0.45)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_orifice.parameter_value("area0"), 78.5)
+
+        chamber = config.component("pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.submodel, "PNCH012")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.parameter_value("cvol0"), 15.0)
+
+        gas = config.component("pn_gas_data")
+        self.assertEqual(gas.submodel, "PNGD00")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(gas.parameter_value("rGas"), 287.2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_example_runner.py b/tests/test_test_mql_example_runner.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20f4648
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_example_runner.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from app.main import ReactFlowProjectPayload, run_reactflow_test_mql
+from app.simulation.examples.test_mql.run import prepare_test_mql_run, run_test_mql
+from app.simulation.paths import PROJECT_ROOT, SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlRunConfig
+
+
+class TestMqlExampleRunnerTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_default_run_paths_use_app_simulation_runs_dir(self) -> None:
+        prepared = prepare_test_mql_run()
+
+        self.assertEqual(prepared.repo_root, PROJECT_ROOT)
+        self.assertEqual(prepared.output_dir.parent, SIMULATION_RUNS_DIR)
+
+    def test_zero_duration_run_writes_summary(self) -> None:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as directory:
+            output_dir = Path(directory) / "test_mql"
+            result = run_test_mql(
+                run_config=TestMqlRunConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=0.0),
+                output_dir=output_dir,
+            )
+
+            self.assertEqual(result.result.t, [0.0])
+            self.assertEqual(result.summary_path, output_dir / "test_mql_model_summary.txt")
+            self.assertIn(
+                "Model: test_mql",
+                result.summary_path.read_text(encoding="utf-8"),
+            )
+
+    def test_reactflow_helper_runs_fixed_topology_test_mql(self) -> None:
+        payload = ReactFlowProjectPayload(
+            name="test-mql-fixed",
+            simulation={
+                "t_start": 0.0,
+                "t_stop": 0.2,
+                "step": 0.1,
+                "max_step": 0.001,
+                "method": "BDF",
+            },
+        )
+
+        result = run_reactflow_test_mql(payload)
+
+        self.assertTrue(result["success"])
+        self.assertEqual(result["model"]["name"], "test_mql")
+        self.assertEqual(result["model"]["componentCount"], 117)
+        self.assertEqual(result["series"]["time"], [0.0, 0.1, 0.2])
+        self.assertIn("summary", result["artifacts"])
+
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_line_observations.py b/tests/test_test_mql_line_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97504ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_line_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_line_observations import (
+    G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+    build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlLineObservationCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.catalog = build_test_mql_line_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def test_builds_expected_line_observation_counts(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.line_count, 40)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.by_submodel("PNL0001")), 20)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.by_submodel("PNL0002")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.by_submodel("PNL0003")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.by_submodel("PNL00R")), 4)
+
+    def test_pnl0001_binding_exposes_single_flow_and_compliance_observables(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.by_alias("pneumatic_69")
+
+        self.assertEqual(binding.submodel, "PNL0001")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.pattern, "C-R")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.mass_flow_paths, ("dm1@pneumatic_69",))
+        self.assertEqual(binding.enthalpy_flow_paths, ("dh1@pneumatic_69",))
+        self.assertEqual(binding.pressure_paths, ("p2@pneumatic_69",))
+        self.assertEqual(binding.temperature_paths, ("t2@pneumatic_69",))
+        self.assertEqual(binding.gas_mass_path, "mgas@pneumatic_69")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.reynolds_path, "re@pneumatic_69")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.mass_flow_parameter_path, "cm@pneumatic_69")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.gas_velocity_path, "v@pneumatic_69")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.friction_factor_path, "ff@pneumatic_69")
+
+    def test_pnl0002_and_pnl0003_keep_distinct_flow_topologies(self) -> None:
+        rcr = self.catalog.by_alias("pneumatic_80")
+        crc = self.catalog.by_alias("pneumatic_75")
+
+        self.assertEqual(rcr.pattern, "R-C-R")
+        self.assertEqual(rcr.mass_flow_paths, ("dm1@pneumatic_80", "dm2@pneumatic_80"))
+        self.assertEqual(rcr.enthalpy_flow_paths, ("dh1@pneumatic_80", "dh2@pneumatic_80"))
+        self.assertEqual(rcr.pressure_paths, ("pctr@pneumatic_80",))
+        self.assertEqual(rcr.temperature_paths, ("tctr@pneumatic_80",))
+        self.assertEqual(crc.pattern, "C-R-C")
+        self.assertEqual(crc.mass_flow_paths, ("dmctr@pneumatic_75",))
+        self.assertEqual(crc.enthalpy_flow_paths, ("dhctr@pneumatic_75",))
+        self.assertEqual(crc.pressure_paths, ("p1@pneumatic_75", "p2@pneumatic_75"))
+        self.assertEqual(crc.temperature_paths, ("t1@pneumatic_75", "t2@pneumatic_75"))
+
+    def test_mass_flow_series_are_converted_to_si_units(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.by_alias("pneumatic_69")
+        mass_flow = binding.mass_flow_kg_s_series(self.amesim_results)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            mass_flow[-1],
+            self.amesim_results.series("dm1@pneumatic_69")[-1] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass_flow[-1], -9.527778353091475e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(max(mass_flow), 0.4490761730524304)
+
+    def test_observation_exposes_line_state_and_diagnostics(self) -> None:
+        observation = self.catalog.by_alias("pneumatic_75").observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.time, self.amesim_results.times[-1])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            observation.mass_flows_kg_s["dmctr@pneumatic_75"],
+            9.486502325625855e-6,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            observation.enthalpy_flows_w["dhctr@pneumatic_75"],
+            -0.7322143070637952,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.pressures_pa["p1@pneumatic_75"], 4310289.672688478)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.pressures_pa["p2@pneumatic_75"], 4310295.447776705)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.temperatures_k["t1@pneumatic_75"], 281.37837485614546)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.temperatures_k["t2@pneumatic_75"], 282.9136549991407)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.gas_mass_g, 0.7031236652270819)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.reynolds_number, 31.539799199000434)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.mass_flow_parameter, 6.351754064211156e-07)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.gas_velocity_m_s, 0.0040585650473562935)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.friction_factor, 2.0291822277051246)
+
+    def test_resistance_only_lines_preserve_reversed_duplicate_signs(self) -> None:
+        for binding in self.catalog.by_submodel("PNL00R"):
+            dm1 = self.amesim_results.series(f"dm1@{binding.alias}")
+            dm2 = self.amesim_results.series(f"dm2@{binding.alias}")
+            dh1 = self.amesim_results.series(f"dh1@{binding.alias}")
+            dh2 = self.amesim_results.series(f"dh2@{binding.alias}")
+            with self.subTest(alias=binding.alias):
+                self.assertIsNone(binding.gas_mass_path)
+                self.assertEqual(binding.pressure_paths, ())
+                self.assertEqual(binding.temperature_paths, ())
+                self.assertLess(max(abs(a + b) for a, b in zip(dm1, dm2)), 1.0e-36)
+                self.assertLess(max(abs(a + b) for a, b in zip(dh1, dh2)), 1.0e-34)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_lines.py b/tests/test_test_mql_lines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..069d0de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_lines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import build_test_mql_variable_catalog
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_lines import build_test_mql_line_assembly
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlLineAssemblyTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+        cls.assembly = build_test_mql_line_assembly(
+            cls.amesim_results,
+            cls.variable_catalog,
+        )
+
+    def test_assembles_expected_line_counts(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.assembly.line_count, 40)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.assembly.counts_by_submodel(),
+            {"PNL0001": 20, "PNL0003": 8, "PNL0002": 8, "PNL00R": 4},
+        )
+        self.assertIn("pneumatic_69", self.assembly.aliases())
+        self.assertIn("pneumatic_100", self.assembly.aliases())
+
+    def test_preserves_connection_topology(self) -> None:
+        line = self.assembly.by_alias("pneumatic_69")
+
+        self.assertEqual(line.index, 37)
+        self.assertEqual(line.submodel, "PNL0001")
+        self.assertEqual(line.pattern, "C-R")
+        self.assertEqual(line.source_component, "pnnode4_16")
+        self.assertEqual(line.source_port, "port_2")
+        self.assertEqual(line.target_component, "pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(line.target_port, "port_1")
+        self.assertTrue(line.has_compliance)
+        self.assertTrue(line.has_resistance)
+
+    def test_line_data_paths_are_attached_from_amesim_results(self) -> None:
+        line = self.assembly.by_alias("pneumatic_69")
+
+        self.assertIn("dh1@pneumatic_69", line.data_paths)
+        self.assertIn("dm1@pneumatic_69", line.data_paths)
+        self.assertIn("dh1", line.signal_names)
+        self.assertIn("dm1", line.signal_names)
+
+    def test_resistance_only_line_keeps_r_pattern(self) -> None:
+        line = self.assembly.by_alias("pneumatic_100")
+
+        self.assertEqual(line.submodel, "PNL00R")
+        self.assertEqual(line.pattern, "R")
+        self.assertFalse(line.has_compliance)
+        self.assertTrue(line.has_resistance)
+        self.assertIn("dm1@pneumatic_100", line.data_paths)
+
+    def test_rcr_and_crc_patterns_are_distinct(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.assembly.by_alias("pneumatic_80").pattern, "R-C-R")
+        self.assertEqual(self.assembly.by_alias("pneumatic_75").pattern, "C-R-C")
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.by_submodel("PNL0002")), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.by_submodel("PNL0003")), 8)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_mechanical.py b/tests/test_test_mql_mechanical.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d74536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_mechanical.py
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import build_test_mql_variable_catalog
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_mechanical import (
+    TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure,
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly,
+    circular_area,
+    mm_to_m,
+    n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s,
+    n_per_mm_to_n_per_m,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlMechanicalAssemblyTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.variable_catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+        cls.assembly = build_test_mql_mechanical_assembly(
+            amesim_results=cls.amesim_results,
+            variable_catalog=cls.variable_catalog,
+        )
+
+    def test_assembles_expected_mechanical_component_counts(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.pistons), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.masses), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.elastic_endstops), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.mechanical_nodes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.piecewise_signals), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.force_connectors), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.zero_force_sources), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(self.assembly.component_count, 48)
+
+    def test_piecewise_force_sources_match_amesim_samples(self) -> None:
+        front_signal = self.assembly.piecewise_signals["piecewiselinear_1"]
+        rear_signal = self.assembly.piecewise_signals["piecewiselinear"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front_signal.output_at(0.0), 1.0e12)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front_signal.output_at(0.8000000000000009), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear_signal.output_at(0.0), 1.0e17)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear_signal.output_at(0.8000000000000009), 49000.0)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_2"].target_mass_alias,
+            "mass_friction_endstops_18",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_1"].target_mass_alias,
+            "mass_friction_endstops_19",
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_2"].force_at(
+                0.0,
+                self.assembly.piecewise_signals,
+            ),
+            self.amesim_results.series("force@forcecon_2")[0],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.assembly.force_connectors["forcecon_1"].force_at(
+                0.8000000000000009,
+                self.assembly.piecewise_signals,
+            ),
+            self.amesim_results.series("force@forcecon_1")[80],
+        )
+
+    def test_mechanical_mass_closure_exposes_all_mecmas21_states(self) -> None:
+        closure = TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure(self.assembly)
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(closure.mass_aliases, tuple(self.assembly.masses))
+        self.assertEqual(len(closure.mass_aliases), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(state), 20)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.state_count, 20)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 20)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.states[0].alias, "mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.states[0].velocity_m_s,
+            self.amesim_results.series("v1@mass_friction_endstops_10")[0],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.states[0].displacement_m,
+            self.amesim_results.series("x1@mass_friction_endstops_10")[0],
+        )
+        for index, mass_state in enumerate(snapshot.states):
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[2 * index + 1], mass_state.velocity_m_s)
+
+    def test_mechanical_mass_snapshot_exposes_lmechan1_node_kinematics(self) -> None:
+        closure = TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure(self.assembly)
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[16] = 0.2
+        state[17] = 0.37
+        state[18] = -0.3
+        state[19] = -0.72
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        front = snapshot.node_kinematics_by_alias[
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"
+        ]
+        rear = snapshot.node_kinematics_by_alias[
+            "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(front.velocities_m_s), set(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertEqual(set(front.displacements_m), set(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertEqual(set(rear.velocities_m_s), set(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertEqual(set(rear.displacements_m), set(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front.velocities_m_s[1], -0.2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front.displacements_m[8], -0.37)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear.velocities_m_s[1], -0.3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear.displacements_m[8], -0.72)
+
+    def test_mechanical_mass_snapshot_exposes_piston_kinematics(self) -> None:
+        closure = TestMqlMechanicalMassClosure(self.assembly)
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[0] = 0.4
+        state[1] = 0.37
+        state[18] = -0.3
+        state[19] = -0.72
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        piston = snapshot.piston_kinematics_by_alias["pn_brp2_8"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(snapshot.piston_kinematics_by_alias), set(self.assembly.pistons))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.port_2_velocity_m_s, 0.4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.port_2_displacement_m, 0.37)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.port_3_velocity_m_s, -0.3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.port_3_displacement_m, -0.72)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.assembly.pistons["pn_brp2_8"].geometry().chamber_length_mm(
+                piston.port_3_displacement_m,
+                piston.port_2_displacement_m,
+            ),
+            1090.0,
+        )
+
+    def test_system_simulates_mechanical_mass_state_closure(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        solution = system.simulate_mechanical_masses(
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0e-5, max_step=1.0e-6),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 1.0e-5],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(system.mechanical_state_vector()), 20)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 20)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [2] * 20)
+
+    def test_piston_geometry_is_converted_to_si_units(self) -> None:
+        piston = self.assembly.pistons["pn_brp2_8"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.piston_diameter_m, 0.2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.rod_diameter_m, 0.001)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.zero_displacement_m, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.piston_area_m2, circular_area(0.2))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.rod_area_m2, circular_area(0.001))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(piston.annulus_area_m2, piston.piston_area_m2 - piston.rod_area_m2)
+        self.assertIn("vvol1@pn_brp2_8", piston.data_paths)
+        self.assertIn("f2@pn_brp2_8", piston.data_paths)
+
+    def test_mass_endstop_parameters_are_converted_to_si_units(self) -> None:
+        mass = self.assembly.masses["mass_friction_endstops_10"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(mass.mass_kg, 50.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.xmin_m, -1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.xmax_m, 0.8)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.min_stiffness_n_per_m, 1.0e9)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.max_stiffness_n_per_m, 1.0e9)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.min_damping_n_per_m_per_s, 1.0e4)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.max_damping_n_per_m_per_s, 1.0e4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.min_penetration_m, 1.0e-4)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass.max_penetration_m, 1.0e-4)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.stiction_force_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.coulomb_friction_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.viscous_friction_n_per_m_per_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.windage_n_per_m2_per_s2, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.stick_velocity_threshold_m_s, 1.0e-6)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.reset_velocity_threshold_m_s, 1.0e-6)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.rest_coeff, 0.65)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.stribeck_constant_m_s, 1.0e-3)
+        self.assertTrue(mass.use_friction)
+        self.assertEqual(mass.stop_type, 4)
+        self.assertIn("v1@mass_friction_endstops_10", mass.data_paths)
+        self.assertIn("x1@mass_friction_endstops_10", mass.data_paths)
+
+    def test_large_load_masses_keep_distinct_limits(self) -> None:
+        front = self.assembly.masses["mass_friction_endstops_18"]
+        rear = self.assembly.masses["mass_friction_endstops_19"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(front.mass_kg, 170000.0)
+        self.assertEqual(front.xmin_m, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(front.xmax_m, 0.37)
+        self.assertEqual(rear.mass_kg, 90000.0)
+        self.assertEqual(rear.xmin_m, -0.72)
+        self.assertEqual(rear.xmax_m, 0.0)
+
+    def test_elastic_endstop_parameters_are_converted_to_si_units(self) -> None:
+        endstop = self.assembly.elastic_endstops["elasticendstop_8"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(endstop.gap_m, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(endstop.contact_stiffness_n_per_m, 1.0e11)
+        self.assertEqual(endstop.contact_damping_n_per_m_per_s, 1.0e11)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(endstop.spring_diameter_m, 0.02)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(endstop.wire_diameter_m, 0.002)
+
+    def test_mechanical_nodes_keep_port_count(self) -> None:
+        node = self.assembly.mechanical_nodes["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(node.port_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(node.sum_mode, 1)
+        self.assertIn("dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2", self.assembly.aliases)
+
+
+    def test_all_piston_geometry_observables_match_amesim_final_sample(self) -> None:
+        for alias, piston in self.assembly.pistons.items():
+            with self.subTest(alias=alias):
+                geometry = piston.geometry()
+                x4 = self.amesim_results.series(f"x4@{alias}")[-1]
+                x5 = self.amesim_results.series(f"x5@{alias}")[-1]
+                v4 = self.amesim_results.series(f"v4@{alias}")[-1]
+                v5 = self.amesim_results.series(f"v5@{alias}")[-1]
+
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    geometry.chamber_length_mm(x4, x5),
+                    self.amesim_results.series(f"length@{alias}")[-1],
+                )
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    geometry.chamber_volume_cm3(x4, x5),
+                    self.amesim_results.series(f"vol1@{alias}")[-1],
+                    delta=1.0e-6,
+                )
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    geometry.chamber_volume_rate_l_min(v4, v5),
+                    self.amesim_results.series(f"vvol1@{alias}")[-1],
+                    delta=1.0e-8,
+                )
+
+    def test_all_elastic_endstop_forces_match_amesim_final_sample(self) -> None:
+        for endstop_alias, endstop_spec in self.assembly.elastic_endstops.items():
+            piston_alias = endstop_alias.replace("elasticendstop", "pn_brp2")
+            with self.subTest(alias=endstop_alias):
+                endstop = endstop_spec.endstop()
+                gap_mm = self.amesim_results.series(f"gap@{endstop_alias}")[-1]
+                penetration_velocity_m_s = self.amesim_results.series(f"v5@{piston_alias}")[-1]
+
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    endstop.contact_force(gap_mm, penetration_velocity_m_s),
+                    self.amesim_results.series(f"f1@{endstop_alias}")[-1],
+                    delta=1.0e-3,
+                )
+
+    def test_mass_endstop_second_port_observables_are_opposite_sign(self) -> None:
+        for alias in self.assembly.masses:
+            with self.subTest(alias=alias):
+                for signal in ("x1", "v1", "acc1"):
+                    primary = self.amesim_results.series(f"{signal}@{alias}")
+                    second_port = self.amesim_results.series(f"{signal}dup@{alias}")
+                    for index in (0, len(primary) // 2, -1):
+                        self.assertAlmostEqual(primary[index], -second_port[index])
+
+    def test_mass_endstop_force_observables_match_inactive_amesim_contacts(self) -> None:
+        for alias, mass_spec in self.assembly.masses.items():
+            endstop = mass_spec.endstop()
+            with self.subTest(alias=alias):
+                x1 = self.amesim_results.series(f"x1@{alias}")[-1]
+                v1 = self.amesim_results.series(f"v1@{alias}")[-1]
+
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    endstop.viscous_friction_force(v1),
+                    self.amesim_results.series(f"Fvisc@{alias}")[-1],
+                )
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(self.amesim_results.series(f"Ffric@{alias}")[-1], 0.0)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(self.amesim_results.series(f"Fmin@{alias}")[-1], 0.0)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(self.amesim_results.series(f"Fmax@{alias}")[-1], 0.0)
+                self.assertLessEqual(endstop.lower_penetration_m(x1), 1.0e-12)
+                self.assertLessEqual(endstop.upper_penetration_m(x1), 1.0e-12)
+
+    def test_unit_helpers(self) -> None:
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mm_to_m(20.0), 0.02)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(n_per_mm_to_n_per_m(1.0e6), 1.0e9)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(n_per_mm_per_s_to_n_per_m_per_s(10.0), 1.0e4)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_mechanical_observations.py b/tests/test_test_mql_mechanical_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cb83f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_mechanical_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_mechanical_observations import (
+    build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlMechanicalObservationCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.catalog = build_test_mql_mechanical_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def test_builds_expected_mechanical_observation_counts(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.pistons), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.masses), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.elastic_endstops), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.zero_force_sources), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.force_connectors), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.mechanical_nodes), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.binding_count, 46)
+
+    def test_piston_binding_exposes_amesim_data_paths(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.pistons["pn_brp2_8"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(binding.volume_path, "vol1@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.volume_rate_path, "vvol1@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.length_path, "length@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.force_port_2_path, "f2@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.force_port_3_path, "f3@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.displacement_port_2_path, "x5@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.velocity_port_2_path, "v5@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.displacement_port_3_path, "x4@pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.velocity_port_3_path, "v4@pn_brp2_8")
+
+    def test_piston_observation_matches_amesim_final_sample(self) -> None:
+        observation = self.catalog.pistons["pn_brp2_8"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.time, self.amesim_results.times[-1])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.chamber_volume_cm3, 34242.54636512914)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.chamber_volume_rate_l_min, 8.360141002531034e-07)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.chamber_length_mm, 1090.0013536465842)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.displacement_port_2_m, 0.3700013536465843)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.velocity_port_2_m_s, 4.435303434246023e-10)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.displacement_port_3_m, -0.72)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.velocity_port_3_m_s, 0.0)
+
+    def test_mass_binding_exposes_primary_and_reversed_duplicate_paths(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.masses["mass_friction_endstops_10"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(binding.displacement_path, "x1@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.velocity_path, "v1@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.acceleration_path, "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.displacement_duplicate_path, "x1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.velocity_duplicate_path, "v1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.acceleration_duplicate_path, "acc1dup@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.lower_contact_force_path, "Fmin@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.upper_contact_force_path, "Fmax@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.viscous_friction_force_path, "Fvisc@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.dry_friction_force_path, "Ffric@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+        self.assertEqual(binding.stick_flag_path, "stick@mass_friction_endstops_10")
+
+    def test_mass_observation_matches_amesim_final_sample(self) -> None:
+        observation = self.catalog.masses["mass_friction_endstops_10"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.displacement_m, 0.3700013536465843)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.velocity_m_s, 4.435303434246023e-10)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.acceleration_m_s2, -3.5662378650158644e-07)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.lower_contact_force_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.upper_contact_force_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.viscous_friction_force_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.dry_friction_force_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.stick_flag, 0.0)
+
+    def test_mass_duplicate_series_are_sign_reversed(self) -> None:
+        for binding in self.catalog.masses.values():
+            with self.subTest(alias=binding.alias):
+                for primary_path, duplicate_path in (
+                    (binding.displacement_path, binding.displacement_duplicate_path),
+                    (binding.velocity_path, binding.velocity_duplicate_path),
+                    (binding.acceleration_path, binding.acceleration_duplicate_path),
+                ):
+                    primary = self.amesim_results.series(primary_path)
+                    duplicate = self.amesim_results.series(duplicate_path)
+                    self.assertLess(
+                        max(abs(a + b) for a, b in zip(primary, duplicate)),
+                        1.0e-12,
+                    )
+
+    def test_elastic_endstop_observation_matches_amesim_final_sample(self) -> None:
+        observation = self.catalog.elastic_endstops["elasticendstop_8"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.force_n, 135409.0113969468)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.duplicate_force_n, 135409.0113969468)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.gap_mm, -0.0013536465842123313)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(observation.stiffness_n_m, 100000000000.0)
+
+    def test_elastic_endstop_duplicate_force_matches_primary_series(self) -> None:
+        for binding in self.catalog.elastic_endstops.values():
+            force = self.amesim_results.series(binding.force_path)
+            duplicate = self.amesim_results.series(binding.duplicate_force_path)
+            with self.subTest(alias=binding.alias):
+                self.assertLess(
+                    max(abs(a - b) for a, b in zip(force, duplicate)),
+                    1.0e-9,
+                )
+
+    def test_zero_force_source_observations_are_zero(self) -> None:
+        for binding in self.catalog.zero_force_sources.values():
+            force = self.amesim_results.series(binding.force_path)
+            with self.subTest(alias=binding.alias):
+                self.assertEqual(binding.force_path, f"fzero@{binding.alias}")
+                self.assertEqual(min(force), 0.0)
+                self.assertEqual(max(force), 0.0)
+                self.assertEqual(binding.observation_at(self.amesim_results, -1).force_n, 0.0)
+
+    def test_force_connector_observations_match_amesim_samples(self) -> None:
+        force_1 = self.catalog.force_connectors["forcecon_1"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+        force_2 = self.catalog.force_connectors["forcecon_2"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.force_connectors["forcecon_1"].force_path, "force@forcecon_1")
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.force_connectors["forcecon_2"].force_path, "force@forcecon_2")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(force_1.force_n, 49000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(force_2.force_n, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.amesim_results.series("force@forcecon_1")[0],
+            1.0e17,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.amesim_results.series("force@forcecon_2")[0],
+            1.0e12,
+        )
+
+    def test_mechanical_node_bindings_expose_all_ports(self) -> None:
+        node = self.catalog.mechanical_nodes["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"]
+
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(node.velocity_paths_by_port), list(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(node.displacement_paths_by_port), list(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertEqual(node.velocity_paths_by_port[1], "p1__vt@dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2")
+        self.assertEqual(node.displacement_paths_by_port[8], "p8__xt@dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2")
+        self.assertEqual(node.total_force_path, "tforce@dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2")
+
+    def test_mechanical_node_observations_match_amesim_final_samples(self) -> None:
+        front = self.catalog.mechanical_nodes["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+        rear = self.catalog.mechanical_nodes["dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"].observation_at(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            -1,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(front.velocities_m_s), set(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertEqual(set(front.displacements_m), set(range(1, 9)))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front.velocities_m_s[1], -0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front.displacements_m[1], -0.3700000000000001)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front.displacements_m[8], -0.3700000000000001)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(front.total_force_n, 1083272.2763054767)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear.velocities_m_s[1], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear.displacements_m[1], -0.72)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear.displacements_m[8], -0.72)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rear.total_force_n, 1083272.2762592242)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_nodes.py b/tests/test_test_mql_nodes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1e20b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_nodes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_nodes import (
+    build_test_mql_node3_assembly,
+    build_test_mql_node4_assembly,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode3Tests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.nodes = build_test_mql_node3_assembly()
+        cls.results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_builds_all_eight_pn3node2_instances(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.nodes), 8)
+        self.assertIn("pn_node3_9", self.nodes)
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.assertEqual(system.typed_node3_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(system.node3_assembly["pn_node3_9"].alias, "pn_node3_9")
+
+    def test_port_two_flow_is_exact_sum_of_ports_one_and_three(self) -> None:
+        balance = self.nodes["pn_node3_9"].balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=281.0,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=4.4e6,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=2.0,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=3.0,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=-0.5,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=-1.0,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=4.0,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=5.0,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=-1.0,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=6.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(balance.temperature_k, 281.0)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.pressure_pa, 4.4e6)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w, 1.5)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s, 2.0)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_volume_derivative_l_min, 3.0)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_volume_cm3, 11.0)
+
+    def test_pn_node3_9_baseline_matches_adjacent_line_flow_sum(self) -> None:
+        index = 500
+        balance = self.nodes["pn_node3_9"].balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=self.results.series("t1@pneumatic_88")[index],
+            port_2_pressure_pa=(
+                self.results.series("p1@pneumatic_88")[index] + 101_300.0
+            ),
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh1@pneumatic_100")[index],
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_100")[index],
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh1@pneumatic_97")[index],
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_97")[index],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+            self.results.series("dm2@pn_node3_9")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            self.results.series("dh2@pn_node3_9")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.series("vol2@pn_node3_9")[index], 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.series("dvol2@pn_node3_9")[index], 0.0)
+
+    def test_rejects_nonphysical_primary_pressure_or_temperature(self) -> None:
+        node = self.nodes["pn_node3_9"]
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            node.balance(
+                port_2_temperature_k=0.0,
+                port_2_pressure_pa=1.0e5,
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=0.0,
+                port_1_mass_flow_g_s=0.0,
+                port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=0.0,
+                port_3_mass_flow_g_s=0.0,
+            )
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticNode4Tests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.nodes = build_test_mql_node4_assembly()
+        cls.results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_builds_all_eight_p4node2_instances(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.nodes), 8)
+        self.assertIn("pnnode4_17", self.nodes)
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.assertEqual(system.typed_node4_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(system.node4_assembly["pnnode4_17"].alias, "pnnode4_17")
+
+    def test_pnnode4_17_neighborhood_maps_adjacent_p4_nodes(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+        neighborhood = system.p4_node_neighborhood("pnnode4_17")
+
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.node_alias, "pnnode4_17")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.primary.line_alias, "pneumatic_68")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias, "pn_c1_9")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_1.line_alias, "pneumatic_86")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias, "pnnode4_18")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_1.remote_port, "port_3")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_3.line_alias, "pneumatic_83")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias, "pnnode4_16")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_3.remote_port, "port_1")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias, "pn_morifice_9")
+        self.assertEqual(neighborhood.port_4.direct_line_alias, "pneumatic_90")
+
+    def test_adjacent_p4_node_primary_pressures_match_their_pnl0001_states(self) -> None:
+        index = 500
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.results.series("press1@pnnode4_18")[index],
+            self.results.series("p2@pneumatic_66")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.results.series("press1@pnnode4_16")[index],
+            self.results.series("p2@pneumatic_69")[index],
+        )
+
+    def test_adjacent_p4_node_baselines_match_adjacent_flow_sums(self) -> None:
+        index = 500
+        pnnode4_18 = self.nodes["pnnode4_18"].balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=self.results.series("temp1@pnnode4_18")[index],
+            port_2_pressure_pa=(
+                self.results.series("press1@pnnode4_18")[index] + 101_300.0
+            ),
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh1@pneumatic_80")[index],
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_80")[index],
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh2@pneumatic_86")[index],
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm2@pneumatic_86")[index],
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh2@pn_morifice_10")[index],
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm2@pn_morifice_10")[index],
+        )
+        pnnode4_16 = self.nodes["pnnode4_16"].balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=self.results.series("temp1@pnnode4_16")[index],
+            port_2_pressure_pa=(
+                self.results.series("press1@pnnode4_16")[index] + 101_300.0
+            ),
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh1@pneumatic_83")[index],
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_83")[index],
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh2@pneumatic_95")[index],
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm2@pneumatic_95")[index],
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh2@pn_morifice_1")[index],
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm2@pn_morifice_1")[index],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pnnode4_18.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+            self.results.series("dm2@pnnode4_18")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pnnode4_18.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            self.results.series("dh2@pnnode4_18")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pnnode4_16.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+            self.results.series("dm2@pnnode4_16")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pnnode4_16.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            self.results.series("dh2@pnnode4_16")[index],
+        )
+
+    def test_port_two_flow_is_exact_sum_of_ports_one_three_and_four(self) -> None:
+        balance = self.nodes["pnnode4_17"].balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=281.0,
+            port_2_pressure_pa=4.4e6,
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=2.0,
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=3.0,
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=-0.5,
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=-1.0,
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=4.0,
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=5.0,
+            port_1_volume_derivative_l_min=4.0,
+            port_1_volume_cm3=5.0,
+            port_3_volume_derivative_l_min=-1.0,
+            port_3_volume_cm3=6.0,
+            port_4_volume_derivative_l_min=2.0,
+            port_4_volume_cm3=7.0,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(balance.temperature_k, 281.0)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.pressure_pa, 4.4e6)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w, 5.5)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s, 7.0)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_volume_derivative_l_min, 5.0)
+        self.assertEqual(balance.port_2_volume_cm3, 18.0)
+
+    def test_pnnode4_17_baseline_matches_adjacent_flow_sum(self) -> None:
+        index = 500
+        balance = self.nodes["pnnode4_17"].balance(
+            port_2_temperature_k=self.results.series("temp1@pnnode4_17")[index],
+            port_2_pressure_pa=(
+                self.results.series("press1@pnnode4_17")[index] + 101_300.0
+            ),
+            port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh1@pneumatic_86")[index],
+            port_1_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_86")[index],
+            port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh2@pneumatic_83")[index],
+            port_3_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm2@pneumatic_83")[index],
+            port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=self.results.series("dh2@pn_morifice_9")[index],
+            port_4_mass_flow_g_s=self.results.series("dm2@pn_morifice_9")[index],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+            self.results.series("dm2@pnnode4_17")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w,
+            self.results.series("dh2@pnnode4_17")[index],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.series("vol2@pnnode4_17")[index], 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(self.results.series("dvol2@pnnode4_17")[index], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.results.series("press1@pnnode4_17")[index],
+            self.results.series("p2@pneumatic_68")[index],
+        )
+
+    def test_rejects_nonphysical_primary_pressure_or_temperature(self) -> None:
+        node = self.nodes["pnnode4_17"]
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            node.balance(
+                port_2_temperature_k=0.0,
+                port_2_pressure_pa=1.0e5,
+                port_1_enthalpy_flow_w=0.0,
+                port_1_mass_flow_g_s=0.0,
+                port_3_enthalpy_flow_w=0.0,
+                port_3_mass_flow_g_s=0.0,
+                port_4_enthalpy_flow_w=0.0,
+                port_4_mass_flow_g_s=0.0,
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_observations.py b/tests/test_test_mql_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..47b3dd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_comparison import compare_test_mql_series
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import build_test_mql_observation_catalog
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlObservationCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def test_aggregates_observation_catalog_counts(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.chambers.bindings), 12)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.orifices.bindings), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.lines.line_count, 40)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.mechanical.binding_count, 46)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.binding_count, 114)
+
+    def test_reports_observed_data_paths_by_domain(self) -> None:
+        paths_by_domain = self.catalog.data_paths_by_domain()
+
+        self.assertEqual(set(paths_by_domain), {"chambers", "orifices", "lines", "mechanical"})
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths_by_domain["chambers"]), 100)
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths_by_domain["orifices"]), 104)
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths_by_domain["lines"]), 388)
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths_by_domain["mechanical"]), 266)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.data_paths()), 858)
+        self.assertIn("press@pn_general_chamber", paths_by_domain["chambers"])
+        self.assertIn("dm1@pn_orifice_18", paths_by_domain["orifices"])
+        self.assertIn("pctr@pneumatic_80", paths_by_domain["lines"])
+        self.assertIn("tforce@dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2", paths_by_domain["mechanical"])
+
+    def test_all_observed_data_paths_exist_in_saved_amesim_results(self) -> None:
+        for data_path in self.catalog.data_paths():
+            with self.subTest(data_path=data_path):
+                self.assertIn(data_path, self.amesim_results.series_by_data_path)
+
+    def test_baseline_series_can_be_selected_for_comparison(self) -> None:
+        selected_paths = (
+            "press@pn_general_chamber",
+            "dm1@pn_orifice_18",
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+            "tforce@dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2",
+        )
+        baseline = self.catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            selected_paths,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(tuple(baseline), selected_paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len(baseline["press@pn_general_chamber"]), len(self.amesim_results.times))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(baseline["vol1@pn_brp2_8"][-1], 34242.54636512914)
+
+    def test_baseline_series_rejects_unobserved_data_path(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            self.catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+                self.amesim_results,
+                ("not_a_real_signal@not_a_real_owner",),
+            )
+
+    def test_observation_baseline_round_trips_through_comparison_with_zero_error(self) -> None:
+        selected_paths = (
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_11",
+            "dmctr@pneumatic_75",
+            "x1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+        )
+        baseline = self.catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            selected_paths,
+        )
+        comparison = compare_test_mql_series(
+            python_times=self.amesim_results.times,
+            python_series_by_data_path=baseline,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=selected_paths,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(comparison.metrics), len(selected_paths))
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.max_rel_error, 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_orifice_observations.py b/tests/test_test_mql_orifice_observations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb03c10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_orifice_observations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_orifice_observations import (
+    G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+    build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlOrificeObservationCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.catalog = build_test_mql_orifice_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def test_builds_expected_orifice_observation_bindings(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.catalog.bindings), 16)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.fixed_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.variable_count, 8)
+
+        fixed = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_orifice_18")
+        variable = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_morifice_11")
+
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.submodel, "PNOR001")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.primary_mass_flow_path, "dm1@pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.reversed_mass_flow_path, "dm2@pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.primary_enthalpy_flow_path, "dh1@pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(fixed.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path, "dh2@pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertIsNone(fixed.opening_path)
+        self.assertEqual(variable.submodel, "PNVO001")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.primary_mass_flow_path, "dm2@pn_morifice_11")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.reversed_mass_flow_path, "dm3@pn_morifice_11")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.opening_path, "xv@pn_morifice_11")
+
+    def test_fixed_orifice_opening_defaults_to_full_area(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_orifice_18")
+        opening = binding.opening_series(self.amesim_results)
+        effective_area = binding.effective_area_series(self.amesim_results)
+
+        self.assertEqual(opening[0], 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(opening[-1], 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(effective_area[0], 78.5e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(effective_area[-1], 78.5e-6)
+
+    def test_variable_orifice_opening_controls_effective_area(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_morifice_11")
+        first = binding.observation_at(self.amesim_results, 0)
+        last = binding.observation_at(self.amesim_results, -1)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(binding.nominal_area_m2, 78.5e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            binding.flow_coefficient,
+            0.45 * TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(first.opening, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(first.effective_area_m2, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(last.opening, 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(last.effective_area_m2, 78.5e-6)
+
+    def test_mass_flow_series_is_converted_to_si_units(self) -> None:
+        binding = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_orifice_18")
+        mass_flow = binding.mass_flow_kg_s_series(self.amesim_results)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            mass_flow[-1],
+            self.amesim_results.series("dm1@pn_orifice_18")[-1] * G_PER_S_TO_KG_PER_S,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(mass_flow[-1], 9.097746783809915e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(min(mass_flow), -0.4462054699031737)
+
+    def test_reversed_duplicate_mass_and_enthalpy_flow_signs_match_amesim(self) -> None:
+        for binding in self.catalog.bindings:
+            primary_mass = self.amesim_results.series(binding.primary_mass_flow_path)
+            reversed_mass = self.amesim_results.series(binding.reversed_mass_flow_path)
+            primary_enthalpy = self.amesim_results.series(binding.primary_enthalpy_flow_path)
+            reversed_enthalpy = self.amesim_results.series(binding.reversed_enthalpy_flow_path)
+            with self.subTest(alias=binding.alias):
+                self.assertEqual(len(primary_mass), len(reversed_mass))
+                self.assertEqual(len(primary_enthalpy), len(reversed_enthalpy))
+                self.assertLess(
+                    max(abs(a + b) for a, b in zip(primary_mass, reversed_mass)),
+                    1.0e-12,
+                )
+                self.assertLess(
+                    max(abs(a + b) for a, b in zip(primary_enthalpy, reversed_enthalpy)),
+                    1.0e-9,
+                )
+
+    def test_observation_exposes_amesim_cm_and_gas_velocity(self) -> None:
+        fixed = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_orifice_18").observation_at(self.amesim_results, -1)
+        variable = self.catalog.by_alias("pn_morifice_11").observation_at(self.amesim_results, -1)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed.mass_flow_parameter, 4.831077004227076e-07)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed.gas_velocity_m_s, 0.016760630907703977)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable.mass_flow_parameter, 9.302013872202105e-07)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable.gas_velocity_m_s, -0.03277314382613749)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_output_schema.py b/tests/test_test_mql_output_schema.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c1b8d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_output_schema.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import build_test_mql_observation_catalog
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import build_test_mql_output_schema
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlOutputSchemaTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+        cls.schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+            cls.amesim_results,
+            observation_catalog=cls.observation_catalog,
+        )
+
+    def test_schema_contains_observed_output_data_paths(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.signal_count, 858)
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.data_paths(), self.observation_catalog.data_paths())
+        self.assertEqual(len(set(self.schema.data_paths())), self.schema.signal_count)
+
+    def test_counts_by_domain_owner_kind_and_submodel(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.schema.counts_by_domain(),
+            {"chambers": 100, "lines": 388, "mechanical": 266, "orifices": 104},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.schema.counts_by_owner_kind(),
+            {"component": 470, "connection": 388},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.counts_by_submodel()["PNCH012"], 80)
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.counts_by_submodel()["PNCH023"], 20)
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.counts_by_submodel()["PNL0001"], 180)
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.counts_by_submodel()["MECMAS21"], 110)
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.counts_by_submodel()["LMECHN1"], 34)
+
+    def test_counts_by_units_preserve_amesim_units(self) -> None:
+        counts = self.schema.counts_by_units()
+
+        self.assertEqual(counts["m/s"], 108)
+        self.assertEqual(counts[None], 98)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["N"], 92)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["J/s"], 84)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["g/s"], 84)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["Pa"], 84)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["K"], 84)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["cm**3"], 16)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["L/min"], 8)
+
+    def test_typical_signal_metadata_is_available_by_data_path(self) -> None:
+        chamber = self.schema.by_data_path("press@pn_general_chamber")
+        line = self.schema.by_data_path("dm1@pneumatic_69")
+        mechanical = self.schema.by_data_path("tforce@dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2")
+
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.domain, "chambers")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.owner_alias, "pn_general_chamber")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.owner_kind, "component")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.submodel, "PNCH023")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.signal_name, "press")
+        self.assertEqual(chamber.units, "Pa")
+        self.assertTrue(chamber.saved)
+        self.assertEqual(line.domain, "lines")
+        self.assertEqual(line.owner_kind, "connection")
+        self.assertEqual(line.submodel, "PNL0001")
+        self.assertEqual(line.units, "g/s")
+        self.assertEqual(mechanical.domain, "mechanical")
+        self.assertEqual(mechanical.submodel, "LMECHN1")
+        self.assertEqual(mechanical.units, "N")
+
+    def test_data_paths_can_be_selected_by_domain(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.schema.data_paths_by_domain("chambers")), 100)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.schema.data_paths_by_domain("orifices")), 104)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.schema.data_paths_by_domain("lines")), 388)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.schema.data_paths_by_domain("mechanical")), 266)
+        self.assertEqual(self.schema.data_paths_by_domain("missing"), ())
+
+    def test_unknown_data_path_raises_key_error(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            self.schema.by_data_path("not_a_signal@not_an_owner")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_output_validation.py b/tests/test_test_mql_output_validation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e280371
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_output_validation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_observations import build_test_mql_observation_catalog
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import build_test_mql_output_schema
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import (
+    TestMqlOutputValidationError,
+    compare_validated_test_mql_output,
+    validate_test_mql_output,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlOutputValidationTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.observation_catalog = build_test_mql_observation_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+        cls.schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(
+            cls.amesim_results,
+            observation_catalog=cls.observation_catalog,
+        )
+
+    def test_validates_selected_python_output_series(self) -> None:
+        times = [0.0, 0.1, 0.2]
+        series = {
+            "press@pn_c1_8": [1.0, 2.0, 3.0],
+            "vol1@pn_brp2_8": [4, 5, 6],
+        }
+
+        validated = validate_test_mql_output(
+            times=times,
+            series_by_data_path=series,
+            schema=self.schema,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(validated.times, (0.0, 0.1, 0.2))
+        self.assertEqual(validated.data_paths, ("press@pn_c1_8", "vol1@pn_brp2_8"))
+        self.assertEqual(validated.series("press@pn_c1_8"), (1.0, 2.0, 3.0))
+        self.assertEqual(validated.series("vol1@pn_brp2_8"), (4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+
+    def test_can_validate_explicit_data_path_order(self) -> None:
+        validated = validate_test_mql_output(
+            times=(0.0, 0.1),
+            series_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": (10.0, 11.0),
+                "vol1@pn_brp2_8": (20.0, 21.0),
+            },
+            schema=self.schema,
+            data_paths=("vol1@pn_brp2_8", "press@pn_c1_8"),
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(validated.data_paths, ("vol1@pn_brp2_8", "press@pn_c1_8"))
+
+    def test_rejects_output_paths_outside_schema_by_default(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "outside test_mql schema"):
+            validate_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0,),
+                series_by_data_path={"not_a_signal@not_an_owner": (1.0,)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+            )
+
+    def test_can_ignore_extra_output_paths_when_requested(self) -> None:
+        validated = validate_test_mql_output(
+            times=(0.0,),
+            series_by_data_path={
+                "press@pn_c1_8": (1.0,),
+                "not_a_signal@not_an_owner": (2.0,),
+            },
+            schema=self.schema,
+            allow_extra_paths=True,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(validated.data_paths, ("press@pn_c1_8",))
+
+    def test_rejects_missing_selected_data_path(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "missing selected"):
+            validate_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0,),
+                series_by_data_path={"press@pn_c1_8": (1.0,)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+                data_paths=("press@pn_c1_8", "vol1@pn_brp2_8"),
+            )
+
+    def test_rejects_incomplete_full_schema_output(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "missing required"):
+            validate_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0,),
+                series_by_data_path={"press@pn_c1_8": (1.0,)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+                require_all_schema_paths=True,
+            )
+
+    def test_rejects_length_mismatch(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "length mismatch"):
+            validate_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0, 0.1),
+                series_by_data_path={"press@pn_c1_8": (1.0,)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+            )
+
+    def test_rejects_non_finite_values(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "non-finite"):
+            validate_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0,),
+                series_by_data_path={"press@pn_c1_8": (float("nan"),)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+            )
+
+    def test_rejects_non_monotonic_time_axis(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "monotonically increasing"):
+            validate_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0, 0.2, 0.1),
+                series_by_data_path={"press@pn_c1_8": (1.0, 2.0, 3.0)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+            )
+
+    def test_compares_validated_amesim_baseline_with_zero_error(self) -> None:
+        selected_paths = (
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_11",
+            "x1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+        )
+        baseline = self.observation_catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            selected_paths,
+        )
+
+        comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+            times=self.amesim_results.times,
+            series_by_data_path=baseline,
+            schema=self.schema,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=selected_paths,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(comparison.metrics), len(selected_paths))
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.max_abs_error, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(comparison.max_rel_error, 0.0)
+
+    def test_compares_validated_output_and_reports_perturbation_error(self) -> None:
+        selected_paths = ("press@pn_c1_8",)
+        baseline = self.observation_catalog.baseline_series_by_data_path(
+            self.amesim_results,
+            selected_paths,
+        )
+        perturbed = dict(baseline)
+        values = list(perturbed["press@pn_c1_8"])
+        values[-1] += 10.0
+        perturbed["press@pn_c1_8"] = tuple(values)
+
+        comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+            times=self.amesim_results.times,
+            series_by_data_path=perturbed,
+            schema=self.schema,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=selected_paths,
+        )
+
+        metric = comparison.metric("press@pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(metric.final_abs_error, 10.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(metric.max_abs_error, 10.0)
+
+    def test_compare_validated_output_reuses_schema_validation(self) -> None:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TestMqlOutputValidationError, "outside test_mql schema"):
+            compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+                times=(0.0,),
+                series_by_data_path={"not_a_signal@not_an_owner": (1.0,)},
+                schema=self.schema,
+                amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_pneumatic.py b/tests/test_test_mql_pneumatic.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b840098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_pneumatic.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS, cm3_to_m3
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic import (
+    TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER,
+    absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter,
+    build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly,
+    pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter,
+    pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlPneumaticAssemblyTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_assembles_expected_amesim_pneumatic_component_counts(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(assembly.fixed_chambers), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(assembly.variable_chambers), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(assembly.fixed_orifices), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(assembly.variable_orifices), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(assembly.component_count, 28)
+        self.assertIn("pn_general_chamber", assembly.aliases)
+        self.assertIn("pn_c1_8", assembly.aliases)
+        self.assertIn("pn_orifice_18", assembly.aliases)
+        self.assertIn("pn_morifice_11", assembly.aliases)
+
+    def test_uses_amesim_pressure_conventions(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(absolute_pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(153.0), 15300000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pressure_from_amesim_bar_parameter(153.0), 15198700.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(pressure_to_amesim_gauge_pa(100000.0), -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(assembly.fixed_initial_absolute_pressure_pa, 15300000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(assembly.fixed_initial_gauge_pressure_pa, 15198700.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(assembly.variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa, 100000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(assembly.variable_initial_gauge_pressure_pa, -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(assembly.initial_pressure_pa, 15198700.0)
+
+    def test_chamber_parameters_are_resolved_in_si_units(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+        fixed_chamber = assembly.fixed_chambers["pn_general_chamber"]
+        variable_chamber = assembly.variable_chambers["pn_c1_8"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed_chamber.volume, 0.057)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_chamber.dead_volume, 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_chamber.volume, 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_chamber.heat_transfer_coefficient, 1500.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_chamber.heat_transfer_area, 0.7)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_chamber.external_temperature, 293.15)
+        self.assertIs(fixed_chamber.gas, HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS)
+        self.assertIs(variable_chamber.gas, HELIUM_PNEUMATIC_GAS)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed_chamber.properties().T, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_chamber.properties().T, 293.15)
+
+    def test_orifice_parameters_are_resolved_in_si_units(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+        fixed_orifice = assembly.fixed_orifices["pn_orifice_18"]
+        variable_orifice = assembly.variable_orifices["pn_morifice_11"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed_orifice.area, 78.5e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(fixed_orifice.flow_coefficient, 0.9)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_orifice.area, 78.5e-6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            variable_orifice.flow_coefficient,
+            0.45 * TEST_MQL_PNVO001_FLOW_COEFFICIENT_MULTIPLIER,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_orifice.opening, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(assembly.variable_orifice_control_count, 8)
+        control = assembly.variable_orifice_controls["pn_morifice_11"]
+        self.assertEqual(control.step.alias, "step_8")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(control.opening_at(0.0), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(control.opening_at(0.039), 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(control.opening_at(0.04), 1.0)
+        assembly.set_variable_orifice_openings(0.04)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(variable_orifice.opening, 1.0)
+
+    def test_chamber_initial_observables_match_amesim_results(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+        fixed_chamber = assembly.fixed_chambers["pn_general_chamber"]
+        variable_chamber = assembly.variable_chambers["pn_c1_8"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            fixed_chamber.pressure_gauge_pa(),
+            self.amesim_results.series("press@pn_general_chamber")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-8,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            variable_chamber.pressure_gauge_pa(),
+            self.amesim_results.series("press@pn_c1_8")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-8,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            variable_chamber.volume_cm3(),
+            self.amesim_results.series("vol@pn_c1_8")[0],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            variable_chamber.gas_mass_g(),
+            self.amesim_results.series("mgas1@pn_c1_8")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-4,
+        )
+
+    def test_variable_chamber_volume_matches_piston_volume_observable(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+        for chamber_alias, chamber in assembly.variable_chambers.items():
+            piston_alias = chamber_alias.replace("pn_c1", "pn_brp2")
+            with self.subTest(alias=chamber_alias):
+                piston_volume_cm3 = self.amesim_results.series(f"vol1@{piston_alias}")[-1]
+                chamber.set_external_volume_m3(cm3_to_m3(piston_volume_cm3))
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                    chamber.volume_cm3(),
+                    self.amesim_results.series(f"vol@{chamber_alias}")[-1],
+                    delta=1.0e-6,
+                )
+
+    def test_assembled_orifice_can_compute_helium_mass_flow(self) -> None:
+        assembly = build_test_mql_pneumatic_assembly()
+        fixed_orifice = assembly.fixed_orifices["pn_orifice_18"]
+
+        flow = fixed_orifice.mass_flow(15.0e6, 10.0e6, 293.15)
+
+        self.assertGreater(flow, 0.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0001.py b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0001.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8a2057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0001.py
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_line_parameters import load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+    TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE,
+    build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001Tests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.specs = load_test_mql_pnl0001_specs(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.assembly = build_test_mql_pnl0001_assembly(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_loads_all_real_pnl0001_parameters_from_cir(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.specs), 20)
+        spec = self.assembly.spec("pneumatic_96")
+
+        self.assertEqual(spec.source_component, "pn_node3_8")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.target_component, "pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.diameter_mm, 14.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.length_m, 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.relative_roughness, 0.045 / 14.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.polytropic_constant, 1.35)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.heat_transfer_coefficient, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.external_temperature_k, 293.15)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.gas_type_index, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.mode, 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_gauge_pressure_pa, 15_198_700.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_absolute_pressure_pa, 15_300_000.0)
+
+    def test_builds_twenty_two_state_physical_line_components(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.assembly.lines), 20)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(len(line.get_state_vector()) == 2 for line in self.assembly.lines.values())
+        )
+
+    def test_calibrates_primary_d20_chamber_lines_only(self) -> None:
+        calibrated_aliases = {
+            alias
+            for alias, line in self.assembly.lines.items()
+            if line.calibrated_linear_conductance is not None
+        }
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            calibrated_aliases,
+            {
+                "pneumatic_65",
+                "pneumatic_66",
+                "pneumatic_68",
+                "pneumatic_69",
+                "pneumatic_71",
+                "pneumatic_72",
+                "pneumatic_73",
+                "pneumatic_74",
+            },
+        )
+        for alias in calibrated_aliases:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                self.assembly.lines[alias].calibrated_linear_conductance,
+                TEST_MQL_PNL0001_D20_L1_LINEAR_CONDUCTANCE,
+            )
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self.assembly.lines["pneumatic_70"].calibrated_linear_conductance
+        )
+        self.assertIsNone(
+            self.assembly.lines["pneumatic_96"].calibrated_linear_conductance
+        )
+
+    def test_pneumatic_96_initial_observables_match_amesim_baseline(self) -> None:
+        pipe = self.assembly.lines["pneumatic_96"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.properties().p - 101_300.0,
+            self.results.series("p2@pneumatic_96")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-5,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.properties().T,
+            self.results.series("t2@pneumatic_96")[0],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.gas_mass_g(),
+            self.results.series("mgas@pneumatic_96")[0],
+            delta=0.005,
+        )
+
+    def test_baseline_mass_balance_identifies_port_two_input_sign(self) -> None:
+        mass = self.results.series("mgas@pneumatic_96")
+        dm1 = self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_96")
+        dm2_peer = self.results.series("dm2@pn_orifice_18")
+        index = 500
+        finite_difference = (mass[index] - mass[index - 1]) / (
+            self.results.times[index] - self.results.times[index - 1]
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            finite_difference,
+            dm2_peer[index] - dm1[index],
+            delta=3.0e-5,
+        )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0001_segment.py b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0001_segment.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48376f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0001_segment.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1564 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.core.solver import SolveIVPConfig
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_schema import build_test_mql_output_schema
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_output_validation import compare_validated_test_mql_output
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001ChamberSegmentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.spec = self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+
+    def test_system_assembles_all_twenty_physical_pnl0001_lines(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.system.typed_pnl0001_line_count, 20)
+        self.assertIn("pneumatic_96", self.system.pnl0001_assembly.lines)
+
+    def test_closure_inserts_topology_derived_inlet_line(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pnl0001_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=16.0e6,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.inlet_line.name, "pneumatic_96")
+        self.assertEqual(len(closure.initial_state_vector()), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 4)
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.node_to_line_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow, 0.0, delta=1.0e-7)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(snapshot.outlet_flow, 0.0, delta=1.0e-7)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[0] + rhs[2], snapshot.node_to_line_flow)
+
+    def test_internal_line_orifice_flow_cancels_from_total_mass_balance(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pnl0001_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=14.0e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[0] *= 1.01
+        state[1] *= 1.01
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            rhs[0] + rhs[2],
+            snapshot.node_to_line_flow - snapshot.outlet_flow,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.inlet_line.port_2.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+
+    def test_simulates_four_state_line_chamber_segment(self) -> None:
+        solution = self.system.simulate_pnl0001_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            outlet_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(
+                t_start=0.0,
+                t_stop=1.0e-7,
+                max_step=1.0e-8,
+            ),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-8, 1.0e-7],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 4)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [3, 3, 3, 3])
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0001PairChamberSegmentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.spec = self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+
+    def test_pair_closure_uses_both_topology_derived_lines(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=16.0e6,
+            outlet_node_pressure_pa=14.0e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.inlet_line.name, "pneumatic_96")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.outlet_line.name, "pneumatic_97")
+        self.assertEqual(len(closure.initial_state_vector()), 6)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 6)
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            rhs[0] + rhs[2] + rhs[4],
+            snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow + snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+
+    def test_both_internal_orifice_flows_cancel_from_total_mass(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+            outlet_node_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[0] *= 1.01
+        state[1] *= 1.01
+        state[4] *= 0.99
+        state[5] *= 0.99
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertLess(snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            rhs[0] + rhs[2] + rhs[4],
+            snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow + snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.outlet_line.port_2.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.outlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+
+    def test_simulates_six_state_pair_line_chamber_segment(self) -> None:
+        solution = self.system.simulate_pnl0001_pair_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            outlet_node_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(
+                t_start=0.0,
+                t_stop=1.0e-7,
+                max_step=1.0e-8,
+            ),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-8, 1.0e-7],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 6)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3])
+
+
+class TestMqlPn3NodeChamberSegmentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.spec = self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+
+    def test_closure_replaces_outlet_boundary_with_real_pn3_node(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pn3_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.inlet_line.name, "pneumatic_96")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.outlet_line.name, "pneumatic_97")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node_line.name, "pneumatic_88")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node_resistance.name, "pneumatic_100")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node_orifice.name, "pn_morifice_9")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node.alias, "pn_node3_9")
+        self.assertEqual(len(closure.initial_state_vector()), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 10)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.node_balance.pressure_pa,
+            snapshot.node_line_port_1.p,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.node_balance.temperature_k,
+            snapshot.node_line_port_1.T,
+        )
+
+    def test_pn3_node_flow_cancels_between_adjacent_lines(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pn3_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.3e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.0e6,
+            p4_boundary_pressure_pa=15.0e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[4] *= 0.99
+        state[5] *= 0.99
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(closure.components.node_orifice.opening, 0.0)
+        closure.components.node_orifice.opening = 1.0
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.node_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+            (snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow + snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow)
+            * 1.0e3,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+            -(snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow + snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow),
+        )
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.node_line.port_1.m_flow,
+            snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.node_line.port_2.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+        )
+        mass_derivative_sum = rhs[0] + rhs[2] + rhs[4] + rhs[6] + rhs[8]
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            mass_derivative_sum,
+            (
+                snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                - snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+                - snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+
+    def test_simulates_ten_state_pn3_node_chamber_segment(self) -> None:
+        solution = self.system.simulate_pn3_node_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            p4_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(
+                t_start=0.0,
+                t_stop=1.0e-8,
+                max_step=1.0e-9,
+            ),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-9, 1.0e-8],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 10)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [3] * 10)
+
+
+class TestMqlPn3P4NodeChamberSegmentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.output_schema = build_test_mql_output_schema(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def setUp(self) -> None:
+        self.system = TestMqlSystem()
+        self.spec = self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[0]
+
+    def test_closure_replaces_p4_pressure_boundary_with_real_node_and_lines(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.inlet_line.name, "pneumatic_96")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.volume.name, "pn_general_chamber")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.outlet_line.name, "pneumatic_97")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.inlet_orifice.name, "pn_orifice_18")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.outlet_orifice.name, "pn_orifice_19")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node_orifice.name, "pn_morifice_9")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node_resistance.name, "pneumatic_100")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.node.alias, "pn_node3_9")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_node.alias, "pnnode4_17")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_primary_line.name, "pneumatic_68")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_primary_chamber.name, "pn_c1_9")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port1_line.name, "pneumatic_86")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port1_remote_node.alias, "pnnode4_18")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_66",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_primary_chamber.name,
+            "pn_c1_10",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_80",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port1_far_node.alias, "pnnode4_19")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_65",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_far_primary_chamber.name,
+            "pn_c1_11",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.name, "pneumatic_85")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port1_next_node.alias, "pnnode4_23")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_71",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_primary_chamber.name,
+            "pn_c1_12",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.name, "pneumatic_81")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_bridge_node.alias, "pnnode4_20")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.name, "pneumatic_72")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_bridge_primary_chamber.name, "pn_c1_13")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_10",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_75",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_10",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port3_line.name, "pneumatic_83")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port3_remote_node.alias, "pnnode4_16")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_69",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.name,
+            "pn_c1_8",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_95",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port3_far_node.alias, "pnnode4_22")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_74",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_far_primary_chamber.name,
+            "pn_c1_15",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.name, "pneumatic_82")
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port3_next_node.alias, "pnnode4_21")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_73",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_primary_chamber.name,
+            "pn_c1_14",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(closure.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.name, "pneumatic_84")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_13",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_91",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_14",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_93",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_103",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber.name,
+            "pn_general_chamber_5",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_104",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_orifice.name,
+            "pn_orifice_24",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_orifice.name,
+            "pn_orifice_25",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_1",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_87",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_8",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance.name,
+            "pneumatic_105",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_15",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_92",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_14",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_94",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            "pneumatic_106",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_13",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_78",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_12",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_70",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_101",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber.name,
+            "pn_general_chamber_4",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_102",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice.name,
+            "pn_orifice_22",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice.name,
+            "pn_orifice_23",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_11",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_77",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_12",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_79",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            "pneumatic_107",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_11",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_76",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_15",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_98",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber.name,
+            "pn_general_chamber_2",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.name,
+            "pneumatic_99",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice.name,
+            "pn_orifice_20",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice.name,
+            "pn_orifice_21",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(closure.initial_state_vector()), 112)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 112)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_balance.pressure_pa,
+            snapshot.p4_primary_line.p,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_balance.temperature_k,
+            snapshot.p4_primary_line.T,
+        )
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_combines_pneumatic_and_mechanical_states(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(closure.pneumatic_state_count, 112)
+        self.assertEqual(closure.mechanical_state_count, 20)
+        self.assertEqual(closure.state_count, 132)
+        self.assertEqual(len(state), 132)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.state_count, 132)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.mechanical.state_count, 20)
+        self.assertEqual(len(rhs), 132)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.pneumatic.p4_balance.pressure_pa,
+            snapshot.pneumatic.p4_primary_line.p,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            snapshot.mechanical.states[0].alias,
+            "mass_friction_endstops_10",
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias[
+                "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"
+            ],
+            0.0,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias[
+                "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_3"
+            ],
+            -326.7174678324367,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[112], -0.8167936695810917)
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_feeds_piston_kinematics_to_variable_chambers(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[113] = 0.05
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        chamber = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber
+        piston = closure.mechanical_closure.assembly.pistons["pn_brp2_8"]
+        expected_external_volume = piston.geometry().chamber_volume_m3(0.0, 0.05)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            chamber.volume,
+            chamber.dead_volume + expected_external_volume,
+        )
+        self.assertLess(
+            snapshot.pneumatic.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.p,
+            self.system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_initial_absolute_pressure_pa,
+        )
+
+        base_rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+        moving_state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        moving_state[112] = 0.1
+        moving_snapshot = closure.snapshot(moving_state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(moving_state)
+        expected_volume_rate = piston.geometry().chamber_volume_rate_m3_s(0.0, 0.1)
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(chamber.volume_rate_m3_s(), expected_volume_rate)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            rhs[47] - base_rhs[47],
+            -moving_snapshot.pneumatic.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.p
+            * expected_volume_rate,
+        )
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_applies_elastic_endstop_force_to_small_masses(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[113] = 1.0e-3
+
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot(state)
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+        endstop = closure.mechanical_closure.assembly.elastic_endstops[
+            "elasticendstop_8"
+        ].endstop()
+        expected_contact_force = endstop.contact_force(-1.0, 0.0)
+        mass = closure.mechanical_closure.assembly.masses[
+            "mass_friction_endstops_10"
+        ].mass_kg
+        expected_piston_force = closure._piston_force_by_mass_alias(
+            snapshot.pneumatic
+        )["mass_friction_endstops_10"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            rhs[112],
+            (expected_piston_force - expected_contact_force) / mass,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.mechanical_node_total_force_by_alias[
+                "dynamic_mechanical_node_alternative_2"
+            ],
+            expected_contact_force,
+        )
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_constrains_large_masses_at_active_limits(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[128], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[129], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[130], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[131], 0.0)
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_releases_large_mass_when_node_force_points_inward(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+        state[113] = 1.0e-3
+
+        rhs = closure.rhs_at(0.8000000000000009, state)
+        endstop = closure.mechanical_closure.assembly.elastic_endstops[
+            "elasticendstop_8"
+        ].endstop()
+        expected_contact_force = endstop.contact_force(-1.0, 0.0)
+        support_mass = closure.mechanical_closure.assembly.masses[
+            "mass_friction_endstops_18"
+        ].mass_kg
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[128], expected_contact_force / support_mass)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[129], 0.0)
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_diagnoses_variable_chamber_rhs_terms(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+
+        diagnostic = closure.variable_chamber_rhs_diagnostic(
+            chamber_alias="pn_c1_8",
+            state_vector=state,
+        )
+        rhs = closure.rhs(state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(diagnostic.piston_alias, "pn_brp2_8")
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.chamber_volume_m3, 0.015)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.chamber_volume_rate_m3_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s, rhs[46])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.energy_derivative_w, rhs[47])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+            diagnostic.port_a_energy_flow_w
+            + diagnostic.port_b_energy_flow_w
+            + diagnostic.boundary_work_w
+            + diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w,
+        )
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_diagnoses_pnl0001_line_rhs_terms(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+
+        diagnostic = closure.pnl0001_line_rhs_diagnostic(
+            line_alias="pneumatic_69",
+            state_vector=state,
+            time_s=0.04,
+        )
+        rhs = closure.rhs_at(0.04, state)
+
+        self.assertEqual(diagnostic.chamber_alias, "pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertGreater(diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s,
+            diagnostic.chamber_to_line_flow_kg_s
+            + diagnostic.node_to_line_flow_kg_s,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.mass_derivative_kg_s, rhs[44])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(diagnostic.energy_derivative_w, rhs[45])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            diagnostic.energy_derivative_w,
+            diagnostic.port_1_energy_flow_w
+            + diagnostic.port_2_energy_flow_w
+            + diagnostic.thermal_energy_flow_w,
+        )
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_can_enable_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs_candidate(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        default_closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        candidate_closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            use_pneumatic_96_reference_rhs=True,
+        )
+        state = default_closure.initial_state_vector()
+
+        default_rhs = default_closure.rhs_at(0.04, state)
+        candidate_rhs = candidate_closure.rhs_at(0.04, state)
+        snapshot = candidate_closure.snapshot_at(0.04, state).pneumatic
+        line = candidate_closure.pneumatic_closure.components.inlet_line
+        expected = candidate_closure.pneumatic_closure._pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+            line=line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.inlet_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.chamber,
+            port_2_flow=-snapshot.inlet_line_to_chamber_flow,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[0], default_rhs[0])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[0], expected.m)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[1], expected.U)
+        self.assertNotAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[1], default_rhs[1])
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_can_enable_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs_candidate(
+        self,
+    ) -> None:
+        default_closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        candidate_closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            use_pneumatic_69_reference_rhs=True,
+        )
+        state = default_closure.initial_state_vector()
+
+        default_rhs = default_closure.rhs_at(0.04, state)
+        candidate_rhs = candidate_closure.rhs_at(0.04, state)
+        snapshot = candidate_closure.snapshot_at(0.04, state).pneumatic
+        line = candidate_closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+        expected = candidate_closure.pneumatic_closure._pnl0001_reference_enthalpy_derivative(
+            line=line,
+            line_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_1_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber,
+            port_1_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow,
+            port_2_properties=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            port_2_connected_reference_h=(
+                candidate_closure.pneumatic_closure._p4_port3_remote_port_2_reference_h(
+                    snapshot=snapshot
+                )
+            ),
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[0], default_rhs[0])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[1], default_rhs[1])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[44], default_rhs[44])
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[44], expected.m)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[45], expected.U)
+        self.assertNotAlmostEqual(candidate_rhs[45], default_rhs[45])
+
+    def test_full_state_closure_applies_step_controls_to_variable_orifices(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.full_state_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        state = closure.initial_state_vector()
+
+        closed_snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(0.0, state).pneumatic
+        open_snapshot = closure.snapshot_at(0.04, state).pneumatic
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closed_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+        )
+        self.assertGreater(
+            open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+        )
+        node_inlet_h = (
+            open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_balance.port_2_enthalpy_flow_w
+            / open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            node_inlet_h,
+            open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_2.h,
+        )
+        rhs = closure.rhs_at(0.04, state)
+        line = closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_primary_line
+        expected_line_derivative = (
+            line.derivatives_from_transport_enthalpy_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=(
+                open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_chamber_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            connected_h_1=open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_chamber.h,
+            port_2_m_flow=(
+                open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            ),
+                connected_h_2=node_inlet_h,
+            )
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(rhs[45], expected_line_derivative.U)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+                "pn_morifice_1"
+            ].opening,
+            1.0,
+        )
+        remote_orifice_line = (
+            closure.pneumatic_closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line
+        )
+        custom_port_1_h = open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1.h + 1234.0
+        custom_d1, _ = closure.pneumatic_closure._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=0.01,
+            port_2_connected_properties=open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            port_1_connected_h=custom_port_1_h,
+        )
+        expected_custom_d1, _ = remote_orifice_line.derivatives_from_connections(
+            port_1_m_flow=0.01,
+            connected_h_1=custom_port_1_h,
+            port_2_m_flow=-open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            connected_h_2=open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line.h,
+        )
+        default_d1, _ = closure.pneumatic_closure._two_state_connection_line_derivatives(
+            line=remote_orifice_line,
+            port_1_properties=open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line_port_1,
+            port_1_flow=0.01,
+            port_2_connected_properties=open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_primary_line,
+            port_2_flow=-open_snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(custom_d1.U, expected_custom_d1.U)
+        self.assertNotAlmostEqual(custom_d1.U, default_d1.U)
+        closure.snapshot_at(0.0, state)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            self.system.pneumatic_assembly.variable_orifices[
+                "pn_morifice_1"
+            ].opening,
+            0.0,
+        )
+
+    def test_simulates_full_state_key_data_paths_for_amesim_comparison(self) -> None:
+        data_paths = (
+            "press@pn_c1_8",
+            "vol@pn_c1_8",
+            "mgas1@pn_c1_8",
+            "vol1@pn_brp2_8",
+            "vvol1@pn_brp2_8",
+            "x1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+            "v1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+            "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_10",
+            "x1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+            "v1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+            "acc1@mass_friction_endstops_18",
+            "p2@pneumatic_69",
+            "t2@pneumatic_69",
+            "mgas@pneumatic_69",
+            "re@pneumatic_69",
+            "v@pneumatic_69",
+            "ff@pneumatic_69",
+            "dm1@pneumatic_69",
+            "xv@pn_morifice_1",
+            "dm2@pn_morifice_1",
+        )
+
+        result = self.system.simulate_full_state_series_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=0.0),
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+        )
+        comparison = compare_validated_test_mql_output(
+            times=result.t,
+            series_by_data_path={data_path: result.series[data_path] for data_path in data_paths},
+            schema=self.output_schema,
+            amesim_results=self.amesim_results,
+            data_paths=data_paths,
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(result.series["time"], [0.0])
+        self.assertEqual(len(result.y), 132)
+        self.assertEqual(len(comparison.metrics), len(data_paths))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["press@pn_c1_8"][0], -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["vol@pn_c1_8"][0], 15000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            result.series["mgas1@pn_c1_8"][0],
+            self.amesim_results.series("mgas1@pn_c1_8")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-4,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["vol1@pn_brp2_8"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["vvol1@pn_brp2_8"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["x1@mass_friction_endstops_10"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["v1@mass_friction_endstops_10"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            result.series["acc1@mass_friction_endstops_10"][0],
+            -0.8167936695810917,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["acc1@mass_friction_endstops_18"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["p2@pneumatic_69"][0], -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["t2@pneumatic_69"][0], 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            result.series["mgas@pneumatic_69"][0],
+            self.amesim_results.series("mgas@pneumatic_69")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-5,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["re@pneumatic_69"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["v@pneumatic_69"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertGreater(result.series["ff@pneumatic_69"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["dm1@pneumatic_69"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["xv@pn_morifice_1"][0], 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(result.series["dm2@pn_morifice_1"][0], 0.0)
+
+    def test_simulates_full_132_state_closure(self) -> None:
+        solution = self.system.simulate_full_state_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(t_start=0.0, t_stop=1.0e-5, max_step=1.0e-6),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 1.0e-5],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 132)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [2] * 132)
+
+    def test_p4_closure_uses_structured_neighborhood(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+        neighborhood = self.system.p4_node_neighborhood(closure.components.p4_node.alias)
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_primary_line.name,
+            neighborhood.primary.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_primary_chamber.name,
+            neighborhood.primary.chamber_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_line.name,
+            neighborhood.port_1.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_node.alias,
+            neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        port1_remote_neighborhood = self.system.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_port1_line.name,
+            port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_far_node.alias,
+            port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_far_primary_line.name,
+            self.system._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+                port1_remote_neighborhood.port_1.remote_node_alias
+            ).line_alias,
+        )
+        port1_far_port1 = self.system._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_far_node.alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_far_port1_line.name,
+            port1_far_port1.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_node.alias,
+            port1_far_port1.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_primary_line.name,
+            self.system._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+                port1_far_port1.remote_node_alias
+            ).line_alias,
+        )
+        port1_next_port1 = self.system._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_node.alias,
+            "port_1",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_port1_line.name,
+            port1_next_port1.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_output_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0001_line_for_node_port(
+                closure.components.p4_port1_next_node.alias,
+                "port_4",
+            ).name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_12",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_12", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_11",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            self.system._pnl00r_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_12", "port_3").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_11",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_11", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_15",
+        )
+        resistance_chamber_segment = (
+            self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[1]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            resistance_chamber_segment,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.inlet_line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.outlet_line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.inlet_orifice_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.outlet_orifice_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_bridge_node.alias,
+            port1_next_port1.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_bridge_primary_line.name,
+            self.system._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+                closure.components.p4_bridge_node.alias
+            ).line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice.name,
+            port1_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_10", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port1_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_10",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.node_resistance.name,
+            self.system._pnl00r_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_10", "port_3").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_9",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_line.name,
+            neighborhood.port_3.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_node.alias,
+            neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        port3_remote_neighborhood = self.system.p4_node_neighborhood(
+            neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_port3_line.name,
+            port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_far_node.alias,
+            port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_far_primary_line.name,
+            self.system._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+                port3_remote_neighborhood.port_3.remote_node_alias
+            ).line_alias,
+        )
+        port3_far_port3 = self.system._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_far_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_far_port3_line.name,
+            port3_far_port3.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_node.alias,
+            port3_far_port3.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_primary_line.name,
+            self.system._p4_primary_connection_for_node(
+                port3_far_port3.remote_node_alias
+            ).line_alias,
+        )
+        port3_next_port3 = self.system._pnl0002_connection_for_node_port(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_node.alias,
+            "port_3",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_port3_line.name,
+            port3_next_port3.line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_bridge_node.alias,
+            port3_next_port3.remote_node_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0001_line_for_node_port(
+                closure.components.p4_port3_next_node.alias,
+                "port_4",
+            ).name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_13",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_14", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_14",
+        )
+        chamber_segment = (
+            self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[3]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_spec,
+            chamber_segment,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_line.name,
+            chamber_segment.inlet_line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_line.name,
+            chamber_segment.outlet_line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_orifice_resistance.name,
+            self.system._pnl00r_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_14", "port_3").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_13",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_13", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_12",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0001_line_for_node_port(
+                closure.components.p4_bridge_node.alias,
+                "port_4",
+            ).name,
+        )
+        resistance_chamber_segment = (
+            self.system.discover_pneumatic_branch_topology().chamber_segment_specs[2]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_spec,
+            resistance_chamber_segment,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_line.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.inlet_line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_line.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.outlet_line_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_orifice.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.inlet_orifice_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_orifice.name,
+            resistance_chamber_segment.outlet_orifice_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice.name,
+            port3_remote_neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_8", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_8",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_orifice_resistance.name,
+            self.system._pnl00r_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_8", "port_3").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node.alias,
+            "pn_node3_15",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0003_line_for_node_port("pn_node3_15", "port_2").name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_orifice.name,
+            "pn_morifice_14",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_line.name,
+            self.system._pnl0001_line_for_node_port(
+                closure.components.p4_port3_far_node.alias,
+                "port_4",
+            ).name,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            closure.components.node_orifice.name,
+            neighborhood.port_4.orifice_alias,
+        )
+
+    def test_p4_node_flow_cancels_between_pnvo_pnl0002_and_primary_line(self) -> None:
+        closure = self.system.pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_closure_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(closure.components.node_orifice.opening, 0.0)
+        closure.components.node_orifice.opening = 1.0
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+        rhs = closure.rhs(closure.initial_state_vector())
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s,
+            (
+                -snapshot.p4_to_port1_line_flow
+                - snapshot.p4_to_port3_line_flow
+                + snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow
+            )
+            * 1.0e3,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_node_to_primary_line_flow,
+            snapshot.p4_balance.port_2_mass_flow_g_s * 1.0e-3,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_to_port1_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_to_port3_line_flow
+            - snapshot.pnl0003_to_p4_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_remote_to_port1_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port1_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_far_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_far_to_next_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_next_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_next_to_bridge_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_bridge_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port1_next_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_bridge_to_port3_next_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port1_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            - snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.node_to_pnl0003_flow
+            + snapshot.node_to_resistance_flow
+            + snapshot.outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_orifice_line_flow
+            + snapshot.inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_remote_to_port3_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port3_remote_orifice_to_node_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port3_remote_node_to_resistance_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_far_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_far_to_next_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port3_remote_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_primary_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_to_bridge_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_output_to_p4_flow,
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_output_to_p4_flow,
+            snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_to_output_line_flow,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+            - snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_next_flow
+            + snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        next_chamber_mass_sum = rhs[78] + rhs[80] + rhs[82]
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            next_chamber_mass_sum,
+            (
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                + snapshot.p4_port3_next_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        resistance_chamber_mass_sum = rhs[90] + rhs[92] + rhs[94]
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            resistance_chamber_mass_sum,
+            (
+                snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                + snapshot.p4_port3_next_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_line_mass_sum = rhs[96] + rhs[98]
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_line_mass_sum,
+            (
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_node_to_line_flow
+                - snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            rhs[100],
+            (
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_p4_to_output_line_flow
+                + snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_to_output_line_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_mass_sum = rhs[102] + rhs[104]
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_line_mass_sum,
+            (
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_node_to_line_flow
+                - snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_to_p4_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_mass_sum = (
+            rhs[106] + rhs[108] + rhs[110]
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_mass_sum,
+            (
+                snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_inlet_node_to_line_flow
+                + snapshot.p4_port1_next_orifice_resistance_chamber_outlet_node_to_line_flow
+            ),
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        mass_derivative_sum = sum(rhs[index] for index in range(0, 112, 2))
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            mass_derivative_sum,
+            0.0,
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+
+    def test_simulates_one_hundred_twelve_state_pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment(self) -> None:
+        solution = self.system.simulate_pn3_p4_node_chamber_segment_from_spec(
+            self.spec,
+            inlet_node_pressure_pa=15.31e6,
+            resistance_boundary_pressure_pa=15.29e6,
+            config=SolveIVPConfig(
+                t_start=0.0,
+                t_stop=1.0e-10,
+                max_step=1.0e-11,
+            ),
+            t_eval=[0.0, 5.0e-11, 1.0e-10],
+        )
+
+        self.assertTrue(solution.success)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.t), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(len(solution.y), 112)
+        self.assertEqual([len(row) for row in solution.y], [3] * 112)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0002.py b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0002.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4139cb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0002.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_line_parameters import load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0002Tests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.pnl0002_specs = load_test_mql_pnl0002_specs(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.pnl0002_assembly = build_test_mql_pnl0002_assembly(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_loads_all_real_pnl0002_parameters_from_cir(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pnl0002_specs), 8)
+        spec = self.pnl0002_assembly.spec("pneumatic_86")
+
+        self.assertEqual(spec.source_component, "pnnode4_17")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.source_port, "port_1")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.target_component, "pnnode4_18")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.target_port, "port_3")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.diameter_mm, 20.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.length_m, 2.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.relative_roughness, 0.045 / 20.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.gas_type_index, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.mode, 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_center_temperature_k, 293.15)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_center_gauge_pressure_pa, -1300.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_center_absolute_pressure_pa, 100_000.0)
+
+    def test_builds_pnl0002_center_compliance_line_components(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pnl0002_assembly.lines), 8)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(len(line.get_state_vector()) == 2 for line in self.pnl0002_assembly.lines.values())
+        )
+
+    def test_pneumatic_86_initial_observables_match_amesim_baseline(self) -> None:
+        pipe = self.pnl0002_assembly.lines["pneumatic_86"]
+        properties = pipe.properties()
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            properties.p - 101_300.0,
+            self.results.series("pctr@pneumatic_86")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-6,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            properties.T,
+            self.results.series("tctr@pneumatic_86")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-12,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.gas_mass_g(),
+            self.results.series("mgas@pneumatic_86")[0],
+            delta=0.001,
+        )
+
+    def test_amesim_mass_balance_uses_opposite_saved_port_flow_signs(self) -> None:
+        index = 500
+        times = self.results.times
+        mass = self.results.series("mgas@pneumatic_86")
+        finite_difference_g_s = (
+            mass[index + 1] - mass[index - 1]
+        ) / (times[index + 1] - times[index - 1])
+        saved_port_flow_g_s = (
+            self.results.series("dm1@pneumatic_86")[index]
+            + self.results.series("dm2@pneumatic_86")[index]
+        )
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            finite_difference_g_s,
+            -saved_port_flow_g_s,
+            delta=1.0e-5,
+        )
+
+    def test_system_exposes_real_pnl0002_assembly(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        self.assertEqual(system.typed_pnl0002_line_count, 8)
+        self.assertIn("pneumatic_86", system.pnl0002_assembly.lines)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0003_pnl00r.py b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0003_pnl00r.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a47bb19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_pnl0003_pnl00r.py
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import TestMqlSystem
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_line_parameters import (
+    load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs,
+    load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_pneumatic_lines import (
+    build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly,
+    build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlPnl0003AndPnl00rTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.pnl0003_specs = load_test_mql_pnl0003_specs(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.pnl00r_specs = load_test_mql_pnl00r_specs(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.pnl0003_assembly = build_test_mql_pnl0003_assembly(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.pnl00r_assembly = build_test_mql_pnl00r_assembly(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_loads_all_real_pnl0003_parameters_from_cir(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pnl0003_specs), 8)
+        spec = self.pnl0003_assembly.spec("pneumatic_88")
+
+        self.assertEqual(spec.source_component, "pn_node3_9")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.target_component, "pn_morifice_9")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.diameter_mm, 20.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.length_m, 0.3)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.relative_roughness, 0.045 / 20.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.gas_type_index, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.mode, 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_gauge_pressure_1_pa, 15_198_700.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_gauge_pressure_2_pa, 15_198_700.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_absolute_pressure_1_pa, 15_300_000.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.initial_absolute_pressure_2_pa, 15_300_000.0)
+
+    def test_loads_all_real_pnl00r_parameters_from_cir(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pnl00r_specs), 4)
+        spec = self.pnl00r_assembly.spec("pneumatic_100")
+
+        self.assertEqual(spec.source_component, "pn_node3_9")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.target_component, "pn_node3_10")
+        self.assertEqual(spec.diameter_mm, 14.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.length_m, 1.0)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(spec.relative_roughness, 0.045 / 14.0)
+        self.assertEqual(spec.gas_type_index, 1)
+
+    def test_builds_pnl0003_and_pnl00r_physical_line_components(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pnl0003_assembly.lines), 8)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.pnl00r_assembly.lines), 4)
+        self.assertTrue(
+            all(len(line.get_state_vector()) == 4 for line in self.pnl0003_assembly.lines.values())
+        )
+
+    def test_pneumatic_88_initial_observables_match_amesim_baseline(self) -> None:
+        pipe = self.pnl0003_assembly.lines["pneumatic_88"]
+
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.properties_1().p - 101_300.0,
+            self.results.series("p1@pneumatic_88")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-5,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.properties_2().p - 101_300.0,
+            self.results.series("p2@pneumatic_88")[0],
+            delta=1.0e-5,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            pipe.gas_mass_g(),
+            self.results.series("mgas@pneumatic_88")[0],
+            delta=0.005,
+        )
+
+    def test_system_exposes_real_pnl0003_and_pnl00r_assemblies(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        self.assertEqual(system.typed_pnl0003_line_count, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(system.typed_pnl00r_line_count, 4)
+        self.assertIn("pneumatic_88", system.pnl0003_assembly.lines)
+        self.assertIn("pneumatic_100", system.pnl00r_assembly.lines)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_structural.py b/tests/test_test_mql_structural.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f85a504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_structural.py
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+
+from PythonModels.components.amesim_pneumatic import (
+    AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+    AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+    AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+)
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql import GLOBAL_PARAMETERS, SUBMODEL_COUNTS, TestMqlSystem
+
+
+class TestMqlStructuralTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_snapshot_matches_amesim_archive_metadata(self) -> None:
+        snapshot = TestMqlSystem().snapshot()
+
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.model_name, "test_mql")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.component_count, 117)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.connection_count, 84)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.continuous_state_count, 132)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.discrete_state_count, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.global_parameters["P0"], "153")
+        self.assertEqual(snapshot.global_parameters["cf"], "0.45")
+
+    def test_network_preserves_component_and_connection_counts(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(system.network.components), 117)
+        self.assertEqual(len(system.network.connections), 84)
+        self.assertIn("pn_brp2_8", system.network.components)
+        self.assertIn("pn_gas_data", system.network.components)
+
+    def test_network_uses_typed_pneumatic_components_where_available(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        self.assertEqual(system.typed_pneumatic_component_count, 28)
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            system.network.components["pn_general_chamber"],
+            AmesimPneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            system.network.components["pn_c1_8"],
+            AmesimVariablePneumaticVolume,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            system.network.components["pn_orifice_18"],
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(
+            system.network.components["pn_morifice_11"],
+            AmesimPneumaticOrifice,
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(len(system.pneumatic_state_vector()), 24)
+
+    def test_can_build_pneumatic_branch_closure_from_typed_components(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        closure = system.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+            name="typed_branch",
+            upstream_volume_alias="pn_general_chamber",
+            orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+            downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+        )
+        snapshot = closure.snapshot()
+
+        self.assertGreater(snapshot.flow, 0.0)
+        self.assertIs(
+            closure.components.upstream_volume,
+            system.network.components["pn_general_chamber"],
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            closure.components.orifice,
+            system.network.components["pn_orifice_18"],
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            closure.components.downstream_volume,
+            system.network.components["pn_c1_8"],
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.upstream_volume.port_a.m_flow,
+            -snapshot.flow,
+        )
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(
+            closure.components.downstream_volume.port_a.m_flow,
+            snapshot.flow,
+        )
+
+    def test_pneumatic_branch_closure_rejects_structural_components(self) -> None:
+        system = TestMqlSystem()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            system.pneumatic_branch_closure(
+                name="invalid_branch",
+                upstream_volume_alias="pn_brp2_8",
+                orifice_alias="pn_orifice_18",
+                downstream_volume_alias="pn_c1_8",
+            )
+
+    def test_submodel_counts_keep_key_amesim_families(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(SUBMODEL_COUNTS["PNRP17"], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(SUBMODEL_COUNTS["PNCH012"], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(SUBMODEL_COUNTS["PNOR001"], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(SUBMODEL_COUNTS["PNVO001"], 8)
+        self.assertEqual(SUBMODEL_COUNTS["PNGD00"], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(GLOBAL_PARAMETERS["V"], "15")
+
+    def test_structural_simulation_shape(self) -> None:
+        result = TestMqlSystem().simulate()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(result.t), 101)
+        self.assertEqual(len(result.y), 132)
+        self.assertEqual(result.series["component_count"][0], 117.0)
+        self.assertEqual(result.series["connection_count"][0], 84.0)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_topology.py b/tests/test_test_mql_topology.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe3947d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_topology.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.systems.test_mql_topology import load_test_mql_cir_topology
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlCirTopologyTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.topology = load_test_mql_cir_topology(TEST_MQL_AME)
+
+    def test_recovers_direct_component_contacts_omitted_from_line_specs(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.topology.component_contacts), 54)
+        contacts = self.topology.contacts_for("pn_general_chamber")
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(contacts), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            {
+                (
+                    contact.port_for("pn_general_chamber"),
+                    *contact.other_endpoint("pn_general_chamber"),
+                )
+                for contact in contacts
+            },
+            {
+                ("port_1", "pn_orifice_19", "port_2"),
+                ("port_2", "pn_orifice_18", "port_1"),
+            },
+        )
+
+    def test_component_contact_lookup_rejects_unrelated_alias(self) -> None:
+        contact = self.topology.contacts_for("pn_general_chamber")[0]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            contact.other_endpoint("not-an-endpoint")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/tests/test_test_mql_variables.py b/tests/test_test_mql_variables.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc80290
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_test_mql_variables.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from PythonModels.reporting.amesim_results import load_test_mql_amesim_results
+from PythonModels.reporting.test_mql_variables import (
+    build_test_mql_variable_catalog,
+    split_data_path,
+)
+
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+TEST_MQL_AME = REPO_ROOT / "AmesimModels" / "test_mql.ame"
+
+
+class TestMqlVariableCatalogTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls) -> None:
+        cls.amesim_results = load_test_mql_amesim_results(TEST_MQL_AME)
+        cls.catalog = build_test_mql_variable_catalog(cls.amesim_results)
+
+    def test_catalog_covers_all_amesim_data_paths(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.data_path_count, 1100)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.saved_data_path_count, 1100)
+        self.assertEqual(self.catalog.counts_by_owner_kind(), {"component": 712, "connection": 388})
+
+    def test_component_variable_mapping_preserves_alias_and_submodel(self) -> None:
+        variable = self.catalog.by_data_path("temp3@pn_c1_8")
+
+        self.assertEqual(variable.index, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(variable.signal_name, "temp3")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.owner_alias, "pn_c1_8")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.owner_kind, "component")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.submodel, "PNCH012")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.units, "K")
+        self.assertTrue(variable.saved)
+
+    def test_connection_variable_mapping_preserves_line_submodel(self) -> None:
+        variable = self.catalog.by_data_path("dm1@pneumatic_69")
+
+        self.assertEqual(variable.signal_name, "dm1")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.owner_alias, "pneumatic_69")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.owner_kind, "connection")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.submodel, "PNL0001")
+        self.assertEqual(variable.units, "g/s")
+
+    def test_counts_by_submodel_include_components_and_connections(self) -> None:
+        counts = self.catalog.counts_by_submodel()
+
+        self.assertEqual(counts["PNL0001"], 180)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["PNCH012"], 80)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["PNRP17"], 72)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["PNVO001"], 56)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["PNOR001"], 48)
+        self.assertEqual(counts["PNCH023"], 20)
+
+    def test_owner_lookup_returns_data_paths_for_component(self) -> None:
+        paths = self.catalog.data_paths_for_owner("pn_c1_8")
+
+        self.assertIn("temp3@pn_c1_8", paths)
+        self.assertIn("press3@pn_c1_8", paths)
+        self.assertEqual(len(paths), 10)
+
+    def test_split_data_path_rejects_invalid_values(self) -> None:
+        self.assertEqual(split_data_path("press3@pn_c1_8"), ("press3", "pn_c1_8"))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            split_data_path("press3")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()